CINXE.COM
Ed Discussion
<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="description" content="Ed Discussion helps scale course communication in a beautiful and intuitive interface. Questions reach and benefit all students in the class. Less email, more time saved."><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,user-scalable=no,initial-scale=1"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="Gjzpt1cv8phfBej7mHim2QR-LusfRx_1eQPWjdjzABw"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAEvGlUWHRYTUw6Y29tLmFkb2JlLnhtcAAAAAAAPD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSLvu78iIGlkPSJXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQiPz4KPHg6eG1wbWV0YSB4bWxuczp4PSJhZG9iZTpuczptZXRhLyIgeDp4bXB0az0iWE1QIENvcmUgNS41LjAiPgogPHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj4KICA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0iIgogICAgeG1sbnM6ZXhpZj0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS9leGlmLzEuMC8iCiAgICB4bWxuczp0aWZmPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3RpZmYvMS4wLyIKICAgIHhtbG5zOnBob3Rvc2hvcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS9waG90b3Nob3AvMS4wLyIKICAgIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyIKICAgIHhtbG5zOnhtcE1NPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvbW0vIgogICAgeG1sbnM6c3RFdnQ9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZUV2ZW50IyIKICAgZXhpZjpQaXhlbFhEaW1lbnNpb249IjE2IgogICBleGlmOlBpeGVsWURpbWVuc2lvbj0iMTYiCiAgIGV4aWY6Q29sb3JTcGFjZT0iMSIKICAgdGlmZjpJbWFnZVdpZHRoPSIxNiIKICAgdGlmZjpJbWFnZUxlbmd0aD0iMTYiCiAgIHRpZmY6UmVzb2x1dGlvblVuaXQ9IjIiCiAgIHRpZmY6WFJlc29sdXRpb249IjE0NC4wIgogICB0aWZmOllSZXNvbHV0aW9uPSIxNDQuMCIKICAgcGhvdG9zaG9wOkNvbG9yTW9kZT0iMyIKICAgcGhvdG9zaG9wOklDQ1Byb2ZpbGU9InNSR0IgSUVDNjE5NjYtMi4xIgogICB4bXA6TW9kaWZ5RGF0ZT0iMjAyMC0wNi0yNFQxMDoxNDoxNSsxMDowMCIKICAgeG1wOk1ldGFkYXRhRGF0ZT0iMjAyMC0wNi0yNFQxMDoxNDoxNSsxMDowMCI+CiAgIDx4bXBNTTpIaXN0b3J5PgogICAgPHJkZjpTZXE+CiAgICAgPHJkZjpsaQogICAgICBzdEV2dDphY3Rpb249InByb2R1Y2VkIgogICAgICBzdEV2dDpzb2Z0d2FyZUFnZW50PSJBZmZpbml0eSBEZXNpZ25lciAoTWFyIDMxIDIwMjApIgogICAgICBzdEV2dDp3aGVuPSIyMDIwLTA2LTI0VDEwOjE0OjE1KzEwOjAwIi8+CiAgICA8L3JkZjpTZXE+CiAgIDwveG1wTU06SGlzdG9yeT4KICA8L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj4KIDwvcmRmOlJERj4KPC94OnhtcG1ldGE+Cjw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9InIiPz47Z2LRAAABgmlDQ1BzUkdCIElFQzYxOTY2LTIuMQAAKJF1kc8rw2Ecx182TLZFcXBwWMJp00yJi7KlUZJmynDZvvultvn2/W5Jrsp1RYmLXwf+Aq7KWSkiJScHZ+LC+vp8N7Ul+zx9ns/reT/P59PzfB6whDNKVm/0QjaX10JBv2shsuiyvdBMF2DHGVV0dXx2dpq69nlPgxlvPWat+uf+NXs8oSvQ0CI8pqhaXnhSeHotr5q8I9yppKNx4TNhtyYXFL4z9ViFX01OVfjbZC0cCoClXdiVquFYDStpLSssL6c3mykov/cxX+JI5ObnJPaId6MTIogfF1NMEGCYQUZlHsaDjwFZUSffW86fYVVyFZlV1tFYIUWaPG5RC1I9ITEpekJGhnWz/3/7qieHfJXqDj80PRvGex/YtqFUNIyvI8MoHYP1CS5z1fzVQxj5EL1Y1XoPoG0Tzq+qWmwXLrag61GNatGyZBW3JJPwdgrOCHTcQOtSpWe/+5w8QHhDvuoa9vahX863Lf8A6k1nrd3yBCwAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAJCSURBVDiNVZPPS1RRFMc/584dZyZ/pTMUobRQ0CSpQJhpIVIQSAVBG4lcBK2CaGObtm0j/wBrEbQs2gQhhC2CiBRqkUSJ4GZaKGKapc289+49Ld59ky0u55x7ud/z4/s98nDyxbjALFAt4VHAogDkUCTEB20BD7CUR2dsjMxaqApKhGBRHALQ+uQRTLDy770qMGsEqg5QwCF4hARBw13m+2AB4pBAoWaTEHiEIh6HkENJkPBCq60YodRVoC0Hze0GDsH4kDVDdqGSJBwXThzs5IPzXJ671KrQOMCgOMADESYdUYgzH8Ad8BXBAzbtMR1Ob38nQ7WjSOJZefudaKcBKJUTZfpHy2x8+/HfHHKAzZCHx44wfb/Gxtou7YcLnL02zJNbbxg8U+bivRqq6Vf1SryfhGoEE4cZTFwf5s/vmHfPVnn/fJX2ngInLxxnbOoEjV8Rj6bneXpjnqTpWqwkCDblVOkqF8kXctSuDgJK/csWziuHegrsrO+xt92gibK7sU9HpUSCkEexJkx9bXmL0+f6+LRQR7zn2EA3H1/X6RvpZWSij/Gbo1hrqAx009iNkNC6jQPvLx9/pdSR58qdU3inrHxYx3tlYW6ZznKR6tQQm2s/qX/epLNSCqoFuT35SnMoJoilLW8wqmiSNteGokAxL5g41WwuUG9RbKrztByDEsWeFDDtMQl74GKPBxSDBhABjMJSJpg4iMgFkWQikuBnYNneKCwaDzMOWUxXN82YgcSBqgihiWnJOiRYbGLu/gV9oAsBngOTjgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="data:image/png;base64,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"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="64x64" href="https://edcdn.net/assets/favicon-64x64.eab1c85f.png"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="theme-color" content="#50288c"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://edcdn.net/assets/apple-touch-icon.c861c403.png"><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.c8b3d436.webmanifest"><title>Ed Discussion</title><style>#app{height:100%}#app-loading-anim{position:fixed;left:50%;top:50%;width:100px;height:100px;margin-left:-50px;margin-top:-50px;stroke:#50288c33;pointer-events:none}@keyframes app-loading-anim{0%{fill:#50288c00}100%{fill:#50288c}}.app-loading-anim-e{animation:app-loading-anim 1.25s 0s ease-in-out infinite alternate backwards}.app-loading-anim-d{animation:app-loading-anim 1.25s .25s ease-in-out infinite alternate backwards}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:-1000px;top:10px;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#fff;z-index:1;font-weight:600}.skip-link:focus{left:10px}</style><link href="https://edcdn.net/css/app.cec42be4.css" rel="stylesheet" crossorigin="anonymous"></head><body class="notranslate"><a class="skip-link ed-focus-inline" href="#main">Skip to main content</a><div id="app"></div><svg id="app-loading-anim" viewBox="0 0 100 69.954"><path class="app-loading-anim-e" d="m 47.087861,46.251708 c 0,0.591872 0,1.184749 0,1.775616 0,0.593883 -0.02914,1.154603 -0.08843,1.688193 H 14.950906 c 0.11757,1.241023 0.487365,2.367489 1.109384,3.372365 0.622019,1.004877 1.420895,1.878114 2.39663,2.616699 0.97674,0.741598 2.072055,1.318398 3.285947,1.733412 1.21188,0.414009 2.469986,0.624028 3.772306,0.624028 2.308201,0 4.261681,-0.432097 5.860439,-1.289256 1.596749,-0.858165 2.899069,-1.968554 3.905956,-3.328152 l 10.121115,6.39001 c -2.072055,3.01865 -4.809339,5.340919 -8.21185,6.970828 -3.404522,1.626896 -7.354691,2.442855 -11.851514,2.442855 -3.315087,0 -6.451307,-0.521531 -9.409663,-1.554543 C 12.968285,66.659744 10.380728,65.15042 8.1609556,63.165789 5.9421883,61.183168 4.1947081,58.742322 