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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the administrative region and ceremonial county. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">London metropolitan area</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/London_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="London (disambiguation)">London (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Greater London</b> is an administrative area in England,<sup id="cite_ref-legislation1963_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislation1963-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coterminous with the <b>London region</b>, containing most of the continuous <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. It contains 33 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government districts">local government districts</a>: the 32 <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a>, which form a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a> also called <b>Greater London</b>, and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> is responsible for strategic local government across the region, and regular local government is the responsibility of the borough councils and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>. Greater London is bordered by the ceremonial counties of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> to the north-east, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to the south-east, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> to the west. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Greater London</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">and<br><span style="font-size:125%;">London (region)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_London,_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg/258px-City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg/387px-City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg/516px-City_of_London%2C_seen_from_Tower_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5993" data-file-height="3985"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemens_Crystal_Building,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg/143px-Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg/215px-Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg/286px-Siemens_Crystal_Building%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="2709"></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampstead_Heath_(35220827152).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg/111px-Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg/167px-Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg/222px-Hampstead_Heath_%2835220827152%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>; <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_London_(zoom)_(ceremonial_county)_in_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg/200px-Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg/300px-Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg/400px-Greater_London_%28zoom%29_%28ceremonial_county%29_in_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Greater London ceremonial county (red) within <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The small enclave in its centre is the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (white). Together they form Greater London administrative area.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963" title="London Government Act 1963">London Government Act 1963</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Time in the United Kingdom">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UK Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in London">73 MPs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" title="Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olisa" title="Ken Olisa">Ken Olisa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_London" title="High Sheriff of Greater London">High Sheriff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ina De</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,569 km<sup>2</sup> (606 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">37th of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<span class="nowrap"> </span><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,855,333</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">1st of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,643/km<sup>2</sup> (14,620/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>53.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> (of which 36.8% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>)</li><li>20.7% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a></li><li>13.5% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a></li><li>5.7% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed</a></li><li>6.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Region_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of England">Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a><br><b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a><br><b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall, Newham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,572 km<sup>2</sup> (607 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,866,180</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,640/km<sup>2</sup> (14,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>E12000007 (region)</li><li>E61000001 (GLA)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TLI</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://london.gov.uk">london<wbr></wbr>.gov<wbr></wbr>.uk</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/London-counties.svg/250px-London-counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/London-counties.svg/375px-London-counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/London-counties.svg/500px-London-counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="386"></a></span><br> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Ceremonial counties of the London Region</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li><li>Greater London</li></ol></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-boroughs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/London-boroughs.svg/250px-London-boroughs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/London-boroughs.svg/375px-London-boroughs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/London-boroughs.svg/500px-London-boroughs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="394"></a></span><br> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">The City of London and the 32 London boroughs</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; list-style-type:decimal;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham" title="London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham">Hammersmith and Fulham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Wandsworth" title="London Borough of Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">Lambeth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark" title="London Borough of Southwark">Southwark</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington" title="London Borough of Islington">Islington</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">Camden</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing" title="London Borough of Ealing">Ealing</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hounslow" title="London Borough of Hounslow">Hounslow</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames" title="London Borough of Richmond upon Thames">Richmond upon Thames</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton" title="London Borough of Merton">Merton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Sutton" title="London Borough of Sutton">Sutton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley" title="London Borough of Bromley">Bromley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lewisham" title="London Borough of Lewisham">Lewisham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich" title="Royal Borough of Greenwich">Greenwich</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bexley" title="London Borough of Bexley">Bexley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Havering" title="London Borough of Havering">Havering</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barking_and_Dagenham" title="London Borough of Barking and Dagenham">Barking and Dagenham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">Redbridge</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey" title="London Borough of Haringey">Haringey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet" title="London Borough of Barnet">Barnet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hillingdon" title="London Borough of Hillingdon">Hillingdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Greater London has a land area of 1,572 km<sup>2</sup> (607 sq mi) and an estimated population of 8,866,180 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremonial county of Greater London is only slightly smaller, with an area of 1,569 km<sup>2</sup> (606 sq mi) and a population of 8,855,333 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is almost entirely urbanised and contains the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a>, which extends into Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Berkshire and in 2011 had a population of 9,787,426. None of the administrative area, region, or ceremonial county hold <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, but the City of London and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> separately do. The area was historically part of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> is the defining geographic feature of the area, entering it near <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton</a> in the west and flowing east before exiting downstream of <a href="/wiki/Dagenham" title="Dagenham">Dagenham</a>. Several tributaries of the Thames flow through the area, but are now mostly <a href="/wiki/Culvert" title="Culvert">culverted</a> and form part of <a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London's sewerage system</a>. The land immediately north and south of the river is flat, but rises to low hills further away, notably <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooter%27s_Hill" title="Shooter's Hill">Shooter's Hill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Hill" title="Sydenham Hill">Sydenham Hill</a>. The area's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Westerham_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerham Heights">Westerham Heights</a> (245 m (804 ft)), part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a>. In the north-east the area contains part of <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a>, an ancient woodland. </p><p>The City of London has had its own government since the Anglo-Saxon period. The first London-wide directly elected local government was the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>, established for the <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a> in 1889, which covered the core of the urban area. In 1965 the county was abolished and replaced by Greater London, a two-tier administrative area governed by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a>, thirty-two London boroughs, and the City of London Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-legislation19632_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislation19632-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, and its responsibilities largely taken over by the boroughs. The Greater London Authority was formed in 2000. