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Akuapem dialect - Wikipedia
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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Akan in Ghana</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Akuapem</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Twi-language text"><i lang="tw-akuapem">Akuapem</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akuapem_people" title="Akuapem people">Akuapem people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">626,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Potou%E2%80%93Tano_languages" title="Potou–Tano languages">Potou–Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tano_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tano languages">Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Akuapem</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akan_Orthography_Committee" title="Akan Orthography Committee">Akan Orthography Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/akua1239">akua1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>tw-akuapem</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><p><b>Akuapem</b>, also known as <b>Akuapim</b>, <b>Akwapem Twi</b>, and <b>Akwapi</b>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary dialect">literary dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan language</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a> (with which it is collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a>, with which it is <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 626,000 speakers of Akuapem, mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Cote_D%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote D'Ivoire">Cote D'Ivoire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the historical <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> of Akan, having been chosen as the basis of the Akan translation of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Akuapem is thought to derive from either Akan <i>nkoa apem</i> ("thousand subjects") or <i>akuw-apem</i> ("thousand companies").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akuapem's orthography was first developed by missionaries at the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a> in 1842,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its written history begins in 1853 with the publication of two grammars, the German <i>Elemente des Akwapim Dialects der Odshi Sprache</i> and the English <i>Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with especial reference to the Akwapim Dialect</i>, both written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Nicolai_Riis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Nicolai Riis (page does not exist)">Hans Nicolai Riis</a>, nephew of the Gold Coast Basel Mission's founder <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Riis" title="Andreas Riis">Andreas Riis</a>. These would not be followed in the bibliography of Akuapem writing until the translation of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Akuapem was chosen as a representative dialect for Akan because the missionaries at Basel felt it a suitable compromise. Christaller, who had himself learned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akyem_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akyem dialect (page does not exist)">Akyem</a> but believed Akuapem was the better choice,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described the issue, and its solution, in the introduction to his 1875 <i>Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi</i>:</p><blockquote><p>It [Akuapem] is an Akan dialect influenced by Fante, steering in the middle course between other Akan dialects and Fante in sounds, forms and expressions; it admits peculiarities of both branches as far as they do no contradict each other, and is, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akuapem's history as a literary dialect originates with its selection to serve as the basis of the Akan translation of the New Testament, published in 1870 with a second edition in 1878, and the entire Bible, published in 1871. Both were written by the Gold Coast Basel Mission, principally by German missionary and linguist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Christaller" title="Johann Gottlieb Christaller">Johann Gottlieb Christaller</a> and native Akan linguists and missionaries <a href="/wiki/David_Asante" title="David Asante">David Asante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Opoku" title="Theophilus Opoku">Theophilus Opoku</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Palmer_Bekoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Palmer Bekoe (page does not exist)">Jonathan Palmer Bekoe</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Keteku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Keteku (page does not exist)">Paul Keteku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the publication of the Bible, Akan literacy would not be widespread among the Akan for some time, nor even among the European colonizers. For instance, when British officer <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a>, who was and still is known in Ghana as "Sargrenti" (a corruption of "Sir Garnet"),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began his campaign into Ghana during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Ashanti_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Anglo-Ashanti War">Third Anglo-Ashanti War</a> in 1873, he intended to address his summons to war to Asante king <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Karikari" title="Kofi Karikari">Kofi Karikari</a> in English and Asante, only to find that, to their knowledge, "no proper written representation of the Fante or Asante dialect existed", delaying the dispatch of the summons for almost two weeks; all this even though an Akuapem New Testament had existed for three years and the entire Bible for two.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_and_dictionary">Grammar and dictionary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar and dictionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christaller's <i>A Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi</i> (1875) and <i>A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi</i> (1881), written with reference to Akuapem, remain the definitive academic grammar and dictionary of Twi, despite the dialects' orthography, vocabulary, and grammar having changed in the century since their publication.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny, n⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng, n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>labialized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nʷ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟ͡ʝ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gy⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕʰ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c͡çʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ky⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>labialized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕʷ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hy⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>labialized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hʷ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hw⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">+ATR</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>–ATR</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th><small>+ATR</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>–ATR</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th><small>+ATR</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>–ATR</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Front vowels additionally show a distinction in duration, where –ATR front vowels are shorter than their +ATR counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone">Tone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twi has at least five tones: </p> <ul><li>High tone: H</li> <li>Mid tone: M</li> <li>Low tone: L</li> <li>Rising tone: R</li> <li>Falling tone: F</li></ul> <p>However, when writing Twi using the Latin script, tone marks are not used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twi contains the diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ao/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɛ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ie/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oɔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ue/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uo/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1865 collection, <i>Wit and Wisdom from West Africa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> published over 250 Twi (Oji) proverbs and sayings with English translations, taken from Hans Nicolaus Riis's <i>Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji-language</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1854. (Riis, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Riis" title="Andreas Riis">Andreas Riis</a>, went to <a href="/wiki/Akropong" title="Akropong">Ghana</a> as a missionary in 1845.) Here are some of those sayings: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Wo te adur-a ebi ka w'ano.