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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Idriss Déby</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Idriss_D%C3%A9by" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Idriss+D%C3%A9by" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Idriss Déby Itno (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إدريس ديبي Idrīs Daybī Itnū; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the 6th <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">president of Chad</a> from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">Northern Chad offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> His term of office of more than 30 years makes him <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>'s longest-serving president. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Idriss Déby</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>إدريس ديبي</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/220px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/330px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg/440px-Idriss_D%C3%A9by_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="644"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Déby in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Chad">President of Chad</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 February 1991 – 20 April 2021<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alingu%C3%A9_Bawoyeu" title="Jean Alingué Bawoyeu">Jean Alingué Bawoyeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yodoyman" title="Joseph Yodoyman">Joseph Yodoyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fid%C3%A8le_Moungar" title="Fidèle Moungar">Fidèle Moungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwa_Kassir%C3%A9_Koumakoye" title="Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye">Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koibla_Djimasta" title="Koibla Djimasta">Koibla Djimasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassour_Guelendouksia_Ouaido" title="Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido">Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoum_Yamassoum" title="Nagoum Yamassoum">Nagoum Yamassoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroun_Kabadi" title="Haroun Kabadi">Haroun Kabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Faki" title="Moussa Faki">Moussa Faki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Yoadimnadji" title="Pascal Yoadimnadji">Pascal Yoadimnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoum_Younousmi" title="Adoum Younousmi">Adoum Younousmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwa_Kassir%C3%A9_Koumakoye" title="Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye">Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssouf_Saleh_Abbas" title="Youssouf Saleh Abbas">Youssouf Saleh Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Nadingar" title="Emmanuel Nadingar">Emmanuel Nadingar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimrangar_Dadnadji" title="Djimrangar Dadnadji">Djimrangar Dadnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalzeubet_Pahimi_Deubet" title="Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet">Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pahimi_Padack%C3%A9" title="Albert Pahimi Padacké">Albert Pahimi Padacké</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Chad" title="Vice President of Chad">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bada_Abbas_Maldoum" title="Bada Abbas Maldoum">Bada Abbas Maldoum</a> (1990–1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 January 2016 – 30 January 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1952-06-18)18 June 1952 <a href="/wiki/Fada,_Chad" title="Fada, Chad">Fada</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 April 2021(2021-04-20) (aged 68) <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, Chad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Death">Died by injuries</a> (gunshot wounds)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Amdjarass" title="Amdjarass">Amdjarass</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(divorced)</div><a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Hadja Halimé </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)</div><a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinda_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Hinda Déby Itno">Hinda Déby Itno</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2005)</div><a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Amani Musa Hilal</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2012)</div><a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timane_Erdimi" title="Timane Erdimi">Timane Erdimi</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_D%C3%A9by" title="Brahim Déby">Brahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Idriss Déby's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/128px-Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/192px-Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/256px-Signature_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="288"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Ground_Forces" title="Chadian Ground Forces">Chadian Ground Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1976–2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad-Army-OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chad-Army-OF-10.svg/25px-Chad-Army-OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chad-Army-OF-10.svg/38px-Chad-Army-OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chad-Army-OF-10.svg/50px-Chad-Army-OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="1039"></a> <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chadian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chadian Civil War">First Chadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Nigerian_War" title="Chadian–Nigerian War">Chadian–Nigerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Second Chadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 Northern Chad offensive</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Déby was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bidayat_dialect" title="Bidayat dialect">Bidayat</a> clan of the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> ethnic group. A high-ranking commander of President <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>'s military during the 1980s, Déby played important roles in the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a> which led to Chad's victory during the <a href="/wiki/Libyan-Chadian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan-Chadian conflict">Libyan-Chadian conflict</a>. He was later purged by Habré after being suspected of plotting a coup, and was forced into exile in Libya. He took power by leading a <a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> against Habré in December 1990. Despite introducing a multi-party system in 1992 after several decades of one-party rule under his predecessors, throughout his presidency, his <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> was the dominant party. Déby won presidential elections in <a