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Administrative_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Proposals_to_expand_the_County_of_London"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proposals to expand the County of London</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Greater_London_is_created"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Greater London is created</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Greater_London_Authority"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greater London Authority</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Greater_London_Authority_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Greater London Authority</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mayor_of_London"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mayor of London</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#London_Assembly"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">London Assembly</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#UK_Parliament"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">UK Parliament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Status"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Status</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Local_government"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Local government</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Demography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Population"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Population</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Universities"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Universities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Twin_cities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Twin cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administrative history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">History of local government in London</a></div> <p>The term "Greater London" was used before it was established by statute in 1965. It referred to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_District" title="Metropolitan Police District">Metropolitan Police District</a>, the area served by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Board_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Water Board (London)">Metropolitan Water Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board" title="London Passenger Transport Board">London Passenger Transport Area</a>, and the area defined by the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a> as the "Greater London Conurbation".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urban_change_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban_change-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aspects_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspects-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also used for the Greater London Arterial Road Programme, devised between 1913 and 1916, and the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles (4,810 km<sup>2</sup>) and included 9 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urban_change_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban_change-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_to_expand_the_County_of_London">Proposals to expand the County of London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposals to expand the County of London" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="661"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_London_County_Council.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Arms of the former <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> (LCC) and <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a> were created in 1889, the area did not cover all of London. London's built-up area, <a href="/wiki/London_postal_district" title="London postal district">postal district</a>, transport network and Metropolitan Police District, extended vastly beyond the boundaries of the new administrative county. Many of the LCC housing projects, including the vast <a href="/wiki/Becontree" title="Becontree">Becontree Estates</a>, were also outside its boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, noting that within the Metropolitan and City Police Districts there were 122 housing authorities. A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_London_Government" title="Royal Commission on London Government">Royal Commission on London Government</a> was set up to consider the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LCC proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests were made at the possibility of including <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eton,_Berkshire" title="Eton, Berkshire">Eton</a> in the authority.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCC's scheme. Two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions. The <a href="/wiki/London_Traffic_Act_1924" title="London Traffic Act 1924">London Traffic Act 1924</a> was a result of the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform of local government in the County of London and its environs was next considered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Local_Government_in_Greater_London" title="Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London">Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London</a>, chaired by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Herbert">Edwin Herbert</a>, which issued the 'Herbert Report' after three years of work in 1960. The commission applied three tests to decide if a community should form part of Greater London: how strong is the area as an independent centre in its own right; how strong are its ties to London; and how strongly is it drawn outwards towards the country rather than inwards towards London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_London_is_created">Greater London is created</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greater London is created" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="222"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Council_of_Greater_London.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Arms of the former <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greater London was created by the <a href="/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963" title="London Government Act 1963">London Government Act 1963</a>, which came into force on 1 April 1965, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, where the London County Council had limited powers, and absorbing parts of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>. Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> (GLC) sharing power with the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> (governing the small City of London) and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1985" title="Local Government Act 1985">Local Government Act 1985</a>. Its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater London formed the London <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region</a> in 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_London_Authority">Greater London Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greater London Authority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_(monochrome).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png/100px-Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 61px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png/100px-Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png" data-width="100" data-height="61" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png/150px-Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png/200px-Logo_of_the_Greater_London_Authority_%28monochrome%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1998_London_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 London referendum">1998 London referendum</a> established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a> and the directly elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> were created in 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_1999" title="Greater London Authority Act 1999">Greater London Authority Act 1999</a>. In 2000, the outer boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_District" title="Metropolitan Police District">Metropolitan Police District</a> was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The <a href="/wiki/2000_London_mayoral_election" title="2000 London mayoral election">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_London_mayoral_election" title="2004 London mayoral election">2004 mayoral elections</a> were won by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>, who had been the final leader of the GLC. The 2008 and 2012 elections were won by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>. The 2016, 2021 and 2024 elections were won by <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a>. London was covered by a <a href="/wiki/London_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="London (European Parliament constituency)">single Parliamentary constituency</a> in the European Parliament before <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png/200px-Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="573"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png/200px-Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png/300px-Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png/400px-Greater_London_map_with_suburban_towns.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of Greater London showing railway lines, primary roads, motorways, and suburban towns</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Postal_District.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/London_Postal_District.png/220px-London_Postal_District.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/London_Postal_District.png/220px-London_Postal_District.png" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/London_Postal_District.png/330px-London_Postal_District.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/London_Postal_District.png/440px-London_Postal_District.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The London postal district in red in contrast to Greater London</figcaption></figure> <p>Greater London includes the most closely associated parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater London Urban Area">Greater London Urban Area</a> and their historic <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffers</a> and includes, in five boroughs, significant parts of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a> which protects designated greenfield land in a similar way to the city's parks. The closest and furthest boundaries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are with <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> to the northeast between <a href="/wiki/Sewardstonebury" title="Sewardstonebury">Sewardstonebury</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chingford" title="Chingford">Chingford</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Dyke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Dyke">Mar Dyke</a> between <a href="/wiki/Bulphan" title="Bulphan">Bulphan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Ockendon" title="North Ockendon">North Ockendon</a>. Greater London is also bounded by <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to the southeast and <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> to the south and southwest. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_in_London" title="List of highest points in London">highest point</a> is Westerham Heights, in the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> and on the boundary with Kent, at 245 m (804 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central government has implemented <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greater_London_boundary_changes" title="List of Greater London boundary changes">small boundary changes</a>. The greatest were the 1969 transfers of <a href="/wiki/Farleigh,_Surrey" title="Farleigh, Surrey">Farleigh</a> to Surrey and <a href="/wiki/Knockholt" title="Knockholt">Knockholt</a> to Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have included exchange of two <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> islands with Surrey and adjustments during the 1990s to parts of the boundaries of three boroughs near the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only part of Greater London outside the motorway is <a href="/wiki/North_Ockendon" title="North Ockendon">North Ockendon</a>, the furthest land unit from its centre. The majority of Greater London forms the London <a href="/wiki/London_low_emission_zone" title="London low emission zone">Low Emission Zone</a> (LEZ) and the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Low_Emission_Zone" title="Ultra Low Emission Zone">Ultra Low Emission Zone</a> (ULEZ). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_postal_district" title="London postal district">London postal district</a> does not cover all of Greater London.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_London_Authority_2">Greater London Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greater London Authority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Greater London is under the strategic local governance of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> (GLA).