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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopost" title="Monopost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Monopost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelbil" title="Formelbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formelbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoposto" title="Monoposto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monoposto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil_monoplaza" title="Automóvil monoplaza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Automóvil monoplaza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eserleku_bakarreko_automobil" title="Eserleku bakarreko automobil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eserleku bakarreko automobil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="خودروی چرخ‌باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی چرخ‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopraza" title="Monopraza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monopraza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%ED%9C%A0_%EC%B9%B4" title="오픈 휠 카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 휠 카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_roda_terbuka" title="Mobil roda terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobil roda terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoposto" title="Monoposto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monoposto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atvir%C5%B3_rat%C5%B3_automobilis" title="Atvirų ratų automobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atvirų ratų automobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-post" title="Mono-post – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mono-post" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_roda_terbuka" title="Kereta roda terbuka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta roda terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="フォーミュラカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォーミュラカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelbil" title="Formelbil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formelbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelbil" title="Formelbil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Formelbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoposto" title="Monoposto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monoposto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Автомобиль с открытыми колёсами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автомобиль с открытыми колёсами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_wheel_car" title="Open wheel car – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open wheel car" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Болид (возило) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Болид (возило)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avorenkainen_auto" title="Avorenkainen auto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avorenkainen auto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelbil" title="Formelbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Formelbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Open-wheel car</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg/220px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg/330px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg/440px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._4_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">2023 <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_car" title="Formula One car">Formula One car</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLaren_MCL60" title="McLaren MCL60">McLaren MCL60</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Lando_Norris" title="Lando Norris">Lando Norris</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data">Vehicle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fuel source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Self-propelled</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wheels</th><td class="infobox-data">4–6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Aerofoils</th><td class="infobox-data">Optional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Axles</th><td class="infobox-data">2–4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Harroun" title="Ray Harroun">Ray Harroun</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>open-wheel car</b> is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">stock cars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">touring cars</a>, which have their wheels below the body or inside <a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">fenders</a>. Open-wheel cars are built both for <a href="/wiki/Road_racing" title="Road racing">road racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oval_track_racing" title="Oval track racing">oval track racing</a>. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (<a href="/wiki/Street-legal_vehicle" title="Street-legal vehicle">street legal</a>), such as the <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Atom" title="Ariel Atom">Ariel Atom</a>, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American racecar driver and constructor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Harroun" title="Ray Harroun">Ray Harroun</a> was an early pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater, open-wheel "monoposto" racecar.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After working as a mechanic in the automotive industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906, winning the <a href="/wiki/AAA_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AAA National Championship">AAA National Championship</a> in 1910. He was then hired by the <a href="/wiki/Marmon_Motor_Car_Company" title="Marmon Motor Car Company">Marmon Motor Car Company</a> as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the first <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a>, which he went on to win. He developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of the single-seater (i.e. monoposto) racecar design.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harroun has also been credited by some as pioneering the rear-view mirror which appeared on his <a href="/wiki/1911_Indianapolis_500" title="1911 Indianapolis 500">1911 Indianapolis 500</a> winning car, though he himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/220px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/330px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg/440px-1925_Ford_Model_T_touring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, one of the most popular road-legal cars of the early 20th century. Note how the wheels are well outside the main body of the car, as was typical for the era.