CINXE.COM
grind(1WN) | WordNet
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Name grind - process WordNet lexicographer files Synopsis grind聽[聽-v聽] [聽-s聽] [聽-L聽logfile聽] [聽-a聽] [聽-d聽] [聽-i聽] [聽-o聽] [聽-n聽]聽filename聽[聽filename聽... ] Description grind()聽processes WordNet lexicographer files, producing database files suitable for use with the WordNet search and interface code and other applications. The syntactic and structural" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://wordnet.princeton.edu/documentation/grind1wn" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="WordNet" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://wordnet.princeton.edu/documentation/grind1wn" /> <meta property="og:title" content="grind(1WN)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Name grind - process WordNet lexicographer files Synopsis grind聽[聽-v聽] [聽-s聽] [聽-L聽logfile聽] [聽-a聽] [聽-d聽] [聽-i聽] [聽-o聽] [聽-n聽]聽filename聽[聽filename聽... ] Description grind()聽processes WordNet lexicographer files, producing database files suitable for use with the WordNet search and interface code and other applications. The syntactic and structural" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_tiger/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>grind(1WN) | WordNet</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/linkpurpose/library/css/linkpurpose.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/align.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/fieldgroup.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/container-inline.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/clearfix.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/details.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/hidden.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/item-list.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/js.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/nowrap.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/position-container.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/reset-appearance.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/resize.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/system-status-counter.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/system-status-report-counters.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/system/components/tablesort.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/core/components/progress.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/core/components/ajax-progress.module.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/libraries/custom/select2/dist/css/select2.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/libraries/custom/select2/dist/css/select2-off-canvas.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/select2_simple/css/select2_simple.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/css/global.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/layouts/threecol_33_34_33/threecol_33_34_33.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/layout_discovery/layouts/onecol/onecol.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/core/assets/vendor/normalize-css/normalize.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/stable/css/core/normalize-fixes.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/action-links.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/breadcrumb.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/button.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/collapse-processed.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/container-inline.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/details.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/exposed-filters.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/field.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/form.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/icons.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/inline-form.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/item-list.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/link.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/links.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/menu.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/more-link.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/pager.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/tabledrag.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/tableselect.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/tablesort.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/tabs.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/textarea.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/ui-dialog.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/messages.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/progress.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/contrib/classy/css/components/node.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/css/styles.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_tiger/css/styles.css?stdb28" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/xxx7asp.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.typekit.net/bok5fgz.css" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/17","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtag":{"tagId":"UA-115035814-1","consentMode":false,"otherIds":["G-1GCMYCJGED"],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":{"cookie_domain":"none"}},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxlUtFuwyAM_CFapGb_gxziAqvBEYao6dcP0i7Nugcs39nynS0sgciqRxBU9plHFAGH8osTT63GGfWU6wx0vnKOTyK1DCg8UDlmR2gKOO1a-MRn-Ia7Ili5FjMFsbxgXjUntEyKQrrNNc8sqEMKRc1iuiM9Mt9OkadKuHMRUz1h8pAs5s7aG06hcDYWiNp8_UlsTd1u0yKYpdnCezGCkK1veY5iMi4I9Br46q0xyY5fipO5sq1vekMwtlU9iDfXcD_McMQj0A77mmZED0vgdxOx60fZilUwJ4i4F_949MF5aq8cJIrP2G9ohsEMXy32SgkOc7OWimC5_GMOPU-HJylr03dKkNCWi5EQZ-rqR6hklYJx-ys_etbc4w","theme":"ps_tiger","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"linkpurpose":{"domain":"https:\/\/wordnet.princeton.edu","ignore":"#toolbar-administration a, .princeton-branding a, .copyright a, .block-ps-social a","noIconOnImages":true,"purposeDocument":true,"purposeDocumentMessage":"Link downloads document","purposeDownload":true,"purposeDownloadMessage":"Link downloads file","purposeApp":true,"purposeAppMessage":"Link opens app","purposeExternal":true,"purposeExternalMessage":"Link is external","purposeMail":true,"purposeMailMessage":"Link sends email","purposeTel":true,"purposeTelMessage":"Link opens phone app","purposeNewWindow":true,"purposeNewWindowMessage":"Link opens in new window","css_url":"\/modules\/contrib\/linkpurpose"},"all_documents_new_window":false,"select2_simple":{"selector":".node-form select:not(.disable-select2,[name$=\u0027[actions][bundle]\u0027],.ui-timepicker-select,[name*=\u0027field_ps_timeline_feature_items\u0027]),.select2-form