CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a91ed88afdc7',cH: 'XmH0R8tQTyJXVkST0gLRURHtceIuoNGIrXwQcSg07EU-1739794083-1.2.1.1-ieSzh5OCAcGLwstdMNvV.fE7rLc2c3ScbDy_uhphuD_o_CKZ6rXJlSMuBJ2CDE76',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Management%20Science&__cf_chl_tk=eDsTSIXs6.CZcrhpxJGynFRSkac2E7pjcsKF1MnnfeY-1739794083-1.0.1.1-HooOAVGfD4QWPLGPuSAdyl0LU5zPdNtrF_E9ej2ZTC8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794083',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Management%20Science&__cf_chl_f_tk=eDsTSIXs6.CZcrhpxJGynFRSkac2E7pjcsKF1MnnfeY-1739794083-1.0.1.1-HooOAVGfD4QWPLGPuSAdyl0LU5zPdNtrF_E9ej2ZTC8",md: "ack3_LwYNcW_ni8ySU6jnJ2dRZ7z6LIizVUQboG2Lkc-1739794083-1.2.1.1-fJ.Vkuph50rsxmgEqAsDnGd4kJH4zZX.v2YBmyDAKUE7FloOAK9rPjy.ZAwwmBr3Y2YHknFmsPDG_aa9TpLov5H0d3AmHE58iSGulx8BT8eHRmz6Wh0ItEo841lhduc3VzbJAypXWfLJ7focVxJfjcK1LU11tjz9qZJTPImiGGpV6oY7ASQGkMibg1XWGfpBNnPsXaoWNTLdTqBdFY7Dki4Zy3._8pMkYEHD4JxTO1ky60MVX_F.ivT3R9F8KS6Ay30MyrIasnNyLzPl0_AZ2ZlombnwEO7bsKwJP2pVDDf3IhMPq2GSMU0LSTkGXz8rOCSevoIR1G_QznNNZib3kNyMpRmJb.OGMoDvrabApWQmb1oSxRayOh2iq3dUNFxBCMU.BgJWyzrCRCWdUH2skdqQO0CuH8OEQWVOzKEjqxMJ_C_esz.i5NEy9jZwHlBUs9X7fz729X_ug7ZG1YqvL0re1XNxDbDaMmojsZIfFT7zDD_HyvC.Hb7.8_wWPnR6Z2XJ_MeVSIJLJ9sZy9yxH91BxeJXmHdRqmOKC_8Ct9SCSMudRbZaiFW_yZDR0AeZ4tVF01kuqQTcD6NIzsUkI8Jz9_HmxMzikAdPgAALPAKW_.a3NmsYtDeVBTx2pzWjLXlx41A2qtXwiIXBBW6si0Od0RipDeYY4BF.MnkLkJsps.NwWgrHs7VYApqp9e7mga08r_myn9mL5jn33aNPo5UjEL1BBciqC9fKzGijP5x0yZbkjLovNa88.43dqdeNnZ4HL7JFGHphNDsrr_.F77bckcxPNEWvSCglO.kGdeY9Lpb1Xu91OartZ_wZx03woEXBHYBmxxlFObRPyC2jN7uasBl5pxXRPb1c2Jc4vQ1ClrRYd_NK8JAsS2jnbOKNXnXSwJb.EjJXFJC3i480stTXR8fwacKNKMj4ybqZ8OHEsOnZFhFzGO_geRaQLe4eQk6nbsoGRvXkDmzwh551tAbfeNIH0TmbCyYYgg0ZlEt681cugKj3ErIl774IsDPh4GsHd_9caPmqyQl.QDQ14Aj2l5M_BTUzlG3zt8pIuU7AbQoYBmfY6AsuXgvQMN__EjBJ0LYcoocMqK79RUIUS6yf8BJ.473QQ7A9BOTWYfOyi1_lgP.Rx9glo_CzTgQx64YV5GcptBW9tLYihYvGSb5UyrdQ_e0SCm3CLceFr5M1Z1n0R0xy9yO0cNIzl9bdgd6G3a_99rMJWjPOyHo5ng5hxVho3mgVRSjdZw0zJdswkYc_KnZfUbWQjZvR4H72_JigIJX4tysYXEleeF8UZ8s4fXxDBzZlBeTTddwnblESj_VncQlQv2ayxZZ8UBBe1TyShd62kkesBKlcMJdICDnV4aUbE1tIa1xYUCHkZbdxfii8JxaGp_PXOBeRO69.yS95sqGipMLsxJ_HTxy81x7JuvptM3l8SxIuyQ3fZ5LwMam.CAo68ecD1h6TrWgm.ZqVQvRa6ipFwu5ijTZ_yvtr3xpGTVBLZj5itco7mdfPsqKx4jyazaDa_ltthkxDG9N9P6I42DNs7lnIhdC3Z5VEQefBYjBgC0fX7S6FnQjuywLgKsPe.TnOSSrstJST9ir.iKtYTEZtrckDXjYXnqv7ajgStITShItvm1BrWSnzNnb6M1zSUInRVSN8jdwaD7piUqxvba6vw1RbynMjsw4f7MohGRBBC5gqtc07OZGorPKyKG5DnRSkZMqlsU5tx_kn7Y245aLmguYDUwMKjTqnZtHVWpkIaLETtb03MzzVyv5ado9aj7_kYJXXUmh_tBKtiZnMrE867Ej60hVVEdFTnkAWCuawuP0YA.YjFHTF8x_GQ4tA4_Nc1EC2PR6tSHmG4ir1edL3AyIsmj9YuT9VIgm1AFwp8.LolXkxrgLr2TXsxYwvO6TBxSxSA52nK7nZEGDNh_Z1qahHFQc0XUyDgwr6nKrm1aBObpDOTfA",mdrd: "n.XYo1BU0OnGtLPDW09M17AloqtIOUB9Q9SBsRO7Yj0-1739794083-1.2.1.1-tVA_dBRf6DNlbGbNWiCWuFxZLFPX5WFIRfebcS.ymzOOB1ZswrKLKewRwnbQyLisQvpq8wmSh.TW8NO.WxZonChG8Q3gr6CRIYN0NWgAd.6HQq6ApQ1f54YZGmG6pyOzMKcCFHLyDFoacihNT9tFZVeMKgcQqF2gn8mny4TYeuARaMpVKYJxnvsZrjJytX3bVw_viHb9w8A.awZPsXayi2QC536I8RTKv5mUE4YV_9m6iR6_VnBDENR3qlkxJXbAzTbPL89bhV5CHcxsLS_72l9_X3T0.w13iyNA809ax83.dWY9qUFWkr_.yHh1ttTmMCMhyhp66XPUqng9Ks3VBWFKpYfY7QFAj8Ax.UVpnkE5noDdDlU0dCMvm.o_vP61aCagn2mcgm4DMaXINrL6h4U0S6gNGwCyuDt3Uy_fqul14k..wzkVDmj9J2A2YAlJBfXxmKASmguCyFYwE3.2HmT10TLo.cIB5V3w_SNkIEivKs0u7E7rZC5m99Ilzgwo8FPvnsqRZsMBGhC_gHVH1r5z7prvpR2DPsdI3F9vAqQbjJhRaVHMY4htSSEh3tLUyGCpUszoyFLdTmPdZX9S_1Z8_Z32QPzqJ2u6MMffiJmBOb7Ia4_9jL99nz4ZGG8GOUjMQYO7AxswdU50Af0FbZNark6soNsqcBlzwzBzo_efEuvhFBoimFbEIJLhIOZSrCcoeiYlL.YriNhT7mav3F7m0qjzayHCN0ndBDEodRywWhKGZqBcmYYLtRe24.yocXqVS.1QpG2z1HqJyGoqr6XyUht0ZXdN9wQQCT7a.1d1r9V9YQOJojfbT9xPPl97gMyJAjLUgcPIgxjlWB2F6HQ2yt6er9zBb.jdY0yn8VIVTmeeqEaZTRcI8xHBdlx5izCaaYSl5bkj2xz8iA35_etrvTFA4rdacx8mWbji37Naias8e2jvXfQxrAAz7bL_AqGJDEFO.UrLLFPFg1zexP.wcOy2o325KnThU2kydtPIj91xyvANJOuxcfrDgCb1j6xsM3j1CZCTB7vLc_11k80wGqbAxaZk8lfHZnUlrZYV26E9UFczOv.ufi61i7Y67_DuJHdKHmGBVDPIts29itixG1wtasHNJRVjYmLDcX5_xxckKt5kSGmJqllNXVkPek35vDrXg9N8gK4RgZjPFUx83p5QjD0fzWhG8K0JRMLkUdMsd0khxhAN9.v3VudPMmUYN5nbgt_DrxhmxSvnGeO8tTXRtRGXMo.mNlc._LnJ03Sg8xPvWg2YxICElsknkVic7oQ6SgfuNf0DNbuxk5BjbC6RWMSIRi0Z63At.QmURBaNqnpKjBitIRQMaRtnaXHV6drDmGoUbtTcYF8D3W1Yy_KFxB2Ada_LwwsEu5YyNmNW0GeU3F48LXzWVnzCTsNOUbjLZugeyGsVKSLyG84BcOl_J1R3LhF34M5yAo_z0ziQxKz2_Ef9NLctKPukaWKOZIewD0FaZ1gOg.uPy4JKecO_1K9uHsuxffyXA04KHrtqn8unO6GyMnGMXgzBdlA_m0h42avm4oAoGhJIVi86DPOmJMyaSU.7HIxBi9fzVpzXd6tjKrtXQ2oq7q4NJOk1EyoLhEtBa.OwhX3AYstIgyRtaN.OddMCgE0MxxnhPU3i6_il4Kp8.xqde6n61Zv_qWEKwIX033yPsZ_fbrMXssOlEvPVyw2h2gJdxkPPcJyxvPv4PTyn1k0SkNpuN8FqVfLsa54cVgizsypUSj.XUvVvD7gCYg4FbKj5bYQ9V3s9wH1gFFBOKAeuH_wmEFXDzjLLonuRNrOOndLoP.tQCJatMkmNdIZ3UcoBIPhJ8YcHHWnxwzPg6aVDUNjOBoSqqNp9d3V20d45hGB2OCbdmbn2d0xmb0AVQz0wlE2QZPfWezHRqFPjuSRFoS6FEALSYrh08nqCqrtsq6aG8UOoL98AYPeo437RfoGxqMijDXaFpmyxJQ4UOpKT9xT_"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a91ed88afdc7';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Management%20Science&__cf_chl_rt_tk=eDsTSIXs6.CZcrhpxJGynFRSkac2E7pjcsKF1MnnfeY-1739794083-1.0.1.1-HooOAVGfD4QWPLGPuSAdyl0LU5zPdNtrF_E9ej2ZTC8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>