</figcaption></figure><p> Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, street automobiles generally had wheels that protruded beyond the vehicle's main body, though they were typically covered with <a href="/wiki/Mudguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudguard">mudguards</a> to protect the car body and following traffic from water and mud spray. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unibody</a> vehicle construction, the desire to maximise interior space, to improve aerodynamics, and aircraft-inspired styling trends of the era, by the end of the 1950s the majority of new road-registerable vehicles had wheels that were under the main body of the car, and thus the open-wheel design became almost exclusively associated with racing vehicles. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg/220px-Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg/330px-Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg/440px-Mercedes-Benz_300SL_-_inkiboo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>A 1954 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">Mercedes-Benz 300 SL</a> which featured wheels under the main body of the vehicle, primarily for aerodynamic drag reduction</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> cars have almost exclusively used the open-wheel design throughout the history of the championship. The only notable exception was the "Monza body" variation of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W196" title="Mercedes-Benz W196">Mercedes-Benz W196</a> racer of 1954–55, which covered the wheels with bodywork for aerodynamic reasons. Modern Formula One regulations mandate the open-wheel configuration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit, sufficient only to enclose the driver's body, with the head exposed to the air. In the <a href="/wiki/Whelen_Modified_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whelen Modified Tour">Whelen Modified Tour</a> and other short track modified series, the driver's head is contained in the car. In modern cars, the engine is often located directly behind the driver and drives the rear wheels; except in <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphalt modified">asphalt modified</a> cars, such as the Whelen Modified Tour, where the engine is in front of the driver. Depending on the rules of the class, many types of open-wheelers have <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoiler (automotive)">wings</a> at the front and rear of the vehicle, as well as a very low and virtually flat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undertray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undertray (page does not exist)">undertray</a> that helps achieve additional aerodynamic <a href="/wiki/Downforce" title="Downforce">downforce</a> pushing the car onto the road. While many other categories of racing cars produce downforce, the top categories of open-wheel racing cars (particularly Formula One and <a href="/wiki/IndyCar" title="IndyCar">IndyCar</a>) produce far more downforce relative to their mass than any other racing category, allowing much higher corner speeds on comparable tracks. However, this is not always the case; some open-wheel categories raced primarily as development or amateur categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Formula_Ford" title="Formula Ford">Formula Ford</a> or <a href="/wiki/Formula_Vee" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a>, do not permit the use of wings or ground effect aerodynamics. </p><p>Some major races, such as the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix" title="Singapore Grand Prix">Singapore Grand Prix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Grand_Prix" title="Monaco Grand Prix">Monaco Grand Prix</a> (sanctioned by Formula One) and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Beach Grand Prix">Long Beach Grand Prix</a> (sanctioned by IndyCar), are held on temporary <a href="/wiki/Street_circuit" title="Street circuit">street circuits</a>. However, most open-wheel races are on dedicated <a href="/wiki/Road_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Road course">road courses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International" title="Watkins Glen International">Watkins Glen</a> in the US, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring" title="Nürburgring">Nürburgring</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Spa-Francorchamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Spa-Francorchamps">Spa-Francorchamps</a> in Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit" title="Silverstone Circuit">Silverstone</a> in Great Britain. In the United States, some top-level open-wheel events are held on ovals, of both short track and superspeedway variety, with emphasis more on speed and endurance than the maneuverability required for road and street course events. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened wheeled race car series endorsed by <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>. This series races on most of NASCAR's most famous tracks in the United States. Other asphalt modified series race on short tracks in the United States and Canada, such as <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County_International_Speedway" title="Wyoming County International Speedway">Wyoming County International Speedway</a> in New York. The best-attended oval race in the world is the annual Indianapolis 500 (Indy 500) in <a href="/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana" title="Speedway, Indiana">Speedway, Indiana</a>, sanctioned by IndyCar; in the United States it is quite common to refer to open-wheel cars as IndyCars, because of their recognizable appearance and widespread popularity across America at the Indy 500. Compared to covered-wheel race cars, open-wheeled cars allow more precise placement of the front wheels on the race course, as the tires are clearly visible to the driver. This allows the maximum potential of the cars to be achieved during cornering and passing. Furthermore, open-wheeled cars are less tolerant of vehicle-to-vehicle contact, which usually results in vehicle damage and retiring, whereas some level of contact is expected in covered-wheel racing, as for example in NASCAR. Open-wheeled drivers must be extremely precise to avoid contact. </p><p>Regulations tend to permit much lower open-wheel car weights than in categories that more closely resemble street-legal vehicles, such as <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">touring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">stock cars</a>. For instance, a Formula One car must weigh at least 798 kilograms (1,759 lb);<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the minimum weight for NASCAR is 1,500 kilograms (3,200 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Driving">Driving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world. Formula One cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). At <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodromo Nazionale Monza">Autodromo Nazionale Monza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Pizzonia" title="Antônio Pizzonia">Antônio Pizzonia</a> of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour (229.8 mph) (over 102 m/s) in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Italian_Grand_Prix" title="2004 Italian Grand Prix">2004 Italian Grand Prix</a>. