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id="height-change-listener" role="none" tabindex="-1" src="about:blank" aria-hidden="true"></iframe> <article id="green-article_1-0" class="comp green-article mntl-article mntl-article--three-column sc-ad-container" data-tracking-container="true"><div class="loc article-header"><div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"><div class="loc article-preheading"><ul id="mntl-universal-breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/culture-4846019" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Culture</span></a> <svg class="icon icon-dot " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-dot" href="#icon-dot"></use> </svg></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.treehugger.com/history-4846015" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History</span></a></li></ul> </div> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">10 Historic Plants and Why They Went Extinct</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">Extinct plants tell us a lot about history and evolution.</p> <div id="mntl-article-meta-dynamic_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-meta-dynamic mntl-article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="green-bylines_1-0" class="comp green-bylines mntl-bylines"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="<p>David Kuchta, Ph.D. has 10 years of experience in gardening and has read widely in environmental history and the energy transition. An environmental activist since the 1970s, he is also a historian, author, gardener, and educator. </p>" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/david-kuchta-5116311" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >David M. Kuchta</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group"> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__image-wrapper"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:140.7%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/o6rDdBmvvht3cQbR4e3NpSiJcIM=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/professional-headandshoulders-b7be2761c16e44438607bf932fc1993c.jpg" alt="David Kuchta" class="lazyload mntl-author-tooltip__image" width="40" height="40" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/o6rDdBmvvht3cQbR4e3NpSiJcIM=/40x40/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/professional-headandshoulders-b7be2761c16e44438607bf932fc1993c.jpg" alt="David Kuchta" width="40" height="40" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/david-kuchta-5116311" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >David M. Kuchta</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Writer</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Wesleyan University, University of California, Berkeley</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>David Kuchta, Ph.D. has 10 years of experience in gardening and has read widely in environmental history and the energy transition. An environmental activist since the 1970s, he is also a historian, author, gardener, and educator. </p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/about-us-5024862#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >editorial process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated October 15, 2024</div></div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-universal-social-share share" data-title="10 Historic Plants and Why They Went Extinct" document="ListStructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=LISTSC, documentId=5215777, bestTitle='10 Historic Plants and Why They Went Extinct'}}" data-description="Extinct plants tell us a lot about history and evolution. 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src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/Bvw4LbaTtOqjno5vspAi7YcWxf8=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/OSaAcXhI0h_mPJqq02y0XC6AUI4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Franklinia alatamaha" class=" primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" onload="(function(e){e.classList.add('loaded')})(this)" style="--blurry: url('data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,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')" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/Bvw4LbaTtOqjno5vspAi7YcWxf8=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" class="loaded primary-img--noscript primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/OSaAcXhI0h_mPJqq02y0XC6AUI4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Franklinia alatamaha" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Franklinia alatamaha.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Sueo Takano / 500px / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list " data-tracking-container="true"> <span class="breadcrumbs-list-title"> <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/history-4846015" 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But for the past two centuries, many plants have been victims of habitat destruction that caused their extinction. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Here are 10 historic plants that have gone extinct—whether recently or long, long ago. </p></div> <div id="list-sc__content_1-0" class="comp list-sc__content mntl-sc-page mntl-block " data-sc-sticky-offset="92" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><div id="list-sc-item_1-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_1-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">1</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-araucarioxylon-arizonicum"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Araucarioxylon arizonicum </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.7%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/X2zT2bCm5kZsI9H9sXv0LGbunSk=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-476746662-a165c6a79a894eedb70e15164fa72703.jpg" width="3500" height="2335" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/nlwbaILOgLMI9UYPozqQpRfSuA0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-476746662-a165c6a79a894eedb70e15164fa72703.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Araucarioxylon arizonicum" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/X2zT2bCm5kZsI9H9sXv0LGbunSk=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-476746662-a165c6a79a894eedb70e15164fa72703.jpg" width="3500" height="2335" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/nlwbaILOgLMI9UYPozqQpRfSuA0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-476746662-a165c6a79a894eedb70e15164fa72703.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Araucarioxylon arizonicum" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Petroglyphs in the Petrified Forest National Park.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>JimVallee / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Travel through the Petrified Forest National Park, and you might see remnants of 200 to 250 million-year-old <em>Araucarioxylon arizonicum</em> trees that thrived during the Triassic Period. Some are even preserved as petroglyphs, carved by the Indigenous people living in the area as long as 8,000 years ago. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Today, the national park is in the Navajo and Apache counties of northeastern Arizona. Other trees of the <em>Araucaria</em> genus still exist around the world—the most famous of them perhaps being the Norfolk Island pine. </p></div> <div id="adslot_1-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_2-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_2-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">2</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-atriplex-tularensis"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Atriplex tularensis </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Known by the common name Tulare saltbush or Bakersfield saltbush, <em>Atriplex tularensis </em>was last seen in 1991. It was an annual herb that grew in the alkaline salt pans at the southern end of California's Central Valley until it was driven to extinction by the expansion of agriculture.