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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915–1919:_Rutgers_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915–1919:_Rutgers_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1915–1919: Rutgers College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915–1919:_Rutgers_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919–1923:_Columbia_Law_School_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919–1923:_Columbia_Law_School_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1919–1923: Columbia Law School and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919–1923:_Columbia_Law_School_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_success_and_ideological_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_success_and_ideological_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Theatrical success and ideological transformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatrical_success_and_ideological_transformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theatrical success and ideological transformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_success_and_ideological_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1923–1927:_Harlem_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1923–1927:_Harlem_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1923–1927: Harlem Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1923–1927:_Harlem_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1928–1932:_Show_Boat,_Othello,_and_marriage_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928–1932:_Show_Boat,_Othello,_and_marriage_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1928–1932: Show Boat, Othello, and marriage difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928–1932:_Show_Boat,_Othello,_and_marriage_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933–1937:_Ideological_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933–1937:_Ideological_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1933–1937: Ideological awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933–1937:_Ideological_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1937–1939:_Spanish_Civil_War_and_political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937–1939:_Spanish_Civil_War_and_political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1937–1939: Spanish Civil War and political activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937–1939:_Spanish_Civil_War_and_political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II,_the_Broadway_Othello,_political_activism,_and_McCarthyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II,_the_Broadway_Othello,_political_activism,_and_McCarthyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II,_the_Broadway_Othello,_political_activism,_and_McCarthyism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II,_the_Broadway_Othello,_political_activism,_and_McCarthyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1939–1945:_World_War_II,_and_the_Broadway_Othello" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939–1945:_World_War_II,_and_the_Broadway_Othello"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1939–1945: World War II, and the Broadway Othello </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939–1945:_World_War_II,_and_the_Broadway_Othello-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–1949:_Attorney_General's_List_of_Subversive_Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–1949:_Attorney_General's_List_of_Subversive_Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1946–1949: Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–1949:_Attorney_General's_List_of_Subversive_Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950–1955:_Blacklisted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950–1955:_Blacklisted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1950–1955: Blacklisted </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950–1955:_Blacklisted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956–1957:_End_of_McCarthyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956–1957:_End_of_McCarthyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1956–1957: End of McCarthyism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956–1957:_End_of_McCarthyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Here_I_Stand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Here_I_Stand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Here I Stand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Here_I_Stand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1958–1960:_Comeback_tours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1958–1960:_Comeback_tours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 1958–1960: Comeback tours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1958–1960:_Comeback_tours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Australia and New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961–1963:_Health_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961–1963:_Health_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1961–1963: Health breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961–1963:_Health_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moscow_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Moscow breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeated_deterioration_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeated_deterioration_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Repeated deterioration in London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeated_deterioration_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_in_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_in_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Treatment in East Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_in_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963–1976:_Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963–1976:_Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 1963–1976: Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963–1976:_Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invitations_to_become_involved_in_the_civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invitations_to_become_involved_in_the_civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Invitations to become involved in the civil rights movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invitations_to_become_involved_in_the_civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976:_Death,_funeral,_and_public_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976:_Death,_funeral,_and_public_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 1976: Death, funeral, and public response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976:_Death,_funeral,_and_public_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Discography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_biographies_and_documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_biographies_and_documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Film biographies and documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_biographies_and_documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associated_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Associated institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Robeson_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Robeson_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Paul Robeson archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Robeson_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paul Robeson</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بول روبسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول روبسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="পল ৰ'বচন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পল ৰ'বচন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پل روبسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل روبسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Пол Робсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Робсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پل روبسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل روبسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A8" title="폴 로브슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 로브슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պոլ Ռոբսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլ Ռոբսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פול רובסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול רובסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="പോൾ റോബ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ റോബ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بول روبسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول روبسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3" title="ポール・ロブスン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ロブスン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਲ ਰਾਬਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲ ਰਾਬਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Робсон, Поль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робсон, Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="พอล โรบสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอล โรบสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Поль Робсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Робсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Robeson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Robeson" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American singer, actor, political activist, and athlete (1898–1976)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the singer and activist. For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Jr." title="Paul Robeson Jr.">Paul Robeson Jr.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Robeson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/220px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/330px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/440px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9300" data-file-height="11591" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Robeson in 1942</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Leroy Robeson</div> (1898-04-09)April 9, 1898 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 23, 1976(1976-01-23) (aged 77) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenburgh,_New_York" title="Greenburgh, New York">Greenburgh, New York</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" title="Rutgers University–New Brunswick">Rutgers University, New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">SOAS University of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singer</li><li>actor</li><li>activist</li><li>athlete</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones_(1933_film)" title="The Emperor Jones (1933 film)">The Emperor Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> <a href="/wiki/All_God%27s_Chillun_Got_Wings_(play)" title="All God's Chillun Got Wings (play)">All God's Chillun Got Wings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eslanda_Goode_Robeson" title="Eslanda Goode Robeson">Eslanda Goode</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1921; died 1965)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Jr." title="Paul Robeson Jr.">Paul Robeson Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Drew_Robeson_I" title="William Drew Robeson I">William Drew Robeson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_Bustill" title="Maria Louisa Bustill">Maria Louisa Bustill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bustill_family" title="Bustill family">Bustill family</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American football player</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><hr />American football career</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PRobeson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PRobeson.jpg/200px-PRobeson.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/PRobeson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="318" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Robeson in football uniform at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">No. 21, 17</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width: 40%;">Position:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/End_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="End (American football)">End</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tackle (American football)">tackle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">Personal information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width: 40%;">Height:</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width: 40%;">Weight:</th><td class="infobox-data">219 lb (99 kg)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">Career information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width: 40%;">High school:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somerville_High_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Somerville High School (New Jersey)">Somerville (NJ)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width: 40%;">College:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">Career history <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_Pros" title="Akron Pros">Akron Pros</a> (<a href="/wiki/1921_NFL_season" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 NFL season">1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers" title="Milwaukee Badgers">Milwaukee Badgers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1922_NFL_season" title="1922 NFL season">1922</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">Career highlights and awards <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em;"> <ul><li>2× Consensus <a href="/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team" title="College Football All-America Team">All-American</a> (<a href="/wiki/1917_College_Football_All-America_Team" title="1917 College Football All-America Team">1917</a>, <a href="/wiki/1918_College_Football_All-America_Team" title="1918 College Football All-America Team">1918</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 1.5em; background: #DCDCDC; border: 2px solid #DCDCDC;">Career NFL statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width:50%;">Games played:</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:3px;">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width:50%;">Games started:</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:3px;">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align: right; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/Touchdowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchdowns">Touchdowns</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:3px;">2<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:3px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RobePa20.htm">Stats</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Reference" title="Pro Football Reference">Pro Football Reference</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="pane notheme mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #ffbb00;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1339">College Football Hall of Fame</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Paul Leroy Robeson (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊbsən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROHB-sən</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a> concert artist, actor, professional <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> player, and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for his political stances. In 1915, Robeson won an academic scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>, where he was the only African-American student. While at Rutgers, he was twice named a consensus <a href="/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team" title="College Football All-America Team">All-American</a> in football and was elected class valedictorian. He earned his LL.B. from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, while playing in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL). After graduation, he became a figure in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>, with performances in <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones" title="The Emperor Jones">The Emperor Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_God%27s_Chillun_Got_Wings_(play)" title="All God's Chillun Got Wings (play)">All God's Chillun Got Wings</a>. Robeson performed in Britain in a touring melodrama, Voodoo, in 1922, and in Emperor Jones in 1925. In 1928, he scored a major success in the London premiere of <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a>. Living in London for several years with his wife <a href="/wiki/Eslanda_Goode_Robeson" title="Eslanda Goode Robeson">Eslanda</a>, Robeson continued to establish himself as a concert artist and starred in a London production of <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>, the first of three productions of the play over the course of his career. He also gained attention in <a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a> (1935) and in the film production of <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> (1936). Robeson's political activities began with his involvement with unemployed workers and anti-imperialist students in Britain, and it continued with his support for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> cause during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_African_Affairs" title="Council on African Affairs">Council on African Affairs</a>. After returning to the United States in 1939, Robeson supported the American and Allied war efforts during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. His history of supporting civil rights causes and Soviet policies, however, brought scrutiny from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI). After the war ended, the Council on African Affairs was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_List_of_Subversive_Organizations" title="Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations">Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations</a>. Robeson was investigated during the <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_era" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy era">McCarthy era</a>. When he refused to recant his public advocacy of his political beliefs, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> withdrew his passport and his income plummeted. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and published a periodical called <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)">Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> which was critical of United States policies, from 1950 to 1955. Robeson's right to travel was eventually restored as a result of the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> decision <a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a>. Between 1925 and 1961, Robeson released recordings of some 276 songs. The first of these was the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spiritual</a> "<a href="/wiki/Steal_Away" title="Steal Away">Steal Away</a>", backed with "<a href="/wiki/Were_You_There" title="Were You There">Were You There</a>", in 1925. Robeson's recorded repertoire spanned many styles, including Americana, popular standards, classical music, European folk songs, political songs, poetry and spoken excerpts from plays.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1898–1915:_Childhood">1898–1915: Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1898–1915: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE,_PRINCETON,_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg/220px-PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg/330px-PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg/440px-PAUL_ROBESON_HOUSE%2C_PRINCETON%2C_MERCER_COUNTY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Robeson's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> Robeson was born in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, in 1898, to Reverend <a href="/wiki/William_Drew_Robeson_I" title="William Drew Robeson I">William Drew Robeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Louisa_Bustill" title="Maria Louisa Bustill">Maria Louisa Bustill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mother-7">[7]</a> His mother, Maria, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bustill_family" title="Bustill family">Bustills</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a> family of mixed ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> His father, William, was of <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> origin and was born into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Star-10">[10]</a> William escaped from a <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> in his teens<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and eventually became the minister of Princeton's Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Robeson had three brothers: William Drew Jr. (born 1881), Reeve (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1887), and Ben (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1893); and one sister, Marian (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1900, a disagreement between William and white financial supporters of the Witherspoon church arose with apparent racial undertones,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which were prevalent in Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> William, who had the support of his entirely black congregation, resigned in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Three years later when Robeson was six, his mother, who was nearly blind, died in a house fire.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Eventually, William became financially incapable of providing a house for himself and his children still living at home, Ben and Paul, so they moved into the attic of a store in Westfield, New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> William found a stable parsonage at the St. Thomas <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church">A.M.E. Zion</a> in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> where Robeson filled in for his father during sermons when he was called away.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1912, Robeson began attending <a href="/wiki/Somerville_High_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Somerville High School (New Jersey)">Somerville High School</a> in New Jersey,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> where he performed in <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a>, sang in the chorus, and excelled in football, basketball, baseball and track.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Prior to his graduation, he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers and was named class valedictorian.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He took a summer job as a waiter in <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Pier" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett Pier">Narragansett Pier</a>, Rhode Island, where he befriended <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a>, later to be the first African-American coach in the National Football League.