<sup id="cite_ref-jones_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of an elected assembly, the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, and an executive head, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_arden_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide_arden-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Mayor (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a>. He is scrutinised by the elected <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, which may amend his annual budget (by two-thirds majority) but otherwise lacks the power to block his directives. The headquarters of the GLA, previously at <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, moved to <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">The Crystal</a> in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a> in January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor is responsible for Greater London's strategic planning and is required to produce or amend the <a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a> each electoral cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mayor_of_London">Mayor of London</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mayor of London" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> is a directly elected politician who, along with the London Assembly, is responsible for the strategic government of Greater London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London_Assembly">London Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: London Assembly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_London_Assembly_constituencies" title="List of London Assembly constituencies">List of London Assembly constituencies</a></div> <p>For elections to the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, London is divided into 14 constituencies, each formed from two or three boroughs. The City of London forms part of the <a href="/wiki/City_and_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="City and East (London Assembly constituency)">City and East</a> constituency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_Parliament">UK Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: UK Parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in London">List of Parliamentary constituencies in London</a></div> <p>London is divided into 73 Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Borough_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough constituency">borough constituencies</a>, formed from the combined area of several <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a> from one or more boroughs. Typically a <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> is covered by two or three constituencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The London Region does not have <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> granted by the Crown. The Cities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a> within it have received formal city status.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Greater London is commonly regarded as a city in the general senses of a conurbation and a municipality. A <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord Lieutenant of Greater London</a> is appointed for its area, excluding the City of London. For the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancies_Act_1997" title="Lieutenancies Act 1997">Lieutenancies Act 1997</a>, this area is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">county</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "London" usually refers to region or to the conurbation, but not often to the ancient, tiny City of London.<sup id="cite_ref-travers_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mills_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That small area is often referred to as "the City" or "the Square Mile" and it forms the main financial district. Archaically, the urbanised area of London was known as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a>. In common usage, the terms "London" and "Greater London" are usually used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-travers_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater London is officially divided for some purposes, with varying definitions, into <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a>. For some strategic planning purposes, it is divided into five <a href="/wiki/List_of_sub-regions_used_in_the_London_Plan" title="List of sub-regions used in the London Plan">sub-regions</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a></div> <p>Greater London is divided into 32 London Boroughs, each governed by a London Borough council. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> has a unique government dating back to the 12th century and is separate from the county of Greater London, although is still part of the region served by the Greater London Authority.<sup id="cite_ref-travers_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All London Borough councils belong to the <a href="/wiki/London_Councils" title="London Councils">London Councils</a> association. Three London Boroughs carry the honorific title of <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Borough">Royal Borough</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames">Kingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich" title="Royal Borough of Greenwich">Greenwich</a>. Within the City of London are the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(division)" title="Liberty (division)">liberties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media 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data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Brixton" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.468%;left:79.798%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Romford"><noscript><img alt="Romford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Romford" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.894%;left:28.777%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston upon Thames"><noscript><img alt="Kingston upon Thames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Kingston upon Thames" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.021%;left:23.787%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harrow"><noscript><img alt="Harrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Harrow" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.596%;left:62.872%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bromley"><noscript><img alt="Bromley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bromley" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bromley" title="Bromley">Bromley</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.383%;left:58.404%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beckenham"><noscript><img alt="Beckenham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Beckenham" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Beckenham" title="Beckenham">Beckenham</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.596%;left:39.362%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wimbledon"><noscript><img alt="Wimbledon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Wimbledon" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.255%;left:60.638%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Greenwich"><noscript><img alt="Greenwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Greenwich" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.553%;left:51.734%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Enfield"><noscript><img alt="Enfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Enfield" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Enfield_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield Town">Enfield</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.915%;left:46.457%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Westminster"><noscript><img alt="Westminster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Westminster" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.383%;left:49.468%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South Bank"><noscript><img alt="South Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="South Bank" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.298%;left:69.734%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ilford"><noscript><img alt="Ilford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Ilford" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ilford" title="Ilford">Ilford</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.936%;left:62.34%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chingford"><noscript><img alt="Chingford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Chingford" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chingford" title="Chingford">Chingford</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.085%;left:45.394%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Camden"><noscript><img alt="Camden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Camden" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.809%;left:60.447%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stratford"><noscript><img alt="Stratford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Stratford" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_London" title="Stratford, London">Stratford</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.234%;left:53.191%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dalston"><noscript><img alt="Dalston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Dalston" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.17%;left:28.617%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Richmond"><noscript><img alt="Richmond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Richmond" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.894%;left:28.277%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wembley"><noscript><img alt="Wembley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Wembley" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.106%;left:15.84%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hayes"><noscript><img alt="Hayes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Hayes" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Hillingdon" title="Hayes, Hillingdon">Hayes</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.213%;left:9.809%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uxbridge"><noscript><img alt="Uxbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Uxbridge" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Uxbridge" title="Uxbridge">Uxbridge</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.085%;left:53.021%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tottenham"><noscript><img alt="Tottenham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Tottenham" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.511%;left:50.83%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="City"><noscript><img alt="City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="City" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.553%;left:75.362%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bexleyheath"><noscript><img alt="Bexleyheath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bexleyheath" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bexleyheath" title="Bexleyheath">Bexleyheath</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.596%;left:31.606%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Edgware"><noscript><img alt="Edgware" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Edgware" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Edgware" title="Edgware">Edgware</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.957%;left:87.362%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Upminster"><noscript><img alt="Upminster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Upminster" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Upminster" title="Upminster">Upminster</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.638%;left:67.883%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Woolwich"><noscript><img alt="Woolwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Woolwich" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.404%;left:39.755%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sutton"><noscript><img alt="Sutton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Sutton" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.447%;left:28.106%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ealing"><noscript><img alt="Ealing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Ealing" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.872%;left:23.33%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hounslow"><noscript><img