select[multiple],form.layout-builder-configure-block select[multiple]"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"93bb85c64333532c1bf90b6198d770863dddcf6216dbc56ba0244eb621d83f0a"}}</script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?stdb28"></script> </head> <body class="not-front section-documentation page-node-17 content-type-ps-basic-page flavor2 fontset1 menu5 layout-block-padding-medium layout-above-section-spacing-none layout-below-section-spacing-none"> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page page-container"> <header role="banner" class="header region region-header" id="header"> <h1 class="sr-only sr-site-name">WordNet A Lexical Database for English</h1> <div class="skip-links"> <a href="#main-content" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable"><span class="hide-on-focus">Off screen link: </span>Skip to content</a> <a href="#edit-search-keys" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable"><span class="hide-on-focus">Off screen link: </span>Skip to search</a> </div> <div class="header-container container"> <div class="princeton-branding"> <div class="container"> <a href="http://www.princeton.edu" class="pu-logo" title="Princeton University"> <img src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/images/pu-logo.svg" alt="Princeton University"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="site-info with-slogan with-slogan-suffix"> <div class="site-name"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home">WordNet</a> </div> <div class="site-slogan"> A Lexical Database for English </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="site" class="main-menu"> <h2 class="sr-only">Main Menu</h2> <div class="container navbar-expand-lg"> <button class="toggle-mobile-menu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#menu-container" aria-controls="menu-container" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="toggle-mobile-menu-icon"> <span class="toggle-mobile-menu-title">Menu</span> <i class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </button> <div id="menu-container" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav main" role="list"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">What is WordNet</a> </li> <li class="nav-item expanded"> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42">People</a> <button class="toggle-submenu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-submenu-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="sr-only">Submenu</span> </button> <ul class="submenu collapse" role="list"> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/people/george-miller" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1">George A. Miller</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/news-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">News</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/download" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Use Wordnet Online</a> </li> <li class="nav-item expanded"> <a href="/download" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Download</a> <button class="toggle-submenu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-submenu-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="sr-only">Submenu</span> </button> <ul class="submenu collapse" role="list"> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/download/current-version" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Current Version</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/download/old-versions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8">Old Versions</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/download/standoff-files" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Standoff Files</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/citing-wordnet" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Citing WordNet</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/license-and-commercial-use" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">License and Commercial Use</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/related-projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Related Projects</a> </li> <li class="nav-item expanded active"> <a href="/documentation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Documentation</a> <button class="toggle-submenu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-submenu-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="sr-only">Submenu</span> </button> <ul class="submenu collapse submenu--2-col" role="list"> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/binsrch3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15">binsrch(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/cntlist5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">cntlist(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item active"> <a href="/documentation/grind1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17" class="is-active" aria-current="page">grind(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/lexnames5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">lexnames(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/morph3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">morph(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/morphy7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/20">morphy(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/prologdb5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">prologdb(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/senseidx5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">senseidx(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/sensemap5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23">sensemap(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/uniqbeg7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24">uniqbeg(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wn1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26">wn(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnb1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25">wnb(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wndb5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/27">wndb(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wngloss7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28">wngloss(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wngroups7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/29">wngroups(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wninput5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30">wninput(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">wnintro(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">wnintro(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">wnintro(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">wnintro(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnlicens7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/35">wnlicens(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnpkgs7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36">wnpkgs(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnsearch3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">wnsearch(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item