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915–1919:_Rutgers_College">1915–1919: Rutgers College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1915–1919: Rutgers College">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg/220px-Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg/330px-Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Pollard_and_Robeson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a> (left) and Robeson in a photo from the March 1918 issue of <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a></figcaption></figure> In late 1915, Robeson became the third African-American student ever enrolled at Rutgers, and the only one at the time.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He tried out for the <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights football">Rutgers Scarlet Knights football</a> team,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and his resolve to make the squad was tested as his teammates engaged in excessive play, during which his nose was broken and his shoulder dislocated.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The coach, <a href="/wiki/George_Sanford_(American_football)" title="George Sanford (American football)">Foster Sanford</a>, decided he had overcome the provocation and announced that he had made the team.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_19440116-30">[30]</a> Robeson joined the debating team<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and he sang off-campus for spending money,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and on-campus with the <a href="/wiki/Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Glee Club">Glee Club</a> informally, as membership required attending all-white mixers.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> He also joined the other collegiate athletic teams.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> As a sophomore, amidst Rutgers' sesquicentennial celebration, he was benched when a Southern football team, <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>, refused to take the field because the Scarlet Knights had fielded a Negro, Robeson.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> After a standout junior year of football,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> he was recognized in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> for his athletic, academic, and singing talents.<a href="#cite_note-Inc.1918-37">[37]</a> At this time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568-38">[38]</a> his father fell grievously ill.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Robeson took the sole responsibility in caring for him, shuttling between Rutgers and Somerville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568–69-40">[40]</a> His father, who was the "glory of his boyhood years"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton19586-41">[41]</a> soon died, and at Rutgers, Robeson expounded on the incongruity of African Americans fighting to protect America in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but not having the same opportunities in the United States as whites.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg/220px-CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg/330px-CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Robeson (far left) was part of the Rutgers University class of 1919 and one of four students accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Skull" title="Cap and Skull">Cap and Skull</a> honor society.</figcaption></figure> He finished university with four annual oratorical triumphs<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varsity_letter" title="Varsity letter">varsity letters</a> in multiple sports.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> His football playing as <a href="/wiki/End_(gridiron_football)" title="End (gridiron football)">end</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> won him first-team All-American selection, in both his junior and senior years. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> considered him the greatest end ever.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Academically, he was accepted into <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_Skull" title="Cap and Skull">Cap and Skull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His classmates recognized him<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> by electing him class valedictorian.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Targum" title="The Daily Targum">The Daily Targum</a> published a poem featuring his achievements.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In his valedictory speech, he exhorted his classmates to work for equality for all Americans. At Rutgers, Robeson also gained a reputation for his singing, having a deep rich voice which some saw as bass with a high range, others as baritone with low notes. Throughout his career, Robeson was classified as a bass-baritone.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919–1923:_Columbia_Law_School_and_marriage">1919–1923: Columbia Law School and marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1919–1923: Columbia Law School and marriage">edit</a>]</div> Robeson entered New York University School of Law in fall 1919.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> To support himself, he became an assistant football coach at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> where he joined the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, Robeson felt uncomfortable at NYU<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200582-56">[56]</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and transferred to Columbia Law School in February 1920.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Already known in the black community for his singing,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> he was selected to perform at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_YWCA" title="Harlem YWCA">Harlem YWCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Robeson began dating <a href="/wiki/Eslanda_Goode_Robeson" title="Eslanda Goode Robeson">Eslanda "Essie" Goode</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and after her coaxing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman198943-61">[61]</a> he made his theatrical debut as Simon in <a href="/wiki/Ridgely_Torrence" title="Ridgely Torrence">Ridgely Torrence</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After a year of courtship, they were married in August 1921.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Robeson was recruited by Fritz Pollard to play for the NFL's <a href="/wiki/Akron_Pros" title="Akron Pros">Akron Pros</a> while he continued his law studies.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the spring of 1922, Robeson postponed school<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005104–105-65">[65]</a> to portray Jim in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hoyt_Wiborg" title="Mary Hoyt Wiborg">Mary Hoyt Wiborg</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Taboo_(1922_play)" title="Taboo (1922 play)">Taboo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> He then sang in the chorus of an <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> production of <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along" title="Shuffle Along">Shuffle Along</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> before he joined Taboo in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The play was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Mrs_Patrick_Campbell" title="Mrs Patrick Campbell">Mrs Patrick Campbell</a> to highlight his singing.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> After the play's run ended, he befriended <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Benjamin_Brown" title="Lawrence Benjamin Brown">Lawrence Benjamin Brown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> a classically trained musician,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005139-71">[71]</a> before returning to Columbia while playing for the NFL's <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Badgers" title="Milwaukee Badgers">Milwaukee Badgers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He ended his football career after the 1922 season,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_success_and_ideological_transformation">Theatrical success and ideological transformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theatrical success and ideological transformation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1923–1927:_Harlem_Renaissance">1923–1927: Harlem Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1923–1927: Harlem Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> Robeson briefly worked as a lawyer, but he renounced a career in law because of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> His wife supported them financially. She was the head <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histological chemist</a> in Surgical Pathology at <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Hospital_(New_York_City)" title="Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)">New York-Presbyterian Hospital</a>. She continued to work there until 1925 when his career took off.<a href="#cite_note-pauljr-76">[76]</a> They frequented the social functions at the future <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In December 1924 he landed the lead role of Jim in <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/All_God%27s_Chillun_Got_Wings_(play)" title="All God's Chillun Got Wings (play)">All God's Chillun Got Wings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> which culminated with Jim metaphorically consummating his marriage with his white wife by symbolically emasculating himself. Chillun's opening was postponed due to nationwide controversy over its plot.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Chillun's delay led to a revival of <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones" title="The Emperor Jones">The Emperor Jones</a> with Robeson as Brutus, a role pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The role terrified and galvanized Robeson, as it was practically a 90-minute soliloquy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005123-81">[81]</a> Reviews declared him an unequivocal success.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Though arguably clouded by its controversial subject, his Jim in Chillun was less well received.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> He answered criticism of its plot by writing that fate had drawn him to the "untrodden path" of drama, that the true measure of a culture is in its artistic contributions, and that the only true American culture was African-American.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The success of his acting placed him in elite social circles<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and his rise to fame, which was forcefully aided by Essie,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> had happened very rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson200184-87">[87]</a> Essie's ambition for Robeson was a startling dichotomy to his indifference.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> She quit her job, became his agent, and negotiated his first movie role in a silent <a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux" title="Oscar Micheaux">Oscar Micheaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1925_film)" title="Body and Soul (1925 film)">Body and Soul</a> (1925).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> To support a charity for single mothers, Robeson headlined a concert singing <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spirituals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He performed his repertoire of spirituals on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Benjamin_Brown" title="Lawrence Benjamin Brown">Lawrence Benjamin Brown</a>, who had become renowned while touring as a pianist with gospel singer <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a>, chanced upon Robeson in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The two ad-libbed a set of spirituals, with Robeson as lead and Brown as accompanist. This so enthralled them that they booked <a href="/wiki/Provincetown_Playhouse" title="Provincetown Playhouse">Provincetown Playhouse</a> for a concert.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The pair's rendition of African-American folk songs and spirituals was captivating,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Records</a> signed Robeson to a contract in September 1925.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Robesons went to London for a revival of The Emperor Jones, before spending the rest of the fall on holiday on the French Riviera, socializing with <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Robeson and Brown performed a series of concert tours in America from January 1926 until May 1927.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> During a hiatus in New York, Robeson learned that Essie was several months pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Jr." title="Paul Robeson Jr.">Paul Robeson Jr.</a> was born in November 1927 in New York, while Robeson and Brown toured Europe.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Essie experienced complications from the birth,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and by mid-December, her health had deteriorated dramatically. Ignoring Essie's objections, her mother wired Robeson and he immediately returned to her bedside.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Essie completely recovered after a few months.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1928–1932:_Show_Boat,_Othello,_and_marriage_difficulties">1928–1932: Show Boat, Othello, and marriage difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1928–1932: Show Boat, Othello, and marriage difficulties">edit</a>]</div> In 1928, Robeson played "Joe" in the London production of the American musical <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> His rendition of "<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>" became the benchmark for all future performers of the song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005192-104">[104]</a> Some black critics objected to the play due to its usage of the then-common racial epithet "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It was, nonetheless, immensely popular with white audiences.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He was summoned for a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Command_Performance" title="Royal Command Performance">Royal Command Performance</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and Robeson was befriended by <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Show Boat continued for 350 performances and, as of 2001, it remained the Royal's most profitable venture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005192-104">[104]</a> The Robesons bought a home in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He reflected on his life in his diary and wrote that it was all part of a "higher plan" and "God watches over me and guides me. He's with me and lets me fight my own battles and hopes I'll win."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989126–127-110">[110]</a> However, an incident at the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel#Restaurants" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Grill</a>, in which he was refused seating, caused him to issue a press release describing the insult which subsequently became a matter of public debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989123–124-111">[111]</a> Essie had learned early in their marriage that Robeson had extramarital affairs, but she tolerated them.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> However, when she discovered that he was having another affair, she unfavorably altered the characterization of him in his biography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001163–165-113">[113]</a> and defamed him by describing him with "negative racial stereotypes".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Despite her uncovering of this tryst, there was no public evidence that their relationship had soured.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The couple appeared in the experimental Swiss film <a href="/wiki/Borderline_(1930_film)" title="Borderline (1930 film)">Borderline</a> (1930).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He then returned to the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a>, in London's <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> to play Othello, opposite <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a> as <a href="/wiki/Desdemona" title="Desdemona">Desdemona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> He cited the lack of a "racial problem" in London as significant in his decision to move to London.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Robeson was the first black actor to play <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a> in Britain since <a href="/wiki/Ira_Aldridge" title="Ira Aldridge">Ira Aldridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The production received mixed reviews which noted Robeson's "highly civilized quality [but lacking the] grand style".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Robeson stated the best way to diminish the oppression African Americans faced was for his artistic work to be an example of what "men of my colour" could accomplish rather than to "be a propagandist and make speeches and write articles about what they call the Colour Question."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> After Essie discovered Robeson had been having an affair with Ashcroft, she decided to seek a divorce and they split up.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> While working in London, Robeson became one of the first artists to record at the new EMI Recording Studios (later known as <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a>), recording four songs in September 1931, almost two months before the studio was officially opened.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Robeson returned to Broadway as Joe in the 1932 revival of Show Boat, to critical and popular acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> He received, with immense pride, an honorary master's degree from Rutgers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> It is said that Foster Sanford, his college football coach advised him that divorcing Essie and marrying Ashcroft would do irreparable damage to his reputation.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In any case, Ashcroft and Robeson's relationship ended in 1932,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and Robeson and Essie reconciled, leaving their relationship scarred permanently.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933–1937:_Ideological_awakening">1933–1937: Ideological awakening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1933–1937: Ideological awakening">edit</a>]</div> In 1933, Robeson played the role of Jim in the London production of Chillun, virtually gratis,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> then returned to the United States to star as Brutus in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones_(1933_film)" title="The Emperor Jones (1933 film)">The Emperor Jones</a> – the first film to feature an African American in a starring role, "a feat not repeated for more than two decades in the U.S."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005269–271-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-131">[131]</a> His acting in The Emperor Jones was well received.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-131">[131]</a> On the film set he rejected any slight to his dignity, despite the widespread <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> atmosphere in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Upon returning to England, he publicly criticized <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>' rejection of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">their own culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Despite negative reactions from the press, such as a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a> retort that Robeson had made a "jolly well [ass of himself]",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005285–286-134">[134]</a> he also announced that he would reject any offers to perform central European (though not Russian, which he considered "Asiatic") opera because the music had no connection to his heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005284–285-135">[135]</a> In early 1934, Robeson enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>, a constituent college of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> His "sudden interest" in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">African history</a> and its influence on culture<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> coincided with his essay "I Want to be African", wherein he wrote of his desire to embrace his ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201052-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London,_1934.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Paul_Robeson_and_%C3%81gay_Ir%C3%A9n_-_London%2C_1934.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="3966" /></a><figcaption>Robeson and actress <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n_%C3%81gay" title="Irén Ágay">Irén Ágay</a> on the set of <a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a>, London, 1934</figcaption></figure> His friends in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> movement and his association with <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">British socialists</a> led him to visit the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201052-139">[139]</a> Robeson, Essie, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Seton" title="Marie Seton">Marie Seton</a> traveled to the Soviet Union on an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> in December 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989182–185-140">[140]</a> A stopover in Berlin enlightened Robeson to the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and, on his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, in the Soviet Union, Robeson said, "Here I am not a Negro but a human being for the first time in my life ... I walk in full human dignity."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He undertook the role of Bosambo in the movie <a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a> (1935),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201045-143">[143]</a> which he felt would render a realistic view of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Africa" title="Colonial Africa">colonial African</a> culture. Sanders of the River made Robeson an international movie star;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201053–55-144">[144]</a> but the stereotypical portrayal of a colonial African<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> was seen as embarrassing to his stature as an artist<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and damaging to his reputation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Commissioner of Nigeria to London protested the film as slanderous to his country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow1985170–171-148">[148]</a> and Robeson thereafter became more politically conscious in his choice of roles.