CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "events.st-andrews.ac.uk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92b5b21e7886448a',cH: 'f7wXF1_wChRTqJlEmFucLJWR3f5PqlygyRXvYdwyirM-1743820984-1.2.1.1-gBe4rseh.gddTav66mnn_sM1mc6kTxUru_zBQRZ6zpgwK4jElPXWdrndUirTco9a',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=JhwH9qbGjs7dfuycgtXcK_PvVMp5s6OenAhT04rTutw-1743820984-1.0.1.1-B3LJNLt7CxRjXlxDE6Iw4LLSJ47RZvUbUgcSz_1p0.s",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743820984',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=JhwH9qbGjs7dfuycgtXcK_PvVMp5s6OenAhT04rTutw-1743820984-1.0.1.1-B3LJNLt7CxRjXlxDE6Iw4LLSJ47RZvUbUgcSz_1p0.s",md: "2d.0l126DCre38SzM7LV17zPXM9_XUa95shc4rhGIiI-1743820984-1.2.1.1-e8CfVv4zHMYjN_PW4B7fX.Lj2WK7iKOshymZkhMuky8kJKo_rzYds9AdbnPxG6lKrQuuIirsR7UkEswxC1T2tSCaYqKMnxGnzaKu1R0nImtSPLdOgJcl2MfuwbfqWhdVLw9990K.yzsTazgnxPRflTynzUmyYDgfdge_QMuYco9ZPoR_Y_kbSBUIs4wxDetDTv1FW2NMtlu2F8R1pDXiyFIq6iAA1xVW68WvXw2ImjDEb9LK1XADTXI35BJ3GAjS3Y0EjEjxpXH15SV0YCINmxeYXCExCb87XEahyF_upLGD6eqQ36ksky_HquyeWKi8SXbgJLxbn32iEmZrUZQUQ7wqUSk0ACSZ.LXxlRPc8FJ8D_DuiKCHvyl1lmDiT2ebWRZPCH0QwkPaXw5lTIRgkEwSjRU_FlEYfX_Cd2ctOie6TzvSLKoub8nCgAUrCHcXrNa_vpSeLeiTm_NsQvKTSnczdPf2903s12JWyRQc_AWYTNOHroJAB4Epz.eYIEgJoLK6Et441ZUX9.cyMB_cVfX3EfiA8I0_Q6uAbRNWtZ4Fsrbv01qoHJkppDdboKZ5870g01RqQxJg2ae77E2wUmgCsAPIc3F_Vb3Xo0v2W0hUTkE7gYZIzUBFNNxY7gmdW1MGQJoJLTnBTgTuzxI4Jhg3vX4n8WsoK8FdQsZLZcCn65yGZCOrdcEfwKhY79.KZOO01IZslKGeHddORHj8jIknKZdpNsH06GhUEdOQZ1VxC5OL2s8nZdptJFm.RH_4F7woWDei3U72MDjSaSstEmKTb.XsvZ0ER7dhXMW.nUo4eXMpBWoq9KhlNWWOjQBTZXind0yR2o_3svPDUG6IEwTpd4wQ_iTWdJkbvOHeBpWuHAsUkLMVicFM42bTGCr.HSWM0m5Uaf4IG01ZjZ0UDVnpybvXg0IBNz_mUeavtzx5cYdhNwd4Dy8AyM.bLimfRTthA5H5EI098SfcrCqHnRoKvV3bTAF9libDgGwvzcLKOxnOmkV.9.BHJRuylskdHArOF2DlB2UfiQigcTlXo2UHkISpEmKuG1yIHDWSBtvVPu8mnq41Hg6vSPo2V0T3mVIwXBpZp4zM0wAOWC3csV55Y_QFyKTSJXyI7TSaGITuC7ZQWG2eQtPeUHBOTtsV1PJ2RF9MCFUUEcGi0hD_bXEkI0BDwIs1bAGkZUYiaZQNahpNn862kl9u9Hpkv12F_grVi6SUarKKAwWFI.Clfdw2tCni2N.7nNIBGVBgKBc",mdrd: "UeqoPu.uCSFK_2osF.N7Aw0fzUr8Hs7d8LlyX1kfEfI-1743820984-1.2.1.1-_U_bLsdPxhcgofVN2hYwff3YMLFtTT3.dUISdlMQuCD7U1eQQEhJb9DIRRjJDsJNGEPm5Bb_SG4567xUjbPlclane_ye2TzQipP5iUul.iCS5oLJywQ4Ll5Z66utI8Iy6M.s22wlSZ8VwaETrFwSfI0d5kmbWQYlE6ZifchXCMmZrRiyHD4TgAlV6KHHOAGnQZFK5Hzcnmkw1W1BoIZUepkegboPJGnThVExizjWF0FwDrl9jB8JMqNMma0UCVMpwtPQO8_ZgsyM1Y7d.igjmBDhTZZAf59ou7jiR.7csPJgpCAB2wNM6uhZY_iazCxvuCCsNA2g3mA9LaW1SwwYCZOjE7DKoa20gjpNksLdSZ6ppHKy92YGG38Ftr._WEGlNHfYA.GiIGO_QkJJGwmF1Z2fmMi8y3ONCd2evVOzcfX9mGCWNrdq8ZyeMSF72.e3lf.JLdpoHW7N1EqsIuSr3OyXpiG52.Ud.1irWhMN6Btgx4DZuwvwO2iirIl8KF3cSFqcrXp7HAvB3pk2ComcsN4askQ18yOieuR36TThXnf3vu5Tin.d7veMJtg5ptBLJlkJwF5L9zhe65Lado6Mw5.DgaOrGqeosci6d1_ECT7j_oEFW5kkTV04xJUDuzE.XS9jaanpJXAXxL1ib.MslTiTiVJP06l626zSijOTa4wwJ5n.5wtAM2qECr6INB148M7ztYuWeSNgV13Yk5DMUUKlbt5jJd3apUEabXkwPbQYzZ7wrb0t_yLavXTYgP8.WSmRwLzD7xkOclQDoMm1tCixmvM9dSoMxUDPvj7xe0iWr3hzd1PNa3.Kj6FwF68tJ.9UUxqUei1CvQH0GCsSS6fs2RMU3jDIffP_VGLseEPq14u_6FJ2nnCw1f4GgsqXpI58shbYGbK9SwerFBEmlYiI3gqWZ6qAy1uySLEnSimhNHFOEnLgGGKLR6J6bG88sjKx.htLH91qYU4Fmcmz1brebSl.1O_bcnRf_.k7FNzc1.2AbYsXHVjx.NAkcMLo5ZIaJ5PEZmtpFOqeP5HadJiRwhCGNnaneQDCnPlOPsd6QwDN.j8g9oR7vZJdYUCKSBo6UDyQSV59kbs_POogw6ZTDreEPwiemzzQXR1H2uQbD3Vo8VzMVFrlIoNm_PXF_nfIhiMkT5pYHnQzmG7seq0id57Dun0oFSPlBaJr3W5Lvp7KJjLSzLPPkS1Ubpq4Y5iARu0Fp6ICul.wEeM_F1JH_nIQNqMggEyuQHJNniRFdj2aTHwhSqxl.fAzhn_REXkbTT1QHikjOiDOwEEW1GyYOXnmIr7dDwJ8R.17714EwD7Fa_sbqNEEJp4akYV.WImKaYz8hNQim0GoifuCiix9gNcqrobXmUKxl4jYNITpWY3O3T7Zn1WKfe8fM4bFEfd_.yJDekgU3aRWW7hStZIHRZByrzjm_ezCQCx_vmz8HXr59wKZhmSORoM2ZnPxMXcKcH49_rYlNxpLmgq9Ouu7xHNkIsy9aS6Pz_PvASxAjwyiFwhzAywr7dw299BlIz4ZNsWV7cvsdq1CGM4E5pzYebhZvhjB8.8XFzGplJtRvAyJk__R2T3kTm1oCFX5XBJwen9W7whuCYHOKDJxzvW41q8_SzvUBMugxn8R1F1LBDOxWvRbR_ATKEdcZdghYrLK3t7OPyZVTNHuV3dv4sOJdDQO6ivMyBQ9BWEw91gRw7qfO2hINnMOofZ7XzkJR7eZhkSfKoBCBGzh9kvYSC3kiaJh1yiqgS2NJ8OqW2FQJr0duIWCSPnLnmUqjtTUO.CVfo84kMV5rKNL0YPQnq7hOY_6O3PZsFYQA1UcZ.AGHZWfJ5T8vWRqP_ssXtFHvMy80CxY7RhumTP72Zmj_rKYpwSBPIQPPcaZKebvDTKxBPCg2W8_i2xcAGdtuV60wP5dTnFqf4PT4lTnCWXE1Tscqu4OMtIzrvzg8h34f5gFIv2_qRQd8qkImwFhp8f7MLG_p116yLwArDBQz2GhNP7OsRPGRRpSxVWlC5OW1RC.5PsIJ3zoWua9KQ16zL4827lrS29c3_toaFk4C5h29K9Rsh_YZZkQowdMEESrpEc"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92b5b21e7886448a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=JhwH9qbGjs7dfuycgtXcK_PvVMp5s6OenAhT04rTutw-1743820984-1.0.1.1-B3LJNLt7CxRjXlxDE6Iw4LLSJ47RZvUbUgcSz_1p0.s" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>