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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_set_in_outer_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Films set in outer space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_set_in_outer_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representative_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representative_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Representative works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representative_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Representative works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Representative_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Short fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека научна фантастика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мека научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soft science fiction" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Science-Fiction" title="Soft Science-Fiction – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soft Science-Fiction" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ήπια επιστημονική φαντασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήπια επιστημονική φαντασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n_blanda" title="Ciencia ficción blanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia ficción blanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85" title="علمی-تخیلی نرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علمی-تخیلی نرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_science-fiction" title="Soft science-fiction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soft science-fiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAfte_science_fiction" title="Sêfte science fiction – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sêfte science fiction" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_SF" title="소프트 SF – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트 SF" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantascienza_soft" title="Fantascienza soft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fantascienza soft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="מדע בדיוני רך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע בדיוני רך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Soft science fiction" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мека научна фантастика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мека научна фантастика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachte_sciencefiction" title="Zachte sciencefiction – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zachte sciencefiction" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88SF" title="ソフトSF – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトSF" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica_soft" title="Ficção científica soft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ficção científica soft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic_moale" title="Științifico-fantastic moale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științifico-fantastic moale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мягкая научная фантастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мягкая научная фантастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehme%C3%A4_tieteiskirjallisuus" title="Pehmeä tieteiskirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pehmeä tieteiskirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjuk_science_fiction" title="Mjuk science fiction – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjuk science fiction" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafif_bilimkurgu" title="Hafif bilimkurgu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hafif bilimkurgu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="М'яка наукова фантастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М'яка наукова фантастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="軟科幻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟科幻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="軟科幻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="軟科幻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Ursula K. Le Guin standing and reading aloud in a bookshop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG/220px-Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG/330px-Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG/440px-Ursula_K_Le_Guin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, one of the significant writers of soft science fiction</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Soft science fiction</b>, or <b>soft SF</b>, is a category of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> with two different definitions, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It explores the <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">"soft" sciences</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>), as opposed to the "hard" sciences (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sfe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also refer to science fiction which prioritizes human emotions over scientific accuracy or plausibility.<sup id="cite_ref-sfe_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soft science fiction of either type is often more concerned with depicting speculative societies and relationships between characters, rather than realistic portrayals of speculative science or engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term first appeared in the late 1970s and is attributed to Australian literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Nicholls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Peter Nicholls sitting during a panel discussion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Nicholls.jpg/220px-Peter_Nicholls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Nicholls.jpg/330px-Peter_Nicholls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Nicholls.jpg/440px-Peter_Nicholls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="3588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>, the first person attested to have used the term soft science fiction</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a> writes that "soft SF" is a "not very precise item of SF terminology" and that the contrast between hard and soft is "sometimes illogical."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the boundaries between "hard" and "soft" are neither definite nor universally agreed-upon, so there is no single standard of scientific "hardness" or "softness." Some readers might consider any deviation from the possible or probable (for example, including faster-than-light travel or paranormal powers) to be a mark of "softness." Others might see an emphasis on character or the social implications of technological change (however possible or probable) as a departure from the science-engineering-technology issues that in their view ought to be the focus of hard SF. Given this lack of objective and well-defined standards, "soft science fiction" does not indicate a genre or subgenre of SF but a tendency or quality—one pole of an axis that has "hard science fiction" at the other pole. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Words" title="Brave New Words">Brave New Words</a></i>, subtitled <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</i>, soft science fiction is given two definitions. The first definition is fiction that is primarily focused on advancements in, or extrapolations of, the <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">soft sciences</a>; that is <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. The second definition is science fiction in which science is not important to the story.<sup id="cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraveNewWords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term soft science fiction was formed as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/complementary" class="extiw" title="wikt:complementary">complement</a> of the earlier term <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>. </p><p>The earliest known citation for the term is in "1975: The Year in Science Fiction" by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Peter Nicholls</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_Stories_11" title="Nebula Award Stories 11">Nebula Award Stories 11</a></i> (1976). He wrote "The same list reveals that an already established shift from hard sf (chemistry, physics, astronomy, technology) to soft sf (psychology, biology, anthropology, sociology, and even [...] linguistics) is continuing more strongly than ever."<sup id="cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraveNewWords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of H. G. Wells standing and wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg/220px-Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg/330px-Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg/440px-Herbert_George_Wells_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, an early example of a soft science fiction writer</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>, in <i>Ideas for SF Writers</i> (Sep 1998), described <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> as the model for soft science fiction: "He concentrated on the characters, their emotions and interactions" rather than any of the science or technology behind, for example, invisible men or time machines.<sup id="cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraveNewWords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SFCitations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFCitations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeffrey Wallmann suggests that soft science fiction grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic fiction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carol McGuirk, in <i>Fiction 2000</i> (1992), states that the "soft school" of science fiction dominated the genre in the 1950s, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and an influx of new readers into the science fiction genre.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early members of the soft science fiction genre were <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>, who were the first to make a "radical" break from the hard science fiction tradition and "take extrapolation explicitly inward", emphasising the characters and their characterisation.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In calling out specific examples from this period, McGuirk describes <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>'s 1969 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i> as "a soft SF classic".<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a> movement in science fiction developed out of soft science fiction in the 1960s and 70s.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conte_cruel" title="Conte cruel">conte cruel</a> was the standard narrative form of soft science fiction by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> developed from soft science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McGuirk identifies two subgenres of soft science fiction: "Humanist science fiction" (in which human beings, rather than technology, are the cause of advancement or from which change can be extrapolated in the setting; often involving speculation on the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>) and "Science fiction noir" (focusing on the negative aspects of human nature; often in a dystopian setting).<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Audrey Niffenegger standing behind a lectern, delivering the inaugural PEN/H.G. Wells lecture at Loncon, Worldcon 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg/220px-Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg/330px-Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg/440px-Audrey_Niffenegger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="4568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Niffenegger" title="Audrey Niffenegger">Audrey Niffenegger</a>, author of the soft science fiction work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Traveler%27s_Wife" title="The Time Traveler's Wife">The Time Traveler's Wife</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>George Orwell's <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> might be described as soft science fiction, since it is concerned primarily with how society and interpersonal relationships are altered by a political force that uses technology mercilessly; even though it is the source of many ideas and <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> commonly explored in subsequent science fiction, (even in <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. And yet, its style is uncompromisingly realistic, and despite its then-future setting, very much more like a <a href="/wiki/Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">spy novel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">political thriller</a> in terms of its themes and treatment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek's</a> 1920 play <i><a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a></i>, which supplied the term <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> (nearly replacing earlier terms such as automaton) and features a trope-defining climax in which artificial workers unite to overthrow human society, covers such issues as <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">post-scarcity economy</a>, robot rebellion, and post-apocalyptic culture. The play, subtitled "A Fantastic Melodrama", offers only a general description of the process for creating living workers out of artificial tissue, and thus can be compared to social comedy or literary <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>. </p><p>George S. Elrick, in <i>Science Fiction Handbook for Readers and Writers</i> (1978), cited <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>' 1959 short story collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canopy_of_Time" title="The Canopy of Time">The Canopy of Time</a></i> (using the US title <i>Galaxies Like Grains of Sand</i>) as an example of soft science fiction based on the soft sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-SFCitations_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFCitations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)"><i>Dune</i> series</a> is a landmark of soft science fiction. In it, he deliberately spent little time on the details of its futuristic technology so he could devote it chiefly to addressing the politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a> (also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis), the