href="/wiki/1996_Chadian_presidential_election" title="1996 Chadian presidential election">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2001 Chadian presidential election">2001</a>, and after term limits were eliminated he won again in <a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2006 Chadian presidential election">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2011 Chadian presidential election">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2016 Chadian presidential election">2016</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2021_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2021 Chadian presidential election">2021</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>, Déby briefly ordered military intervention on the side of the Congolese government but soon withdrew when his forces were accused of looting and human rights abuses. In the early 2000s, oil was discovered in Chad, and Déby made petroleum production the driving force of the country's economy. He survived various rebellions and coup attempts against his own rule, including a rebellion led by his former defense minister <a href="/wiki/Youssouf_Togo%C3%AFmi" title="Youssouf Togoïmi">Youssouf Togoïmi</a> from 1998 to 2002 as well as a <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005-2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian Civil War (2005-2010)">civil war from 2005–2010</a> provoked by the refugee crisis of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Several international media sources have described Déby as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>. During his three decades in office, Chad experienced <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> as well as widespread <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, and a deeply entrenched <a href="/wiki/Patronage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronage system">patronage system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transparency1-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_A._Andelman-10">[9]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">Front for Change and Concord in Chad</a> (FACT) was established with the goal of overthrowing Déby's government.<a href="#cite_note-tracking-terrorism-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In April 2021, FACT initiated the <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">Northern Chad offensive</a>; Déby was injured on 19 April while commanding troops on the frontline fighting the militants and died the following day. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Presidency">2 Presidency</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1990s">2.1 1990s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#2000s">2.2 2000s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#2010s">2.3 2010s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Final_years">2.4 Final years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Death">2.5 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Personal_life">3 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Déby was born on 18 June 1952,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Berdoba" title="Berdoba">Berdoba</a>, approximately 190 kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Fada,_Chad" title="Fada, Chad">Fada</a> in northern Chad.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> His father was a herdsman of the Bidayat clan of the <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> community. After attending the Qur'anic School in <a href="/wiki/Tin%C3%A9_Djagaraba" title="Tiné Djagaraba">Tiné</a>, Déby studied at the École Française in <a href="/wiki/Fada,_Chad" title="Fada, Chad">Fada</a> and at the Franco-Arab school (Lycée Franco-Arabe) in <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> He also attended the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jacques_Moude%C3%AFna" title="Lycée Jacques Moudeïna">Lycée Jacques Moudeina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bongor" title="Bongor">Bongor</a> and held a bachelor's degree in science.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> After finishing school, he entered the Officers' School in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> From there he was sent to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for training, returning to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> in 1976 with a professional pilot certificate. He remained loyal to the army and President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Malloum" title="Félix Malloum">Félix Malloum</a> even after Chad's central authority crumbled in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> He returned from France in February 1979 and found Chad had become a battleground for many armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> Déby tied his fortunes to those of <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, one of the chief Chadian warlords. A year after <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Habré</a> became president in 1982, Déby was made commander-in-chief of the army. He distinguished himself in 1984 by destroying pro-<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> forces in eastern Chad. In 1985, Habré sent him to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to follow a course at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="École de Guerre">École de Guerre</a> and upon his return in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> he was made chief military advisor to the president. In 1987, he confronted <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> forces on the field, with the help of France<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a>", adopting tactics that inflicted heavy losses on enemy forces. During the war, he also led a raid on <a href="/wiki/Maaten_al-Sarra_Air_Base" title="Maaten al-Sarra Air Base">Maaten al-Sarra Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kufrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufrah">Kufrah</a>, in Libyan territory.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> A rift emerged on 1 April 1989 between Habré and Déby over the increasing power of the Presidential Guard. According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Habré was found responsible for "widespread <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">political killings</a>, systematic <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and thousands of arbitrary arrests", as well as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic purges</a> when it was perceived that group leaders could pose a threat to his rule, including many of Déby's <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a> ethnic group who supported the government.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> Increasingly paranoid, Habré accused Déby, minister of the interior Mahamat Itno, and then commander-in-chief of the Chadian army <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Djamous" title="Hassan Djamous">Hassan Djamous</a> of preparing a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. Déby fled first to <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, where he was welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> Itno and Djamous were arrested and killed.