alt="Hounslow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Hounslow" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Hounslow" title="Hounslow">Hounslow</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.085%;left:40.213%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Barnet"><noscript><img alt="Barnet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Barnet" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Barnet" title="Chipping Barnet">Barnet</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.298%;left:69.149%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Barking"><noscript><img alt="Barking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Barking" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Barking,_London" title="Barking, London">Barking</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.383%;left:58.766%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Walthamstow"><noscript><img alt="Walthamstow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Walthamstow" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.009%;left:60.067%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lewisham"><noscript><img alt="Lewisham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Lewisham" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a></b></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Districts of the London Region (Greater London)</div></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_London" title="Demographics of London">Demographics of London</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greater_London" title="Special:EditPage/Greater London">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Greater_London" title="Talk:Greater London">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greater_London" title="Special:EditPage/Greater London">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; text-align:right; margin:1em;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom census, 2021">2021 United Kingdom Census</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pop2021_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop2021-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country of birth </th> <th scope="col">Population </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> United Kingdom </th> <td>5,223,986 </td> <td>59.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">India</a> </th> <td>322,644 </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><noscript><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanians in the United Kingdom">Romania</a> </th> <td>175,991 </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poland</a> </th> <td>149,397 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><noscript><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="Bangladesh" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladesh</a> </th> <td>138,895 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><noscript><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="Pakistan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistan</a> </th> <td>129,774 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italy</a> </th> <td>126,059 </td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><noscript><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="Nigeria" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">Nigeria</a> </th> <td>117,145 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><noscript><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Republic of Ireland" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">Ireland</a> </th> <td>96,566 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><noscript><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" data-alt="Sri Lanka" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Sri_Lankans" title="British Sri Lankans">Sri Lanka</a> </th> <td>80,379 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">France</a> </th> <td>77,715 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><noscript><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" data-alt="Jamaica" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jamaican">Jamaica</a> </th> <td>75,676 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Turks" title="British Turks">Turkey</a> </th> <td>72,867 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United States</a> </th> <td>71,127 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spain</a> </th> <td>68,114 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><noscript><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" data-alt="Somalia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Somalis in the United Kingdom">Somalia</a> </th> <td>66,288 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><noscript><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="Ghana" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghanaians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ghanaians in the United Kingdom">Ghana</a> </th> <td>65,905 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><noscript><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" data-alt="Kenya" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan migration to the United Kingdom">Kenya</a> </th> <td>58,020 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Portuguese in the United Kingdom">Portugal</a> </th> <td>56,963 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">China</a> </th> <td>56,116 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><noscript><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="Philippines" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Filipinos in the United Kingdom">Philippines</a> </th> <td>54,930 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germany</a> </th> <td>50,364 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><noscript><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" data-alt="South Africa" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Africans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Africans in the United Kingdom">South Africa</a> </th> <td>47,964 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan"><noscript><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" data-alt="Afghanistan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Afghans in the United Kingdom">Afghanistan</a> </th> <td>47,706 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><noscript><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Lithuania" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lithuanians in the United Kingdom">Lithuania</a> </th> <td>45,378 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><noscript><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="Iran" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Iranians in the United Kingdom">Iran</a> </th> <td>43,852 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><noscript><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="Australia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Australians in the United Kingdom">Australia</a> </th> <td>43,418 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><noscript><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="Hong Kong" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kongers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom">Hong Kong</a> </th> <td>33,760 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><noscript><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="Iraq" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqis in the United Kingdom">Iraq</a> </th> <td>30,365 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><noscript><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Canada" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canadians in the United Kingdom">Canada</a> </th> <td>21,772 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:45%;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High resolution view from the top of Tolworth Tower in South West London over the sprawling suburban housing that is typical in some areas of Greater London"><noscript><img alt="View from the top of Tolworth tower over the local area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg/400px-Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="28000" data-file-height="4762"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg/400px-Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg" data-alt="View from the top of Tolworth tower over the local area" data-width="400" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg/600px-Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg/800px-Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolworth_tower_gigapixel_panorama.jpg" title="File:Tolworth tower gigapixel panorama.jpg"> </a></div>High resolution view from the top of Tolworth Tower in South West London over the sprawling suburban housing that is typical in some areas of Greater London</div></div></div> <p>With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was the most populated city in the world until overtaken by New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939. There were an estimated 7,753,600 official residents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in mid-2009.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="These dates and these figures are not in the source (January 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>London's wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 13 million depending on the definition of that area. According to Eurostat, London has been the most populous city and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p><p>The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres. The population density is 4,761 people per square kilometre, more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 25th largest city and the 17th largest metropolitan region in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> It is ranked 4th in the world in the number of US dollar billionaires residing in the city. It ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the 2001 UK Census, 71.15% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (59.79%), White Irish (3.07%) or "Other White" (8.29%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish and Portuguese). 12.09% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 10.91% classed themselves as Black British (around 6% as Black African, 4% as Black Caribbean, 0.84% as "Other Black"). 3.15% were of mixed race; 1.12% as Chinese; and 1.58% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Irish people, from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, number about 200,000, as do the Scots and Welsh combined. </p><p>In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2006 London's foreign-born population was 2,288,000 (31%), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2001 UK Census showed that 27.1% of the population were born outside the UK, and a slightly higher proportion were classed as Non-White. </p><p>In the 2011 UK Census, 59.79% of the population classed their ethnic group as White, including White British (44.89%), White Irish (2.15%) or "Other White" (12.65%, mostly Greek-Cypriot, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Colombians and Portuguese). 18.49% classed themselves as British Asian, including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and "Other Asian" (mostly Sri Lankan, Arab and other Southern Asian ethnicities). 13.32% classed themselves as Black British (7% as Black African, 4.22% as Black Caribbean, 2.08% as "Other Black"). 4.96% were of mixed race; and 3.44% as other (mostly Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other "British Orientals"). </p><p>The table shows the top 21 countries of birth of residents in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures do not give a fair indication of the total population of the specific ethnic groups associated with each country. For example, Londoners of Greek origin (from both Greece and Cyprus) number 300,000, since an organised Greek community has been established for nearly two centuries. The same can be said for Italian and French Londoners whose communities have been here for centuries (the French Embassy estimates there are between 300,000 and 400,000 French citizens living in the UK, with "a huge majority of them living in London").<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a Polish community has existed in London since the late-Middle Ages, it was not significant in the 2001 Census but has grown significantly since 2004, when Poland joined the European Union and by June 2010; London had 122,000 Polish residents.