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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Crown</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Iron_Crown" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Crown" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iron+Crown" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iron Crown (disambiguation)">Iron Crown (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Iron Crown</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>: <i>Corona Ferrea</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Eiserne Krone</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> <a href="/wiki/Votive_crown" title="Votive crown">votive crown</a>, traditionally considered one of the oldest royal insignia of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. It was made in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Circlet" title="Circlet">circlet</a> of gold and jewels fitted around a central silver band, which tradition held to be made of iron beaten out of a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nail" title="Holy Nail">nail</a> of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Later_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Middle Ages">later Middle Ages</a>, the crown came to be seen as a heritage from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> and was used as <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> for the coronation of some <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a> as kings of Italy. It is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Duomo_of_Monza" title="Duomo of Monza">Duomo of Monza</a>. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #1A5A9A; color: white">Iron Crown</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/330px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/440px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Iron Crown, preserved in <br>the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Monza">Cathedral of Monza</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A5A9A; color: white">Heraldic depictions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corona_ferrea_monza_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg/100px-Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg/150px-Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg/200px-Corona_ferrea_monza_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="111"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A5A9A; color: white">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a><sup id="cite_ref-museo_monza_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museo_monza-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a> (Frankish)<br><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)</a><br><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a><br><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Made</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th</span>–5th and 9th century<sup id="cite_ref-museo_monza_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museo_monza-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Monza">Cathedral of Monza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">ca. 605 grams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Arches</th><td class="infobox-data">None (circlet)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Gold</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cap</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable stones</th><td class="infobox-data">Garnets, sapphires and glass</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other elements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/True_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="True cross">Nail</a> purportedly used at the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legend"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Legend</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Coronation_rite_for_the_kings_of_Italy"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coronation rite for the kings of Italy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Scientific_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific analysis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cultural_references"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Iron Crown is so called because it contains a one-centimetre-wide band within it that is said to have been beaten out of a <a href="/wiki/Nail_(relic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (relic)">nail used at the crucifixion of Jesus</a>. The outer circlet of the crown is made of six segments of beaten gold, partly enameled, joined together by hinges. It is set with 22 gemstones<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that stand out in relief, in the form of crosses and flowers. Its small size and hinged construction have suggested to some that it was originally a large <a href="/wiki/Arm_ring" title="Arm ring">armlet</a> or, most probably, a <a href="/wiki/Votive_crown" title="Votive crown">votive crown</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Zucchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Zucchi (page does not exist)">Bartolomeo Zucchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Ludovico Antonio Muratori</a>, the small size is due to a readjustment after the loss of two segments. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legend" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corona_ferrea.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Corona_ferrea.png/170px-Corona_ferrea.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1227"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Corona_ferrea.png/170px-Corona_ferrea.png" data-width="170" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Corona_ferrea.png/255px-Corona_ferrea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Corona_ferrea.png/340px-Corona_ferrea.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Drawing of the Iron Crown in 1858</figcaption></figure> <p>According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">St. Helena</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, had the crown forged for her son around a beaten nail from the True Cross, which she had discovered. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a> passed this crown to <a href="/wiki/Theodelinda" title="Theodelinda">Theodelinda</a>, princess of the Lombards, as a diplomatic gift, although he made no mention of it among his recorded donations. Theodelinda donated the crown to the church at Monza in 628.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another tradition reported by the historian Valeriana Maspero, the helm and the bit of Constantine were brought to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, who resided there, and were exposed at his funeral, as described by <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> in his funeral oration <i>De obitu Theosdosii</i>. Then, as the bit remained in Milan (where it is currently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Monza_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Monza Cathedral">cathedral</a>), the helm with the diadem was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoderic the Great">Theoderic the Great</a>, who had previously threatened Constantinople itself, claimed it as part of his right as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">king of Italy</a>. The Byzantines then sent him the diadem, holding the helmet (which was exposed in the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>) until it was looted and lost following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> King Theoderic then adopted the diadem <i>gemmis insignitum, quas pretiosior ferro innexa(s)crucis redemptoris divinae gemma connecteretas</i> (Ambrose <i>De obitu Theosdosii</i>) as his crown. This is the Iron Crown, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> to the Lombards when they invaded Italy. </p><p>The crown was used in <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s coronation as King of the Lombards in 774.