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-17">[16]</a> Since all three were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</a>, Habré started a targeted campaign against the group which saw hundreds seized, tortured, and imprisoned. Dozens died in detention or were summarily executed.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-17">[16]</a> In 2016, Habré was convicted of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> by a specially created international tribunal in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Déby gave the Libyans detailed information about <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> operations in Chad. Gaddafi offered Déby military aid to seize power in Chad in exchange for Libyan prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography2012-14">[13]</a> Déby relocated to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 1989 and formed the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a>, an insurgent group,<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> which started operations against Habré, and on 2 December 1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">Déby's troops marched unopposed into N'Djamena</a> in a successful coup, ousting Habré.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by%27s_government" title="Idriss Déby's government">Idriss Déby's government</a></div> Idriss Déby assumed Chad's presidency in 1991. He was re-elected every five years up until the time of his death in 2021, equaling a total of 30 years in power.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1990s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After three months of the provisional government, on 28 February 1991, a charter was approved for Chad with Déby as president. During the following two years, Déby faced a series of coup attempts as government forces clashed with pro-Habré rebel groups, such as the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Seeking to quell dissent, in 1993 Chad legalized political parties and held a National Conference which resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates, the government, trade unions, and the army to discuss the establishment of a pluralist democracy.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOS0102-25">[24]</a> However, unrest continued. The Comité de Sursaut National pour la Paix et la Démocratie (CSNPD), led by Lt. Moise Kette, and other southern groups sought to prevent the Déby government from exploiting oil in the <a href="/wiki/Doba_Basin" title="Doba Basin">Doba Basin</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and started a rebellion that left hundreds dead. A peace agreement was reached in 1994, but it broke down soon thereafter. Two new groups, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_for_a_Federal_Republic" title="Armed Forces for a Federal Republic">Armed Forces for a Federal Republic</a> (FARF) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde, and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOS0102-25">[24]</a> Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> to carry out substantial economic reforms.<a href="#cite_note-DOS0102-25">[24]</a> A new constitution was approved by referendum in March 1996, followed by <a href="/wiki/1996_Chadian_presidential_election" title="1996 Chadian presidential election">a presidential election</a> in June. Déby fell short of a majority; he was then elected president in the second round of votes held in July, with 69% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Elections_in_Chad-28">[27]</a> In 1998 the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democracy_and_Justice_in_Chad" title="Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad">MDJT</a> rebelled against Déby and his government. They signed a peace agreement in 2002.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Déby was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2001 Chadian presidential election">May 2001 presidential election</a>, winning in the first round with 63.17% of the vote, according to official results.<a href="#cite_note-Elections_in_Chad-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">civil war between Christians and Muslims erupted in 2005</a>, accompanied by tensions with Sudan. An <a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Chadian coup d'état attempt">attempted coup d'état</a>, involving the shooting down of Déby's plane, was foiled in March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Irin-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/236px-Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 236px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/236px-Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png" data-width="236" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/354px-Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png/472px-Mr_Idriss_D%C3%A9by.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Idriss Déby giving an interview in his office, 2004</figcaption></figure> In mid-April 2006, there was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2006)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2006)">fighting with rebels at N'Djaména</a>, although the fighting soon subsided with government forces still in control of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2006Apr13-31">[30]</a> Déby subsequently broke ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and said that the May 2006 election would still take place.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2006Apr18-33">[32]</a> Déby was sworn in for another term in office on 8 August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Sudanese president <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> attended Déby's inauguration, and the two leaders agreed to restore diplomatic relations on this occasion.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> After Déby's re-election, several rebel groups broke apart. Déby was in <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a> from 11 to 21 September 2006, flying in a helicopter to personally oversee attacks on <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Democratic_Forces_(rebel_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Democratic Forces (rebel group)">Rally of Democratic Forces</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The rebellion in the east continued, and rebels <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%27Djamena_(2008)" title="Battle of N'Djamena (2008)">reached N'Djamena</a> on 2 February 2008, with fighting occurring inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> After days of fighting, the government remained in control of N'Djamena. Speaking at a press conference on 6 February, Déby said that his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as "<a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country.<a href="#cite_note-Total-38">[37]</a> Against this backdrop, in June 2005, a successful referendum was held to eliminate a two-term constitutional limit, which enabled Déby to run again in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> More than 77% of voters approved.