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(PDF) A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna's Canon of Medicine | Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi - Academia.edu

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Methods: In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine" /> <meta property="og:title" content="A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna&#39;s Canon of Medicine" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Introduction: In this study, we attempted to identify medicinal plants for treating asthma by investigating Per-sian Medicine (PM) sources. 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Methods: In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source" /> <title>(PDF) A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna&#39;s Canon of Medicine | Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732375767000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732375767000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Introduction: In this study, we attempted to identify medicinal plants for treating asthma by investigating Per-sian Medicine (PM) sources. Methods: In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source of PM (Canon of Medicine) written by Avicenna. Recommended medicinal plants for treating asthma were extracted from this book. Likewise, the electronic databases were used for investigating the pharmacological properties of offered herbs. Results: The signs and symptoms of \u0026amp;quot;Rabv\u0026amp;quot; discussed by Avicenna are very similar to the asthma in modern medicine. Avicenna dichotomized asthma causing into pulmonary and non-pulmonary ones, including asthma with the heart, liver, or stomach origin. Overall, 14 medicinal plants were mentioned for the treatment of asthma presented in Canon of Medicine, including celery, juniper, dodder, chamomile, fennel, quince seed, black caraway, lavender, hyssop, squill, anise, absinthe, asafoetida, and common polypody. Conclusions: PM prescribes medicinal plants for treating asthma, based on each patient\u0026amp;#39;s symptoms and trigger factors.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-10-19","dateModified":"2019-10-19","datePublished":null,"headline":"A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna's Canon of Medicine","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"sums"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40669040%2FA_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40669040%2FA_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":60952226,"identifier":"Attachment_60952226","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":40669040,"created_at":"2019-10-19T08:01:56.002-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T02:07:38.550-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Introduction: In this study, we attempted to identify medicinal plants for treating asthma by investigating Per-sian Medicine (PM) sources. Methods: In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source of PM (Canon of Medicine) written by Avicenna. Recommended medicinal plants for treating asthma were extracted from this book. Likewise, the electronic databases were used for investigating the pharmacological properties of offered herbs. Results: The signs and symptoms of \"Rabv\" discussed by Avicenna are very similar to the asthma in modern medicine. Avicenna dichotomized asthma causing into pulmonary and non-pulmonary ones, including asthma with the heart, liver, or stomach origin. Overall, 14 medicinal plants were mentioned for the treatment of asthma presented in Canon of Medicine, including celery, juniper, dodder, chamomile, fennel, quince seed, black caraway, lavender, hyssop, squill, anise, absinthe, asafoetida, and common polypody. Conclusions: PM prescribes medicinal plants for treating asthma, based on each patient's symptoms and trigger factors."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna's Canon of Medicine","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [35018340]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;swp-splash-paper-cover&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:60952226,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;}"><img alt="First page of “A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna&#39;s Canon of Medicine”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60952226/mini_magick20191019-25704-4punmh.png?1571497662" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A review on the management of asthma in the Avicenna&#39;s Canon of Medicine</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35018340" href="https://sums.academia.edu/MohammadParvizi"><img alt="Profile image of Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Introduction: In this study, we attempted to identify medicinal plants for treating asthma by investigating Per-sian Medicine (PM) sources. Methods: In the present review study, materials concerning asthma were assessed by the (most) reliable source of PM (Canon of Medicine) written by Avicenna. Recommended medicinal plants for treating asthma were extracted from this book. Likewise, the electronic databases were used for investigating the pharmacological properties of offered herbs. Results: The signs and symptoms of &quot;Rabv&quot; discussed by Avicenna are very similar to the asthma in modern medicine. Avicenna dichotomized asthma causing into pulmonary and non-pulmonary ones, including asthma with the heart, liver, or stomach origin. Overall, 14 medicinal plants were mentioned for the treatment of asthma presented in Canon of Medicine, including celery, juniper, dodder, chamomile, fennel, quince seed, black caraway, lavender, hyssop, squill, anise, absinthe, asafoetida, and common polypody. Conclusions: PM prescribes medicinal plants for treating asthma, based on each patient&#39;s symptoms and trigger factors.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:60952226,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine&quot;}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:60952226,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine&quot;}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="60952226" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/40669040/A_review_on_the_management_of_asthma_in_the_Avicennas_Canon_of_Medicine" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="37683858" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37683858/Traditional_medicinal_plants_used_for_the_treatment_of_asthma_in_Bhubaneswar_Odisha">Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of asthma in Bhubaneswar, Odisha</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36195876" href="https://cutm.academia.edu/DrGyanranjanMahalik">Gyanranjan Mahalik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Asthma, issue of the respiratory system in which the entries that empower air to go into and out of the lungs occasionally limited, causing hacking, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Asthma is one in every of the foremost common chronic diseases in fashionable society and it&#39;s evident that its incidence and severity are increasing, but little is thought concerning the plants utilized in the management of the sickness. The current study is an approach to find some cheap treatment for asthma. Herbs have been utilized from the early human advancement on wards as a medication for a wide range of disease. Disregarding the improvement in the health science and creation of modern synthetic drugs, plants still involve an essential part in the modern and traditional system of medicine in everywhere throughout the world. Asthma is well recorded in the primitive Ayurvedic texts. In Sanskrit, asthma is known as Svasaroga, Svasa means &quot; breathing in and out, &quot; and roga means &quot; disease. &quot; According to the ancient Ayurvedic text, the Charak Samhita, there are five types of Asthma: Mahasvasa, Urdhvasvasa, Chinnasvasa, tamakasvasa and Ksudrasvasa. 