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="3"></span> </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> As the Central Valley grew to become a world agricultural leader, farmers and communities drained inland lakes and tapped deep underground aquifers faster than mountain runoff could refill it, depriving <em>Atriplex tularensis</em> of water. </p></div> <div id="adslot_2-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_3-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_3-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">3</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-calamites"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Calamites </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/4t1VyzrfJUP29mgieirrFpXD9Uc=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-556920261-96ca68109a98460fa98ee8ce1249b608.jpg" width="2000" height="1500" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/NsRtExnGtep42K5qJ73RDyRyWto=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-556920261-96ca68109a98460fa98ee8ce1249b608.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Calamites" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_2-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/4t1VyzrfJUP29mgieirrFpXD9Uc=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-556920261-96ca68109a98460fa98ee8ce1249b608.jpg" width="2000" height="1500" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/NsRtExnGtep42K5qJ73RDyRyWto=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-556920261-96ca68109a98460fa98ee8ce1249b608.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Calamites" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_2-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Calamites (the tall trees pictured) survived during the Carboniferous Period.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Elena Duvernay / Stocktrek Images / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Calamites</em> have been extinct since the Permian era some 250 million years ago, but fellow members of the horsetail genus (<em>Equisetum</em>) still grow in the world's swamps. Like modern horsetails, <em>Calamites</em> grew in thickets from rhizomes creeping underground, sending up hollow, ribbed, bamboo-like trunks that grew to 100-160 feet (30-50m). </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Flourishing during the Carboniferous Period, when Earth's landmasses were all connected as Pangaea, <em>Calamite</em> fossils can be found on all the continents. </p></div> <div id="adslot_3-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_4-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_4-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">4</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-cooksonia"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Cooksonia </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Cooksonia—</em>the earliest known vascular plant, meaning its tissues conducted water, sap, and nutrients—dates back to approximately 425 million years ago. Like other early plants to evolve out of green algae, <em>Cooksonia</em> lacked leaves. How it photosynthesized the sun's energy is still the subject of scientific debate.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="1"></span> </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The stems on <em>Cooksonia </em>are what<em> </em>made it revolutionary. With water-conducting stems, <em>Cooksonia </em>no longer needed to remain submerged in water. It could colonize dry land and pave the way for animals to later emerge from the sea. </p></div> <div id="adslot_4-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_5-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_5-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">5</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-franklinia-alatamaha"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Franklinia alatamaha </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/Bvw4LbaTtOqjno5vspAi7YcWxf8=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/OSaAcXhI0h_mPJqq02y0XC6AUI4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Franklinia alatamaha" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_3-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/Bvw4LbaTtOqjno5vspAi7YcWxf8=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/OSaAcXhI0h_mPJqq02y0XC6AUI4=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1169328000-560e3ab213ef4283801d02f134514bcf.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Franklinia alatamaha" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_3-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Sueo Takano / 500px / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Franklinia alatamaha</em> has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century and only exists in cultivation. A native of the southeastern United States, it was first known to non-native Americans when it was identified in 1765. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Named after Benjamin Franklin, the tree only survived him by 13 years, having last been seen in the wild in 1803. Already rare in the late 18th century, the reasons for its extinction are not known. Today, cultivated specimens only exist because the tree was lucky enough to have flowers that pleased the human eye. </p></div> <div id="adslot_5-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_6-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_6-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">6</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-glossopteris"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Glossopteris </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Glossopteris</em> is one of the few success stories of the ill-fated <em>Terra Nova</em> expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott, who froze to death in Antarctica along with his crew. When their bodies were later discovered, the 270 million-year-old fossils they had collected were brought back to London. <em>Glossopteris</em> was identified, proving that Antarctica was once attached to the other continents and covered with plant life, confirming the theory of plate tectonics. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Glossopteris</em> is an early gymnosperm, a seed-producing tree whose descendants include conifers and cycads. </p></div> <div id="adslot_6-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_7-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_7-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">7</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-nesiota-elliptica-st-helena-olive"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Nesiota elliptica (St. Helena Olive) </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> You might think that one of the world's remotest islands, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean (where Napoleon was once exiled), would be a safe place for native plants. But the arrival of the Portuguese in 1502 led to the extinction of numerous Saint Helena native plants, due to deforestation and the introduction of goats. The last remaining tree kept alive in cultivation died in 2003. </p></div> <div id="adslot_7-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_8-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_8-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">8</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-orbexilum-stipulatum"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Orbexilum stipulatum </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Better known as leather-root or Falls-of-the-Ohio scurfpea, <em>Orbexilum stipulatum </em>was a native of Rock Island, Kentucky, and was last seen in 1881. The plant relied on the grazing of buffalo, who once roamed the Ohio River valley. Overhunting drove the buffalo out of the region and with it <em>Orbexilum stipulatum. </em>A dam built on the site submerged Rock Island, sinking hopes of the plant's survival.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="2"></span> </p></div> <div id="adslot_8-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_9-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_9-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">9</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sigillaria"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sigillaria </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:56.2%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SvpcKv-gqd769UddlkENh0itrvo=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1157676948-2bf6cbbaf32c41c08b2a84a1a4421577.jpg" width="2309" height="1299" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/MRDc_0nUJ3KzoX03saRad8dX1bE=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1157676948-2bf6cbbaf32c41c08b2a84a1a4421577.