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Déby was a candidate in the 2006 presidential election, held 3 May, which was greeted with an opposition boycott. According to official results Déby won the election with 64.67% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 2000, with the north/south dispute quelled, Déby's government started building the country's first oil pipeline, the 1,070 kilometer Chad-<a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The pipeline was completed in 2003 and praised by the World Bank as "an unprecedented framework to transform oil wealth into direct benefits for the poor, the vulnerable and the environment".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Oil exploitation in the southern <a href="/wiki/Doba,_Chad" title="Doba, Chad">Doba</a> region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project, the <a href="/wiki/Chad-Cameroon_Petroleum_Development_and_Pipeline_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project">Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project</a>, aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km buried pipeline through Cameroon to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>. The project established unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit populations and result in poverty alleviation.<a href="#cite_note-DOS0102-25">[24]</a> However, with Chad receiving only 12.5% of profits from oil production, and the agreement for these revenues to be deposited into a <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a> escrow account monitored by an independent body to ensure the funds were used for public services and development,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> not much wealth was immediately transferred to the country. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg/220px-Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="596"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg/220px-Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg/330px-Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg/440px-Sudanese_President_Omar_al-Bashir.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>, who Déby had mixed relations with.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Chad–Sudan conflict</a>, Sudanese president <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> supported any rebel group fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">Chadian government</a>, and the proxy war saw opposition fighting on both sides. Déby visited <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> in February 2010 and the leaders would meet again in July 2010 when Bashir visited <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. These meetings resulted in Chad kicking out rebels while both counties committed to joint border patrols.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> After Déby won the <a href="/wiki/2011_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2011 Chadian presidential election">2011 Chadian presidential election</a>, Omar al-Bashir decided to visit <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> to attend his inauguration in August. Even though Chad was technically able to arrest al-Bashir, it and other <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African states</a> declined to do so.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2010s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg/170px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg/170px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg/255px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg/340px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_IMG_3725.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Déby in 2012</figcaption></figure> On 25 April 2011, Déby was re-elected for a fourth term with 88.7% of the vote and reappointed <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Nadingar" title="Emmanuel Nadingar">Emmanuel Nadingar</a> as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Because of Chad's strategic position in West Africa, Déby sent troops or played a key mediating role in tackling multiple regional crises, such as <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> (CAR), <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, as well as the fight against <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> With the security situation in the Central African Republic deteriorating, Déby decided in 2012 to deploy 400 troops to fight the CAR rebels. In January 2013, Chad also sent 2000 troops to fight Islamist groups in Mali, as part of France's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">Operation Serval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 2006, Chad was placed at the top of the list of the world's most corrupt nations by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine,<a href="#cite_note-David_A._Andelman-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In 2012, Déby launched a nationwide anticorruption campaign called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Cobra_(Chad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Cobra (Chad) (page does not exist)">Operation Cobra</a>, which reportedly recovered some $50 million in embezzled funds.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organizations">Nongovernmental organizations</a> say, however, that Déby has used such initiatives to punish rivals and reward cronies.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> As of 2016, Transparency International ranked Chad 147 out of 168 nations on its <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">corruption index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/233px-Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 233px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/233px-Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" data-width="233" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/350px-Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/466px-Idriss_Deby_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Idriss Déby with Obamas in August 2014</figcaption></figure> Faced with a growing threat from Boko Haram, Déby increased Chad's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a> (MNJTF), a combined multinational formation comprising units from <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, and Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In August 2015, Déby claimed in an interview that the MNJTF has successfully "decapitated" Boko Haram.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg/236px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 236px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg/236px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg" data-width="236" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg/354px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg/472px-Idriss_Deby_Itno_and_Chadian_First_Lady_waiting_to_vote_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Déby and his wife Hinda waiting to vote, April 2016</figcaption></figure> In January 2016, Déby succeeded <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> to become the chairman of the African Union for a one-year term. Upon his inauguration, Déby told presidents that conflicts around the continent had to end "Through diplomacy or by force... We must put an end to these tragedies of our time. We cannot make progress and talk of development if part of our body is sick. We should be the main actors in the search for solution to Africa's crises".