theory that language influences thought and perception, is a subject explored in some soft science fiction works such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_Pao" title="The Languages of Pao">The Languages of Pao</a></i> (1958) and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i> (1966). In these works artificial languages are used to control and change people and whole societies. Science fictional linguistics are also the subject of varied works from <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a></i> (1974), to the <i>Star Trek: The Next Generation</i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Darmok" title="Darmok">Darmok</a>" (1991), to <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i> (1992), C.J. Cherryh's <i><a href="/wiki/Foreigner_series" title="Foreigner series">Foreigner</a></i> books (1994– ), to the film <a href="/wiki/Arrival_(film)" title="Arrival (film)"><i>Arrival</i></a> (2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_set_in_outer_space">Films set in outer space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Films set in outer space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soft science fiction filmmakers tend to extend to <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> certain physics that are associated with life on Earth's surface, primarily to make scenes more spectacular or recognizable to the audience. Examples of these artistic liberties are: </p> <ul><li>Presence of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> without use of an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_gravity" title="Artificial gravity">artificial gravity</a> system.</li> <li>Radio communication without any speed-of-light time lag.</li> <li>A spaceship's engines or an explosion generating <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> despite the vacuum of space.<sup id="cite_ref-entertainment.howstuffworks.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spaceships changing directions without any visible <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrusting</a> activity.</li> <li>Spaceship occupants enduring without any visible effort the enormous <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-forces</a> generated from a spaceship's extreme maneuvering (e.g. in a <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfight</a> situation) or <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Launch" title="Spaceflight">launch</a>.</li> <li>Astronauts instantly freezing to death or getting a <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> when exposed to outer space</li> <li>Spacecraft which suffer engine failures "falling" or coming to a stop, instead of continuing along their current trajectory or orbit as per <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard science fiction</a> films try to avoid such <a href="/wiki/Artistic_license" title="Artistic license">artistic license</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representative_works">Representative works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Representative works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arranged chronologically by publication year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_fiction">Short fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Short fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> (1895) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man" title="The Invisible Man">The Invisible Man</a></i> (1897)<sup id="cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraveNewWords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_J._Breuer" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles J. Breuer">Miles J. Breuer</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Avon_Fantasy_Reader/Issue_10/The_Gostak_and_the_Doshes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Avon Fantasy Reader/Issue 10/The Gostak and the Doshes">The Gostak and the Doshes</a>" (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a></i> (1950, short story collection)<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmLit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lamb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Surface_Tension_(short_story)" title="Surface Tension (short story)">Surface Tension</a>" (1952)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Exploration_Team" title="Exploration Team">Exploration Team</a>" (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canopy_of_Time" title="The Canopy of Time">The Canopy of Time</a></i> (1959, short story collection)<sup id="cite_ref-SFCitations_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFCitations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Flowers for Algernon">Flowers for Algernon</a>" (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-lamb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakyo_Komatsu" title="Sakyo Komatsu">Sakyo Komatsu</a>, "Shigatsu Juyokkakan" (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dune_Fremen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dune_Fremen.png/220px-Dune_Fremen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dune_Fremen.png/330px-Dune_Fremen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dune_Fremen.png/440px-Dune_Fremen.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fremen" title="Fremen">Fremen</a>, a fictional group of people from the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dune (book)">Dune</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demolished_Man" title="The Demolished Man">The Demolished Man</a></i> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a></i> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmLit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_Human" title="More Than Human">More Than Human</a></i> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_Pao" title="The Languages of Pao">The Languages of Pao</a></i> (1958)<sup id="cite_ref-irosf_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irosf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_of_Joint" title="Time Out of Joint">Time Out of Joint</a></i> (1959) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ubik" title="Ubik">Ubik</a></i> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-AmLit_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Miller,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Walter M. Miller, Jr.">Walter M. Miller, Jr.