</i>" "If you lay poison (i.e. attempt to poison others), some will touch your mouth." (#2)</li> <li>"<i>Sika ben wo-a, ehoa.</i>" "When gold comes near to you it glistens (i.e. an alluring object placed before the eyes stimulates desire)." (#9)</li> <li>"<i>Ohi enni ni yonku.</i>" "A poor man has no friend." (#18)</li> <li>"<i>Oduacen se, nea 'ko ne yem no, enni nede, na nea vo n'afonnom no, enye nedea.</i>" "The monkey says that which has gone into his belly is his, but what is in his mouth is not his (i.e. any external possession is uncertain, however well secured)." (#27)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuapem_dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aka/">Akan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aka">"Akan"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Akan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Faka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacterFromkin1968" class="citation book cs1">Schacter, Paul; Fromkin, Victoria (1968). <i>A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante, Fante</i>. Los Angeles: UC Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phonology+of+Akan%3A+Akuapem%2C+Asante%2C+Fante&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=UC+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Fromkin%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristaller1875" class="citation book cs1">Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BmZf4bA-8UC"><i>A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to the Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects</i></a>. Basel evang. missionary society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Asante+and+Fante+Language+Called+Tshi+Chwee%2C+Twi+Based+on+the+Akuapem+Dialect+with+Reference+to+the+Other+%28Akan+and+Fante%29+Dialects&rft.pub=Basel+evang.+missionary+society&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Christaller&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BmZf4bA-8UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfosu-Appiah1998" class="citation web cs1">Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/christaller-j/">"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb"</a>. <i>Dictionary of African Christian Biography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+African+Christian+Biography&rft.atitle=Christaller%2C+Johannes+Gottlieb&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ofosu-Appiah&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdacb.org%2Fstories%2Fghana%2Fchristaller-j%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Michelle (1997). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No Condition Is Permanent': Ethnic Construction and the Use of History in Akuapem". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 501–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1161106">10.2307/1161106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720">0001-9720</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161106">1161106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144245685">144245685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=%27No+Condition+Is+Permanent%27%3A+Ethnic+Construction+and+the+Use+of+History+in+Akuapem&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-533&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144245685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1161106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1161106&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommitteeLanguages1995" class="citation book cs1">Committee, Akan Language; Languages, Ghana Bureau of Ghana (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3RkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Language guide (Akuapem-Twi version)</i></a>. Bureau of Ghana Languages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789964200145" title="Special:BookSources/9789964200145"><bdi>9789964200145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+guide+%28Akuapem-Twi+version%29.&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Ghana+Languages&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789964200145&rft.aulast=Committee&rft.aufirst=Akan+Language&rft.au=Languages%2C+Ghana+Bureau+of+Ghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3RkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristaller1881" class="citation book cs1">Christaller, Johann G. (1881). <i>A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi</i>. Basel. pp. XV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Asante+and+Fante+language+called+Tshi&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Basel&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Christaller&rft.aufirst=Johann+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReindorf1895" class="citation book cs1">Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895). <i>History of the Gold Coast and Asante 2nd edition</i>. Accra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Gold+Coast+and+Asante+2nd+edition&rft.place=Accra&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Reindorf&rft.aufirst=Carl+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebrunner1967" class="citation book cs1">Debrunner, H. W. (1967). <i>A History of Christianity in Ghana</i>. Accra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Ghana&rft.place=Accra&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Debrunner&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfosu-Appiah1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1997). <i>The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography</i>. Vol. 1: Ethiopia-Ghana. New York, NY: Reference Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Africana+Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Reference+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ofosu-Appiah&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocking2005" class="citation book cs1">Gocking, Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9io2oPOAXAC"><i>The History of Ghana</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313318948" title="Special:BookSources/9780313318948"><bdi>9780313318948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ghana&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780313318948&rft.aulast=Gocking&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9io2oPOAXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristaller1875" class="citation book cs1">Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammarasantea00chrigoog"><i>A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi Chwee, Twi Based on the Akuapem Dialect ...</i></a> Harvard University. Printed for the Basel evang. missionary society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Asante+and+Fante+Language+Called+Tshi+Chwee%2C+Twi+Based+on+the+Akuapem+Dialect+...&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Basel+evang.