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> He appeared in the play Stevedore at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_Theatre_(London)" title="Embassy Theatre (London)">Embassy Theatre</a> in London in May 1935,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> which was favorably reviewed in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cunard" title="Nancy Cunard">Nancy Cunard</a>, who concluded: "Stevedore is extremely valuable in the racial – social question – it is straight from the shoulder".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In early 1936, he decided to send his son to school in the Soviet Union to shield him from racist attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001280–281-152">[152]</a> He then played the role of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture:_The_Story_of_the_Only_Successful_Slave_Revolt_in_History" title="Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History">eponymous play</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesHøgsbjergDubois2012-153">[153]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theatre" title="Westminster Theatre">Westminster Theatre</a>, and appeared in the films <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Freedom" title="Song of Freedom">Song of Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> in 1936,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and My Song Goes Forth,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1937_film)" title="King Solomon's Mines (1937 film)">King Solomon's Mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Fella" title="Big Fella">Big Fella</a>, all in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1938, he was named by American <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Herald" title="Motion Picture Herald">Motion Picture Herald</a> as the 10th most popular star in British cinema.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon_300x236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon_300x236.jpg/220px-Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon_300x236.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon_300x236.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Robeson at <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s home in Princeton, October 1947</figcaption></figure> In 1935, Robeson met <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> when Einstein came backstage after Robeson's concert at the <a href="/wiki/McCarter_Theatre" title="McCarter Theatre">McCarter Theatre</a>. The two discovered that, as well as a mutual passion for music, they shared a hatred for <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. The friendship between Robeson and Einstein lasted nearly twenty years, but was not well known or publicized.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1939:_Spanish_Civil_War_and_political_activism">1937–1939: Spanish Civil War and political activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1937–1939: Spanish Civil War and political activism">edit</a>]</div> Robeson believed that the struggle against fascism during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> was a turning point in his life and transformed him into a political activist.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 1937, he used his concert performances to advocate the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> cause and the war's refugees.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> He permanently modified his renditions of "Ol' Man River" – initially, by singing the word "darkies" instead of "niggers"; later, by changing some of the stereotypical dialect in the lyrics to standard English and replacing the fatalistic last verse ("Ah gits weary / An' sick of tryin' / Ah'm tired of livin' / An skeered of dyin'") with an uplifting verse of his own ("But I keep laffin' / Instead of cryin' / I must keep fightin' / Until I'm dyin'") – transforming it from a tragic "song of resignation with a hint of protest implied" into a battle hymn of unwavering defiance.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> His business agent expressed concern about his political involvement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989222-164">[164]</a> but Robeson overruled him and decided that contemporary events trumped commercialism.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> he commemorated the Welsh people killed while fighting for the Republicans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005396-167">[167]</a> where he recorded a message that became his epitaph: "The artist must take sides. He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I had no alternative."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> After an invitation from <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006356-169">[169]</a> he traveled to Spain in 1938 because he believed in the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>'s cause,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyden1983433–434-170">[170]</a> visited the hospital of <a href="/wiki/Benic%C3%A0ssim" title="Benicàssim">Benicàssim</a>, singing to the wounded soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Robeson also visited the battlefront<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> and provided a morale boost to the Republicans at a time when their victory was unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyden1983433–434-170">[170]</a> Back in England, he hosted <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a>, whereat Nehru expounded on imperialism's affiliation with Fascism.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Robeson reevaluated the direction of his career and decided to focus on the ordeals of "common people".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He appeared in the pro-labor play Plant in the Sun, in which he played an Irishman, his first "white" role.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_African_Affairs" title="Council on African Affairs">International Committee on African Affairs</a> (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_African_Affairs" title="Council on African Affairs">Council on African Affairs</a>), Robeson became an advocate for African nationalism and political independence.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg/170px-Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg/255px-Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg/340px-Paul_Robeson_-_Birmingham_Town_Hall_-_1939-03-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption> Robeson performs at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a>, England, on March 7, 1939, in aid of a local charity, the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Mail" title="Birmingham Mail">Birmingham Mail</a> Christmas Tree Fund.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The advertised pianist was <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Benjamin_Brown" title="Lawrence Benjamin Brown">Lawrence Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></figcaption></figure> Paul Robeson was living in Britain until the start of the Second World War in 1939. His name was included in the <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.</a> as a target for arrest if Germany had occupied Britain.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II,_the_Broadway_Othello,_political_activism,_and_McCarthyism">World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II, the Broadway Othello, political activism, and McCarthyism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939–1945:_World_War_II,_and_the_Broadway_Othello">1939–1945: World War II, and the Broadway Othello</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1939–1945: World War II, and the Broadway Othello">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Paul_Robeson,_world_famous_Negro_baritone,_leading_Moore_Shipyard_(Oakland,_CA)_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif/lossy-page1-220px-%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif/lossy-page1-330px-%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif/lossy-page1-440px-%22Paul_Robeson%2C_world_famous_Negro_baritone%2C_leading_Moore_Shipyard_%28Oakland%2C_CA%29_workers_in_singing_the_Star_Spangled_Ba_-_NARA_-_535874.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>Robeson leading Moore Shipyard (<a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>) workers in singing the "<a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Spangled Banner">Star Spangled Banner</a>", September 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg/220px-Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg/330px-Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg/440px-Robeson_Hagen_Othello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4140" /></a><figcaption>Robeson with <a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">Theatre Guild</a> production of <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> (1943–44)</figcaption></figure> Robeson's last British film was <a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Valley" title="The Proud Valley">The Proud Valley</a> (1940), set in a Welsh coal-mining town.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The film was still being shot when Hitler's invasion of Poland led to England's declaration of war at the beginning of September 1939; several weeks later, just after the completion of filming, Robeson and his family returned to the United States, arriving in New York in October 1939.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> They lived at first in the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Sugar Hill, Manhattan">Sugar Hill</a> neighborhood of Harlem, and in 1941 settled in <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut" title="Enfield, Connecticut">Enfield, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> After his well-received performance of <a href="/wiki/Ballad_for_Americans" title="Ballad for Americans">Ballad for Americans</a> on a live CBS radio broadcast on November 5, with a repeat performance on New Year's Day 1940, the song became a popular seller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989236–238-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 1940, the magazine <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a> named Robeson America's "no. 1 entertainer".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Nevertheless, during a tour in 1940, the Beverly Wilshire Hotel was the only major Los Angeles hotel willing to accommodate him due to his race, at an exorbitant rate and registered under an assumed name, and he therefore dedicated two hours every afternoon to sitting in the lobby, where he was widely recognised, "to ensure that the next time Black[s] come through, they'll have a place to stay." Los Angeles hotels lifted their restrictions on black guests soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Robeson narrated the 1942 documentary <a href="/wiki/Native_Land" title="Native Land">Native Land</a> which was labeled by the FBI as communist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> After an appearance in <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan" title="Tales of Manhattan">Tales of Manhattan</a> (1942), a production which he felt was "very offensive to my people" due to the <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan#Controversy_surrounding_fifth_tale_upon_1942_release" title="Tales of Manhattan">way the segment was handled in stereotypes</a>, he announced that he would no longer act in films because of the demeaning roles available to blacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989259–261-190">[190]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> writer Barry Finger's critical appraisal of Robeson, while the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Hitler-Stalin pact</a> was still in effect, Robeson counseled American blacks that they had no stake in the rivalry of <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">European powers</a>. Once Russia was attacked, he urged blacks to support the war effort, now warning that an Allied defeat would "make slaves of us all".<a href="#cite_note-finger-191">[191]</a> Robeson participated in benefit concerts on behalf of the war effort and at a concert at the <a href="/wiki/Polo_Grounds" title="Polo Grounds">Polo Grounds</a>, he met two emissaries from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mikhoels" title="Solomon Mikhoels">Solomon Mikhoels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itzik_Feffer" title="Itzik Feffer">Itzik Feffer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustiger2003125–127-192">[192]</a> Subsequently, Robeson reprised the role of Othello at the <a href="/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(Broadway)" title="Shubert Theatre (Broadway)">Shubert Theatre</a> in 1943,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and became the first African American to play the role with a white supporting cast on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>. The production was a success, running for 296 performances on Broadway (a record for a Shakespeare production on Broadway that still stands),<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and winning for Robeson the first <a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Awards" title="Donaldson Awards">Donaldson Award</a> for Best Actor in a Play. During the same period, he addressed a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" title="Commissioner of Baseball">Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a> and team owners in a failed attempt to convince them to admit black players to <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorinsonPencak2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOtiz7Mi-iUYCpgPA1_1]-195">[195]</a> He toured North America with Othello until 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989295-196">[196]</a> and subsequently, his political efforts with the Council on African Affairs to get colonial powers to discontinue their exploitation of Africa were short-circuited by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296–97-197">[197]</a> During this period, Robeson also developed a sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>'s side in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. In 1940, the Chinese progressive activist, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Liangmo" title="Liu Liangmo">Liu Liangmo</a> taught Robeson the patriotic song "Chee Lai!" ("Arise!"), known as the <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-llm-198">[198]</a> Robeson premiered the song at a concert in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Lewisohn_Stadium" title="Lewisohn Stadium">Lewisohn Stadium</a><a href="#cite_note-llm-198">[198]</a> and recorded it in both English and Chinese for <a href="/wiki/Keynote_Records" title="Keynote Records">Keynote Records</a> in early 1941.<a href="#cite_note-chichi-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-avant-200">[200]</a> Robeson gave further performances at benefit concerts for the <a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="China Aid Council">China Aid Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_China_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="United China Relief">United China Relief</a> at Washington's <a href="/wiki/Uline_Arena" title="Uline Arena">Uline Arena</a> on April 24, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-blow-201">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China_Aid_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="China Aid Council">Washington Committee for Aid to China</a>'s booking of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Hall">Constitution Hall</a> had been blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> owing to Robeson's race.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 71  The indignation was so great that <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, the Chinese ambassador, became sponsors. However, when the organizers offered tickets on generous terms to the <a href="/wiki/National_Negro_Congress" title="National Negro Congress">National Negro Congress</a> to help fill the larger venue, both sponsors withdrew, objecting to the NNC's Communist ties.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Robeson opposed the U.S. support for <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in China, and denounced U.S. support for Chiang at political events over the course of 1945–1946, including the World Peace Conference and the National Peace Commission.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 84–85  In Robeson's view, the Kuomintang's <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">anti-communist</a> focus and blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Communist guerrilla army</a> meant that China was fighting Japan "with one hand tied behind its back".<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 84  March of the Volunteers (Chee lai!) became newly founded <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>'s National Anthem after 1949. Its Chinese lyricist, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>, died in a Beijing prison in 1968, but Robeson continued to send royalties to his family.<a href="#cite_note-avant-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–1949:_Attorney_General's_List_of_Subversive_Organizations">1946–1949: Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1946–1949: Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings" title="Moore's Ford lynchings">Moore's Ford lynchings</a> of four African Americans in Georgia on July 25, 1946, Robeson met with <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">President Truman</a> and admonished Truman by stating that if he did not enact legislation to end <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307-204">[204]</a> "the Negroes will defend themselves".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Truman immediately terminated the meeting and declared that the time was not right to propose anti-lynching legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307-204">[204]</a> Subsequently, Robeson publicly called upon all Americans to demand that Congress pass civil rights legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010157–156-206">[206]</a> Robeson founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a> organization in 1946. This organization was thought to be a threat to the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> antiviolence movement. Robeson received support from <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> on this matter and launched the organization on the anniversary of the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, September 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000522-207">[207]</a> About this time, Robeson's belief that <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a> was crucial to civil rights became a mainstay of his political beliefs as he became a proponent of the union activist and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> member <a href="/wiki/Revels_Cayton" title="Revels Cayton">Revels Cayton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989249–250-208">[208]</a> Robeson was later called before the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Tenney_(politician)#Tenney_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Tenney (politician)">Tenney Committee</a> where he responded to questions about his affiliation with the Communist Party USA by testifying that he was not a member of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989241-209">[209]</a> Nevertheless, two organizations with which Robeson was intimately involved, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Congress" title="Civil Rights Congress">Civil Rights Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> and the Council on African Affairs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296-211">[211]</a> were placed on the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_List_of_Subversive_Organizations" title="Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations">Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Subsequently, he was summoned before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a>, and when questioned about his affiliation with the Communist Party, he refused to answer, stating: "Some of the most brilliant and distinguished Americans are about to go to jail for the failure to answer that question, and I am going to join them, if necessary."<a href="#cite_note-Chronology5-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In 1948, Robeson was prominent in <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>'s bid for the President of the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989324-215">[215]</a> during which Robeson traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, at risk to his own life, to campaign for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989326–327-216">[216]</a> In the ensuing year, Robeson was forced to go overseas to work because his concert performances were canceled at the FBI's behest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001137-217">[217]</a> While on tour, he spoke at the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">World Peace Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a197–198-218">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> published a false transcript of his speech which gave the impression that Robeson had equated America with a Fascist state.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In an interview, Robeson said the "danger of Fascism [in the US] has averted".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Nevertheless, the speech publicly attributed to him was a catalyst for his being seen as an enemy of mainstream America.