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/V10_engine#Racing" title="V10 engine">V10</a> era in 2006, such high speeds have not been reached, with later vehicles reaching around 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to give precise figures for the absolute top speeds of Formula One cars as the data are not generally released by teams. The 'speed traps' on fast circuits such as Monza give a good indication, but are not necessarily located at the point on the track where the car is travelling at its fastest. <a href="/wiki/BAR_Honda" class="mw-redirect" title="BAR Honda">BAR Honda</a> team recorded an average top speed of 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph) in 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats" title="Bonneville Salt Flats">Bonneville Salt Flats</a>, with unofficial top speed reaching 413 kilometres per hour (257 mph) using their modified <a href="/wiki/BAR_007" title="BAR 007">BAR 007</a> Formula One car. Speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour (340–350 km/h), and at <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis</a> in excess of 230 miles per hour (370 km/h). In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Gil_de_Ferran" title="Gil de Ferran">Gil de Ferran</a> set the one-lap qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour (388.541 km/h) at <a href="/wiki/California_Speedway" class="mw-redirect" title="California Speedway">California Speedway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Toronto" title="Grand Prix of Toronto">Grand Prix of Toronto</a>, open-wheel <a href="/wiki/Indy_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indy Cars">Indy Cars</a> attain speeds of 190 miles per hour (310 km/h). </p><p>Regardless of top speeds, Formula One open-wheel race cars hold the outright lap record at the circuits where they race due to their combination of top speed, acceleration, and cornering abilities. For example, at the <a href="/wiki/Monza_Circuit" title="Monza Circuit">Monza Circuit</a> the fastest lap in the 2021 Grand Prix (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo" title="Daniel Ricciardo">Daniel Ricciardo</a> 1:24.812) is more than six seconds per lap faster than the fastest closed-wheel racing car, an <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP1</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a>, and more than 20 seconds per lap faster than the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Masters" title="Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters">DTM</a> touring car lap record. </p><p>Driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders. Virtually all Formula One and IndyCar drivers spend some time in various open-wheel categories before joining either top series. Open-wheel vehicles, due to their light weight, <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> capabilities, and powerful engines, are often considered the fastest racing vehicles available and among the most challenging to master. Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous, particularly when the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire: since the treads are moving in opposite directions (one upward, one downward) at the point of contact, both wheels rapidly decelerate, torquing the chassis of both cars and often causing one or both vehicles to be suddenly and powerfully flung upwards (the rear car tends to pitch forward, and the front car tends to pitch backward.) An example of this is the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Chicagoland_Speedway" title="Chicagoland Speedway">Chicagoland</a> crash of <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Briscoe" title="Ryan Briscoe">Ryan Briscoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Barron_(driver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Barron (driver)">Alex Barron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower weight of an open-wheel racecar enables better performance. While the exposure of the wheels to the airstream causes a very high aerodynamic <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> at high speeds, it allows improved cooling of the brakes, which is important on road courses with their frequent changes of pace.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caterham open wheeled sports car, derived from Lotus 7"><img alt="Caterham open wheeled sports car, derived from Lotus 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg/120px-Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg/180px-Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg/240px-Caterham_Roadsport_SV_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caterham open wheeled sports car, derived from Lotus 7</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd,_Man_Yiu_St_(20190310161031).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electric Formula E racing car (Spark SRT05e) racing for HWA Racelab"><img alt="Electric Formula E racing car (Spark SRT05e) racing for HWA Racelab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg/120px-5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg/180px-5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg/240px-5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electric <a href="/wiki/Formula_E" title="Formula E">Formula E</a> racing car (<a href="/wiki/Spark_SRT05e" title="Spark SRT05e">Spark SRT05e</a>) racing for <a href="/wiki/HWA_Racelab" class="mw-redirect" title="HWA Racelab">HWA Racelab</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2023 Red Bull Racing RB19, driven by Max Verstappen"><img alt="2023 Red Bull Racing RB19, driven by Max Verstappen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg/120px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg/180px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg/240px-FIA_F1_Austria_2023_Nr._1_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="2551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2023 <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing_RB19" title="Red Bull Racing RB19">Red Bull Racing RB19</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Max_Verstappen" title="Max Verstappen">Max Verstappen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PenskePC23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1994 Penske Indy Car"><img alt="1994 Penske Indy Car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PenskePC23.jpg/120px-PenskePC23.