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The crown was certainly in use for the coronation of the kings of Italy by the 14th century, and supposedly since at least the 11th. </p><p>Old research dates the crown to the 8th or early 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to a more recent study, the crown in its current state is the result of two different works made between the 4–5th and the 9th century. This seems to validate the legends about the origin of the crown, that date it back to the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-museo_monza_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museo_monza-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the Lombard royalty ignored the coronation ceremonies. As for other Germanic populations, the ritual of accession was an <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a> by the armed people in the royal palace of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, during which the sovereign received a lance as symbol of his power.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Twining,_Baron_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Twining, Baron Twining">Lord Twining</a> cites a hypothesis by Reinhold N. Elze that <a href="/wiki/Gisela,_daughter_of_Louis_the_Pious" title="Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious">Gisela</a>, the daughter of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> who married Duke <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_of_Friuli" title="Eberhard of Friuli">Eberhard of Friuli</a>, may have originally possessed the crown and left it to her son <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a> on her death in 874. Berengar was the only major benefactor of the church at Monza at this time, and also gave the Cathedral of St. John in Monza a cross made in the same style as the Iron Crown, which is still preserved in the church's treasury. The crown and cross may therefore have been made as a votive ornament. Twining also notes that the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg includes in its collection two medieval crowns found at <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> in 1730 made in the same style and of the same size as the Iron Crown. Twining notes that while these crowns and the Iron Crown are too small to be worn around an adult human head, they could be worn on the top of the head if they were affixed to a veil, and this would account for the small holes on the rim of the Iron Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 421">: 421 </span></sup> Twining also mentions a relief plaque in the cathedral which appears to represent the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> at Milan in 1209 as it was described by Morigias in 1345 and stresses the point that although four votive crowns are shown hanging above the altar, the crown which the archbishop is placing on the king's head bears no resemblance to the Iron Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 424">: 424 </span></sup> </p><p>Finally, Twining cites a study by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Ludovico Antonio Muratori</a> which documents the various degrees of the ecclesiastical authorities alternately authorizing and suppressing the veneration of the Iron Crown until, in 1688, the matter was subjected to be studied by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of Rites">Congregation of Rites</a> in Rome, which in 1715 diplomatically concluded its official examination by permitting the Iron Crown to be exposed for public veneration and carried in processions, but leaving the essential point of whether the iron ring came from one of the nails of Christ's crucifixion undecided. However, subsequently Archbishop Visconti of Milan gave his own decision that "the iron ring in the Monza crown should be considered as one of the Nails of the Holy Cross and as an original relic."<sup id="cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twining notes that the clergy of Monza assert that despite the centuries that the Iron Crown has been exposed to public veneration, there is not a speck of rust on the essential inner iron ring.<sup id="cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipinsky, in his examination of the Iron Crown in 1985, noted that the inner ring does not attract a magnet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of the inner ring in 1993 revealed that the ring is made of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirty-four supposed coronations with the Iron Crown were counted by the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolomeo_Zucchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolomeo Zucchi (page does not exist)">Bartolomeo Zucchi</a> from the 9th to the 17th century (beginning with Charlemagne). The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> states that the first reliable record of the use of the Iron Crown in the coronation of a King of Italy is that of the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> in 1312.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later coronations in which the crown was used include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> (1355, at the presence of <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> (1431)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> (1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a> (1838)</li></ul> <p>Since the 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Roman-Germanic Kings</a> would travel to Rome to be crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</a>. Enroute they traditionally stopped in Lombardy to be crowned as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kings of Italy</a>, supposedly with the Iron Crown. The traditional site of the coronation was <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, the old Lombard capital, in the <a href="/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">Basilica San Michele Maggiore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad II">Conrad II</a> in 1026, coronations were also performed at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. In 1530, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> received the Iron Crown simultaneously with his Imperial coronation at <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_Monza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Duomo_Monza.jpg/220px-Duomo_Monza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="3810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Duomo_Monza.jpg/220px-Duomo_Monza.