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Robeson refused to bow to public criticism when he advocated in favor of twelve defendants, including his long-time friend, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a>, charged during the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyplprc-222">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG/220px-Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG/330px-Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG/440px-Paul_Robeson_-_Negro_Songs_-_Soviet_Ministry_of_Culture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Label of a record by Robeson published by the Soviet Ministry of Culture</figcaption></figure> Robeson traveled to Moscow in June 1949, and tried to find <a href="/wiki/Itzik_Feffer" title="Itzik Feffer">Itzik Feffer</a> whom he had met during World War II. He let Soviet authorities know that he wanted to see him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989352–353-223">[223]</a> Reluctant to lose Robeson as a propagandist for the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustiger2003210–211-224">[224]</a> the Soviets brought Feffer from prison to him. Feffer told him that Mikhoels had been murdered, and predicted that he would be executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnell2010348-225">[225]</a> To protect the Soviet Union's reputation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton1958210–211-226">[226]</a> and to keep the right wing of the United States from gaining the moral high ground, Robeson denied that any persecution existed in the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989353–354-227">[227]</a> and kept the meeting secret for the rest of his life, except from his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton1958210–211-226">[226]</a> On June 20, 1949, Robeson spoke at the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_mondial_des_partisans_de_la_paix" class="extiw" title="fr:Congrès mondial des partisans de la paix">Paris Peace Congress</a> saying that "We in America do not forget that it was on the backs of the white workers from Europe and on the backs of millions of Blacks that the wealth of America was built. And we are resolved to share it equally. We reject any hysterical raving that urges us to make war on anyone. Our will to fight for peace is strong. We shall not make war on anyone. We shall not make <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">war on the Soviet Union</a>. We oppose those who wish to build up <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">imperialist Germany</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">establish fascism in Greece</a>. We wish peace with <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Franco's Spain</a> despite her fascism. We shall support peace and friendship among all nations, with Soviet Russia and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic">people's Republics</a>." He was blacklisted for saying this in the mainstream press within the United States, including in many periodicals of the Negro press such as The Crisis.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In order to isolate Robeson politically,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-229">[229]</a> the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> subpoenaed <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-230">[230]</a> to comment on Robeson's Paris speech.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-230">[230]</a> Robinson testified that Robeson's statements, "'if accurately reported', were silly'".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-229">[229]</a> Former first lady <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> noted, "Mr. Robeson does his people great harm in trying to line them up on the Communist side of [the] political picture. Jackie Robinson helps them greatly by his forthright statements."<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Butler_article-231">[231]</a> Days later, the announcement of a concert headlined by Robeson in New York City provoked the local press to decry the use of their community to support "subversives".<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peekskill_riots" title="Peekskill riots">Peekskill riots</a> ensued in which violent anti-Robeson protests shut down a Robeson concert on August 27, 1949,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and marred the aftermath of the replacement concert held eight days later.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950–1955:_Blacklisted">1950–1955: Blacklisted</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1950–1955: Blacklisted">edit</a>]</div> In its review of Christy Walsh's massive 1949 reference, College Football and All America Review, the Los Angeles Times praised it as "the most complete source of past gridiron scores, players, coaches, etc., yet published",<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> but it failed to list Robeson as ever having played on the Rutgers team<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh1949689-237">[237]</a> or ever having been an All-American.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Months later, NBC canceled Robeson's appearance on <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>'s television program, which furthered his erasure from public view.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Robeson opposed U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and condemned America's nuclear threats against China.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 88  In Robeson's opinion, the U.S. had manipulated the United Nations for <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">imperialist</a> purposes, and China's intervention in the Korean War was necessary to defend the security of millions of people in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 88  Robeson credited "American peace sentiment" as a crucial factor in President Truman not using nuclear weapons and in recalling General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 88  A month after Robeson began criticizing his country's role in the Korean War, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> demanded that he return his passport.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 97  Robeson refused.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 97  At the FBI's request, the State Department voided Robeson's passport and instructed customs officials to prevent any attempt by him to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 97  Confining him inside the U.S. afforded him less freedom to express<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright197597-240">[240]</a> what some saw as his "extreme advocacy on behalf of the independence of the colonial peoples of Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014181–185-241">[241]</a> It's estimated that the revocation of Robeson's travel privileges, and the resulting inability to earn fees overseas, caused his yearly income to drop from $150,000 to less than $3,000.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Butler_article-231">[231]</a> When Robeson met with State Department officials and asked why he was denied a passport, he was told that "his frequent criticism of the treatment of blacks in the United States should not be aired in foreign countries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989388–389-242">[242]</a> In 1950, Robeson co-founded, with <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, a monthly newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)">Freedom</a>, showcasing his views and those of his circle. Most issues had a column by Robeson, on the front page. In the final issue, July–August 1955, an unsigned column on the front page of the newspaper described the struggle for the restoration of his passport. It called for support from the leading African-American organizations, and asserted that "Negroes, [and] all Americans who have breathed a sigh of relief at the easing of international tensions... have a stake in the Paul Robeson passport case". An article by Robeson appeared on the second page continuing the passport issue under the headline: "If Enough People Write Washington I'll Get My Passport in a Hurry."<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> In 1951, an article titled "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd" was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> and attributed to Robert Alan,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> although Paul Jr. suspected it was written by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">Amsterdam News</a> columnist Earl Brown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989396-245">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> and the U.S. State Department arranged for the article to be printed and distributed in Africa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2001112–115-246">[246]</a> in order to damage Robeson's reputation and reduce his popularity, and Communism's popularity, in colonial countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014127-247">[247]</a> Another article by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a> (now thought to have been the real author of "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd") denounced Robeson as well as the CPUSA in terms consistent with the FBI's anti-Communist propaganda of the era.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In December 1951, Robeson, in New York City, and <a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a>, in Paris, presented the United Nations with a <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Congress" title="Civil Rights Congress">Civil Rights Congress</a> petition titled <a href="/wiki/We_Charge_Genocide" title="We Charge Genocide">We Charge Genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989397–398-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The document asserted that the United States federal government, by its failure to act against <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynching in the United States</a>, was guilty of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> under Article II of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">UN Genocide Convention</a>. The petition was not officially acknowledged by the UN, and, though receiving some favorable reception in Europe and in America's <a href="/wiki/Black_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Black press">Black press</a>, was largely either ignored or criticized for its association with Communism in America's mainstream press.<a href="#cite_note-Docker-251">[251]</a> In 1952, Robeson was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">International Stalin Prize</a> by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Unable to travel to Moscow, he accepted the award in New York.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In April 1953, shortly after Stalin's death, Robeson penned "To You My Beloved Comrade", praising Stalin as dedicated to peace and a guide to the world: "Through his deep humanity, by his wise understanding, he leaves us a rich and monumental heritage."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a347–349-254">[254]</a> Robeson's opinions about the Soviet Union kept his passport out of reach and stopped his return to the entertainment industry and the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989354-255">[255]</a> In his opinion, the Soviet Union was the guarantor of political balance in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a236–241-256">[256]</a> In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban, in May 1952, labor unions in the United States and Canada organized a concert at the International <a href="/wiki/Peace_Arch" title="Peace Arch">Peace Arch</a> on the border between Washington state and the Canadian province of British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989400-257">[257]</a> Robeson returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989411-258">[258]</a> and over the next two years, two further concerts took place. In this period, with the encouragement of his friend the Welsh politician <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, Robeson recorded a number of radio concerts for supporters in Wales. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956–1957:_End_of_McCarthyism">1956–1957: End of McCarthyism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1956–1957: End of McCarthyism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_congressional_hearings" title="Paul Robeson congressional hearings">Paul Robeson congressional hearings</a></div> On June 12, 1956, Robeson was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming he was not a Communist. He attempted to read his prepared statement into the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>, but the Committee denied him that opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> During questioning, he invoked the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> and declined to reveal his political affiliations. When asked why he had not remained in the Soviet Union, given his affinity with its political ideology, he replied, "because my father was a slave and my people died to build [the United States and], I am going to stay here, and have a part of it just like you and no fascist-minded people will drive me from it!"<a href="#cite_note-HUAC-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> At that hearing, Robeson stated "Whether I am or not a Communist is irrelevant. The question is whether American citizens, regardless of their political beliefs or sympathies, may enjoy their constitutional rights."<a href="#cite_note-HUAC2-262">[262]</a> Due to the reaction to the promulgation of Robeson's political views, his recordings and films were removed from public distribution, and he was universally condemned in the U.S. press.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> During the height of the Cold War, it became increasingly difficult in the United States to hear Robeson sing on commercial radio, buy his music or see his films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978b3–8-264">[264]</a> In 1956, in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Topic_Records" title="Topic Records">Topic Records</a>, at that time part of the Workers Music Association, released a single of Robeson singing the labor anthem "<a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(song)" title="Joe Hill (song)">Joe Hill</a>", written by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hayes_(writer)" title="Alfred Hayes (writer)">Alfred Hayes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Robinson" title="Earl Robinson">Earl Robinson</a>, backed with "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a>". In 1956, after public pressure brought a one-time exemption to the travel ban, Robeson performed two concerts in Canada in February, one in Toronto and the other at a union convention in Sudbury, Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2013224-265">[265]</a> Still unable to perform abroad in person, on May 26, 1957, Robeson sang for a London audience at <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town_Hall" title="Camden Town Hall">St. Pancras Town Hall</a> (where the 1,000 available concert tickets for "Let Robeson Sing" sold out within an hour) via the recently completed transatlantic telephone cable <a href="/wiki/TAT-1" title="TAT-1">TAT-1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> In October of that year, using the same technology, Robeson sang to an audience of "perhaps 5,000" at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pavilion,_Porthcawl" title="Grand Pavilion, Porthcawl">Porthcawl's Grand Pavilion</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">1956 Party Congress</a> silenced Robeson on Stalin, although Robeson continued to praise the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989437-270">[270]</a> That year Robeson, along with close friend <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">W.E.B. Du Bois</a>, compared the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">anti-Soviet uprising in Hungary</a> to the "same sort of people who overthrew the Spanish Republican Government" and supported the Soviet invasion and suppression of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-finger-191">[191]</a> Robeson's passport was finally restored in 1958 as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's 5 to 4 decision in <a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a> where the majority ruled that the denial of a passport without <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> amounted to a violation of constitutionally protected liberty under the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5th Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Here_I_Stand">Here I Stand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Here I Stand">edit</a>]</div> While still confined in the U.S., Robeson finished his defiant "manifesto-autobiography" <a href="/wiki/Here_I_Stand_(book)" title="Here I Stand (book)">Here I Stand</a>, published on February 14, 1958. John Vernon noted in Negro History Bulletin that "few publications dared or cared to review it—as if he had no longer existed".<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In a preface to the 1971 edition, Robeson's friend and collaborator <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_L._Brown" title="Lloyd L. Brown">Lloyd L. Brown</a> wrote that "no white commercial newspaper or magazine in the entire country so much as mentioned Robeson's book. Leading papers in the field of literary coverage, like The New York Times and the Herald-Tribune, not only did not review it; they refused even to include its name in their lists of 'books out today'."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Brown added that the boycott was not in effect in foreign countries, for example, Here I Stand was favorably reviewed in England, Japan, and India. The book also received prompt attention from the <a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">African-American press</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a> was the first to champion the merits of Robeson's autobiography. The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Crusader" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Crusader">Chicago Crusader</a>, and the Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch soon followed suit. The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>'s magazine, <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, was more critical in its appraisal.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1958–1960:_Comeback_tours">1958–1960: Comeback tours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1958–1960: Comeback tours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> After Robeson's passport was returned in June 1958, he immediately left the U.S. for Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 116  He embarked on a world tour using London as his base.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> He gave 28 performances in towns and cities around Great Britain. In April 1959, he starred in <a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a>'s production of <a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In Moscow in August 1959, he received a tumultuous reception at the <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a> where he sang classic Russian songs along with American standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989469-277">[277]</a> Robeson and Essie then flew to Yalta to rest and spend time with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989469–470-278">[278]</a> On October 11, 1959, Robeson took part in a service at London's <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, the first black performer to sing there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989471-279">[279]</a> On a trip to Moscow, Robeson experienced bouts of dizziness and heart problems and was hospitalized for two months while Essie was diagnosed with operable cancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1981218-280">[280]</a> He recovered and returned to Great Britain to visit the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a>. In 1960, in what was his final concert performance in Great Britain, Robeson sang to raise money for the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Colonial_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Colonial Freedom">Movement for Colonial Freedom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> In October 1960, Robeson embarked on a two-month concert tour of Australia and New Zealand with Essie, primarily to generate money,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989487–491-282">[282]</a> at the behest of Australian politician <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morrow_(Australian_politician)" title="Bill Morrow (Australian politician)">Bill Morrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurthoys2010171-283">[283]</a> While in Sydney, he became the first major artist to perform at the construction site of the future <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> After appearing at the <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Festival_Hall" title="Brisbane Festival Hall">Brisbane Festival Hall</a>, they went to Auckland where Robeson reaffirmed his support of <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989489-285">[285]</a> denounced the inequality faced by the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> and efforts to denigrate their culture.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Thereabouts, Robeson publicly stated "... the people of the lands of Socialism want peace dearly".<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> During the tour he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Faith_Bandler" title="Faith Bandler">Faith Bandler</a> and other activists who aroused the Robesons' concern for the plight of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal Australians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Robeson subsequently demanded that the Australian government provide them with full citizenship and equal rights.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> He attacked the view that they were unsophisticated and uncultured, and declared that "there's no such thing as a backward human being, there is only a society which says they are backward."<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Robeson left Australia as a respected, albeit controversial, figure and his support for Aboriginal rights had a profound effect in Australia over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961–1963:_Health_breakdown">1961–1963: Health breakdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1961–1963: Health breakdown">edit</a>]</div> Back in London after his Australia and New Zealand tour, Robeson expressed a desire to return to the United States and participate in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, while his wife argued that he would be unsafe there and "unable to make any money" due to government harassment. In March 1961 Robeson again traveled to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001309-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moscow_breakdown">Moscow breakdown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moscow breakdown">edit</a>]</div> During an uncharacteristically wild party in his Moscow hotel room, Robeson locked himself in his bedroom and attempted suicide by cutting his wrists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499-293">[293]</a> Three days later, under Soviet medical care, he told his son, who had received news about his condition and traveled to Moscow, that he felt extreme paranoia, he thought that the walls of the room were moving and, overcome by a powerful sense of emptiness and depression, he tried to take his own life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010180-294">[294]</a> Paul Jr. has stated that his father's health problems stemmed from the CIA's and MI5's attempts to "neutralize" his father.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989563–564-296">[296]</a> He remembered that his father had had such fears before his prostate operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989438–442-297">[297]</a> He said that three doctors treating Robeson in London and New York had been CIA contractors,<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-295">[295]</a> and that his father's symptoms resulted from being "subjected to mind de-patterning under <a href="/wiki/MK-ULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="MK-ULTRA">MK-ULTRA</a>", a secret CIA programme.