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Canticle_for_Leibowitz" title="A Canticle for Leibowitz">A Canticle for Leibowitz</a></i> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a></i> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-AmLit_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulle" title="Pierre Boulle">Pierre Boulle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkey Planet">Monkey Planet</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a></i> (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-irosf_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irosf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i> (1969) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a></i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmLit_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Inside" title="Dying Inside">Dying Inside</a></i> (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Plus" title="Man Plus">Man Plus</a></i> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Drift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Drift (page does not exist)">In the Drift</a></i> (1984)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>, <i>The Wild Shore</i> (1984), (Book 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Californias_Trilogy" title="Three Californias Trilogy">Three Californias Trilogy</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Constantine" title="Storm Constantine">Storm Constantine</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wraeththu_Chronicles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wraeththu Chronicles (page does not exist)">The Wraeththu Chronicles</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Postman" title="The Postman">The Postman</a></i> (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-McGuirk_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Niffenegger" title="Audrey Niffenegger">Audrey Niffenegger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Traveler%27s_Wife" title="The Time Traveler's Wife">The Time Traveler's Wife</a></i> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-lamb_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Winters" title="Ben H. Winters">Ben H. Winters</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Policeman" title="The Last Policeman">The Last Policeman</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sense of a basis in the <a href="/wiki/Soft_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft sciences">soft sciences</a>: </p> <ul><li>Episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> (1987–1994) like the fifth season's "<a href="/wiki/Darmok" title="Darmok">Darmok</a>" (S5E02; September 30, 1991) are based on soft science concepts; in this case, linguistics.</li></ul> <p>Some prime examples of soft science fiction on film and television include: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate" title="Stargate">Stargate</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Farscape" title="Farscape">Farscape</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes" title="Planet of the Apes">Planet of the Apes</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers" title="Transformers">Transformers</a></i> franchise</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)" title="Terminator (franchise)">Terminator</a></i> franchise</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune" title="Frank Herbert's Dune">Frank Herbert's Dune</a></i> and its direct sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Children_of_Dune" title="Frank Herbert's Children of Dune">Frank Herbert's Children of Dune</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(franchise)" title="Firefly (franchise)">Firefly</a></i> franchise</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft magic systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The short story "Surface Tension" has also been described as an exemplar of hard science fiction. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartwellCramer1994" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, David G.; Cramer, Kathryn, eds. (1994). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Wonder:_The_Evolution_of_Hard_SF" title="The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF">The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF</a></i>. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312855093" title="Special:BookSources/9780312855093"><bdi>9780312855093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Wonder%3A+The+Evolution+of+Hard+SF&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780312855093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sfe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfe_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/soft_sf">"Soft SF"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>. 2011-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soft+SF&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fsoft_sf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528857/science-fiction/235713/The-evolution-of-science-fiction">"science fiction (literature and performance) - Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=science+fiction+%28literature+and+performance%29+-+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F528857%2Fscience-fiction%2F235713%2FThe-evolution-of-science-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Soft SF," <i>Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>, ed. John Clute and Peter Nicholls, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13486-X">0-312-13486-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BraveNewWords-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraveNewWords_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrucher2007" class="citation book cs1">Prucher, Jeff, ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bravenewwordsoxf00pruc/page/191"><i>Brave New Words</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bravenewwordsoxf00pruc/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305678" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305678"><bdi>9780195305678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+Words&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195305678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbravenewwordsoxf00pruc%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFCitations-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFCitations_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFCitations_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFCitations_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrucherFarmer2008" class="citation web cs1">Prucher, Jeff; Farmer, Malcolm (6 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1672">"Soft science fiction (n)"</a>. <i>SF Citations for OED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Citations+for+OED&rft.atitle=Soft+science+fiction+%28n%29&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft.aulast=Prucher&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Farmer%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jessesword.com%2Fsf%2Fview%2F1672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> See also the alternative <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1843">Soft science fiction (n)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003551/http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/1843">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the second definition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Wallmann, Jeffrey M. (1997). Wolf, Milton T. (ed.). <i>Evolutionary Machinery: Foreshadowings of Science Fiction in Bernard Shaw's Dramas</i>. Penn State Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271016818" title="Special:BookSources/9780271016818"><bdi>9780271016818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Machinery%3A+Foreshadowings+of+Science+Fiction+in+Bernard+Shaw%27s+Dramas&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780271016818&rft.aulast=Wallmann&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuirk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGuirk_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuirk1992" class="citation book cs1">McGuirk, Carol (1992). "The 'New' Romancers". In Slusser, George Edgar; Shippey, T. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109"><i>Fiction 2000</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiction2000cyber0000unse/page/109">109–125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820314495" title="Special:BookSources/9780820314495"><bdi>9780820314495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27New%27+Romancers&rft.btitle=Fiction+2000&rft.pages=109-125&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780820314495&rft.aulast=McGuirk&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiction2000cyber0000unse%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroti2011" class="citation book cs1">Caroti, Simone (2011). <i>The Generation Starship in Science Fiction</i>. McFarland. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786485765" title="Special:BookSources/9780786485765"><bdi>9780786485765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generation+Starship+in+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780786485765&rft.aulast=Caroti&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stableford2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stableford2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_M._Stableford2004" class="citation book cs1">Brian M. Stableford (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzmIPZg5xicC&pg=PA73"><i>Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 73–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4938-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-4938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Literature&rft.pages=73-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4938-9&rft.au=Brian+M.+Stableford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzmIPZg5xicC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-entertainment.howstuffworks.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/sci-fi.htm">"How Sci-fi Doesn't Work"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. July 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+Sci-fi+Doesn%27t+Work&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.howstuffworks.com%2Fsci-fi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stableford-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefactscien0000stab/page/227"><i>Science Fact and Science Fiction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefactscien0000stab/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415974608" title="Special:BookSources/9780415974608"><bdi>9780415974608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415974608&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefactscien0000stab%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvall2012" class="citation book cs1">Duvall, John N., ed. (2012). <i>The Cambridge Companion to American Fiction After 1945</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521196314" title="Special:BookSources/9780521196314"><bdi>9780521196314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+American+Fiction+After+1945&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521196314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmLit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmLit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmLit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmLit_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmLit_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmLit_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertensD'haen2013" class="citation book cs1">Bertens, Hans; D'haen, Theo (2013). <i>American Literature: A History</i>. Routledge. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135104580" title="Special:BookSources/9781135104580"><bdi>9781135104580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Literature%3A+A+History&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135104580&rft.aulast=Bertens&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=D%27haen%2C+Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2008" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Nancy (2008). <i>The Art And Craft Of Storytelling</i>. Writer's Digest Books. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582975597" title="Special:BookSources/9781582975597"><bdi>9781582975597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+And+Craft+Of+Storytelling&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781582975597&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2014" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Hal (2014). <i>Rhapsody: Notes on Strange Fictions</i>. Lethe Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590212615" title="Special:BookSources/9781590212615"><bdi>9781590212615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhapsody%3A+Notes+on+Strange+Fictions&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Lethe+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781590212615&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2003" class="citation book cs1">Matthew, Robert (2003). <i>Japanese Science Fiction</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134983605" title="Special:BookSources/9781134983605"><bdi>9781134983605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134983605&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irosf-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irosf_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irosf_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBee2008" class="citation web cs1">Bee, Robert (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irosf.com/q/zine/article/10429">"Linguistics, Cultural Engineering, and World Building in Languages of Pao and Babel-17"</a>. <i>Internet Review of Science Fiction</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Review+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Linguistics%2C+Cultural+Engineering%2C+and+World+Building+in+Languages+of+Pao+and+Babel-17&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Bee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irosf.com%2Fq%2Fzine%2Farticle%2F10429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2014" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Peter Melville, ed. (2014). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Novel</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118779064" title="Special:BookSources/9781118779064"><bdi>9781118779064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Novel&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118779064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625143538/http://bestsciencefictionbooks.com/authors/frank-herbert.html">"Frank Herbert Biography Author Page | BestScienceFictionBooks.com"</a>. <i>bestsciencefictionbooks.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsciencefictionbooks.com/authors/frank-herbert.html">the original</a> on 2014-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bestsciencefictionbooks.com&rft.atitle=Frank+Herbert+Biography+Author+Page+%7C+BestScienceFictionBooks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsciencefictionbooks.com%2Fauthors%2Ffrank-herbert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_science_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/list/ls070878685/">"Soft-core Science Fiction Movies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soft-core+Science+Fiction+Movies&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Flist%2Fls070878685%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoft+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" 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