expanded"> <a href="/documentation/wnstats7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/37">wnstats(7WN)</a> <button class="toggle-submenu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-submenu-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="sr-only">Submenu</span> </button> <ul class="submenu collapse" role="list"> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/21-wnstats7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">2.1 wnstats(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/20-wnstats7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39">2.0 wnstats(7WN)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnutil3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">wnutil(3WN)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13">Publications</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/frequently-asked-questions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> </ul> <div class="utility-menu"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav utility-nav"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/caslogin" class="ps-login-link ps-login-logout-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="caslogin">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="search-bar" id="search-bar"> <div class="container navbar-expand-lg" role="search"> <h2 class="sr-only">Search</h2> <button class="toggle-searchbar unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#search-bar-container" aria-controls="search-bar-container" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle search"> <span class="toggle-search-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> </button> <div id="search-bar-container" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <div class="search-block-form contextual-region block block-search container-inline" id="block-searchform"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div id="search-toggled" class="form-group js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-keys form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-search-keys" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input placeholder="Search" type="search" id="edit-search-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-search form-control"> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-search-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-search-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-search-submit" value="Submit" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn btn-primary"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="breadcrumb region region-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb"> <div class="container"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="/documentation">WordNet Documentation</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> grind(1WN) </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="highlighted" id="highlighted"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main" class="main-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="sidebar-first section order-first col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2"> <nav class="main-sidebar-menu" aria-label="site"> <h2 class="sr-only">Main Menu</h2> <ul class="nav navbar-nav main" role="list"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">What is WordNet</a> </li> <li class="nav-item collapsed"> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42">People</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/news-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">News</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/download" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Use Wordnet Online</a> </li> <li class="nav-item collapsed"> <a href="/download" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">Download</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/citing-wordnet" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Citing WordNet</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/license-and-commercial-use" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">License and Commercial Use</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/related-projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/11">Related Projects</a> </li> <li class="nav-item expanded active"> <a href="/documentation" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Documentation</a> <button class="toggle-submenu unbutton" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-submenu-icon"> <i class="fa-solid fa-plus" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span> <span class="sr-only">Submenu</span> </button> <ul class="submenu collapse submenu--2-col" role="list"> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/binsrch3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15">binsrch(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/cntlist5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">cntlist(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item active"> <a href="/documentation/grind1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17" class="is-active" aria-current="page">grind(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/lexnames5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">lexnames(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/morph3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">morph(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/morphy7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/20">morphy(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/prologdb5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">prologdb(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/senseidx5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">senseidx(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/sensemap5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23">sensemap(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/uniqbeg7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24">uniqbeg(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wn1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/26">wn(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnb1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25">wnb(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wndb5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/27">wndb(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wngloss7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