2.9235393,55.843254 1.6503608,52.942175 1.0152788,49.627088 1.0152788,45.898996 c 0,-3.610521 0.6220186,-6.88039 1.8640459,-9.810609 1.2430322,-2.931225 2.9302199,-5.416284 5.0605581,-7.456184 2.1313432,-2.042914 4.6465492,-3.625595 7.5466222,-4.750051 2.899069,-1.123452 6.036293,-1.687187 9.409663,-1.687187 3.254796,0 6.245309,0.547657 8.966514,1.641968 2.72221,1.096319 5.061563,2.679 7.014038,4.750051 1.952475,2.072055 3.475867,4.58726 4.571183,7.546622 1.092301,2.957352 1.639958,6.330722 1.639958,10.118102 z M 33.681804,40.658565 c 0,-2.308201 -0.725521,-4.291828 -2.175557,-5.947864 -1.450038,-1.657041 -3.625595,-2.486064 -6.525668,-2.486064 -1.419891,0 -2.721206,0.222077 -3.904951,0.666233 -1.184749,0.444155 -2.219772,1.0511 -3.107077,1.820835 -0.889317,0.769737 -1.59876,1.67312 -2.132349,2.709148 -0.53158,1.034018 -0.829023,2.115265 -0.886301,3.240727 h 18.731903 z"/><path class="app-loading-anim-d" d="m 85.581665,67.824396 v -5.770001 h -0.177863 c -1.420895,2.250924 -3.449741,3.982325 -6.082517,5.195212 -2.633782,1.210876 -5.428343,1.819831 -8.388709,1.819831 -3.316092,0 -6.274449,-0.65116 -8.878084,-1.950465 -2.605645,-1.303325 -4.809339,-3.034727 -6.615102,-5.195212 -1.805764,-2.158474 -3.181439,-4.660617 -4.127028,-7.501402 -0.947599,-2.841792 -1.419891,-5.799143 -1.419891,-8.87909 0,-3.076931 0.487366,-6.02122 1.465111,-8.831859 0.97674,-2.811644 2.365479,-5.282636 4.171242,-7.412974 1.804758,-2.131343 3.995389,-3.817526 6.568878,-5.060558 2.574493,-1.243032 5.461503,-1.864046 8.656006,-1.864046 3.25379,0 6.007151,0.622019 8.25707,1.864046 2.248914,1.242027 3.996394,2.60464 5.238422,4.083818 h 0.178867 V 0.70869487 H 98.987721 V 67.824396 Z M 85.048076,45.630694 c 0,-1.418886 -0.250214,-2.810639 -0.753657,-4.170237 -0.502439,-1.362613 -1.212886,-2.574495 -2.130338,-3.641673 -0.918458,-1.065169 -2.029851,-1.922329 -3.328152,-2.574494 -1.303324,-0.650154 -2.784513,-0.97674 -4.439544,-0.97674 -1.717334,0 -3.224649,0.326586 -4.527973,0.97674 -1.301315,0.652165 -2.396631,1.494252 -3.283937,2.53028 -0.889315,1.036027 -1.554544,2.23585 -1.997694,3.595447 -0.444156,1.360603 -0.665228,2.751353 -0.665228,4.170238 0,1.4219 0.221072,2.827722 0.665228,4.217466 0.44315,1.39276 1.109383,2.617703 1.997694,3.684883 0.887306,1.065169 1.982622,1.923333 3.283937,2.574493 1.303324,0.650155 2.810639,0.977745 4.527973,0.977745 1.655031,0 3.13622,-0.32558 4.439544,-0.977745 1.301315,-0.64915 2.409694,-1.509324 3.328152,-2.574493 0.917452,-1.06718 1.627899,-2.278055 2.130338,-3.640668 0.503443,-1.361607 0.753657,-2.750347 0.753657,-4.171242 z"/></svg><script defer="defer" src="https://edcdn.net/js/5e7a3064.js"></script><script defer="defer" src="https://edcdn.net/js/e7dab304.js"></script><script defer="defer" src="https://edcdn.net/js/26fb51a8.js"></script><script defer="defer" src="https://edcdn.net/js/c9c5b147.js"></script><script defer="defer" src="https://edcdn.net/js/9682ee67.js"></script></body></html>