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PenskePC23.jpg/180px-PenskePC23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PenskePC23.jpg/240px-PenskePC23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1994 Penske Indy Car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_(5719768677).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariel Atom sports car from UK"><img alt="Ariel Atom sports car from UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg/120px-Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg/180px-Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg/240px-Dad%27s_Day_Out_2011_Top_Gear_Track_DSC_8120_%285719768677%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Atom" title="Ariel Atom">Ariel Atom</a> sports car from UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KTMX-Bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="KTM X-Bow, road legal open wheeled sportscar"><img alt="KTM X-Bow, road legal open wheeled sportscar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/KTMX-Bow.jpg/120px-KTMX-Bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/KTMX-Bow.jpg/180px-KTMX-Bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/KTMX-Bow.jpg/240px-KTMX-Bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/KTM_X-Bow" title="KTM X-Bow">KTM X-Bow</a>, road legal open wheeled sportscar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modified-45ShowCar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asphalt Modified Short Track Race Car"><img alt="Asphalt Modified Short Track Race Car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Modified-45ShowCar.jpg/120px-Modified-45ShowCar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Modified-45ShowCar.jpg/180px-Modified-45ShowCar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Modified-45ShowCar.jpg/240px-Modified-45ShowCar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asphalt Modified Short Track Race Car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:957bWoU.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sprint cars"><img alt="Sprint cars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/957bWoU.jpg/120px-957bWoU.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/957bWoU.jpg/180px-957bWoU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/957bWoU.jpg/240px-957bWoU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sprint_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint car">Sprint cars</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Barlotti go-kart: a low-end open-wheel car"><img alt="A Barlotti go-kart: a low-end open-wheel car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg/120px-2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg/180px-2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg/240px-2012-Reading-Museum-Barlotti-kart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Barlotti" title="Barlotti">Barlotti</a> <a href="/wiki/Kart" class="mw-redirect" title="Kart">go-kart</a>: a low-end open-wheel car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansell_cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nigel Mansell in a CART car at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1993"><img alt="Nigel Mansell in a CART car at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mansell_cart.jpg/120px-Mansell_cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mansell_cart.jpg/180px-Mansell_cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mansell_cart.jpg/240px-Mansell_cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Mansell" title="Nigel Mansell">Nigel Mansell</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams" title="Championship Auto Racing Teams">CART</a> car at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, 1993</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, several single seater series such as Formula One, <a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_2_Championship" title="FIA Formula 2 Championship">Formula 2</a> (with their new <a href="/wiki/Dallara_F2_2018" title="Dallara F2 2018">Dallara F2 2018</a> chassis), and Formula E (with their new Spark SRT05e chassis) introduced a protection system to the cockpit called the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(safety_device)" title="Halo (safety device)">"halo"</a>, a wishbone-shaped frame aimed to deflect debris away from a driver's head. Despite initial criticism, including for the reason of obstructing the driver's vision, it gained some praise in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Barcelona_FIA_Formula_2_round" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Barcelona FIA Formula 2 round">Formula 2 sprint race in Catalunya</a> when <a href="/wiki/Nirei_Fukuzumi" title="Nirei Fukuzumi">Nirei Fukuzumi</a> spun and had the back of his car land on fellow countryman <a href="/wiki/Tadasuke_Makino" title="Tadasuke Makino">Tadasuke Makino</a>'s halo. In the 2018 <a href="/wiki/2018_Belgian_Grand_Prix" title="2018 Belgian Grand Prix">Formula 1 Belgian Grand Prix</a>, <a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alonso" title="Fernando Alonso">Fernando Alonso</a> was sent airborne after being hit from behind by the <a href="/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One" title="Renault in Formula One">Renault</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nico_H%C3%BClkenberg" title="Nico Hülkenberg">Nico Hülkenberg</a> and struck the halo of <a href="/wiki/Sauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauber">Sauber</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(racing_driver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Leclerc (racing driver)">Charles Leclerc</a>, thereby saving the Monegasque driver from a visor strike.