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The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The SAT-3/WASC cable | Association for Progressive Communications

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block-views-blockcategory-meta-block-2" id="block-views-block-category-meta-block-2"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="meta-info view view-category-meta view-id-category_meta view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-906715948b8a547e996b7caa906eeaecfd0a23fd22aab0e190c5e305b990bef6"> <div class="view-content row gx-xl-2"> <div> <div class="field-content author">By Abiodun Jagun</div> Published by APC <div class="dates"><time datetime="2008-05-15T00:00:00+00:00" title="Thursday, May 15, 2008 - 00:00" class="datetime">15 May 2008</time> | Updated <time datetime="2024-02-09T19:02:09+00:00" title="Friday, February 9, 2024 - 19:02" class="datetime">9 February 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="row row-offcanvas row-offcanvas-left clearfix"> <main class="main-content col" id="content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <span id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></span> <div id="block-apc-barrio-content" class="block block-system 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class="side-listing view view-related-content view-id-related_content view-display-id-block_4 js-view-dom-id-19e22d0a07133998547675c0eb62545a85379a8365443614b6de6889342ff618"> <div class="view-content row gx-xl-2"> <div class="related-item views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-block max-width"><div class="field field--name-field-files-attached field--type-file field--label-inline downloads-wrapper"> <div class="field__label">Download</div> <div class='field__items downloads-box'> <div class="field__item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/APC_SAT3Cameroon_20080516_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="APC_SAT3Cameroon_20080516_1.pdf">Cameroon</a></span> </div> <div class="field__item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/APC_SAT3Ghana_20080516_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="APC_SAT3Ghana_20080516_1.pdf">Ghana</a></span> </div> <div class="field__item"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/APC_SAT3Senegal_20080516_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="APC_SAT3Senegal_20080516_1.pdf">Senegal</a></span> </div> <div class="field__item hideable hiddenoption"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/APC_SAT3Briefing_20080624_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="APC_SAT3Briefing_20080624_1.pdf">Briefing</a></span> </div> <div class="field__item hideable hiddenoption"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/IP_fr_Jul_08_SAT3_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="IP_fr_Jul_08_SAT3_1.pdf">Français (Synthèse)</a></span> </div> <div class="field__item hideable hiddenoption"> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/IP_pt_Sept_08_SAT3_0_1.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="IP_pt_Sept_08_SAT3_0_1.pdf">Portugues (Proposta)</a></span> </div> <a class="expand-more-link" id="extrafileslink" href="#" role="button" aria-pressed="false"> More <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather feather-chevron-down"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 18 9"></polyline></svg> </a> </div> </div></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span class="inline inline-left"><img src="https://www.apc.org/en/system/files/images/africa_cables_2006.feature.jpg" alt="Submarine cables serving Africa in 2007 (APC)" title="Submarine cables serving Africa in 2007 (APC)" class="image image-feature " width="278" height="300" /><span class="caption" style="width: 276px;"><strong>Submarine cables serving Africa in 2007 (<span class="caps">APC</span>)</strong></span></span>This study examining the impact the <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3 fibre optic submarine cable has had on telecommunications in four African countries has found that the potential of the cable has not been properly exploited. Instead, ownership of the cable by telecoms incumbents in the countries researched has reinforced their market positions. </p> <p>The study analyses the effect ownership of the South Atlantic 3/West Africa Submarine Cable (<span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC) has had on the communications markets in Angola, Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal. It focuses on the ‘Africa section’ of the submarine cable –running along the west coast of Africa down to southern Africa– with a specific emphasis on access and cost. </p> <p>It recommends fresh measures to liberalise the telecommunications markets in the four countries, with the specific aim of opening up access to <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3 to more operators, so that its real potential can be realised in Africa. </p> <p>The study consists of a briefing and four country case studies:</p> <ul> <li><em>The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC cable</em> – <a href="/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Briefing_20080515.pdf">a briefing</a> by Abiodun Jagun</li> </ul> <ul> <li><em>The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC cable</em> – <a href="/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Angola_20080523.pdf">Angola case study</a> by Russell Southwood</li> </ul> <ul> <li><em>The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC cable</em> – <a href="/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Senegal_20080516.pdf">Senegal case study</a> by Ben Akoh</li> </ul> <ul> <li><em>The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC cable</em> – <a href="/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Cameroon_20080516.pdf">Cameroon case study</a> by Peter Lange</li> </ul> <ul> <li><em>The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The <span class="caps">SAT</span>-3/WASC cable</em> – <a href="/en/system/files/APC_SAT3Ghana_20080516.pdf">Ghana case study</a> by Eric Osiakwan<div class="image-clear"></div></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="node-flexible-wrapper" class="clearfix bottom-padding-large"> </div> <div class="d-block d-xl-none container-xl"><div class="related-wrapper mb-6"> <a class="btn btn-primary" data-bs-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseRelated" role="button" 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