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Sigillaria" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_4-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/SvpcKv-gqd769UddlkENh0itrvo=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1157676948-2bf6cbbaf32c41c08b2a84a1a4421577.jpg" width="2309" height="1299" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/MRDc_0nUJ3KzoX03saRad8dX1bE=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1157676948-2bf6cbbaf32c41c08b2a84a1a4421577.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Sigillaria" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_4-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>dottedhippo / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>Sigillaria</em> is one of the most common types of plants from which fossil fuels are made. Looking like Joshua trees or something from a Dr. Seuss book, <em>Sigillaria </em>flourished during the Carboniferous (or coal-bearing) Period of 300 to 360 million years ago. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The tree-like plants rose above the floor of peat-forming swamps, reproducing by spores contained in cones at the ends of their branches. Their fossils have been uncovered during coal mining operations all across the world, from western Pennsylvania to Inner Mongolia. </p></div> <div id="adslot_9-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_10-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_10-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--numbers"> <div class="content-list-number"> <div class="item-number">10</div> <div class="total">of 10</div> </div> </div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sophora-toromiro"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sophora toromiro </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block green-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/S8OunGQmtr_35BA3aQwxO2F76Ps=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-485056940-4d99dfa3f8ab4c90942a04663933c8f3.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" data-srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/sUz8mFy9QnGzgdUi7d2-G0VbiM8=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-485056940-4d99dfa3f8ab4c90942a04663933c8f3.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Sophora toromiro" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_5-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/S8OunGQmtr_35BA3aQwxO2F76Ps=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-485056940-4d99dfa3f8ab4c90942a04663933c8f3.jpg" width="2121" height="1414" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.treehugger.com/thmb/sUz8mFy9QnGzgdUi7d2-G0VbiM8=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-485056940-4d99dfa3f8ab4c90942a04663933c8f3.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Sophora toromiro" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_5-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>aloha_17 / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The Toromiro tree (<em>Sophora toromiro</em>) was once endemic to Easter Island (Rapa Nui), but despite efforts to cultivate it from seeds collected in the 1960s, the tree has since been declared extinct in the wild. The origins and meaning of Easter Island's famous monumental statues <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/what-we-think-about-easter-island-might-be-all-wrong-4855172" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">remain mysteries</a>, but so too do the reasons for the island's deforestation. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> A combination of over-harvesting, climatic changes, and cultural developments seem to be intertwined reasons for the collapse of a once sustainable society.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="4"></span> Whatever the reason and whatever the pace of change, the haunting lesson of Easter Island remains the same. </p></div> <div id="adslot_10-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div></div> <div id="article-outro_1-0" class="comp article-outro mntl-block"></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-content"><div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-sources-and-citation mntl-block has-sources"><div id="mntl-article-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources mntl-expandable-block" data-scroll-offset="92"><div class="loc toggle-content"><div id="mntl-article-sources__wrapper_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__wrapper mntl-block" data-click-tracked="true"><span id="mntl-article-sources__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__heading mntl-text-block type--squirrel-link">View Article Sources</span> <svg class="icon icon-sources-show show-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-show" href="#icon-sources-show"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-sources-hide hide-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-hide" href="#icon-sources-hide"></use> </svg></div> </div><div class="loc expandable-content"> <div id="mntl-article-sources__citation-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__citation-sources mntl-citation-sources mntl-sources" data-tracking-container="true"> <ol class="mntl-sources__content"> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-3"><p>Rejmánek, Marcel. “Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment.” <em>Diversity and Distributions</em> 24:1 (January 2018), pp. 129–136. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12665.</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-1"><p>Willis, K.J. and J.C. McElwain. <em>The Evolution of Plants</em>. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 72–73.</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-2"><p>Egan, Ashley N. and Keith A. Crandall. “Divergence and diversification in North American Psoraleeae (Fabaceae) due to climate change.” <em>BMC Biology</em> 6:55 (December 18, 2008). DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-55.</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-4"><p>Rull, Valentí. “Contributions of paleoecology to Easter Island’s prehistory: A thorough review.” <em>Quaternary Science Reviews</em> 252 (January 15 2021), 106751. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106751.</p></li> </ol> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="listsc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp listsc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="green-billboard1-sticky_1-0" class="comp green-billboard1-sticky mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex1-sticky mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="1050" style="height: 1050px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_2-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square "> <div id="square-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="green-billboard2-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp green-billboard2-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div 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data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="green-billboard5-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp green-billboard5-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_9-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_10-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="green-billboard6-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp green-billboard6-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_11-0" class="comp 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square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></article> <div id="prefooter--outbrain_1-0" class="comp prefooter--outbrain prefooter mntl-block"><div id="green-outbrain_1-0" class="comp green-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.treehugger.com/extinct-plants-5215777" data-widget-id="AR_1"></div> </div> <section id="masonry-list-section_1-0" class="comp masonry-list-section mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_1-0" class="comp mntl-masonry-tax-card-list mntl-masonry-card-list mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_1-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_1-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card 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