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German-born population figure may be misleading, however, because it includes British nationals born to parents serving in the British armed forces in Germany. </p><p>London has been a focus for immigration for centuries, whether as a place of safety or for economic reasons. <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, Eastern European Jews, Cypriots and East African Asians are examples of the former; Irish, Bangladeshis and West Indians of the latter. The <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> district around <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a> has been first home for several ethnic groups, which have subsequently moved elsewhere in London as they gained prosperity. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>4,287,861</td> <td>59.79%</td> <td>3,669,284</td> <td>44.89%</td> <td>3,239,281</td> <td>36.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a></td> <td>220,488</td> <td>3.07%</td> <td>175,974</td> <td>2.15%</td> <td>156,333</td> <td>1.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White: <a href="/wiki/White:_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" title="White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>8,196</td> <td>0.10%</td> <td>7,031</td> <td>0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White: Roma<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>37,689</td> <td>0.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a></td> <td>594,854</td> <td>8.29%</td> <td>1,033,981</td> <td>12.65%</td> <td>1,290,838</td> <td>14.67% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: subtotal</b></th> <th><b>5,103,203</b></th> <th><b>71.15%</b></th> <th><b>4,887,435</b></th> <th><b>59.79%</b></th> <th>4,731,172</th> <th><b>53.76%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a></td> <td>436,993</td> <td>6.09%</td> <td>542,857</td> <td>6.64%</td> <td>656,272</td> <td>7.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a></td> <td>142,749</td> <td>1.99%</td> <td>223,797</td> <td>2.74%</td> <td>290,549</td> <td>3.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>153,893</td> <td>2.15%</td> <td>222,127</td> <td>2.72%</td> <td>322,054</td> <td>3.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>80,201</td> <td>1.12%</td> <td>124,250</td> <td>1.52%</td> <td>147,520</td> <td>1.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian or Asian British: Other Asian</td> <td>133,058</td> <td>1.86%</td> <td>398,515</td> <td>4.88%</td> <td>401,245</td> <td>4.56% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b>Asian or <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian British</a>: subtotal</b></th> <th><b>946,894</b></th> <th><b>13.20%</b></th> <th><b>1,511,546</b></th> <th><b>18.49%</b></th> <th><b>1,817,640</b></th> <th><b>20.66%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Black or Black British: African</td> <td>378,933</td> <td>5.28%</td> <td>573,931</td> <td>7.02%</td> <td>697,054</td> <td>7.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></td> <td>343,567</td> <td>4.79%</td> <td>344,597</td> <td>4.22%</td> <td>345,405</td> <td>3.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Black or Black British: Other Black</td> <td>60,349</td> <td>0.84%</td> <td>170,112</td> <td>2.08%</td> <td>145,911</td> <td>1.66% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b>Black or <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black British</a>: subtotal</b></th> <th><b>782,849</b></th> <th><b>10.92%</b></th> <th><b>1,088,640</b></th> <th><b>13.32%</b></th> <th>1,188,370</th> <th><b>13.50%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mixed: White and Black Caribbean</td> <td>70,928</td> <td>0.99%</td> <td>119,425</td> <td>1.46%</td> <td>132,555</td> <td>1.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mixed: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">White and Black African</a></td> <td>34,182</td> <td>0.48%</td> <td>65,479</td> <td>0.80%</td> <td>77,341</td> <td>0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mixed: White and Asian</td> <td>59,944</td> <td>0.84%</td> <td>101,500</td> <td>1.24%</td> <td>125,188</td> <td>1.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Mixed: Other Mixed</td> <td>61,057</td> <td>0.85%</td> <td>118,875</td> <td>1.45%</td> <td>170,691</td> <td>1.94% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>: subtotal</b></th> <th><b>226,111</b></th> <th><b>3.15%</b></th> <th><b>405,279</b></th> <th><b>4.96%</b></th> <th>505,775</th> <th><b>5.75%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other: <a href="/wiki/British_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>106,020</td> <td>1.30%</td> <td>139,791</td> <td>1.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Other: Any other ethnic group</td> <td>113,034</td> <td>1.58%</td> <td>175,021</td> <td>2.14%</td> <td>416,977</td> <td>4.74% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b>Other: subtotal</b></th> <th><b>113,034</b></th> <th><b>1.58%</b></th> <th><b>281,041</b></th> <th><b>3.44%</b></th> <th>556,768</th> <th><b>6.33%</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><b>Total</b></th> <th><b>7,172,091</b></th> <th><b>100.00%</b></th> <th><b>8,173,941</b></th> <th><b>100.00%</b></th> <th><b>8,799,725</b></th> <th><b>100.00%</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New category created for the 2011 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New category created for the 2021 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_London" title="Demographics of London">Demographics of London</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_London_population.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Greater_London_population.png/400px-Greater_London_population.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="572"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Greater_London_population.png/400px-Greater_London_population.png" data-width="400" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Greater_London_population.png/600px-Greater_London_population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Greater_London_population.png/800px-Greater_London_population.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Greater London population from 1880 to 2016<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-data.london.gov.uk_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.london.gov.uk-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the current area of Greater London rose from about 1.1 million in 1801 (when only about 850,000 people were in the urban area, while 250,000 were living in villages and towns not yet part of London) to an estimated 8.6 million in 1939, but declined to 6.7 million in 1988, before starting to rebound in the 1990s. </p><p>By 2006, the population had recovered to the level of 1970 (and the level of population in the 1920s). It has now surpassed the previous 1939 peak, and is over 9 million. </p><p>Figures here are for Greater London in its 2001 boundaries. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses to fit the 2001 boundaries. Figures from 1981 onward are mid-year estimates (revised in August 2007), which are more accurate than the censuses, known to underestimate the population of London. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1891 </td> <td>5–6 April </td> <td>5,572,012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>31 March – 1 April </td> <td>6,506,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td>2–3 April </td> <td>7,160,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>19–20 June </td> <td>7,386,848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td>26–27 April </td> <td>8,110,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>8,615,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>8–9 April </td> <td>8,196,978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>23–24 April </td> <td>7,992,616 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1965</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963" title="London Government Act 1963">Greater London formally created</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>25–26 April </td> <td>7,452,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>6,805,000<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>6,729,300<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>6,829,300<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,322,400<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,361,600<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,364,100<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,389,100<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,456,100<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,512,400<sup id="cite_ref-Greater_London_population_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greater_London_population-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>7,753,600<sup id="cite_ref-Greater_London_population_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greater_London_population-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>8,416,535<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>8,546,761<sup id="cite_ref-ons-mid2014_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons-mid2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>Mid-year estimate </td> <td>8,798,957<sup id="cite_ref-data.london.gov.uk_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data.london.gov.uk-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Profile_of_London_(as_of_2013).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png/220px-Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="5886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 444px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png/220px-Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="444" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png/330px-Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png/440px-Regional_Profile_of_London_%28as_of_2013%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A profile of the economy of London in 2013</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">Economy of London</a></div> <p>This is a chart of trend of regional <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> (GVA) of Inner London at current basic prices <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf">published</a> (pp. 240–253) by <i>Office for National Statistics</i> with figures in millions of British pounds sterling. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Regional Gross Value Added<sup id="cite_ref-fn_4_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_London" title="Agriculture in London">Agriculture</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn_1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Industry<sup id="cite_ref-fn_2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Services<sup id="cite_ref-fn_3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><b>64,616</b> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8,147 </td> <td>56,461 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><b>92,330</b> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10,094 </td> <td>82,229 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><b>112,090</b> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>10,154 </td> <td>101,924 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> data shows the GDP of Inner London to be 232 billion euros in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and per capita GDP of 78,000 euros. </p><p>This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Outer London at current basic prices <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf">published</a> (pp. 240–253) by <i>Office for National Statistics</i> with figures in millions of British pounds sterling. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Regional Gross Value Added<sup id="cite_ref-fn_4_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_4-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Agriculture<sup id="cite_ref-fn_1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Industry<sup id="cite_ref-fn_2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Services<sup id="cite_ref-fn_3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><b>44,160</b> </td> <td>51 </td> <td>10,801 </td> <td>33,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><b>60,304</b> </td> <td>43 </td> <td>12,529 </td> <td>47,732 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>69,420 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>13,081 </td> <td>54,462 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> data shows the GDP of Outer London to be 103 billion euros in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and per capita GDP of 21,460 euros. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_London" title="Religion in London">Religion in London</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_and_cathedrals_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of churches and cathedrals of London">List of churches and cathedrals of London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/220px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/220px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/330px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/440px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. A <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and location of the coronation of <a href="/wiki/British_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchs">British monarchs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest religious groupings are Christian (48.4%), <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (8.4%), <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> (8.0%), <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> (1.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> (1.0%), alongside those of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a> (21.7%). The United Kingdom has traditionally been Christian, and London has a large number of churches, particularly in the city. <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in the City and <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a> south of the river are <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> administrative centres, while the clerical head of the Church of England and the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, has his main residence at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">London Borough of Lambeth</a>. </p><p>Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral in England and Wales. Religious practice in London is lower than in any other part of the UK or Western Europe and is around seven times lower than American averages. Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, weekly observance is low within that <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a>, although in recent years <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a>, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Anglican churches in London, has started to increase. </p><p>London is home to sizeable Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Muslim and Jewish communities. Many Muslims live in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>; the most important Muslim buildings are the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a> in Whitechapel and the <a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a> on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>. London's large Hindu community is in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter containing one of Europe's largest Hindu temples, <a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London</a>. </p><p>Sikh communities are in East and West London, particularly <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall</a> in the western borough of Ealing, which is also home to the largest Sikh temple in the capital. The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant communities in <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> (the most <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jewish</a> area outside New York City and Israel) and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Wood">St. John's Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgware" title="Edgware">Edgware</a> in North London. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greater_London" title="Special:EditPage/Greater London">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Publicly funded education has been administered through 33 <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">LEAs</a>, which correspond to the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, since the 1990 enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988" title="Education Reform Act 1988">Education Reform Act 1988</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tomlinson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1965 to 1990, 12 Inner London boroughs and the City of London were served by the <a href="/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority" title="Inner London Education Authority">Inner London Education Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tomlinson_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Circular_10/65" title="Circular 10/65">Circular 10/65</a> in 1965, was mostly followed in Greater London; however, 19 <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> have been retained in some <a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a> boroughs,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Sutton having the most with five, followed by Bexley with four and others in five other boroughs. In these boroughs the state schools outperform the (relatively few) independent schools. In inner London, private schools always get the best results and are larger in number. At <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">A level</a>, Outer London boroughs have broadly better results than <a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner London</a> boroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At GCSE, the best borough is Kingston upon Thames, closely followed by Sutton. Both boroughs have selective schools, and get the top two average GCSE results in England for LEAs. Next is Kensington and Chelsea, the third best in England, then <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">Redbridge</a>, Hammersmith and Fulham, Bromley, Barnet and Harrow. Only ten boroughs have GCSE results under the England average, and some inner-London boroughs have surprisingly good results considering where they lie on the scale of deprivation, e.g. Lambeth. Overall at GCSE in 2009, Greater London had the best results for regions of England. Greater London is generally a prosperous region, and prosperous areas generally have good GCSE results. The City of London has no state schools, just two independent schools. Haringey and Kensington and Chelsea have the most people that pass no GCSEs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At A-level, the average results for LEAs are disappointing compared to their good GCSE results. Although Kingston upon Thames gets the best GCSE results in England, at A-level it is not even above average. Sutton gets the best A-level results in London and in England. Three of the schools in the top four at A-level in London are in Sutton. It has only one independent school. The few other boroughs with above-average A-level results are Havering, Barnet, Bexley, Redbridge, and Ealing. The poor A-level results in many London boroughs is explained by the quantity of independent schools getting good A-level results. The state school system is often bypassed at age 16 by the more able pupils. Some London boroughs need more good sixth form colleges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The region's 34 <a href="/wiki/Further_education_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Further education colleges">further education colleges</a> are funded through the <a href="/wiki/Skills_Funding_Agency" title="Skills Funding Agency">Skills Funding Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Learning_Agency" title="Young People's Learning Agency">Young People's Learning Agency</a>. Large colleges include <a href="/wiki/Kingston_College_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston College (England)">Kingston College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havering_College_of_Further_and_Higher_Education" title="Havering College of Further and Higher Education">Havering College of Further and Higher Education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croydon_College" title="Croydon College">Croydon College</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_colleges_in_London" title="List of universities and higher education colleges in London">List of universities and higher education colleges in London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCL_Portico_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UCL_Portico_Building.jpg/220px-UCL_Portico_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UCL_Portico_Building.jpg/220px-UCL_Portico_Building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UCL_Portico_Building.jpg/330px-UCL_Portico_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UCL_Portico_Building.jpg/440px-UCL_Portico_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, a founding constituent of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> has 20 federated colleges and schools. The two main constituents of the University of London are (in order of total funding) <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> (KCL). <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a> was part of the University of London until 2007, and is now an independent university. UCL, KCL and Imperial have very large research grants – some of the largest in England after <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, UCL and Imperial receive around £600 million each which is more than twice as much as any other in the region. The next largest institution by funding is <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/City,_University_of_London" title="City, University of London">City, University of London</a>. London is also home to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)</a>, one of the few solely social science institutions in the world. Together with UCL and Imperial, they make up the London vertex of the Golden Triangle universities, the other institutions being Oxford and Cambridge. The region has many medical schools although these are part of other institutions such as UCL, KCL and Imperial. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">Camden</a> (with another site in <a href="/wiki/North_Mymms" title="North Mymms">North Mymms</a> in Hertfordshire). </p><p>50% of students come from the region, and around 30% from other regions. Most students from other regions come from <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>, and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>; the vast majority are from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">south of England</a>. Over 50% students native to the region stay in the region, with 15% going to South East England, 30% to either Scotland, Wales or the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> and around 5% go elsewhere. London is a draw for UK graduates from all over the UK. </p><p>Over 70% of UK students to graduate from the University of London remain in London; just under 15% go to the South-East, and just over 5% go to the East of England and 10% elsewhere. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twin cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>The GLA has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Country</th> <th>City</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Municipality">Shanghai Municipality</a> </td> <td>2009<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Municipality">Beijing Municipality</a> </td> <td>2006<sup id="cite_ref-CD_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CD-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>Berlin </td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_federal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian federal city">Russian federal city</a> </td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>2001<sup id="cite_ref-nytwin_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytwin-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><noscript><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="Croatia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td>City of Zagreb </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geographical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_District" title="Metropolitan Police District">Metropolitan Police District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 motorway</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Political</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater London">List of Lord Lieutenants of Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_London" title="High Sheriff of Greater London">List of High Sheriffs of Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croydon and Southwark have made several failed applications for <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_4-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn_4_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn_4_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn_1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn_1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes hunting and forestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn_2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn_2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes energy and construction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn_3_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn_3_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/mid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas/1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx">"Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2022+population+estimates+by+Lieutenancy+areas+%28as+at+1997%29+for+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Fmid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas%2F1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E12000007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E12000007">"2021 Census Area Profile – London Region (E12000007)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+London+Region+%28E12000007%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE12000007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_mid-year_pop_est_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legislation1963-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legislation1963_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33/section/2">"London Government Act 1963 - Latest Available"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171402/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33/section/2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=London+Government+Act+1963+-+Latest+Available&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1963%2F33%2Fsection%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/mid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas/1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx">"Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales"</a>. <i>Office for National Statistics</i>. 