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> wrote that Robeson's health breakdown was probably brought on by a combination of factors including extreme emotional and physical stress, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar depression</a>, exhaustion and the beginning of circulatory and heart problems. "[E]ven without an organic predisposition and accumulated pressures of government harassment he might have been susceptible to a breakdown."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repeated_deterioration_in_London">Repeated deterioration in London</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Repeated deterioration in London">edit</a>]</div> Robeson stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Barvikha" title="Barvikha">Barvikha</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">Sanatorium</a> until September 1961, when he left for London. There his depression reemerged, and after another period of recuperation in Moscow, he returned to London. Three days after arriving back [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], he became suicidal and suffered a panic attack while passing the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_London" title="Embassy of Russia, London">Soviet Embassy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989735–736-299">[299]</a> He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Priory_Hospital" title="Priory Hospital">Priory Hospital</a>, where he underwent <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> (ECT) and was given heavy doses of drugs for nearly two years, with no accompanying psychotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010180–181-300">[300]</a> During his treatment at the Priory, Robeson was being monitored by the British <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Both British and American intelligence services were well aware of Robeson's suicidal state of mind: An FBI memo described Robeson's debilitated condition, remarking that his "death would be much publicized" and would be used for Communist propaganda, necessitating continued surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989509-302">[302]</a> Numerous memos advised that Robeson should be denied a passport renewal, an obstacle that was likely to further jeopardize his recovery process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_in_East_Germany">Treatment in East Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Treatment in East Germany">edit</a>]</div> In August 1963, disturbed about his treatment, friends and family had Robeson transferred to the Buch Clinic in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010182-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamparski-304">[304]</a> Given psychotherapy and less medication, his physicians found him still "completely without initiative" and they expressed "doubt and anger" about the "high level of <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a> and ECT" that had been administered in London. He rapidly improved, though his doctor stressed that "what little is left of Paul's health must be quietly conserved."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989516–518-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963–1976:_Retirement">1963–1976: Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1963–1976: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG/170px-Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG/255px-Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG/340px-Robesonhouse.Philadelphia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_House_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Robeson House (Philadelphia)">Paul Robeson House</a> in Philadelphia (2009)</figcaption></figure> In December 1963, Robeson returned to the United States<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> and for the remainder of his life lived mainly in seclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989537-307">[307]</a> He momentarily assumed a role in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-295">[295]</a> making a few major public appearances before falling seriously ill during a tour. Double pneumonia and a kidney blockage in 1965 nearly killed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989537-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invitations_to_become_involved_in_the_civil_rights_movement">Invitations to become involved in the civil rights movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Invitations to become involved in the civil rights movement">edit</a>]</div> Robeson was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a> and both of them asked him about the possibility of becoming involved in the mainstream of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001346-308">[308]</a> Because of Rustin's past <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> stances, Robeson declined to meet with him. Robeson eventually met with Farmer, but because he was asked to denounce <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in order to assume a place in the mainstream, Robeson adamantly declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer1985297–298-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years">Final years</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Final years">edit</a>]</div> After Essie, who had been his spokesperson to the media, died in December 1965,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989162–163-310">[310]</a> Robeson moved in with his son's family in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1981235–237-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamparski-304">[304]</a> He was rarely seen strolling near his Harlem apartment on <a href="/wiki/Jumel_Terrace_Historic_District" title="Jumel Terrace Historic District">Jumel Place</a>, and his son responded to press inquiries that his "father's health does not permit him to perform, or answer questions."<a href="#cite_note-Lamparski-304">[304]</a> In 1968, he settled at his sister's home in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1986?-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamparski-304">[304]</a> Numerous celebrations were held in honor of Robeson over the next several years, including at public arenas that had previously shunned him, but he saw few visitors aside from close friends and gave few statements apart from messages to support current civil rights and international movements, feeling that his record "spoke for itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989516-313">[313]</a> At a Carnegie Hall tribute to mark his 75th birthday in 1973, he was unable to attend, but a taped message from him was played that said: "Though I have not been able to be active for several years, I want you to know that I am the same Paul, dedicated as ever to the worldwide cause of humanity for freedom, peace and brotherhood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010186-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976:_Death,_funeral,_and_public_response">1976: Death, funeral, and public response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1976: Death, funeral, and public response">edit</a>]</div> On January 23, 1976, following complications of a stroke, Robeson died in Philadelphia at the age of 77.<a href="#cite_note-died-315">[315]</a> He lay in state in Harlem<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1981236–237-316">[316]</a> and his funeral was held at his brother Ben's former parish, Mother Zion AME Zion Church,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989549-317">[317]</a> where Bishop J. Clinton Hoggard performed the eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-Eulogy-318">[318]</a> His 12 pall bearers included <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010187-319">[319]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll1998-320">[320]</a> He was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> in Hartsdale, New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010187-319">[319]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> said of news media notices upon Robeson's death:<blockquote>the "white [American] press ... ignored the continuing inability of white America to tolerate a black maverick who refused to bend, ... downplayed the racist component central to his persecution" [during his life, as they] "gingerly" [paid him] "respect and tipped their hat to him as a 'great American'," while the black American press, "which had never, overall, been as hostile to Robeson" [as the white American press had,] opined that his life " '... would always be a challenge to white and Black America.' "<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989549-317">[317]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148,_Berlin,_David_Silberstein,_Franz_Loeser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z0414-148%2C_Berlin%2C_David_Silberstein%2C_Franz_Loeser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The Robeson holdings in the archive of the Academy of the Arts of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> Early in his life, Robeson was one of the most influential participants in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> His achievements in sport and culture were all the more impressive given the barriers of racism he had to surmount.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Robeson brought <a href="/wiki/Negro_spirituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro spirituals">Negro spirituals</a> into the American mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman198981-323">[323]</a> He was among the first artists to refuse to perform to segregated audiences. Historian <a href="/wiki/Penny_Von_Eschen" title="Penny Von Eschen">Penny Von Eschen</a> wrote that while McCarthyism curbed American anti-colonialist politics in the 1940s such as Robeson's, "the [African independence movements] of the late 1950s and 1960s would vindicate his anti-colonial [agenda]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014185-324">[324]</a> In 1945, he received the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Spingarn medal">Spingarn medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Several public and private establishments he was associated with have been landmarked,<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> or named after him.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> In 1950, Robeson was awarded the International Peace Prize for his Songs of Peace.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 94  His efforts to end <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">Apartheid in South Africa</a> were posthumously rewarded in 1978 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Tribute_to_an_Artist" title="Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist">Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist</a> won an Academy Award for best short documentary in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In 1995, he was named to the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> In the centenary of his birth, which was commemorated around the world,<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> as well as a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> Robeson is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit">[update]</a>, the run of Othello starring Robeson was the longest-running production of a Shakespeare play ever staged on Broadway.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Donaldson Award</a> for his performance.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> His Othello was characterised by Michael A. Morrison in 2011 as a high point in Shakespearean theatre in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2011114–140-337">[337]</a> In 1930, while performing Othello in London, Robeson was painted by the British artist <a href="/wiki/Glyn_Philpot" title="Glyn Philpot">Glyn Philpot</a>; this portrait was sold in 1944 under the title Head of a Negro and thereafter thought lost, but was rediscovered by Simon Martin, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Pallant_House_Gallery" title="Pallant House Gallery">Pallant House Gallery</a>, for an exhibition held there in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Robeson archives exist at the <a href="/wiki/Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademie der Künste">Academy of Arts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Hu-berlin.de-339">[339]</a> Howard University,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989557-340">[340]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Robeson" title="Susan Robeson">Susan Robeson</a> launched a project at Swansea University, supported the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly">Welsh Assembly</a>, to create an online learning resource in her grandfather's memory.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> In 1976, the apartment building on Edgecombe Avenue in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a> section of Manhattan where Robeson lived during the early 1940s was officially renamed the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Robeson Residence">Paul Robeson Residence</a>, and declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrhpphotos-345">[345]</a> In 1993, the building was designated a New York City landmark as well.<a href="#cite_note-guide2nyc-346">[346]</a> Edgecombe Avenue itself was later co-named Paul Robeson Boulevard. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Shipping_Company" title="Latvian Shipping Company">Latvian Shipping Company</a> had named one of its new 40,000-ton tankers Paul Robeson in honor of the singer. The agency said the ship's crew established a Robeson museum aboard the tanker.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> After Robeson's death, a street in the <a href="/wiki/Prenzlauer_Berg" title="Prenzlauer Berg">Prenzlauer Berg</a> district of <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> was renamed Paul-Robeson-Straße, and the street name remains in reunified Berlin. An East German stamp featuring Robeson's face was issued with the text "For Peace Against Racism, Paul Robeson 1898–1976."<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/(Here_I_Stand)_In_the_Spirit_of_Paul_Robeson" title="(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson">(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson</a>, a public artwork by American artist Allen Uzikee Nelson, was dedicated in the <a href="/wiki/Petworth_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Petworth (Washington, D.C.)">Petworth</a> neighborhood in Washington, D.C. In 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> on the house in <a href="/wiki/Branch_Hill,_Hampstead" title="Branch Hill, Hampstead">Branch Hill, Hampstead</a> where Robeson lived in 1929–30.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> On May 18, 2002, a memorial concert celebrating the 50th anniversary of Robeson's concert across the Canadian border took place on the same spot at Peace Park in Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> In 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 37-cent stamp honoring Robeson.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> In 2006, a plaque was unveiled in his honor at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a>, a company that specializes in releasing special-edition versions of classic and contemporary films, released a DVD boxed set of Robeson films.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> In 2009, Robeson was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR,_ARTIST,_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg/220px-PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg/330px-PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg/440px-PAUL_ROBESON_-_ACTOR%2C_ARTIST%2C_ATHLETE_-_NARA_-_535624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Paul Robeson by Charles Henry Alston</figcaption></figure> The main campus library at Rutgers University-Camden is named after Robeson,<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> as is the campus center at Rutgers University-Newark.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> The Paul Robeson Cultural Center is on the campus of Rutgers University, New Brunswick.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> In 1972, Penn State established a formal cultural center on the University Park campus. Students and staff chose to name the center for Robeson.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> A street in Princeton, New Jersey, is named after him. In addition, the block of Davenport Street in Somerville, New Jersey, where St. Thomas AME Zion Church still stands, is called Paul Robeson Boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> In West Philadelphia, the Paul Robeson High School is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> To celebrate the 100th anniversary of Robeson's graduation, Rutgers University named an open-air plaza after him on Friday, April 12, 2019. The plaza, next to the <a href="/wiki/Voorhees_Mall" title="Voorhees Mall">Voorhees Mall</a> on the College Avenue campus at Rutgers, New Brunswick, features eight black granite panels with details of Robeson's life.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> On March 6, 2019, the city council of New Brunswick, New Jersey, approved the renaming of Commercial Avenue to Paul Robeson Boulevard.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> A dark red <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_tomato" title="Heirloom tomato">heirloom tomato</a> from the Soviet Union was given the name <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_tomato" title="Paul Robeson tomato">Paul Robeson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In 1949, some Chinese editors published children cartoons presenting him as an artistic and revolutionary hero.<a href="#cite_note-Gao-366">[366]</a> In contemporary China, Robeson continues to be praised for his art and as a friend to China, including for his role in globalizing the March of the Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-202">[202]</a>: 292  In 1954, the Kurdish poet <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Goran" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulla Goran">Abdulla Goran</a> wrote the poem Bangêk bo Pol Ropsin ("A Call for Paul Robeson"). In the same year, another Kurdish poet, <a href="/wiki/Cegerxw%C3%AEn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cegerxwîn">Cegerxwîn</a>, also wrote a poem about him, Heval Pol Robson ("Comrade Paul Robeson"), which was put to music by singer <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eivan_Perwer" title="Şivan Perwer">Şivan Perwer</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_47_(band)" title="Black 47 (band)">Black 47</a>'s 1989 album Home of the Brave includes the song "Paul Robeson (Born to Be Free)", which features spoken quotes of Robeson as part of the song.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> These quotes are drawn from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_congressional_hearings#Paul_Robeson's_1956_HUAC_testimony" title="Paul Robeson congressional hearings">Robeson's testimony</a> before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> in June 1956. In 2001, Welsh rock band <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a> released a song titled "<a href="/wiki/Let_Robeson_Sing" title="Let Robeson Sing">Let Robeson Sing</a>" as a tribute to Robeson, which reached number 19 on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>. In January 1978, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> performed the one-man show Paul Robeson, written by <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Hayes_Dean" title="Phillip Hayes Dean">Phillip Hayes Dean</a>, on Broadway.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> This stage drama was made into a TV movie in 1979, starring Jones and directed by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> At the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a>, British-Nigerian actor Tayo Aluko, himself a baritone soloist, premiered his one-man show, Call Mr. Robeson: A Life with Songs, which has since toured various countries.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> A fictional Paul Robeson appears in <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> episode "Winds of Change" as a friend of Indiana Jones.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Inferno_Friendship_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Inferno Friendship Society">World Inferno Friendship Society</a> had a semi-biographical song about Paul Robeson's life on their 2006 album Red Eyed Soul.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rob_Smith" title="Tom Rob Smith">Tom Rob Smith</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Agent_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent 6">Agent 6</a> (2012) includes the character Jesse Austin, "a black singer, political activist and communist sympathizer modeled after real-life actor/activist Paul Robeson."<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> Robeson also appears in short fiction published in the online literary magazines the Maple Tree Literary Supplement<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> and Every Day Fiction.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> Film director <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a>'s video work End Credits (2012–ongoing), shown at the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum" title="Whitney Museum">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami" title="Pérez Art Museum Miami">Pérez Art Museum Miami</a>, reproduces Robeson's declassified, although still heavily redacted, FBI files.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> On September 7, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Theatre" title="Crossroads Theatre">Crossroads Theatre</a> Company performed Phillip Hayes Dean's play Paul Robeson in the inaugural performance of the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Performing_Arts_Center" title="New Brunswick Performing Arts Center">New Brunswick Performing Arts Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> Robeson was widely popular among <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> intellectuals and artists. Noted Indian singer-songwriter, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a> met Robeson in 1949, befriended him and participated in civil rights activities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-380">[380]</a> Hazarika based his iconic <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> song "Bistirno Parore" ("Of the wide shores") on Robeson's "Ol' Man River",<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-383">[383]</a> later translated into <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Hemanga_Biswas" title="Hemanga Biswas">Hemanga Biswas</a> sang the Bengali ballad "Negro bhai amar Paul Robeson" ("Our Negro brother Paul Robeson").<a href="#cite_note-:1-383">[383]</a> There were nation-wide celebrations in India on Robeson's 60th birthday in 1958, with the then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> saying: "This occasion deserves celebration…because Paul Robeson is one of the greatest artistes of our generation."