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2019_FIA_Formula_3_Championship" title="2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship">2019</a>, the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_3_Championship" title="FIA Formula 3 Championship">FIA Formula 3 Championship</a> introduced a halo to their new chassis which was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix" title="2018 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix">2018 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2020_IndyCar_Series" title="2020 IndyCar Series">2020</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> adopted a halo combined with an aeroscreen, built by Red Bull Advanced Technologies. </p><p>At the start of the 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="2020 Bahrain Grand Prix">Bahrain Grand Prix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romain_Grosjean" title="Romain Grosjean">Romain Grosjean</a> collided with <a href="/wiki/Daniil_Kvyat" title="Daniil Kvyat">Daniil Kvyat</a> in which his car broke in two and burst into flames as it split the barrier. The halo helped prevent Grosjean from possible decapitation while it allowed him to escape from the fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEric_Brandt2018" class="citation web cs1">Eric Brandt (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedrive.com/news/22088/ariel-atom-4-roadster-unveiled-packing-320-hp-honda-type-r-engine">"Ariel Atom 4 Roadster Unveiled Packing 320-HP Honda Type R Engine"</a>. The Drive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ariel+Atom+4+Roadster+Unveiled+Packing+320-HP+Honda+Type+R+Engine&rft.pub=The+Drive&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.au=Eric+Brandt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fnews%2F22088%2Fariel-atom-4-roadster-unveiled-packing-320-hp-honda-type-r-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-wheel+car" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFswatson" class="citation web cs1">swatson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/ray-harroun.html">"Harroun, Ray - Historic - 2000"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harroun%2C+Ray+-+Historic+-+2000&rft.au=swatson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mshf.com%2Fhall-of-fame%2Finductees%2Fray-harroun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-wheel+car" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/photo-gallery/ray-harroun-cockpit-lr1">"Ray Harroun Checks his Rear View Mirror"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ray+Harroun+Checks+his+Rear+View+Mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstsuperspeedway.com%2Fphoto-gallery%2Fray-harroun-cockpit-lr1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-wheel+car" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z15427/Marmon-Wasp.aspx">"1911 Marmon Wasp - Conceptcarz"</a>. <i>conceptcarz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed via WIBC (FM), 28 May 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2022" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Matt (2022-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speedcafe.com/2022/03/18/minimum-weight-increase-for-2022-f1-cars/">"Minimum weight increase for 2022 F1 cars"</a>. <i>Speedcafe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 28, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110003755/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2000/oct/28/de-ferran-wins-pole-sets-record">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=De+Ferran+wins+pole%2C+sets+record&rft.date=2000-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2000%2Foct%2F28%2Fde-ferran-wins-pole-sets-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-wheel+car" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2013" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Erin (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UalmDwAAQBAJ"><i>Smokin' Open-Wheel Race Cars</i></a>. 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href="/wiki/Formula_Libre" title="Formula Libre">Formula Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Mondial" title="Formula Mondial">Formula Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Pacific" title="Formula Pacific">Formula Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee" title="Formula Super Vee">Formula Super Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Formula" title="Australian National Formula">Australian National Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Masters" title="Grand Prix Masters">Grand Prix Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix motor racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Series" title="Tasman Series">Tasman Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-Design" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Design">One-make</a> <br />formulae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Car_Challenge" title="Formula Car Challenge">Formula Car Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_SCCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula SCCA">Formula Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indy_NXT" title="Indy NXT">Indy NXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRF_Challenge" title="MRF Challenge">MRF Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_Racer_Ford" title="Spec Racer Ford">SRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF_Pro_2000_Championship" title="USF Pro 2000 Championship">USF Pro 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF2000_Championship" title="USF2000 Championship">USF2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF_Juniors" title="USF Juniors">USF Juniors</a></li> <li>FIA Formula Championship <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_2_Championship" title="FIA Formula 2 Championship">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_3_Championship" title="FIA Formula 3 Championship">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Grand_Prix" title="A1 Grand Prix">A1GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAC_Formel_Masters" title="ADAC Formel Masters">ADAC Formel Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_GP" title="Auto GP">Auto GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Pro_Series" title="Barber Pro Series">Barber Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Formula_Grand_Prix" title="China Formula Grand Prix">CFGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Acceleration_1" title="Formula Acceleration 1">FA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Asia" title="Formula Asia">Formula Asia</a></li> <li>Formula <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Abarth" title="Formula Abarth">Abarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Alfa" title="Formula Alfa">Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_BMW" title="Formula BMW">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Chrysler_Euroseries" title="Formula Chrysler Euroseries">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_K%C3%B6nig" title="Formula König">König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB" title="Formula