28">wngloss(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wngroups7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/29">wngroups(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wninput5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30">wninput(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro1wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">wnintro(1WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/32">wnintro(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro5wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">wnintro(5WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnintro7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">wnintro(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnlicens7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/35">wnlicens(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnpkgs7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36">wnpkgs(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnsearch3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">wnsearch(3WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item collapsed"> <a href="/documentation/wnstats7wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/37">wnstats(7WN)</a> </li> <li class="submenu-item"> <a href="/documentation/wnutil3wn" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">wnutil(3WN)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/publications" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13">Publications</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/frequently-asked-questions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/14">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <main class="main main-content col-sm-12 col-lg-10 order-last"> <a id="main-content" class="sr-only skip-link"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-ps-tiger-page-title" data-block-plugin-id="page_title_block" class="with-block-description block block-core block-page-title-block"> <h1 class="page-title"> grind(1WN) </h1> </div> <div id="block-ps-tiger-content" data-block-plugin-id="system_main_block" class="with-block-description block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article class="node node--type-ps-basic-page node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="constrained-bkg-constrained-content layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div data-block-plugin-id="ps_node_view" class="with-block-description block block-ps-core block-ps-node-view"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ps-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Name</h2> <p>grind - process WordNet lexicographer files</p> <h2>Synopsis</h2> <p><b>grind </b>[ <b>-v </b>] [ <b>-s </b>] [ <b>-L </b><i>logfile </i>] [ <b>-a </b>] [ <b>-d </b>] [ <b>-i </b>] [ <b>-o </b>] [ <b>-n </b>] <i>filename </i>[ <i>filename </i>... ]</p> <h2>Description</h2> <p><b>grind() </b>processes WordNet lexicographer files, producing database files suitable for use with the WordNet search and interface code and other applications. The syntactic and structural integrity of the input files is verified. Warnings and errors are reported via <b>stderr </b>and a run-time log is produced on <b>stdout </b>. A database is generated only if there are no errors.</p> <h3>Input Files</h3> <p>Input files correspond to the syntactic categories implemented in WordNet - <b>noun</b>, <b>verb</b>, <b>adjective</b> and <b>adverb</b>. Each input lexicographer file consists of a list of synonym sets (<i>synsets </i>) for one part of speech. Although the basic synset syntax is the same for all of the parts of speech, some parts of the syntax only apply to a particular part of speech. See <b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wninput.5WN.html">wninput</a></b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wninput.5WN.html">(5WN)</a> for a description of the input file format.</p> <p>Each <i>filename </i>specified is of the form:</p> <p> </p> <blockquote> </blockquote> <p>where <i>pathname </i>is optional and <i>pos </i>is either <b>noun</b>, <b>verb</b>, <b>adj</b> or <b>adv</b>. <i>suffix </i>may be used to separate groups of synsets into different files, for example<b>noun.animal </b>and <b>noun.plant </b>. One or more input files, in any combination of syntactic categories, may be specified. See <b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/lexnames.5WN.html">lexnames</a></b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/lexnames.5WN.html">(5WN)</a> for a list of the lexicographer files used to build the complete WordNet database.</p> <h3>Output Files</h3> <p><b>grind() </b>produces the following output files:</p> <p> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><b>Filename</b></td> <td>Description</td> </tr><tr></tr><tr><td><b>index.<i>pos</i></b></td> <td>Index file for each syntactic category</td> </tr><tr><td><b>data.<i>pos</i></b></td> <td>Data file for each syntactic category</td> </tr><tr><td><b>index.sense</b></td> <td>Sense index</td> </tr></tbody></table><p>See <b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wndb.5WN.html">wndb</a></b><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wndb.5WN.html">(5WN)</a> for a description of the database file formats.</p> <p>Each time <b>grind() </b>is run, any existing database files are overwritten with the database files generated from the specified input files. If no input files from a syntactic category are specified, the corresponding database files are not overwritten.</p> <h3>Sense Numbers</h3> <p>Senses are generally ordered from most to least frequently used, with the most common sense numbered <b>1 </b>. Frequency of use is determined by the number of times a sense is tagged in the various semantic concordance texts. Senses that are not semantically tagged follow the ordered senses in an arbitrary order. Note that this ordering is only an estimate based on usage in a small corpus.</p> <p>The <i>tagsense_cnt </i>field for each entry in the <b>index.<i>pos </i></b>files indicates how many of the senses in the list have been tagged.</p> <p>The <b>cntlist </b>file provided with the database lists the number of times each sense is tagged in the semantic concordances. <b>grind() </b>uses the data from <b>cntlist </b>to order the senses of each word. When the <b>index </b>.<i>pos </i>files are generated, the <i>synset_offset </i>s are output in sense number order, with sense 1 first in the list. Senses with the same number of semantic tags are assigned unique but consecutive sense numbers. The WordNet <b>OVERVIEW </b>search displays all senses of the specified word, in all syntactic categories, and indicates which of the senses are represented in the semantically tagged texts.</p> <h2>Options</h2> <dl><dt><b>-v</b></dt> <dd>Verify integrity of input without generating database.