<a href="#cite_note-:0-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-383">[383]</a> A jazz poetry opera, "Paul Robeson: Man of the People" by Lasana Katembe and Ernest Dawkins debuted at The Cabaret in Indianapolis, Indiana on May 31, 2024, and will have its Chicago premiere on June 7, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_filmography" title="Paul Robeson filmography">Paul Robeson filmography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1925_film)" title="Body and Soul (1925 film)">Body and Soul</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_(1926_short_film)" title="Camille (1926 short film)">Camille</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_(1930_film)" title="Borderline (1930 film)">Borderline</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones_(1933_film)" title="The Emperor Jones (1933 film)">The Emperor Jones</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Freedom" title="Song of Freedom">Song of Freedom</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fella" title="Big Fella">Big Fella</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Song_Goes_Forth" title="My Song Goes Forth">My Song Goes Forth</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1937_film)" title="King Solomon's Mines (1937 film)">King Solomon's Mines</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_(1937_film)" title="Jericho (1937 film)">Jericho/Dark Sands</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Valley" title="The Proud Valley">The Proud Valley</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Land" title="Native Land">Native Land</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan" title="Tales of Manhattan">Tales of Manhattan</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Rivers" title="The Song of the Rivers">The Song of the Rivers</a> (1954)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2005231-386">[386]</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson: "I'm a Negro. I'm an American." (1989)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Discography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_discography" title="Paul Robeson discography">Paul Robeson discography</a></div> Paul Robeson had an extensive recording career; discogs.com lists<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> some 66 albums and 195 singles. Selected albums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Free_Men" title="Songs of Free Men">Songs of Free Men</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals_(Paul_Robeson_album)" title="Spirituals (Paul Robeson album)">Spirituals</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot_(album)" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (album)">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Favorite_Songs" title="Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs">Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Paul Robeson at Carnegie Hall">Paul Robeson at Carnegie Hall</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Encore,_Robeson!%22" title=""Encore, Robeson!"">"Encore, Robeson!" (Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs, Vol. 2)</a> (1960)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)">Freedom</a>, American newspaper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Thorpe–M'Millan Fight Great Duel: Robeson Scores Both Touchdowns for Locals Against Indians". <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel#The_Milwaukee_Journal" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">The Milwaukee Journal</a>. November 20, 1922. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Thorpe%E2%80%93M%27Millan+Fight+Great+Duel%3A+Robeson+Scores+Both+Touchdowns+for+Locals+Against+Indians&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1922-11-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYowell2013" class="citation web cs1">Yowell, Keith (November 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fs64sports.blogspot.com/2013/11/1922-robeson-scores-2-tds-as-milwaukee.html">"Today in Pro Football History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+Pro+Football+History&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Yowell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffs64sports.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F11%2F1922-robeson-scores-2-tds-as-milwaukee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/links/quotes.html">"Paul Robeson Quotations"</a>. Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315091456/http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/links/quotes.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson+Quotations&rft.pub=Paul+Robeson+Centennial+Celebration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu%2Frobeson%2Flinks%2Fquotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVizetelly1934" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Horace_Vizetelly" title="Frank Horace Vizetelly">Vizetelly, Frank H.</a> (March 3, 1934). "What's the Name, Please?". <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Digest" title="The Literary Digest">The Literary Digest</a>: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Digest&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Name%2C+Please%3F&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1934-03-03&rft.aulast=Vizetelly&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/freedom/">"Freedom"</a>. NYU Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315193159/http://dlib.nyu.edu/freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom&rft.pub=NYU+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.nyu.edu%2Ffreedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/links/discography.html">"Resources About Paul Robeson (1898–1976)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622165600/http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/links/discography.html">Archived</a> June 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paul Robeson Centennial Celebration. Retrieved June 12, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-mother-7"><a href="#cite_ref-mother_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/59/04712426/0471242659.pdf">3</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 18, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 5–6, 145–149; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 4–5; <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 10–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Star_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hywel_Francis" title="Hywel Francis">Francis, Hywel</a> (May 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-2d78-The-inheritor-of-his-fathers-political-mantle#.Wb5J9ciGM2x">"The inheritor of his father's political mantle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171056/https://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-2d78-The-inheritor-of-his-fathers-political-mantle#.Wb5J9ciGM2x">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morning+Star&rft.atitle=The+inheritor+of+his+father%27s+political+mantle&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningstaronline.co.uk%2Fa-2d78-The-inheritor-of-his-fathers-political-mantle%23.Wb5J9ciGM2x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 4, 337–338; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 4, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 4, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 5–6, 14; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 4–5, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 4–6, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 17, 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 3; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 18, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 6–7; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 5–6, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 18–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 16–17; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 5–6; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 6–9, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 18–20, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 9; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 21, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 6–7, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 22–23; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 8, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 7–8, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 25–29; cf. <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 11; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 9, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 27–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 9–10; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 39, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 17; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 30, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 37–38; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 12, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 49–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 13–16; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 34–36, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 43, 46, 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 37–38; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 16, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 13–16, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 41–42; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 54–55, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 17, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 17–18; contra. The dispute is over whether it was a one-year or four-year scholarship. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robeson Found Emphasis to Win Too Great in College Football: Giant Negro Actor and Singer, Former Grid Star, Says Color Prejudices Forgotten on Stage". Boston Daily Globe. March 13, 1926. p. A7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/498725929">498725929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Daily+Globe&rft.atitle=Robeson+Found+Emphasis+to+Win+Too+Great+in+College+Football%3A+Giant+Negro+Actor+and+Singer%2C+Former+Grid+Star%2C+Says+Color+Prejudices+Forgotten+on+Stage&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=1926-03-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 11; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 40–41, <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, pp. 18–19, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 53–54, 65, <a href="#CITEREFCarroll1998">Carroll 1998</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 19; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 60, 64, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 45–49; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 19, 24, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 60, 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 20–21; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 49–50, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 61–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_19440116-30"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_19440116_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelder1944" class="citation news cs1">Gelder, Robert van (January 16, 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/16/archives/robeson-remembers-an-interview-with-the-star-of-othello-partly.html">"Robeson Remembers: An Interview With the Star of Othello, Partly About His Past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/107050287">107050287</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106204105/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/16/archives/robeson-remembers-an-interview-with-the-star-of-othello-partly.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robeson+Remembers%3A+An+Interview+With+the+Star+of+Othello%2C+Partly+About+His+Past&rft.date=1944-01-16&rft.aulast=Gelder&rft.aufirst=Robert+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1944%2F01%2F16%2Farchives%2Frobeson-remembers-an-interview-with-the-star-of-othello-partly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 49–50, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 20–21, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeakey1973" class="citation journal cs1">Yeakey, Lamont H. (1973). "A Student Without Peer: The Undergraduate College Years of Paul Robeson". The Journal of Negro Education. 42 (4): 489–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2966562">10.2307/2966562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2966562">2966562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=A+Student+Without+Peer%3A+The+Undergraduate+College+Years+of+Paul+Robeson&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2966562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2966562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yeakey&rft.aufirst=Lamont+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 24; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 54, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 71, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 28, 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 54; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 24, <a href="#CITEREFLevy2003">Levy 2003</a>, pp. 1–2, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 71, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 24; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 54, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 70, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 68–70; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 22–23, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 59–60, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 27, <a href="#CITEREFPitt1972">Pitt 1972</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 22, 573; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 29–30, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 74–82, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 65–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc.1918-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Inc.1918_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AloEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA229">"Men of the Month"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>. 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March 1918. pp. 229–231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1422">0011-1422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.atitle=Men+of+the+Month&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1918-03&rft.issn=0011-1422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAloEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFMarable2005">Marable 2005</a>, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 33; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 25, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 68–69, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 85–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568–69-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200568–69_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton19586-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton19586_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 25; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 68–69, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 86–87, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 24; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 69, 74, 437, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NNVHAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson%20and%20brown%20inducted%20in%20hall&pg=4842%2C2952039">"Hall of Fame: Robeson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Record-Journal" title="Record-Journal">Record-Journal</a>. January 19, 1995. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044543/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NNVHAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson+and+brown+inducted+in+hall&pg=4842%2C2952039">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Record-Journal&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Fame%3A+Robeson&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1995-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DNNVHAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Drobeson%2520and%2520brown%2520inducted%2520in%2520hall%26pg%3D4842%252C2952039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; The number of letters varies between 12 and 15 based on author; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 22, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 73, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1922" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Burris (September 28, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1922-09-28/ed-1/seq-25/">"Four Coaches – O'Neill of Columbia, Sanderson of Rutgers, Gargan of Fordham, and Thorp of N.Y.U. – Worrying About Outcome of Impending Battles"</a>. 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The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=59">the original</a> on January 3, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Belongs+to+Phi+Beta+Kappa%3F&rft.pub=The+Phi+Beta+Kappa+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbk.org%2Finfoview%2FPBK_InfoView.aspx%3Ft%3D%26id%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 94, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 74, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 74; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 26, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 94–95; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 30, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 75–76, <a href="#CITEREFHarris1998">Harris 1998</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 26; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 75, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 94, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirshenbaum1972" class="citation magazine cs1">Kirshenbaum, Jerry (March 27, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/vault/1972/03/27/576460/paul-robeson-remaking-a-fallen-hero">"Paul Robeson: Remaking A Fallen Hero"</a>. Sports Illustrated. Vol. 36, no. 13. pp. 75–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310200738/https://www.si.com/vault/1972/03/27/576460/paul-robeson-remaking-a-fallen-hero">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Remaking+A+Fallen+Hero&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1972-03-27&rft.aulast=Kirshenbaum&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fvault%2F1972%2F03%2F27%2F576460%2Fpaul-robeson-remaking-a-fallen-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1919">Robeson 1919</a>, pp. 570–571; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 76, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 26–27, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 95, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 36–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 43; cf. Boyle and Bunie; 78–82, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 34; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 82, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 44, <a href="#CITEREFCarroll1998">Carroll 1998</a>, pp. 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 111; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 25, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 53, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200582-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie200582_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 43–44; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 82, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 143; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeisenfeld1997">Weisenfeld 1997</a>, pp. 161–162; cf. <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 34–35, 37–38; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 87–89, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 46–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman198943-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman198943_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson1997">Peterson 1997</a>, p. 93; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 48–49; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 89, 104, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/11/archives/whos-who.html">"Who's Who"</a>. The New York Times. May 11, 1924. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/103384313">103384313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106204105/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/11/archives/whos-who.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.date=1924-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F05%2F11%2Farchives%2Fwhos-who.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 50–52; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 39–41; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 88–89, 94, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2003">Levy 2003</a>, p. 30; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/04-12-119.pdf">Akron Pros 1920 by Bob Carrol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311103636/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/04-12-119.pdf">Archived</a> March 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="#CITEREFCarroll1998">Carroll 1998</a>, pp. 147–148, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005104–105-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005104–105_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnton1922" class="citation news cs1">Darnton, Charles (April 5, 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1922-04-05/ed-1/seq-24/">"'Taboo' Casts Voodoo Spell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Evening_World" title="The Evening World">The Evening World</a>. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525172509/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1922-04-05/ed-1/seq-24/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+World&rft.atitle=%27Taboo%27+Casts+Voodoo+Spell&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1922-04-05&rft.aulast=Darnton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030193%2F1922-04-05%2Fed-1%2Fseq-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 100–105, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1922-04-05/ed-1/seq-10/;words=Paul+Robeson?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=paul+robeson&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2&index=1">Review of Taboo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044553/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1922-04-05/ed-1/seq-10/?date1=1836&index=1&date2=1922&searchType=basic&state=&rows=20&proxtext=paul+robeson&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2">Archived</a> July 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWintz2007">Wintz 2007</a>, pp. 6–8; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 44–45, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 57–59, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 98–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 44–45; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 120, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 57–59, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 105–107; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 120, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 47–48, 50, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 59, 63–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 120–121; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 105–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005139-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005139_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 108–109; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 68–69, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 34, 51, <a href="#CITEREFCarroll1998">Carroll 1998</a>, pp. 151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2003">Levy 2003</a>, pp. 31–32; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 54–55; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 111–113, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 71, <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 111–114; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 54–55, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 71–72, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-pauljr-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pauljr_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robeson_Jr.2001" class="citation book cs1">Paul Robeson Jr. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undiscoveredpaul00robe/page/43">The Undiscovered Paul Robeson. An Artist's Journey 1898–1939</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undiscoveredpaul00robe/page/43">43–54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24265-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24265-9"><bdi>0-471-24265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Paul+Robeson.+An+Artist%27s+Journey+1898%E2%80%931939.&rft.pages=43-54&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-471-24265-9&rft.au=Paul+Robeson+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundiscoveredpaul00robe%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 115; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/locations/schomburg/about/history">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112005157/http://www.nypl.org/locations/schomburg/about/history">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1979" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, C. Gerald (April 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/01/archives/schomburg-unit-listed-as-landmark-spawning-ground-of-talent-40.html">"Schomburg Unit Listed as Landmark"</a>. The New York Times. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/120941139">120941139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Schomburg+Unit+Listed+as+Landmark&rft.date=1979-04-01&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=C.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F04%2F01%2Farchives%2Fschomburg-unit-listed-as-landmark-spawning-ground-of-talent-40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 52–55; <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 111, 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823233626/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,717940,00.html">"All God's Chillun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. March 17, 1924. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,717940,00.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007. <q>The dramatic <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> will shortly be enacted ... [produced by the Provincetown Players, headed by O'Neill], dramatist; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Jones" title="Robert Edmond Jones">Robert Edmond Jones</a>, artist, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Macgowan" title="Kenneth Macgowan">Kenneth Macgowan</a>, author. Many white people do not like the [plot]. Neither do many black.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All+God%27s+Chillun&rft.date=1924-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C717940%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 57–59, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 118–121, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 73–76; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 36–37, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 53, 57–59, 61–62, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 90–91, 122–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005123-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005123_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden1924" class="citation news cs1">Madden, Will Anthony (May 17, 1924). "Paul Robeson Rises To Supreme Heights In 'The Emperor Jones'". Pittsburgh Courier. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/201849682">201849682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+Rises+To+Supreme+Heights+In+%27The+Emperor+Jones%27&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1924-05-17&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Will+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1924" class="citation news cs1">Corbin, John (May 7, 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/07/archives/the-play-jazzed-methodism.html">"The Play; Jazzed Methodism"</a>. The New York Times. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/103407566">103407566</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027174330/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/05/07/archives/the-play-jazzed-methodism.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Play%3B+Jazzed+Methodism&rft.date=1924-05-07&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1924%2F05%2F07%2Farchives%2Fthe-play-jazzed-methodism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">.<a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 62–63, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1924" class="citation news cs1">Young, Stark (August 24, 1924). "The Prompt Book". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. X1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/103317885">103317885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Prompt+Book&rft.pages=X1&rft.date=1924-08-24&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Stark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantle1924" class="citation news cs1">Mantle, Burns (May 25, 1924). "'All God's Chillun' Plays Without a Single Protest: O'Neill Makes Good Threat to Produce 'All God's Chillun'". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. F1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/180569383">180569383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27All+God%27s+Chillun%27+Plays+Without+a+Single+Protest%3A+O%27Neill+Makes+Good+Threat+to+Produce+%27All+God%27s+Chillun%27&rft.pages=F1&rft.date=1924-05-25&rft.aulast=Mantle&rft.aufirst=Burns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"><a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 126–127, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 64–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "And there is an Othello when I am ready.... One of the great measures of a people is its culture. Above all things, we boast that the only true artistic contributions of America are Negro in origin. We boast of the culture of ancient Africa. [I]n any discussion of art or culture, [one must include] music and the drama and its interpretation. So today Roland Hayes is infinitely more of a racial asset than many who 'talk' at great length. Thousands of people hear him, see him, are moved by him, and are brought to a clearer understanding of human values. If I can do something of a like nature, I shall be happy. My early experiences give me much hope." cf. <a href="#CITEREFWilson2000">Wilson 2000</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 38–40; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 68–71, 76, <a href="#CITEREFSampson2005">Sampson 2005</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 142–143; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"'I Owe My Success To My Wife,' Says Paul Robeson, Star In O'Neill's Drama: Tendered Informal Reception in New York – Newspapers Well Represented". The Pittsburgh Courier. June 14, 1924. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/201834383">201834383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=%27I+Owe+My+Success+To+My+Wife%2C%27+Says+Paul+Robeson%2C+Star+In+O%27Neill%27s+Drama%3A+Tendered+Informal+Reception+in+New+York+%E2%80%93+Newspapers+Well+Represented&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1924-06-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson200184-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson200184_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 84; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 149, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, pp. 14, 18–19; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 67, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 160, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robeson to Sing for Nursery Fund: Benefit to Be Given in Greenwich Village Theatre March 15". <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. March 11, 1925. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/226378502">226378502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Robeson+to+Sing+for+Nursery+Fund%3A+Benefit+to+Be+Given+in+Greenwich+Village+Theatre+March+15&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1925-03-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1925" class="citation news cs1">Coates, Ulysses (April 18, 1925). "Radio". Chicago Defender. p. A8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/492070128">492070128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=Radio&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=1925-04-18&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Ulysses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robeson to Sing Over Radio". <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. April 8, 1925. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/226176207">226176207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Robeson+to+Sing+Over+Radio&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1925-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 78; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 139, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 79; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 41–42, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 140, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Clara Young Loses $75,000 in Jewels". The New York Times. April 20, 1925. p. 21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/103557765">103557765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clara+Young+Loses+%2475%2C000+in+Jewels&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1925-04-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Paul Robeson, Lawrence Brown Score Big New York Success With Negro Songs". The Pittsburgh Courier. May 2, 1925. p. 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/201840160">201840160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%2C+Lawrence+Brown+Score+Big+New+York+Success+With+Negro+Songs&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1925-05-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Music: Postal Carrier to Give Song Recital". <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. April 15, 1925. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/226457501">226457501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Music%3A+Postal+Carrier+to+Give+Song+Recital&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1925-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"><a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 82, 86; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 149, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 93, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robeson on Victor". <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. September 16, 1925. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/226389224">226389224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Robeson+on+Victor&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1925-09-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 45–47; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 83, 88–98, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 161–167, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 95–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 169–184; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 98–106, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 47–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 106; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 143; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 106, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 110; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 147, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 186; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 112, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tumblr.com/blackkudos/614854668036816896/paul-robeson">"Paul Robeson"</a>. Tumblr. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tumblr&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tumblr.com%2Fblackkudos%2F614854668036816896%2Fpaul-robeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Drury Lane Theatre: 'Showboat'". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. May 4, 1928. p. 14. <q>Mr. Robeson's melancholy song about the 'old river' is one of the two chief hits of the evening.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Drury+Lane+Theatre%3A+%27Showboat%27&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1928-05-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatrecrafts.com/pages/home/shows/showboat/">"Show Boat"</a>. theatrecrafts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Show+Boat&rft.pub=theatrecrafts.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrecrafts.com%2Fpages%2Fhome%2Fshows%2Fshowboat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 113–115, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 188–192, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 149–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005192-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005192_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005192_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1928" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, J A (October 6, 1928). "'Show Boat' Pleasure-Disappointment": Rogers Gives New View Says Race Talent Is Submerged". Pittsburgh Courier. p. A2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/201884274">201884274</a>. <q>[Show Boat] is, so far as the Negro is concerned, a regrettable bit of American niggerism introduced into Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=%27Show+Boat%27+Pleasure-Disappointment%22%3A+Rogers+Gives+New+View+Says+Race+Talent+Is+Submerged&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=1928-10-06&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=J+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 114, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mrs. Paul Robeson Majestic Passenger: Coming to Settle Business Affairs of Her Distinguished Husband". <a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a>. August 22, 1928. p. 8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/226257877">226257877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Paul+Robeson+Majestic+Passenger%3A+Coming+to+Settle+Business+Affairs+of+Her+Distinguished+Husband&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1928-08-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 193–197; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 114, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sings For Prince Of Wales". Pittsburgh Courier. July 28, 1928. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/201895989">201895989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Courier&rft.atitle=Sings+For+Prince+Of+Wales&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1928-07-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 115, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 196, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"English Parliament Honors Paul Robeson". Chicago Defender. December 1, 1928. p. A1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/492188338">492188338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Defender&rft.atitle=English+Parliament+Honors+Paul+Robeson&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1928-12-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 30; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 155, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. ? </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 205–07; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 153–156, <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 52, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989126–127-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989126–127_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989123–124-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989123–124_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuberman1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Duberman, Martin (December 28, 1988). "Writing Robeson". <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. Vol. 267, no. 22. pp. 33–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Writing+Robeson&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1988-12-28&rft.aulast=Duberman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 57, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 159–160, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001163–165-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson2001163–165_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 172–173; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 230–234, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 139–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 143–144; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 165–166 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 24; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 129–130, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 221–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 133–138; cf. <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19310514.1.1&srpos=16&e=------193-en--20--1--txt-txIN-Michael+Maloney----1931---">"Paul Robeson Quits America for London"</a>. San Bernardino Sun. Associated Press. May 14, 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021190803/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19310514.1.1&srpos=16&e=------193-en--20--1--txt-txIN-Michael+Maloney----1931---">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+Quits+America+for+London&rft.date=1931-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSBS19310514.1.1%26srpos%3D16%26e%3D------193-en--20--1--txt-txIN-Michael%2BMaloney----1931---&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2011">Morrison 2011</a>, p. 114; cf. <a href="#CITEREFSwindall2010">Swindall 2010</a>, p. 23, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 29; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, p. 60, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 226–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 176–77; cf. <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 178–182; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 238–240, 257; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGilliam1978">Gilliam 1978</a>, pp. 62–64, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 140–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbeyroad.com/news/the-genius-of-paul-robeson-as-told-by-abbey-roads-cameron-colbeck-2938">"The Genius of Paul Robeson | As Told by Cameron Colbeck"</a>. Abbey Road. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008024905/https://www.abbeyroad.com/news/the-genius-of-paul-robeson-as-told-by-abbey-roads-cameron-colbeck-2938">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abbey+Road&rft.atitle=The+Genius+of+Paul+Robeson+%7C+As+Told+by+Cameron+Colbeck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbeyroad.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-genius-of-paul-robeson-as-told-by-abbey-roads-cameron-colbeck-2938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1932" class="citation news cs1">Oakley, Annie (May 24, 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=695EAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson&pg=4621%2C562518">"The Theatre and Its People"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Border Cities Star</a>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044549/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=695EAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson&pg=4621%2C562518">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Border+Cities+Star&rft.atitle=The+Theatre+and+Its+People&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1932-05-24&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D695EAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Drobeson%26pg%3D4621%252C562518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 253–254, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 161, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 192–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 161; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 258–259, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 132, 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Sources are unclear on this point. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 145; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 162–163; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 262–263, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 194–196 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 195–200; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 267–268, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 271–274; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 167, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005269–271-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005269–271_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 269–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, pp. 41–42; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 168–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 275–279; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 167–168 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nv4-AAAAIBAJ&dq=paul%20robeson&pg=3427%2C2173739">"Black Greatness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">The Border Cities Star</a>. September 8, 1933. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nv4-AAAAIBAJ&dq=paul+robeson&pg=3427%2C2173739">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Border+Cities+Star&rft.atitle=Black+Greatness&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1933-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DNv4-AAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dpaul%2520robeson%26pg%3D3427%252C2173739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 284–285; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 169–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005285–286-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005285–286_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005284–285-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005284–285_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSOAS2018" class="citation web cs1">@SOAS (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SOAS/status/1050025312770244609">"Photograph of Paul Robeson's admission form for SOAS in 1934"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photograph+of+Paul+Robeson%27s+admission+form+for+SOAS+in+1934&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.au=SOAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FSOAS%2Fstatus%2F1050025312770244609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207151911/https://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem92596.html">"Paul Robeson SOAS tribute with the late Tony Benn now available on YouTube | SOAS University of London"</a>. Soas.