24 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2022+population+estimates+by+Lieutenancy+areas+%28as+at+1997%29+for+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Faboutus%2Ftransparencyandgovernance%2Ffreedomofinformationfoi%2Fmid2022populationestimatesbylieutenancyareas%2F1997lieutenancyarea2022estimatesfinal3.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legislation19632-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legislation19632_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33/section/2">"London Government Act 1963 - Latest Available"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171402/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33/section/2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=London+Government+Act+1963+-+Latest+Available&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1963%2F33%2Fsection%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vision of Britain – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=SRC_P&c_id=2&cpub_id=EW1901PRE&show=DB">Census 1901: Preliminary Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022105952/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=SRC_P&c_id=2&cpub_id=EW1901PRE&show=DB">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_change-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urban_change_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urban_change_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, K. & Garside, P., <i>Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change</i>, (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspects-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aspects_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westergaard, J., <i>The Structure of Greater London</i>, London: Aspects of Change, (1961)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Motorway Archive – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.org/motorway/londonm25.htm">The origins of the London Orbital Motorway (M25)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720023542/http://www.iht.org/motorway/londonm25.htm">Archived</a> 20 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saint, A., <i>Politics and the people of London: the London County Council (1889–1965)</i>, (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>London Local Government.</i> The Times. 18 April 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Complex London: Big Task For Inquiry Commission</i>. The Times. 5 August 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Greater London: Case for Central Authority: Area and Powers</i>. The Times. 14 December 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Windsor and Greater London: Protests Against Proposals</i>. The Times. 27 December 1921</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Greater London: Report of Royal Commission</i>. The Times. 22 March 1923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Government of London: the struggle for reform' by Gerald Rhodes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1970 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00031-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00031-4">0-297-00031-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurst2012" class="citation book cs1">Bathurst, David (2012). <i>Walking the county high points of England</i>. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6"><bdi>978-1-84-953239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+the+county+high+points+of+England&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=82-85&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84-953239-6&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greater London, Kent and Surrey Order, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greater London and Surrey Order, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Cawley2013" class="citation news cs1">Laurence Cawley (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23518687">"London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620162043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23518687">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+09a%3A+Mid-1991+Population+Estimates%3B+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D8602%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8531&More=Y">"T 08: Selected age groups for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population; revised in light of the local authority population studies; Mid-2001 Population Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111083447/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8531&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+08%3A+Selected+age+groups+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population%3B+revised+in+light+of+the+local+authority+population+studies%3B+Mid-2001+Population+Estimates&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D8531%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9670&More=Y">"T 09L: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2002 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111112530/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9670&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+09L%3A+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population+Mid-2002+Population+Estimates%3B+reflecting+the+revisions+due+to+improved+international+migration&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D9670%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9671&More=Y">"T 09m: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2003 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111033101/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9671&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+09m%3A+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population+Mid-2003+Population+Estimates%3B+reflecting+the+revisions+due+to+improved+international+migration&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D9671%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9672&More=Y">"T 09n: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2004 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111063252/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9672&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+09n%3A+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population+Mid-2004+Population+Estimates%3B+reflecting+the+revisions+due+to+improved+international+migration&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D9672%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9673&More=Y">"T 09p: Quinary age groups and sex for local authorities in the United Kingdom; estimated resident population Mid-2005 Population Estimates; reflecting the revisions due to improved international migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111082621/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9673&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+09p%3A+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom%3B+estimated+resident+population+Mid-2005+Population+Estimates%3B+reflecting+the+revisions+due+to+improved+international+migration&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D9673%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greater_London_population-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greater_London_population_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greater_London_population_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf">"T 08: 2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for England and Wales, March 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 16 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224091554/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+08%3A+2011+Census+%E2%80%93+Population+and+Household+Estimates+for+England+and+Wales%2C+March+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fdcp171778_270487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/2013/rft---mid-2013-uk-population-estimates.zip">"Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2013"</a>. 26 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124521/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/2013/rft---mid-2013-uk-population-estimates.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Estimates+for+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland%2C+Mid-2013&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fpop-estimate%2Fpopulation-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland%2F2013%2Frft---mid-2013-uk-population-estimates.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ons-mid2014-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ons-mid2014_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2014/rft---mid-2014-uk-population-estimates.zip">"MYE2: Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for local authorities in the UK, mid-2014"</a>. <i>ONS</i>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124600/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2014/rft---mid-2014-uk-population-estimates.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ONS&rft.atitle=MYE2%3A+Population+Estimates+by+single+year+of+age+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+UK%2C+mid-2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fpop-estimate%2Fpopulation-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland%2Fmid-2014%2Frft---mid-2014-uk-population-estimates.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323192004/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-13032012-AP/EN/1-13032012-AP-EN.PDF">"Regional GDP per capita in 2009: seven capital regions in the ten first places"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-13032012-AP/EN/1-13032012-AP-EN.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+GDP+per+capita+in+2009%3A+seven+capital+regions+in+the+ten+first+places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_PUBLIC%2F1-13032012-AP%2FEN%2F1-13032012-AP-EN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomlinson-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tomlinson_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomlinson, S., <i>Education in a post-welfare society</i>, (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2763973.stm">What future for grammar schools?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011225743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2763973.stm">Archived</a> 11 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 15 February 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OFSTED, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/assets/Internet_Content/Shared_Content/Files/imp_lndndschls_0006.pdf">Improvements in London schools 2000–06</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605063517/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/assets/Internet_Content/Shared_Content/Files/imp_lndndschls_0006.