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data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="113436125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436125/Use_of_Traditional_Herbal_Medicines_for_the_Treatment_of_Asthma_in_Balochistan">Use of Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Asthma in Balochistan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39804512" href="https://independent.academia.edu/rahmangul1">rahman gul</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current research journal of biological sciences, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Use of Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Asthma in Balochistan&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:110395232,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/113436125/Use_of_Traditional_Herbal_Medicines_for_the_Treatment_of_Asthma_in_Balochistan&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436125/Use_of_Traditional_Herbal_Medicines_for_the_Treatment_of_Asthma_in_Balochistan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="66399001" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66399001/Asthma_Pathophysiology_Herbal_and_Modern_Therapeutic_Interventions">Asthma: Pathophysiology, Herbal and Modern Therapeutic Interventions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5178994" href="https://iiim-in.academia.edu/SheikhRayees">Sheikh Rayees</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asthma: Pathophysiology, Herbal and Modern Therapeutic Interventions, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Asthma: Pathophysiology, Herbal and Modern Therapeutic Interventions&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:77605317,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/66399001/Asthma_Pathophysiology_Herbal_and_Modern_Therapeutic_Interventions&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66399001/Asthma_Pathophysiology_Herbal_and_Modern_Therapeutic_Interventions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="74310840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74310840/Phytochemistry_and_method_preparation_of_some_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_asthma_review">Phytochemistry and method preparation of some medicinal plants used to treat asthma-review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125020787" href="https://independent.academia.edu/samueltessema1">samuel tessema</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the present day in which its incidence and severity are increasing. It is highly prevalent global disease; affecting approximately 300 million individuals worldwide. Different medicinal plants have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices for the treatment of asthma in different part of the world since prehistoric times. The aim of this review article is to explore and compile the ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and method of preparation of commonly used medicinal plants for the management of asthma in Ethiopia. A comprehensive and systematic web-based search of full length experimental, ethno-botanical and ethno medicinal survey articles from scientific database like Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar, were undertaken using key words: asthma, medicinal plants, ethno-botanical, herbal, phytochemistry so as to document this review article. About 23 medicinal plants like Papilionaceae, ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Phytochemistry and method preparation of some medicinal plants used to treat asthma-review&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:82507360,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/74310840/Phytochemistry_and_method_preparation_of_some_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_asthma_review&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74310840/Phytochemistry_and_method_preparation_of_some_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_asthma_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="69687863" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69687863/A_Clinico_Pharmacological_Assessment_of_a_Herbal_Preparation_for_the_Treatment_of_Bronchial_Asthma">A Clinico-Pharmacological Assessment of a Herbal Preparation for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="127598689" href="https://nrc.academia.edu/AmiraElanssary">Amira A . El-anssary</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The discovery of a herbal pharmaceutical preparation can be useful in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The natural agents were isolated from Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Pimpinella anisum L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Acute and chronic toxicity were carried out. For efficacy study, rats were allocated into 5 groups. Group 1 exposed to saline aerosol (normal control). Asthma was induced in the remaining groups by ovalbumin (OVA). Group 2 was left untreated (positive control). Group 3 received herbal preparation orally 1 hour before OVA challenge. Groups 4 &amp; 5 received theophylline and salbutamol orally 1 hour before OVA challenge. Ten asthmatic patients were subjected to medical examination, laboratory investigations and spirometric measurements. All tests were performed before and after 4 weeks of therapy. The rats receiving herbal preparation showed no difference in laboratory parameters compared to control and normal histopathological structure and attenuation o...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;A Clinico-Pharmacological Assessment of a Herbal Preparation for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:79686539,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/69687863/A_Clinico_Pharmacological_Assessment_of_a_Herbal_Preparation_for_the_Treatment_of_Bronchial_Asthma&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69687863/A_Clinico_Pharmacological_Assessment_of_a_Herbal_Preparation_for_the_Treatment_of_Bronchial_Asthma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:60952226,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:60952226,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_60952226" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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