LGB">LGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB_Swift" title="Formula LGB Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB_Hyundai" title="Formula LGB Hyundai">Hyundai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Lightning" title="Formula Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Maruti" title="Formula Maruti">Maruti</a></li> <li>Masters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Masters_China" title="Formula Masters China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Masters_Russia" title="Formula Masters Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Mazda" title="Formula Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_Formula_V8_3.5" title="World Series Formula V8 3.5">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFDA_Nations_Cup" title="EFDA Nations Cup">Opel/Vauxhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Palmer_Audi" title="Formula Palmer Audi">Palmer Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_RUS" title="Formula RUS">RUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Rolon" title="Formula Rolon">Rolon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault" title="Formula Renault">Formula Renault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault_Eurocup" title="Formula Renault Eurocup">2.0L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Masters" title="Grand Prix Masters">Grand Prix Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP2_Series" title="GP2 Series">GP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP3_Series" title="GP3 Series">GP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Formula_Master" title="International Formula Master">International Formula Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Racing_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Racing Series">Toyota Racing Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5000_Australian_Drivers%27_Championship" title="S5000 Australian Drivers' Championship">S5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superleague_Formula" title="Superleague Formula">Superleague Formula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-Design" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Design">One-make</a> <br />spec racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Racing" title="Caterham Racing">Caterham Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Challenge" title="Ferrari Challenge">Ferrari Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_Cup" title="Fun Cup">Fun Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship" title="Ginetta Junior Championship">Ginetta Junior Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Super_Trofeo" title="Lamborghini Super Trofeo">Lamborghini Super Trofeo</a></li> <li>Lotus Cup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-5_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda MX-5 Cup">Mazda MX-5 Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Challenge_UK" title="Mini Challenge UK">Mini Challenge UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_Ford_Mustang_Challenge" title="IMSA Ford Mustang Challenge">Mustang Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup" title="Porsche Carrera Cup">Porsche Carrera Cup</a></li> <li>Radical Cup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup" title="Renault Clio Cup">Renault Clio Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_Tuscan_Challenge" title="TVR Tuscan Challenge">TVR Tuscan Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi_R8_LMS_Cup" title="Audi R8 LMS Cup">Audi R8 LMS Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_TT_Cup" title="Audi Sport TT Cup">Audi Sport TT Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Mini_Challenge" title="Australian Mini Challenge">Australian Mini Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_Asia_Cup" title="Aston Martin Asia Cup">Aston Martin Asia Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_M1_Procar_Championship" title="BMW M1 Procar Championship">BMW M1 Procar Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Cup" title="Commodore Cup">Commodore Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Cup" title="Dacia Cup">Dacia Cup</a></li> <li>Dodge Viper Challenge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_GT4_Supercup" title="Ginetta GT4 Supercup">Ginetta GT4 Supercup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_GT5_Challenge" title="Ginetta GT5 Challenge">Ginetta GT5 Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-Pace_eTrophy" title="Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy">Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocup_M%C3%A9gane_Trophy" title="Eurocup Mégane Trophy">Mégane Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_Trophy" title="Renault Sport Trophy">Renault Sport Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT_Leon_Supercopa" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAT Leon Supercopa">SEAT Leon Supercopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trofeo_Maserati" title="Trofeo Maserati">Trofeo Maserati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_TDI_Cup" title="Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup">Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco_R-Cup" title="Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup">Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Karting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KF1" title="KF1">KF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF2" class="mw-redirect" title="KF2">KF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF3" class="mw-redirect" title="KF3">KF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZ1_(karting)" class="mw-redirect" title="KZ1 (karting)">KZ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZ2" title="KZ2">KZ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkart" title="Superkart">Superkart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_go-kart" title="Electric go-kart">Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring <br />car racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship" title="British Touring Car Championship">BTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Touring_Car" title="Next Generation Touring Car">NGTC (TCN-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCR_Touring_Car" title="TCR Touring Car">TCR (TCN-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Car_Pro_Series" title="Stock Car Pro Series">Stock Car Pro Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Series" title="Stock Series">Stock Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Race_V6" title="Top Race V6">Top Race V6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Nacional" title="Turismo