<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> One of Déby's first priorities was to accelerate the fight against Boko Haram. On 4 March, the African Union agreed to expand the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) to 10,000 troops. During the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">21st Conference of the Parties</a> (COP21) in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Idriss Déby raised the issue of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, whose area was a small fraction of what it had been in 1973, and called on the international community to provide financing to protect the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In February 2016, Déby was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement" title="Patriotic Salvation Movement">Patriotic Salvation Movement</a> to run for a new term in the April 2016 Presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> He pledged to reinstate term limits in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution of Chad</a> in saying that "We must limit terms, we must not concentrate on a system in which a change in power becomes difficult. "In 2005 the constitutional reform was conducted in a context where life of the nation was in danger".<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Justice Department">United States Justice Department</a> alleged Déby accepted a $2 million bribe in return for providing a <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> company with an opportunity to obtain oil rights in Chad without international competition.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In January 2019, Déby and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> announced the resumption of diplomatic relations between Chad and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Netanyahu described his visit to Chad as “part of the revolution we are having in the Arab and Muslim world.”<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png/210px-Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png/210px-Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png" data-width="210" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png/315px-Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png/420px-Marshal_Idriss_Deby_Itno.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Marshal Idriss Déby Itno in 2020</figcaption></figure> Déby signed a bill abolishing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> in 2020. The firing squad had last been used on terrorists in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In March 2020, Déby set up a COVID-19 management committee, replacing the health monitoring unit.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">National Assembly</a> bestowed Déby with the additional title of "Marshal of Chad", for "service rendered to the Nation and the numerous military victories won both inside and outside the country". He officially received the title during a ceremony marking the 60th anniversary of Chad's independence on 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In February 2021, Déby announced Chad would send 1,200 soldiers alongside French troops to the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> border between <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, to combat <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> linked groups.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Chadian_presidential_election" title="2021 Chadian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a>, Déby won his sixth term as president, when results were announced on 19 April, with 79.32% of the votes.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In February earlier in the same year, Chadian security forces had attempted to arrest opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Yaya_Dillo_Dj%C3%A9rou" title="Yaya Dillo Djérou">Yaya Dillo Djérou</a>, with Djérou claiming five members of his family were killed during this attempt, and the government instead reporting three were killed. Most political opponents had withdrawn from the election, urging a boycott, alleging attacks and excessive use of force by security forces during anti-government protests.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Instead of giving a victory speech, Déby went to command the Chadian soldiers in person on the frontlines fighting the <a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">northern rebel incursion</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad" title="Front for Change and Concord in Chad">Front for Change and Concord in Chad</a> (FACT).<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-fr24death-76">[75]</a> According to the accounts from both military and rebel spokesmen, on 18 April he was said to have been caught in a crossfire in the village of Mele, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Nokou" title="Nokou">Nokou</a>, and sustained lethal gunshot injuries;<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> despite being immediately flown to the capital for emergency medical rescue,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> he still succumbed to his wounds two days later and died on 20 April, at the age of 68.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)" title="National Assembly (Chad)">Chadian Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chad" title="Government of Chad">Government</a> were both dissolved upon his death<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)" title="Transitional Military Council (Chad)">Transitional Military Council</a> was formed in its place with his son <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamat Déby Itno">Mahamat Déby Itno</a> as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Chad">Constitution of Chad</a> was suspended and replaced by a new charter.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The government ordered a fourteen-day national mourning with flags half-masted and closed public institutions and educational establishments for several days.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> A three-day national mourning was announced in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> one day of mourning was declared in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Déby's funeral took place on 23 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> On that day, thousands gathered in the streets of <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> to pay their respects to Déby. French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, Guinean President <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a>, and several other African leaders attended the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Déby added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006. He was a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s World Revolutionary Center.