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mayor of London's City Partnerships <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/international/city_partnerships/partnerships.jsp">webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235746/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/international/city_partnerships/partnerships.jsp">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/zygx/dfjl/t693273.htm">Sister City Relationships between China and the United Kingdom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311154351/http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/zygx/dfjl/t693273.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Chinese Embassy, 16 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CD-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CD_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-04/11/content_565439.htm">Beijing, London to be sister cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215124238/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-04/11/content_565439.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>, 11 April 2006. Retrieved on 6 June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytwin-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytwin_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114043209/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/london_main.shtml">"Sister City – London"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">nyc.gov</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/london_main.shtml">the original</a> on 14 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+City+%E2%80%93+London&rft.pub=nyc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Funccp%2Fscp%2Fhtml%2Fsc%2Flondon_main.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&oldid=1254192457">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&oldid=1254192457</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_London&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Skitash" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730234941"> <span>Last edited on 29 October 2024, at 20:49</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groter_Londen" title="Groter Londen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groter Londen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="لندن الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لندن الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Londres" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Londres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_London" title="Böyük London – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük London" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Raya" title="London Raya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="London Raya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%81_L%C3%BBn-tun" title="Toā Lûn-tun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toā Lûn-tun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вялікі Лондан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікі Лондан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вялікі Лёндан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікі Лёндан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Голям Лондон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голям Лондон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londrez_Veur" title="Londrez Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Londrez Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Londres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_Lond%C3%BDn" title="Velký Londýn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký Londýn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llundain_Fwyaf" title="Llundain Fwyaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llundain Fwyaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur-London" title="Suur-London – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur-London" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μείζον Λονδίνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μείζον Λονδίνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Londono" title="Granda Londono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Londono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londres_Handia" title="Londres Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Londres Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لندن بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لندن بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Londres" title="Grand Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grut-Londen" title="Grut-Londen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grut-Londen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rcheantar_Londan" title="Mórcheantar Londan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mórcheantar Londan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Londres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_L%C3%B9n-t%C3%BBn" title="Thai Lùn-tûn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai Lùn-tûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98" title="그레이터런던 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이터런던" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Լոնդոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Լոնդոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रेटर लंदन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेटर लंदन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_London" title="Veliki London – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki London" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Raya" title="London Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="London Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стыр Лондон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр Лондон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3r-Lund%C3%BAnasv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Stór-Lundúnasvæðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stór-Lundúnasvæðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Londra" title="Grande Londra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Londra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%99" title="לונדון רבתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לונדון רבתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londinium_Maius" title="Londinium Maius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Londinium Maius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liel%C4%81_Londona" title="Lielā Londona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielā Londona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_Londonas" title="Didysis Londonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis Londonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-London" title="Nagy-London – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-London" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Голем Лондон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голем Лондон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranana_Nui" title="Ranana Nui – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ranana Nui" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रेटर लंडन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेटर लंडन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="لندن الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لندن الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Raya" title="London Raya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="London Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯂꯟꯗꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯂꯟꯗꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Londres" title="Grande Londres – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grande Londres" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot-Londen" title="Groot-Londen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groot-Londen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="グレーター・ロンドン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレーター・ロンドン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йоккха Лондон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоккха Лондон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grat_London" title="Grat London – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grat London" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor-London" title="Stor-London – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stor-London" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor-London" title="Stor-London – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stor-London" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Londres" title="Grand Londres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand Londres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="وڈا لندن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وڈا لندن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Londyn" title="Wielki Londyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Londyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Londres" title="Grande Londres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Londres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_Mare" title="Londra Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Londra Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_Lunrun" title="Hatun Lunrun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun Lunrun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Большой Лондон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большой Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Lunnon" title="Greater Lunnon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Greater Lunnon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="මහා ලන්ඩන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහා ලන්ඩන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%86" title="گريٽر لنڊن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گريٽر لنڊن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_Lond%C3%BDn" title="Veľký Londýn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký Londýn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_London" title="Veliki London – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki London" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjelgi_L%C5%AFnd%C5%AFn" title="Wjelgi Lůndůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wjelgi Lůndůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Велики Лондон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики Лондон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur-Lontoo" title="Suur-Lontoo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suur-Lontoo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storlondon" title="Storlondon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storlondon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலண்டன் பெருநகர்ப் பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன் பெருநகர்ப் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เกรเทอร์ลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกรเทอร์ลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лондони Бузург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лондони Бузург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Londra" title="Büyük Londra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Londra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Великий Лондон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий Лондон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B0" title="لندن عظمیٰ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن عظمیٰ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Đại Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B4ot-Londn" title="Grôot-Londn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Grôot-Londn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Greater London" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="大伦敦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大伦敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="גרויסלאנדאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גרויסלאנדאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="大倫敦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大倫敦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_G%C4%B1rde" title="Londra Gırde – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Londra Gırde" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="大倫敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大倫敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 20:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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