Nacional">Turismo Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Nacional_BR" title="Turismo Nacional BR">Turismo Nacional BR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC2000_Championship" title="TC2000 Championship">TC2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_J_Touring_Cars" title="Appendix J Touring Cars">Appendix J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTC_Touring" title="BTC Touring">BTC-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_(motorsport)" title="Group 1 (motorsport)">Group 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_2_(motorsport)" title="Group 2 (motorsport)">Group 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A" title="Group A">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C_(Australia)" title="Group C (Australia)">Group C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_E_Series_Production_Touring_Cars" title="Group E Series Production Touring Cars">Group E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_N" title="Group N">Group N</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_N_Touring_Cars" title="Group N Touring Cars">Aus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B#Group_S" title="Group B">Group S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_1_Touring_Cars" title="Class 1 Touring Cars">Class 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Touring" title="Super Touring">Class 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_2000" title="Super 2000">Super 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_2000" title="Diesel 2000">Diesel 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft" title="Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft">DTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_ETCR_%E2%80%93_eTouring_Car_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup">ETCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstars_Series" title="Superstars Series">Superstars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8Star_Series" title="V8Star Series">V8Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Championship" title="World Touring Car Championship">WTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Cup" title="World Touring Car Cup">WTCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock <br />car racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series" title="ARCA Menards Series">ARCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Legacy_Series" title="Allison Legacy Series">Allison Legacy Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Sport_Compact" title="IMCA Sport Compact">IMCA Sport Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_model" title="Late model">Late model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_car_racing" title="Legends car racing">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_racing" title="Modified racing">Modifieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series" title="NASCAR Xfinity Series">Xfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series" title="NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Canada_Series" title="NASCAR Canada Series">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Whelen_Euro_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NASCAR Whelen Euro Series">Whelen Euro Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Mexico_Series" title="NASCAR Mexico Series">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing#Super_Stock" title="Stock car racing">Super Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing#Street_Stock" title="Stock car racing">Street Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Carretera" title="Turismo Carretera">Turismo Carretera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCAR_Racing_Series" title="ASCAR Racing Series">ASCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Car_Auto_Racing" title="Australian Stock Car Auto Racing">AUSCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Race_of_Champions" title="International Race of Champions">IROC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstar_Racing_Experience" title="Superstar Racing Experience">SRX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oval_track_racing" title="Oval track racing">Oval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BriSCA_Formula_1_Stock_Cars" title="BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars">BriSCA F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriSCA_Formula_2_Stock_Cars" title="BriSCA Formula 2 Stock Cars">BriSCA F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_Hotstox" title="V8 Hotstox">V8 Hotstox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Rods_(oval_racing)" title="Hot Rods (oval racing)">Hot Rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstocks" title="Superstocks">Superstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstox" title="Superstox">Superstox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_car_racing" title="Sprint car racing">Sprint car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_car_racing" title="Midget car racing">Midget car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_midget_racing" title="Quarter midget racing">Quarter midget racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_Rally" title="Groups Rally">Groups Rally</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally1" title="Group Rally1">Group Rally1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally2" title="Group Rally2">Group Rally2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally3" title="Group Rally3">Group Rally3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally4" title="Group Rally4">Group Rally4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally5" title="Group Rally5">Group Rally5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_R-GT" title="Group R-GT">Group R-GT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_(motorsport)" title="Group 1 (motorsport)">Group 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_2_(motorsport)" title="Group 2 (motorsport)">Group 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A" title="Group A">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B" title="Group B">Group B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B#Group_S" title="Group B">Group S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_N" title="Group N">Group N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_R" title="Group R">Group R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R5_(rallying)" title="R5 (rallying)">R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_1600" title="Super 1600">Super 1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_2000" title="Super 2000">Super 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Car" title="World