CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "eecs.berkeley.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92ee687b4ea1ce4b',cH: 'F_dy4A5QXPvyWCrQpgrUDcWhoEHDu67wAAloNcfAItE-1744415656-1.2.1.1-2avNvcZqfQ4q1.afWgvv34xz4vzkozgttLKltOztRrJL.aykvEDtkgWl.RbF0rtw',cUPMDTk: "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_tk=Db048onLnhax_MSh6bbc5vUJx_IaXLw9QPBCIoaG2Vs-1744415656-1.0.1.1-8y_icdSkxH_HaQQ3OJLSEdoVzq9VJLitXaobzHbITlE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1744415656',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported_browser_beacon",fa: "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=Db048onLnhax_MSh6bbc5vUJx_IaXLw9QPBCIoaG2Vs-1744415656-1.0.1.1-8y_icdSkxH_HaQQ3OJLSEdoVzq9VJLitXaobzHbITlE",md: "_n9aNRuiOg2fufn5idE67kPLk0umpuaztShT5Tq.CjQ-1744415656-1.2.1.1-P4hDMuznVXmBigIE9HgS9_Gg0BW8S06M9lg4aWfLeYZM9nCU56oQDVX7FFYee1nloZO17Wjskf57Yu5Cp0edeAWPHT0EzjuiN2bCAZTxf2h.PvKCN_Pc4pPq55kyxYf0s3_OTdTam0V.1Q7S6TLWgR0V9uDm7rFiujNYHO9upFoIVW2T2JAoKn4HIkWuFMoxHS_zhmOaHt_G6ccjucLeCxOosj5OpOFCgmp6.IAArAl2iOSDs61iCK3_v3srEsyBpLRI65EnhXIeqfVk2N40_rQw2CsQSNJ3MhbYPT4SuKcrKHNI3TN7K.exgsQLiIyz6hNeEGRLcnvVTarKY1Urgi_fhH4AOLGECkCMjUzxLwlg.bR.rQ_fhjX4wuy5ZNksHxLl2Xv1JHPhAD_vR0b8pZehQYb0N0V.ODP.NAWzp.rRlqgcGf5fI7qaIApsnjakoopKQDQlYhLYUMWjcppCK0FOBrm3V5RegeBxJNcAlPVmpDLRxNOJeexMw9hBZHyqvNTIhPWdcsy.vQYQnUIWxdINHyNo6beWyZCjH8aryX5YWNlgaECUSbxpFuBBJwuriy4untpmHxXpPI2jX97CkZZXWZSXOMT0VyCvndlluTWLCRcOq.nTrW2_IE4Muh.aW7g9KqQItNuO8Z4qUEkB7kfBVAbODzBeQS0Z3T2GvpTrBI5tQ3nBwPDs9M1ilNMJnJJf7KOagRujZRRIH9ZV2p3A_P7rJjK4XaL9nw3SbzxCU32VDSJxERGnpPBbVvKaVtijN6kRPaq5kzibNOP0fk9AyTbYsNHzTaKTfo7X4oa236wDes.fFzHoa2U8ldNP0lr7_LsCBhqjBiB_RCYEP1RhjgCZDW0fjKYeyHYEYOXo0NxrqdmJpMV3XVcbZYX9iK9zyusGaOENesFcX5FbiFqh9tnegjY7hLzINHLNDn5yBZqqiHvW8NMU3kAgtQOqr6pkuLlVl2bmUhY73N0zXA3dAO7q18vq1IJVWUI2oGLQXypITucZvQIMb3Fi59MTyDlaC_XtjjvoMXqIAqnnJNbYg.m3ogUoyyLrI4q_iSVtasgYr5K3VkUiiMqXkQOR87WvIthaV9e5I64EL_c6O3zqGNDQXb23OevJ46MGUm4Qe7B7_EFozCD0G_HejGLRvzyDN26DA15O_YA1ggWdLnhnl59XHyS4a6oFOifRzWmtdK_d6QoF_fWDCp_V1ITGW1nNCOPwm_iQbqgkUyqxjJlhuhjuRANJB900Uk.Abs8",mdrd: "Kfh7tVCUoduVr8n8wpbEAETU4F9LuoiAvsC6CgMAEJU-1744415656-1.2.1.1-YdE7VLe2f4PDW2TBaKcKUyBFqxpsh8oFJlc0bovabtooj1KZoQjQC4V5wbKqt_jRssqGmPFK0to2PXxThLEtKQRkuKV4UFZcqEv.wtdVDQIaCKrVM9byMwHQmBnBn4TwXDWdrDXlVfYyZqkGxOW.CPkANQFDa.ML8hp9PT9BM_qmd8TVrNkfP3jXSV3apd9g1jn.A4KjYnsEO5GVvptxj37ei0Zds7QeWFBS7chdzEyt7DlIXTloB8UsQyLb1Y.Yk4TA4NBoDazswmHvG9NffG5y.DSOaZIycaz2m2d4WXGJPKvha_GUiOQvoNI6AzYfVBlKpk76V_xXqqS9emxiDhGrbai1PDgUK5EtAgdBqEZBnmn9XRUEGx53VBEPygCLX5iLgabM_xYH2qdzRSPvs5Hduz3g2TkE4L0DEqc85AyjSVJoLaZvxJG.7Jws4iGBq__oVVun58D2TmNv_38qH.OL.MGN71BQYMM.698kbrJ2kat0dlPzGlFry7TcYtfN5TgxJlcnfeq2Sc7pnhdDl3268232gZOM_Qk_Z.8pneHKNjm9PD.mpBHpaTNIruSunMNbpKq_BBpsV7jSj6RtFAKAdoD0RA9U8f.75RH_JuZzgp.RPAp8BcIelqL0K9dvt8OsETYPb2CweXKuM0VnMJbQuRX6s0bkOM8gLFFgGUjZUIWWBrpcXJCoAvtmSXhYgiFjo7IxYb9yXLKl13DfSH5UFny8JFMYgx2P89u8qXHMjXnO666yCzzLJid6dccIUgvmIuOZ5G1s67igsQmMTa5uuEVGdnm8FvEzUjOlcTXuDqHc_6AYUWE1b51p8dUw5m_UHlIJ6h8lZZLNsaUo7Hm7okotpPi6zIt.MQvadKlbAKL4QR_Pfn5.B448cWy8CdDLIQ8qlBaIMuKGzseLpQVRFUqIGlA0whx4GdPTqiOtogWZ.xPXMbHshW.p1bMTx8JtjguCZdAtbo44h5ubn1hKUQ8p_vVSWGA0FAO.fxxyQFcPhGNOsBSZHA7NzDUGuhB2RxKyKe6echgpjRMdQu8iq0jRs4.2ZSR.cDfZ0KNL.g3NcOiRpNT10.9KhI8426vOcHWfmu3mD5OoavKvYZryu8Mvaci_DFkzBfXi.IsfFdVMC0vwnnw6iiUdDkc79JrGWunLFMn1I79X5FtOMxEiF2lIMdS3e2RNtKbx6UmFybD7N6n3VBtZOYnPWvfdL4H48_QffLSP7mVfRcNCljRUazPItF1x2WCcukJjuQ2mQR6W_dFWvmpXbzBj8z7MjhvQdk.JWOAs9r8XAUeznowqS_IBqcWHfmOVdiCY0SyowCnrhyRmlgddXKvRq6msouktNgYtfRjSaINiNjHqu8tMwFjfqzwVqywbJgDiH1V9Xz31B96n1YDtSzx97FUAPAHvAsdiDptbaVB.4ahltoCPxrsHtD7ey13U247bqFW9zYZwqO_Bbrlxl5u_lgdWRWE8ATbH2XbNVEdUNMjyB8jpO9QsKINQd.EJE5TsseWavvxFueOAy2UeiDzi446Ya_nUMkVJbRTpUl._sIGytvNK_TBHnofJ81efvYTiBdpgM3Sm0FqPxk3tvRw3l4K3ud6GKJgpkTC_fxvVTSAVK.nUx8lvnsKXa2Gxu2xuveA8Ig.ElZvtPEPAE6F8nAuMPdutxbJYRkNsxtre.To0NKF_b6VogCeFpwscv6PEL9zXU.uM1jhpL0g9tc2eEDfgG0n7WvzpAJaV1f0s7TRcG9iJrHTO3CM2N7J.yaa1TN_iO2T_x2BRjpkxOY31bvhIWuhJxuZXA81LpsfDfdAg9iLZPsAH1d4uk.IyMge2fGDKHjdg6pTdROtJ.3VH2RmDFKgJS2JkUpFMWIVBvxsRV_T08Q3dlttDCzTRhW1gsLtKvv1iu81wmZdJhPxmyD86I0zPEkegkZwDRQ4eAwTENtMW6wH2_aB01BiQ7kBtXsK9FS_O5yb4Ot9IHi_2vYTVAdOlWAd4Y95XsQGBoGts3zR8bhB.hPo.iPwqyBCUPTC.DLaU5iO6z6b8qY8G8etGkCZH0oT4g5bzpHhggGPLFlDUVGGl_ITybZxp.NsMHRo"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92ee687b4ea1ce4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/resources\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Db048onLnhax_MSh6bbc5vUJx_IaXLw9QPBCIoaG2Vs-1744415656-1.0.1.1-8y_icdSkxH_HaQQ3OJLSEdoVzq9VJLitXaobzHbITlE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>