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_for_Tyrants2-101">[100]</a> Déby was polygamous and had four wives by 2018 – Zina Wazouna Ahmed Idriss, Hadja Halimé, <a href="/wiki/Hinda_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Hinda Déby Itno">Hinda Déby Itno</a> (m. 2005), and Amani Musa Hila (m. 2012).<a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> has also mentioned a fifth wife named Ali Bouye.<a href="#cite_note-bbcng-102">[101]</a> Déby had at least a dozen children. In September 2005, Déby married Hinda (born 1977), who was reputed for her beauty.<a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> This marriage attracted much attention in Chad, and due to tribal affiliations it was seen by many as a strategic means for Déby to bolster his support while under pressure from rebels.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Though she was not Déby's oldest or newest wife, Hinda Déby was considered the "First Lady of Chad" due to her influential positions in government and politics.<a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> Hinda was a member of the Civil Cabinet of the Presidency, serving as Special Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The daughter of a top Chadian diplomat, Hinda Déby Itno has dual Chadian and <a href="/wiki/French_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="French citizenship">French citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcng-102">[101]</a> She and Déby had five children, all born in <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, who also hold French nationality.<a href="#cite_note-bbcng-102">[101]</a> On 21 January 2012, Déby married his most recent wife, Amani Musa Hila, a <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> national, member of Idriss Déby's <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa tribe</a>, and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militia leader <a href="/wiki/Musa_Hilal" title="Musa Hilal">Musa Hilal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mg-105">[104]</a> The marriage was seen as a way to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Chad–Sudan relations">bilateral ties between Chad and Sudan</a> following a 2010 agreement to normalize diplomatic relations.<a href="#cite_note-unisa-3">[2]</a> On 2 July 2007, Déby's son, <a href="/wiki/Brahim_D%C3%A9by" title="Brahim Déby">Brahim</a>, was found dead aged 27 in the parking garage of his apartment near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> A murder inquiry was launched by the French police. Blogger Makaila Nguebla attributes the defection of many Chadian government leaders to their indignation over Brahim's conduct: "He is at the root of all the frustration. He used to slap government ministers, senior Chadian officials were humiliated by Déby's son."<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In July 2011, four men were convicted of "robbery leading to death without intention to kill" in the case and sentenced to prison sentences of between five and thirteen years.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Déby was a practicing Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">List of heads of state of Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad" title="Human rights in Chad">Human rights in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinated_and_executed_heads_of_state_and_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government">List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Transitional</a>: 2 December 1990 – 28 February 1991 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Chronology+for+Southerners+in+Chad&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mar.umd.edu%2Fchronology.asp%3FgroupId%3D48302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOS0102-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOS0102_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS0102_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS0102_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS0102_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/25987.htm">"Chad (01/02)"</a>. state.gov. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 2009–2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213725/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/25987.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Chad+%2801%2F02%29&rft.date=2009%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fchad%2F25987.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/ChadRN2.6.pdf">"Chad"</a> (PDF). stanford.edu. Stanford. 7 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014208/http://web.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/ChadRN2.6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Chad&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fethnic%2FRandom%2520Narratives%2FChadRN2.6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/101210.htm">"Chad (02/08)"</a>. state.gov. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 2009–2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213811/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/101210.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Chad+%2802%2F08%29&rft.date=2009%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fchad%2F101210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elections_in_Chad-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elections_in_Chad_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elections_in_Chad_28-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanelections.tripod.com/td.html">Elections in Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903121601/http://africanelections.tripod.com/td.html">Archived</a> 3 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, African Elections Database. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "Chad: Council releases final polls results; Deby "elected" with 63.17 per cent", <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Nationale_Tchadienne" title="Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne">Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne</a> (nl.newsbank.com), 13 June 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Irin-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Irin_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/58438/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says">"Coup attempt foiled, government says"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025121201/http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/58438/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New Humanitarian (formerly IRIN News), 15 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2006Apr13-31"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2006Apr13_31-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4905388.stm">"Chad confronts rebels in capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060414174852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4905388.stm">Archived</a> 14 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 13 