</dd> <dt><b>-s</b></dt> <dd>Suppress generation of warning messages. Usually <b>grind </b>is run with this option until all syntactic and structural errors are corrected since the warning messages may make it difficult to spot error messages.</dd> <dt><b>-L</b><i>logfile</i></dt> <dd>Write all messages to <i>logfile </i>instead of <b>stderr </b>.</dd> <dt><b>-a</b></dt> <dd>Generate statistical report on input files processed.</dd> <dt><b>-d</b></dt> <dd>Generate distribution of senses by string length report on input files processed.</dd> <dt><b>-i</b></dt> <dd>Generate sense index file.</dd> <dt><b>-o</b></dt> <dd>Order senses using <b>cntlist </b>.</dd> <dt><b>-n</b></dt> <dd>Generate nominalization (derivational morphology) links in database.</dd> <dt><i>filename</i></dt> <dd>Input file of the form described in <b>Input</b></dd> </dl><h2>Files</h2> <dl><dt><b><i>pos </i>.*</b></dt> <dd>lexicographer files to use to build database</dd> <dt><b>cntlist</b></dt> <dd>file of combined semantic concordance <b>cntlist </b>files. Used to assign sense numbers in WordNet database</dd> </dl><h2>See Also</h2> <p><a href="/node/16"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/16">cntlist</a></b>(5WN) , <a href="/node/18"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/18">lexnames</a></b>(5WN) , <a href="/node/22"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/22">senseidx</a></b>(5WN) , <a href="/node/27"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/27">wndb</a></b>(5WN) , <a href="/node/30"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/30">wninput</a></b>(5WN) , <a href="/node/24"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/24">uniqbeg</a></b>(7WN) , <a href="/node/28"><b></b></a><b><a href="/node/28">wngloss</a></b>(7WN).</p> <h2>Diagnostics</h2> <p>Exit status is normally 0. Exit status is -1 if non-specific error occurs. If syntactic or structural errors exist, exit status is number of errors detected.</p> <dl><dt><b>usage: grind [-v] [-s] [-Llogfile] [-a ] [-d] [-i] [-o] [-n] filename [filename...]</b></dt> <dd>Invalid options were specified on the command line.</dd> <dt><b>No input files processed.</b></dt> <dd>None of the filenames specified were of the appropriate form.</dd> <dt><b><i>n </i>syntactic errors found.</b></dt> <dd>Syntax errors were found while parsing the input files.</dd> <dt><b><i>n </i>structural errors found.</b></dt> <dd>Pointer errors were found that could not be automatically corrected.</dd> </dl><h2>Bugs</h2> <p>Please report bugs to <b><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cbbca4b9afa5aebf8bbbb9a2a5a8aebfa4a5e5aeafbe"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="0d7a627f696368794d7d7f64636e6879626323686978">[email protected]</span></a> </b>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="constrained-bkg-constrained-content layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> </div> <footer role="contentinfo" class="footer region region-footer" id="footer"> <h2 class="sr-only">Footer</h2> <div class="container"> <div class="constrained-bkg-constrained-content layout layout--threecol-33-34-33"> <div class="layout-inner-container"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first layout__region--thirds layout__region--narrow"> <div data-block-plugin-id="inline_block:ps_text" class="block-ps-text with-block-description block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockps-text"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-ps-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item">Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA - Operator: (609) 258-3000</div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second layout__region--thirds layout__region--narrow"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third layout__region--thirds layout__region--narrow"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfooter"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="subfooter-links"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="https://inclusive.princeton.edu/about/our-commitment-equal-opportunity-and-non-discrimination">Diversity & Non-Discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://accessibility.princeton.edu/help">Accessibility Help</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <p class="copyright-text"> © 2025 The Trustees of Princeton University </p> </div> <div class="col-md-4 text-sm-left text-md-right copyright"> <a href="http://www.princeton.edu" class="pu-logo" title="Princeton University"><img src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/images/pu-logo-stacked.svg" alt="Princeton University"/> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <span id="ps-current-username" data-username=""></span> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/tabbable/index.umd.min.js?v=6.2.0"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/linkpurpose/library/js/linkpurpose.min.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/linkpurpose/js/linkpurpose-drupal.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/link_behavior.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/focusable-hash-fixer.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/enhanced-focus.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/search-terms-fragment-parser.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/search-terms-highlighter.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/collapse-text-search-terms-revealer.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/libraries/custom/select2/dist/js/select2.js?v=4.x"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/select2_simple/js/select2_simple.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/core/misc/active-link.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/js/main-menu.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_tiger/js/header.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_tiger/js/image-no-border.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/core/misc/progress.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/loadjs/loadjs.min.js?v=4.3.0"></script> <script src="/core/misc/debounce.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/core/misc/announce.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/core/misc/message.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/themes/ps_base/js/message.theme.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/core/misc/ajax.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/stable/js/ajax.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.ajax.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/utils.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/columns.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/tables.js?stdb28"></script> <script src="/core/misc/form.js?v=10.3.13"></script> <script src="/profiles/ps/modules/custom/ps_core/js/logout-link-username.js?stdb28"></script> </body> </html>