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Duomo_Monza.jpg/330px-Duomo_Monza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Duomo_Monza.jpg/440px-Duomo_Monza.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monza_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Monza Cathedral">Monza Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 May 1805 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> had himself crowned <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">King of Italy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, with suitable splendour and magnificence. Seated upon a throne, he was invested with the usual insignia of royalty by the Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan and, ascending the altar, he took the iron crown, placed it on his head, and exclaimed, being part of the ceremony used at the enthronement of the Lombard kings, "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Dio me l'ha data, guai a chi la tocca.</i></span>" ('God gives it to me, beware whoever touches it'). </p><p>On the occasion, Napoleon founded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Iron Crown">Order of the Iron Crown</a>, on 15 June 1805. After Napoleon's fall and the annexation of Lombardy to Austria, the order was reinstituted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Francis I of Austria</a>, on 1 January 1816. </p><p>The last to be crowned with the Iron Crown was Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a>, in his role as King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy and Venetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred in Milan, on 6 September 1838. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>, when the Austrians had to withdraw from Lombardy in 1859, the Iron Crown was moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, where it remained until 1866, when it was given back to Italy after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronation_rite_for_the_kings_of_Italy">Coronation rite for the kings of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coronation rite for the kings of Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <p>From the 9th to the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kings of Italy</a> were also the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a>, so many of them were crowned at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, the official capital of the Kingdom. </p><p>The earliest definitively documented use of the Iron Crown in a coronation was at that of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII of Germany">Henry VII</a> at Milan in 1311 or 1312,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a ceremony with French and Roman influences that was the most elaborate example of the Milanese coronation rite. It was given to the King with the words "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Accipe coronam regni</i></span>" ('Receive this royal crown') and the prayer "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deus perpetuitatis</i></span>" ('God of continuity'). This followed the King's receiving the <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_state" title="Sword of state">sword of state</a> and preceded the <a href="/wiki/Scepter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepter">scepter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virge" title="Virge">verge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orb_and_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb and cross">orb and cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Scientific_analysis">Scientific analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In 1993, the crown was subjected to extensive scientific analysis performed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a> using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> (XRF) analysis and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>. The XRF analysis on the crown metal revealed that all the foils, rosettes and bezels were made with the same alloy, made of 84–85% gold, 5–7% silver, and 8–10% copper, suggesting a contemporary construction of the main part of the crown, while the fillets external to the enamel plates and the hinge pins were made of 90–91% gold and 9–10% silver, suggesting subsequent reworking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the 24 vitreous enamel plates are visually different from the others in colour and construction, and were traditionally considered to be later restorations. The XRF analysis confirmed that they were made with a different technique, with their glass being made of potassium salt, while the others are made of sodium salt (sodium is not directly detectable by the XRF analysis). </p><p>Radiocarbon dating of fragments of beeswax used to fix the enamel plates to the gold foils of the crown showed that the wax under the "strange" plates was from around 500 AD, while the ones under the "normal" plates came from around 800 AD. This is consistent with the tradition of a more antique crown, further decorated during the reign of Theoderic (with the addition of the enamels), and then extensively restored during the reign of Charlemagne. </p><p>The "iron nail" was found to be 99% silver, meaning the crown contains no iron. A note from the Roman Ceremonial of 1159<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> provides that the Iron Crown is so called "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quod laminam quondam habet in summitate</i></span>", stating that the iron was once laid <em>over</em> the crown (probably as an arch, as in other crowns of the era), not into it. Speculations have been made that the silver circle was added by the goldsmith Antellotto Bracciforte, who restored the crown in 1345 to reinforce it given that the (presumed) theft of two plates had weakened the hinges. (Currently, in one of the crown's junctions, two of the plates are not joined by the hinge, which is too damaged, but are held only by the inner silver ring.) In 1352, for the first time, a document (the inventory of the treasury of the Cathedral of Monza) describes the crown as being <em>small</em>. </p><p>The gems in the crown are seven red <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a>, seven blue <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundums</a> (sapphires), four violet <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a>, and four gems made of glass. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>A surprising image of the Iron Crown figures in Chapter 37 "Sunset" of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>. The brief chapter is devoted to Captain Ahab's soliloquy. Among his delusions of persecution and of grandeur, he imagines himself crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. </p><p>The Italian film <i><a href="/wiki/La_corona_di_ferro" class="mw-redirect" title="La corona di ferro">La corona di ferro</a></i> (1941), directed by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a>, tells a story about the arrival of the crown in Italy. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Brown_(2013_TV_series)" title="Father Brown (2013 TV series)">Father Brown</a></i> TV series, the crown figures in episode 70 (The Two Deaths of Hercule Flambeau). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seven red <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a>, seven blue <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, four violet <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a>, and four green glass <a href="/wiki/Paste_gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Paste gem">pastes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1996, ANTARES (Australian National Tandem for Applied Research) tested the samples of the beeswax and clay mixture used to hold the gemstones of the Iron Crown in their settings and concluded that the Iron Crown was made between 700 and 780.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All other sources give the year of Henry VII's coronation as King of Italy as 1311; 1312 was the year of his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On this occasion, the Iron Crown itself rested on four <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbel</a> S-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)" title="Bracket (architecture)">brackets</a> rising from the rim of the actual <a href="/wiki/Circlet" title="Circlet">circlet</a> that surrounded the Emperor Ferdinand's head and the Iron Crown, in turn, supported four S-shaped half arches supporting a diminutive orb and cross at the top.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-museo_monza-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museo_monza_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museo_monza_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museo_monza_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museoduomomonza.it/corona-ferrea/">"Corona Ferrea, Museo e Tesoro del Duomo di Monza"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corona+Ferrea%2C+Museo+e+Tesoro+del+Duomo+di+Monza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museoduomomonza.it%2Fcorona-ferrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span><br><i>Recenti indagini scientifiche fanno prospettare che la Corona, che così come si presenta deriva da interventi realizzati tra il IV–V e il IX secolo, possa essere un’insegna reale tardo-antica, forse ostrogota, passata ai re longobardi...</i><br>[Recent scientific investigations envisage that the Crown, which as it is now is derived from works carried between the 4th–5th and 9th centuries, can be a royal insignias of Late Antiquity, perhaps Ostrogoths, passed to the Lombard kings...]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blom-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blom_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Blom, <i>To Have and to Hold: An Intimate History of Collectors and Collecting</i>, 2002, pp. 146f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntolini1838" class="citation web cs1">Antolini, Francesco (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9g3AAAAcAAJ&q=incoronazione+carlo+magno+corona+ferrea&pg=PA199">"Dei Re d'Italia inaugurati o no con la Corona Ferrea da Odoacre fino al regnante Imperatore Ferdinando I"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dei+Re+d%27Italia+inaugurati+o+no+con+la+Corona+Ferrea+da+Odoacre+fino+al+regnante+Imperatore+Ferdinando+I&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Antolini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9g3AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dincoronazione%2Bcarlo%2Bmagno%2Bcorona%2Bferrea%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajocchi2010" class="citation book cs1">Majocchi, Piero (2010). "The treasure of Theodelinda: ideological claims and political contingencies in the construction of a myth". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/958335"><i>Archaeology of Identuty</i></a>. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 245–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6502-6"><bdi>978-3-7001-6502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+treasure+of+Theodelinda%3A+ideological+claims+and+political+contingencies+in+the+construction+of+a+myth&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Identuty&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=245-267&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-6502-6&rft.aulast=Majocchi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F958335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twining,_Lord_Edward_Francis_1960_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Twining, Lord Edward Francis, <i>A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe</i>, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldsmith.it/it/culturale/storia/coronaferrea/coronaferrea.html">"Le gemme della Corona Ferrea"</a>. <i>www.goldsmith.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goldsmith.it&rft.atitle=Le+gemme+della+Corona+Ferrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldsmith.it%2Fit%2Fculturale%2Fstoria%2Fcoronaferrea%2Fcoronaferrea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valeriana Maspero, La corona ferrea. La storia del più antico e celebre simbolo del potere in Europa, Monza, Vittone Editore, 2003, pp. 24–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Crown-of-Lombardy">"Iron Crown of Lombardy"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. July 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron+Crown+of+Lombardy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIron-Crown-of-Lombardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandell Creighton: <i>A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2012, Vol. 2, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6104106">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+fur+Kunstgeschichte+77+%282014%29&rft.atitle=%22Representing+Royal+Authority+at+San+Michele+Maggiore+in+Pavia%22&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6104106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley1915" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Reginard Maxwell (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft">"The Rite of Milan"</a>. <i>Coronation Rites</i>. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 116–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rite+of+Milan&rft.btitle=Coronation+Rites&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Reginard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoronationrites00wooluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilazzoSardella" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milazzo, M.; Sardella, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016181054/http://prometeo.sif.it/papers/online/sag/018/01-02/pdf/07.pdf">"Analisi XRF quantitativa nelle applicazioni archeometriche"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fisica E</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prometeo.sif.it/papers/online/sag/018/01-02/pdf/07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisica+E&rft.atitle=Analisi+XRF+quantitativa+nelle+applicazioni+archeometriche&rft.aulast=Milazzo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Sardella%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprometeo.sif.it%2Fpapers%2Fonline%2Fsag%2F018%2F01-02%2Fpdf%2F07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Crown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Buccellatin, Graziella, and Holly Snapp, eds. <i>The Iron Crown and Imperial Europe. (Milan: Mondadori) 3 vols. and plates, 1995, with contributions by Annamaria Ambrosioni, Peter Burke, Carlo Paganini, Reinhard Elze, Roberto Cassanelli, Felipe Ruiz Martin, Alberto Tenenti, Alain Pillepich, Henrike Mraz and Giorgio Rumi.