Rally Car">World Rally Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_prototype" title="Sports prototype">Sports <br />prototypes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMDh" title="LMDh">LMDh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Hypercar" title="Le Mans Hypercar">LMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype#LMP2" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype#LMP3" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubman_(racing_car_class)" title="Clubman (racing car class)">Clubmans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daytona_Prototype" title="Daytona Prototype">DP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daytona_Prototype_International" title="Daytona Prototype International">DPi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_(motorsport)" title="Group 3 (motorsport)">Group 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_(motorsport)" title="Group 6 (motorsport)">Group 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_(motorsport)" title="Group 7 (motorsport)">Group 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_Sports_Cars" title="Group A Sports Cars">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C" title="Group C">Group C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_CN" title="Group CN">Group CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Grand_Champion_Series" title="Fuji Grand Champion Series">GC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Grand_Champion_Series" title="Fuji Grand Champion Series">GC-21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_GTP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSA GTP">IMSA GTP</a> (1981–1993 era)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype_Challenge" title="Le Mans Prototype Challenge">LMPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_2000" title="Sports 2000">S2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand <br />touring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT3" title="Group GT3">GT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRO_GT2" title="SRO GT2">GT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRO_GT4" title="SRO GT4">GT4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_GT#GT500" title="Super GT">GT500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_GT#GT300" title="Super GT">GT300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Am_Series" title="Trans-Am Series">Trans-Am</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_(motorsport)" title="Group 3 (motorsport)">Group 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B" title="Group B">Group B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_D_Production_Sports_Cars" title="Group D Production Sports Cars">Group D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1" title="Group GT1">GT1 (1993–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1" title="Group GT1">GT1 (2000–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1#GTS_"GT1"_(1999–2009)" title="Group GT1">GT2 (1993–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LM_GTE" title="LM GTE">GT2 (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT3_(1998%E2%80%931999)" title="GT3 (1998–1999)">GT3 (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LM_GTE" title="LM GTE">LM GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_GT_Championship" title="IMSA GT Championship">IMSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_American_Grand_Touring" class="mw-redirect" title="All American Grand Touring">AAGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Over" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Over">GTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Supreme" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Supreme">GTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Under" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Under">GTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Experimental" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Experimental">GTX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_GT_Championship" title="Australian GT Championship">Appendix K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag <br />racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_Fuel" title="Top Fuel">Top Fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragster_(car)" title="Dragster (car)">Dragster</a> (TF/D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funny_Car" title="Funny Car">Funny Car</a> (TF/FC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Alcohol" title="Top Alcohol">Top Alcohol</a> <ul><li>Dragster (TA/D)</li> <li>Funny Car (TA/FC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Stock">Pro Stock</a> (PS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Modified" title="Pro Modified">Pro Modified</a> (Pro Mod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasser_(car)" title="Gasser (car)">Gas</a></li> <li>Super Stock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Comp" title="Super Comp">Super Comp/Quick Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Doorslammer" title="Top Doorslammer">Top Doorslammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_(drag_racing)" title="Altered (drag racing)">Altered</a></li> <li>Competition</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_Gas" title="Top Gas">Top Gas</a></li> <li>Modified</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_FWD" title="Pro FWD">Pro FWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Bug" title="Baja Bug">Baja Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune_buggy" title="Dune buggy">Dune buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocross" title="Autocross">Autocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_truck" title="Trophy truck">Trophy truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T1" title="Group T1">Group T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T2" title="Group T2">Group T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T3" title="Group T3">Group T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T4" title="Group T4">Group T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T5" title="Group T5">Group T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truggy" title="Truggy">Truggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_by_Side_(UTV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Side by Side (UTV)">Side by Side (UTV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&oldid=1245985168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-wheel_car&oldid=1245985168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_wheel_racing" title="Category:Open 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