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Andrew England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ft.com/cms/s/9d4087ea-cc1b-11da-a7bf-0000779e2340.html">"Chad severs ties with Sudan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150506172558/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9d4087ea-cc1b-11da-a7bf-0000779e2340.html%23axzz3ZNdg5OSx">Archived</a> 6 May 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Financial Times, 15 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2006Apr18-33"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2006Apr18_33-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4919796.stm">Rebels 'will not delay' Chad poll"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629231029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4919796.stm">Archived</a> 29 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 18 April 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200608/09/eng20060809_291235.html">"Deby sworn in as Chad's president"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311020408/http://english.people.com.cn/200608/09/eng20060809_291235.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, People's Daily Online, 9 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4775111.stm">"Chad and Sudan resume relations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219133824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4775111.stm">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 9 August 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200609210706.html">"Chad: New Fronts Open in Eastern Fighting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925203455/http://allafrica.com/stories/200609210706.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> allAfrica.com, 21 September 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2392EF0A-8B23-4CEC-9604-42A404A43C24.htm">"Battle rages for Chadian capital"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204114044/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2392EF0A-8B23-4CEC-9604-42A404A43C24.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Al Jazeera, 2 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Total-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Total_38-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23031600">"Chad's leader says government ‘in total control’"</a>, Associated Press (MSNBC), 6 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=47778&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=CHAD">"Strong yes vote in referendum allows President Deby to seek a new term"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713022858/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=47778&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=CHAD">Archived</a> 13 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IRIN, 22 June 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118482.stm">"Chad votes to end two-term limit"</a>. BBC. 22 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4118482.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Chad+votes+to+end+two-term+limit&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4118482.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=53580&SelectRegion=West_Africa">"Déby win confirmed, but revised down to 64.67 pct"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822093838/http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=53580&SelectRegion=West_Africa">Archived</a> 22 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IRIN, 29 May 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/martin/chad-cam/overview.html">"Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Case Study"</a>. www.columbia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304155826/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/martin/chad-cam/overview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. 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BBC News. 20 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420200202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+President+Idriss+D%C3%A9by+dies+after+clashes+with+rebels&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-56815708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/thousands-gather-wish-chads-slain-president-deserved-rest-2021-04-23/">"Thousands gather to wish Chad's slain president "a deserved rest""</a>. 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Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=France%27s+Macron+attends+funeral+of+Chadian+president+Idriss+D%C3%A9by&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20210423-france-s-macron-attends-funeral-of-chadian-president-idriss-d%25C3%25A9by&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltier2021" class="citation news cs1">Peltier, Elian (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/world/africa/chad-idriss-deby-funeral.html">"Foreign Leaders Attend Funeral for President Idriss Déby of Chad"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Foreign+Leaders+Attend+Funeral+for+President+Idriss+D%C3%A9by+of+Chad&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Peltier&rft.aufirst=Elian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fchad-idriss-deby-funeral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_for_Tyrants2-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_for_Tyrants2_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Farah2011" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Farah (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/04/harvard_for_tyrants">"Harvard for Tyrants"</a>. The Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105054038/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/04/harvard_for_tyrants">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+for+Tyrants&rft.pub=The+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.au=Douglas+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F04%2Fharvard_for_tyrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcng-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcng_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcng_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcng_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-56862978">"Chad: Umwiryane mu muryango wa Idriss Déby urongera ibibazo mu nzibacyuho"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News_Gahuza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News Gahuza (page does not exist)">BBC News Gahuza</a>. 23 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425152448/https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-56862978">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Gahuza&rft.atitle=Chad%3A+Umwiryane+mu+muryango+wa+Idriss+D%C3%A9by+urongera+ibibazo+mu+nzibacyuho&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fgahuza%2Famakuru-56862978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Emily Wax, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/01/AR2006050101503.html?nav=rss_world">"New First Lady Captivates Chad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030253/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/01/AR2006050101503.html?nav=rss_world">Archived</a> 8 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Washington Post, 2 May 2006, page A17. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencedutchad.org/presidence/Cabinet%20Civil1.htm">"Liste des Membres du Cabinet Civil de la Présidence de la République"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423230216/http://www.presidencedutchad.org/presidence/Cabinet%20Civil1.htm">Archived</a> 23 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chadian presidency website (accessed 4 May 2008) (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-mg-105"><a href="#cite_ref-mg_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernghana.com/news/373239/chad-president-weds-janjaweed-chief-daughter.html">"Chad president weds Janjaweed chief daughter"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Ghana (page does not exist)">Modern Ghana</a>. 29 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422123645/https://www.modernghana.com/news/373239/chad-president-weds-janjaweed-chief-daughter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Ghana&rft.atitle=Chad+president+weds+Janjaweed+chief+daughter&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernghana.com%2Fnews%2F373239%2Fchad-president-weds-janjaweed-chief-daughter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/03/france.angeliquechrisafis">"Chadian president's son found dead near Paris apartment"</a>. the Guardian. 3 July 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chadian+president%27s+son+found+dead+near+Paris+apartment&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjul%2F03%2Ffrance.angeliquechrisafis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6261408.stm">"Chad leader's son killed in Paris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6261408.stm">Archived</a> 24 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 2 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14070102">"Jail terms over death of Chad leader's son Brahim Deby"</a>. BBC News. 7 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605002102/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-14070102">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jail+terms+over+death+of+Chad+leader%27s+son+Brahim+Deby&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-14070102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/he-president-idriss-deby-itno/">"His Excellency President Idriss Deby Itno"</a>. The Muslim 500. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803000410/https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/he-president-idriss-deby-itno/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+500&rft.atitle=His+Excellency+President+Idriss+Deby+Itno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themuslim500.com%2Fprofiles%2Fhe-president-idriss-deby-itno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdriss+D%C3%A9by" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Idriss_D%C3%A9by" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad" title="List of heads of state of Chad">President of Chad</a> 1991–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> 2016–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idriss_Déby&oldid=1252615561">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idriss_Déby&oldid=1252615561</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 October 2024, at 04:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B4%E1%89%A2" title="እድሪስ ዴቢ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እድሪስ ዴቢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="إدريس ديبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدريس ديبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0dris_Debi" title="İdris Debi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdris Debi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Ідрыс Дэбі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ідрыс Дэбі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Идрис Деби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идрис Деби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Idriss Déby Itno – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Idriss Déby Itno" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF" title="Ιντρίς Ντεμπί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιντρίς Ντεμπί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ادریس دبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادریس دبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B0%EB%B9%84" title="이드리스 데비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이드리스 데비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%AB_%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Իդրիս Դեբի Իտնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իդրիս Դեբի Իտնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by_Itno" title="Idriss Déby Itno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Idriss Déby Itno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99" title="אידריס דבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אידריס דבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იდრის დები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იდრის დები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Deb%C4%AB" title="Idriss Debī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Idriss Debī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იდრის დები – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იდრის დები" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88" title="ادريس ديبى اتنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادريس ديبى اتنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%93" title="イドリス・デビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イドリス・デビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ادریس دبی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادریس دبی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Деби, Идрис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деби, Идрис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Идрис Деби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идрис Деби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="இத்ரிசு தேபி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்ரிசு தேபி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF" title="ఇద్రిస్ డెబి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇద్రిస్ డెబి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="อีดริส เดบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีดริส เดบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Идрис Дебӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Идрис Дебӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Ідріс Дебі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідріс Дебі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ادریس دیبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادریس دیبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94" title="伊德里斯·代比 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊德里斯·代比" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Idriss Déby" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94" title="伊德里斯·代比 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊德里斯·代比" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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