</i></li> <li>Valeriana Maspero, <i>La corona ferrea. La storia del più antico e celebre simbolo del potere in Europa</i>, Vittone Editore, Monza, 2003. (Italian).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Crown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_Crown" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Iron_Crown" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529034534/http://www.comune.monza.it/portale/monzadascoprire/duomo/corona_ferrea.html">La Corona Ferrea</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldsmith.it/it/culturale/storia/coronaferrea/coronaferrea.html">Le gemme della Corona Ferrea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040112083602/http://public.srce.hr/hpm/p0167003.htm">Order of the Iron Crown</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/int/ita/itanat.htm">Coat-of-Arms of Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, 1805–1815, with the Iron Crown on an escutcheon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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<div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تاج لومبارديا الحديدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاج لومبارديا الحديدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жалезная карона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезная карона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жалезная карона – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезная карона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Желязна корона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязна корона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_f%C3%A8rria_de_Llombardia" title="Corona fèrria de Llombardia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corona fèrria de Llombardia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardsk%C3%A1_%C5%BEelezn%C3%A1_koruna" title="Lombardská železná koruna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lombardská železná koruna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernkronen" title="Jernkronen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernkronen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiserne_Krone" title="Eiserne Krone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiserne Krone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia_raudkroon" title="Lombardia raudkroon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lombardia raudkroon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_hierro" title="Corona de hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corona de hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fera_Krono" title="Fera Krono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fera Krono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couronne_de_fer_de_Lombardie" title="Couronne de fer de Lombardie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couronne de fer de Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%91%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%B2%A0%EA%B4%80" title="랑고바르드의 철관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랑고바르드의 철관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Երկաթյա թագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթյա թագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobardska_%C5%BEeljezna_kruna" title="Langobardska željezna kruna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Langobardska željezna kruna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_Besi" title="Mahkota Besi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkota Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_ferrea" title="Corona ferrea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corona ferrea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლომბარდიის რკინის გვირგვინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლომბარდიის რკინის გვირგვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Ferrea_de_Lombardia" title="Corona Ferrea de Lombardia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corona Ferrea de Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia_vaskoron%C3%A1ja" title="Lombardia vaskoronája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombardia vaskoronája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Железна круна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железна круна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="تاج لومبارديا الحديدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاج لومبارديا الحديدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_Besi_Lombardy" title="Mahkota Besi Lombardy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahkota Besi Lombardy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzeren_Kroon" title="IJzeren Kroon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzeren Kroon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E9%89%84%E7%8E%8B%E5%86%A0" title="ロンバルディアの鉄王冠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンバルディアの鉄王冠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernkronen" title="Jernkronen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernkronen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazna_korona" title="Żelazna korona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazna korona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_de_Ferro" title="Coroa de Ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroa de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroana_de_fier_a_regilor_longobarzi" title="Coroana de fier a regilor longobarzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coroana de fier a regilor longobarzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Железная корона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железная корона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_koruna_Lombardie" title="Železná koruna Lombardie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železná koruna Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezna_krona_Langobardov" title="Železna krona Langobardov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železna krona Langobardov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гвоздена круна Лангобарда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоздена круна Лангобарда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvozdena_kruna_Langobarda" title="Gvozdena kruna Langobarda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gvozdena kruna Langobarda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardian_rautakruunu" title="Lombardian rautakruunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lombardian rautakruunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rnkronan" title="Järnkronan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnkronan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardiya_Demir_Tac%C4%B1" title="Lombardiya Demir Tacı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lombardiya Demir Tacı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Залізна корона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізна корона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%8E%8B%E5%86%A0" title="鐵王冠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鐵王冠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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