+missionary+society&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Christaller&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammarasantea00chrigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkhamNance2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkham, Sam; Nance, Claire (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447016300638">"An acoustic-articulatory study of bilingual vowel production: Advanced tongue root vowels in Twi and tense/lax vowels in Ghanaian English"</a>. <i>Journal of Phonetics</i>. <b>62</b>: 65–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2017.03.004">10.1016/j.wocn.2017.03.004</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.atitle=An+acoustic-articulatory+study+of+bilingual+vowel+production%3A+Advanced+tongue+root+vowels+in+Twi+and+tense%2Flax+vowels+in+Ghanaian+English&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=65-81&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wocn.2017.03.004&rft.aulast=Kirkham&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Nance%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0095447016300638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm">"Akan languages, alphabet and pronunciation"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Akan+languages%2C+alphabet+and+pronunciation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fakan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuapem+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Richard (1865). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witandwisdomfro01burtgoog/page/n98/mode/2up?view=theater">Wit and Wisdom from West Africa</a></i>. pp. 65-130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008674990"><i>Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji-language</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Template:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Languages of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Pidgin_English" title="Ghanaian Pidgin English">Ghanaian Pidgin English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-sponsored</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akuapem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwira-Pepesa language">Jwira-Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sehwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonjon_language" title="Tonjon language">Tonjon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language_(Ghana)" title="Mpur language (Ghana)">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kwa_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kwa_languages" title="Template:Kwa languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kwa_languages" title="Template talk:Kwa languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kwa_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kwa languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kwa_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potou%E2%80%93Tano_languages" title="Potou–Tano languages">Potou–Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_language" title="Ahanta language">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asante_dialect" title="Asante dialect">Asante</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akuapem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_dialect" title="Fante dialect">Fante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono language">Bono</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyin_language" title="Anyin language">Anyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_language" title="Baoulé language">Baoulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jwira%E2%80%93Pepesa_language" title="Jwira–Pepesa language">Jwira–Pepesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morofo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Morofo language">Morofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_language" title="Nzema language">Nzema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwi_language" title="Sehwi language">Sefwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guang_languages" title="Guang languages">Guang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherepon_language" title="Cherepon language">Cherepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburung_language" title="Chumburung language">Chumburung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwang_language" title="Dwang language">Dwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efutu language">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_language" title="Gua language">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyode_language" title="Kyode language">Kyode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larteh_language" title="Larteh language">Larteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginyanga_language" title="Ginyanga language">Ginyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_language" title="Gonja language">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kplang_language" title="Kplang language">Kplang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krache_language" title="Krache language">Krache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawuri_language" title="Nawuri language">Nawuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nchumbulu_language" title="Nchumbulu language">Nchumbulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkami_language" title="Nkami language">Nkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkonya_language" title="Nkonya language">Nkonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntrapo_language" title="Ntrapo language">Ntrapo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abure_language" title="Abure language">Abure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebri%C3%A9_language" title="Ebrié language">Ebrié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eotile_language" title="Eotile language">Eotile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krobu_language" title="Krobu language">Krobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbato_language" title="Mbato language">Mbato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_Mountain_languages" title="Ghana–Togo Mountain languages">Ghana–Togo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Na-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Basila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelemi_language" title="Lelemi language">Lelemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likpe_language" title="Likpe language">Likpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_language" title="Logba language">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santrokofi_language" title="Santrokofi language">Santrokofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwu_language" title="Siwu language">Siwu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ka-Togo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahlon_language" title="Ahlon language">Ahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Akebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animere_language" title="Animere language">Animere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_language" title="Avatime language">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowili_language" title="Bowili language">Bowili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_language" title="Kposo language">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangbo-Tafi_language" title="Nyangbo-Tafi language">Nyangbo-Tafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ga%E2%80%93Dangme_languages" title="Ga–Dangme languages">Ga–Dangme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangme_language" title="Dangme language">Dangme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lagoon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9_language" title="Abé language">Abé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abidji_language" title="Abidji language">Abidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjukru_language" title="Adjukru language">Adjukru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atti%C3%A9_language" title="Attié language">Attié</a></li> <li>Avikam–Alladian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alladian_language" title="Alladian language">Alladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avikam_language" title="Avikam language">Avikam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐qlwvg Cached time: 20241122145143 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.641 seconds Real time usage: 0.826 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4650/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 106079/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3739/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67581/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.406/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16180177/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 728.733 1 -total 31.56% 230.008 1 Template:Infobox_language 28.82% 209.991 1 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