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem92596.html">the original</a> on February 7, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+SOAS+tribute+with+the+late+Tony+Benn+now+available+on+YouTube+%7C+SOAS+University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewsitem92596.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The rationale for Robeson's sudden interest in African history is viewed as inexplicable by one of his biographers and no biographers have stated an explanation for what Duberman terms a "sudden interest"; cf. <a href="#CITEREFCameron1990">Cameron 1990</a>, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201052-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen201052_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen201052_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989182–185-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989182–185_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 182–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Ronald A. (Summer 1979). "The Paul Robeson–Jackie Robinson Saga and a Political Collision". Journal of Sport History. 6 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+History&rft.atitle=The+Paul+Robeson%E2%80%93Jackie+Robinson+Saga+and+a+Political+Collision&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 184–185, 628–629 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 94–96; cf. (Smith, Vern (January 15, 1935). "'I am at Home,' Says Robeson at Reception in Soviet Union", Daily Worker). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201045-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen201045_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen201053–55-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen201053–55_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, pp. 53–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 53; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 78–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotha1935" class="citation journal cs1">Rotha, Paul (Spring 1935). "Sanders on the River". Cinema Quarterly. 3 (3): 175–176. <q>You may, like me, feel embarrassed for Robeson. To portray on the public screen your own race as a smiling but cunning rogue, as clay in a woman's hands (especially when she is of the sophisticated American Brand), as toady to the white man is no small feat ... It is important to remember that the multitudes of this country [Britain] who see Africa in this film, are being encouraged to believe this fudge is real. It is a disturbing thought. To exploit the past is the historian's loss. To exploit the present means in this case, the disgrace of a Continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sanders+on+the+River&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Rotha&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 180–182; contra: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Leicester Square Theatre: Sanders of the River". The Times. April 3, 1935. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Leicester+Square+Theatre%3A+Sanders+of+the+River&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1935-04-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow1985">Low 1985</a>, p. 257; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 181–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow1985170–171-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow1985170–171_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow1985">Low 1985</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Sources are unclear if Robeson unilaterally took the final product of the film as insulting or if his distaste was abetted by criticism of the film. <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerLandy2004" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Lucy; Landy, Marcia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jl8Nu4IlqMMC&pg=PA209">Stars: The Film Reader</a>. Psychology Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415278928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415278928"><bdi>978-0415278928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stars%3A+The+Film+Reader&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415278928&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Landy%2C+Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djl8Nu4IlqMMC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunard1935" class="citation magazine cs1">Cunard, Nancy (August 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA238">"Stevedore in London"</a>. The Crisis. Vol. 42, no. 8. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.atitle=Stevedore+in+London&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1935-08&rft.aulast=Cunard&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001280–281-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson2001280–281_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesHøgsbjergDubois2012-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesHøgsbjergDubois2012_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJamesHøgsbjergDubois2012">James, Høgsbjerg & Dubois 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028282/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028249/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010522014343/http://www.villonfilms.com/filmrec.php?queryIndex=0">"Africa Sings"</a>. Villon Films. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villonfilms.com/filmrec.php?queryIndex=0">the original</a> on May 22, 2001. Retrieved July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa+Sings&rft.pub=Villon+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villonfilms.com%2Ffilmrec.php%3FqueryIndex%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029081/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028629/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29211761">"Most Popular Stars of 1937: Choice of British Public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_(Hobart)" title="The Mercury (Hobart)">The Mercury (Hobart, Tas.: 1860–1954)</a>. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. February 12, 1938. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044632/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/29211761">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+%28Hobart%2C+Tas.%3A+1860%E2%80%931954%29&rft.atitle=Most+Popular+Stars+of+1937%3A+Choice+of+British+Public&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1938-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article29211761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRichards2001">Richards 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Jerome, F. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/430653">Einstein, Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124070217/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/430653">Archived</a> January 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a>, vol. 95, no. 4 (December 2004), pp. 627–639. The University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 53; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1981">Robeson 1981</a>, p. 38, <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 292; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, pp. 375–378 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Glazer defines it as a change from a "lyric of defeat into a rallying cry". <a href="#CITEREFGlazer2007">Glazer 2007</a>, p. 167; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 293, <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 381, <a href="#CITEREFLennox2011">Lennox 2011</a>, p. 124, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1981">Robeson 1981</a>, p. 37, <a href="#CITEREFHopkins1998">Hopkins 1998</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989222-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989222_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "Paul Robeson at the Unity Theater", <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>, June 20, 1938; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203181631/http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/Life/international_relations/paul_robeson.asp">"Paul Robeson"</a>. Coalfield Web Materials. University of Wales Swansea. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/Life/international_relations/paul_robeson.asp">the original</a> on February 3, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coalfield+Web+Materials&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agor.org.uk%2Fcwm%2Fthemes%2FLife%2Finternational_relations%2Fpaul_robeson.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005396-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleBunie2005396_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Spanish Relief Efforts: Albert Hall Meeting £1,000 Collected for Children". <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>. June 25, 1937. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/484207378">484207378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spanish+Relief+Efforts%3A+Albert+Hall+Meeting+%C2%A31%2C000+Collected+for+Children&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1937-06-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 77, <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006356-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006356_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyden1983433–434-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyden1983433–434_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyden1983433–434_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyden1983">Wyden 1983</a>, pp. 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030000718/http://blogs.comunitatvalenciana.com/rutas-culturales/2016/10/26/paulrobeson/">"Paul Robeson"</a>. Rutas Culturales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.comunitatvalenciana.com/rutas-culturales/2016/10/26/paulrobeson/">the original</a> on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutas+Culturales&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.comunitatvalenciana.com%2Frutas-culturales%2F2016%2F10%2F26%2Fpaulrobeson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 356; cf. <a href="#CITEREFEby2007">Eby 2007</a>, pp. 279–280, <a href="#CITEREFLandis1967">Landis 1967</a>, pp. 245–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"India's Struggle for Freedom : Mr. Nehru on Imperialism and Fascism". The Manchester Guardian. June 28, 1938. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/484443209">484443209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=India%27s+Struggle+for+Freedom+%3A+Mr.+Nehru+on+Imperialism+and+Fascism&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1938-06-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 223 <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyleBunie2005">Boyle & Bunie 2005</a>, p. 320; cf. <a href="#CITEREFVon_Eschen2014">Von Eschen 2014</a>, p. ? </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Robeson's Return". Birmingham Mail. March 8, 1939. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=Robeson%27s+Return&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1939-03-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Priestley's Present Paul Robeson with Lawrence Brown at the piano". Birmingham Mail. February 20, 1939. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Mail&rft.atitle=Priestley%27s+Present+Paul+Robeson+with+Lawrence+Brown+at+the+piano&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1939-02-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html">"Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>. September 14, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001002033/https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2021 – via Guardian Century – 1940–1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nazi%27s+black+list+discovered+in+Berlin&rft.date=1945-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcentury%2F1940-1949%2FStory%2F0%2C6051%2C127730%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourneDr._Hywel_Francis" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bourne_(writer)" title="Stephen Bourne (writer)">Bourne, Stephen</a>; Dr. Hywel Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203160114/http://edinburghfilmguild.org.uk/programme_notes/the_proud_Valley.pdf">"The Proud Valley"</a> (PDF). Edinburgh Film Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edinburghfilmguild.org.uk/programme_notes/the_proud_Valley.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Proud+Valley&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Film+Guide&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Dr.+Hywel+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedinburghfilmguild.org.uk%2Fprogramme_notes%2Fthe_proud_Valley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwindall2015">Swindall 2015</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwindall2015">Swindall 2015</a>, pp. 90, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989236–238-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989236–238_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 236–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwindall2015">Swindall 2015</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Furst, Randy (October 7, 2015). "Singer Paul Robeson was banned at the University of Minnesota during the Cold War." <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>. Retrieved April 14, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2007">Price 2007</a>, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Earl Robinson with Eric A. Gordon, Ballad of an American: The Autobiography of Earl Robinson (Scarecrow Press: Lanham, Md., 1998), p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dreier2014" class="citation web cs1">Peter Dreier (May 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/long-overdue-paul-robeson-revival-talented-person-20th-century/">"We Are Long Overdue for a Paul Robeson Revival"</a>. Los Angeles Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302212135/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/long-overdue-paul-robeson-revival-talented-person-20th-century/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=We+Are+Long+Overdue+for+a+Paul+Robeson+Revival&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.au=Peter+Dreier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Flong-overdue-paul-robeson-revival-talented-person-20th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> FBI record, "Paul Robeson". FBI 100-25857, New York, December 8, 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989259–261-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989259–261_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 259–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-finger-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finger_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finger_191-1">b</a> Barry Finger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/finger25.htm">"Paul Robeson: A Flawed Martyr"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112204045/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/finger25.htm">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/New_Politics_(magazine)" title="New Politics (magazine)">New Politics</a>, vol. 7, no. 1 (Summer 1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustiger2003125–127-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustiger2003125–127_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLustiger2003">Lustiger 2003</a>, pp. 125–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/1345">Othello (1943)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/418759-longest-running-shakespeare-play-broadway">"Longest-running Shakespeare play (Broadway)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021080028/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/418759-longest-running-shakespeare-play-broadway">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longest-running+Shakespeare+play+%28Broadway%29&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F418759-longest-running-shakespeare-play-broadway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorinsonPencak2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOtiz7Mi-iUYCpgPA1_1]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorinsonPencak2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOtiz7Mi-iUYCpgPA1_1]_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorinsonPencak2004">Dorinson & Pencak 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Otiz7Mi-iUYC&pg=PA1">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989295-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989295_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296–97-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296–97_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 296–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-llm-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llm_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-llm_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2006" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Liangmo Translated by Ellen Yeung. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMvaMuZkwvcC&pg=PA207">"Paul Robeson: The People's Singer (1950)"</a>. In Yung, Judy; Chang, Gordon H.; Lai, H. Mark (eds.). Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520243095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520243095"><bdi>978-0520243095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+People%27s+Singer+%281950%29&rft.btitle=Chinese+American+Voices%3A+From+the+Gold+Rush+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0520243095&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Liangmo+Translated+by+Ellen+Yeung.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMvaMuZkwvcC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chichi-199"><a href="#cite_ref-chichi_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChi2007" class="citation book cs1">Chi, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-daxO76KmV8C&pg=PA217">"The March of the Volunteers': From Movie Theme Song to National Anthem"</a>. In Lee, Ching Kwan (ed.). Re-envisioning the Chinese Revolution: The Politics and Poetics of Collective Memories in Reform China. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804758536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804758536"><bdi>978-0804758536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+March+of+the+Volunteers%27%3A+From+Movie+Theme+Song+to+National+Anthem&rft.btitle=Re-envisioning+the+Chinese+Revolution%3A+The+Politics+and+Poetics+of+Collective+Memories+in+Reform+China&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804758536&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-daxO76KmV8C%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-avant-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avant_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avant_200-1">b</a> Liang Luo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1493511/International_Avant-Garde_and_the_Chinese_National_Anthem">"International Avant-garde and the Chinese National Anthem: Tian Han, Joris Ivens, and Paul Robeson" in The Ivens Magazine, No. 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306150508/https://www.academia.edu/1493511/International_Avant-Garde_and_the_Chinese_National_Anthem">Archived</a> March 6, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Foundation Joris Ivens (Nijmegen), October 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-blow-201"><a href="#cite_ref-blow_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman2012" class="citation book cs1">Gellman, Erik S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYZPIE7UKggC&pg=PA136">Death Blow to Jim Crow: The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights</a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807869932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807869932"><bdi>978-0807869932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Blow+to+Jim+Crow%3A+The+National+Negro+Congress+and+the+Rise+of+Militant+Civil+Rights&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0807869932&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Erik+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYZPIE7UKggC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Gao-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_202-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2021" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Yunxiang (2021). Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469664606" title="Special:BookSources/9781469664606"><bdi>9781469664606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arise%2C+Africa%21+Roar%2C+China%21+Black+and+Chinese+Citizens+of+the+World+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781469664606&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Yunxiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzFhJ5v0TL0C&pg=PA25">The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: Quest for Freedom, 1939–1976</a>. Wiley. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470569689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470569689"><bdi>978-0470569689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Paul+Robeson%3A+Quest+for+Freedom%2C+1939%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0470569689&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzFhJ5v0TL0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989307_204-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kiojAAAAIBAJ&dq=paul%20robeson&pg=3729%2C2347331">"Group Confers with Truman on Lynching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. September 24, 1946. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044630/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kiojAAAAIBAJ&dq=paul+robeson&pg=3729%2C2347331">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Group+Confers+with+Truman+on+Lynching&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1946-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkiojAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dpaul%2520robeson%26pg%3D3729%252C2347331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010157–156-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen2010157–156_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, pp. 157–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000522-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000522_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989249–250-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989249–250_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989241-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989241_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady_Siff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brady Siff, Sarah (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origins.osu.edu/article/policing-police-civil-rights-story">"Policing the Policy: A Civil Rights Story"</a>. Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024520/http://origins.osu.edu/article/policing-police-civil-rights-story">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Origins%3A+Current+Events+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.atitle=Policing+the+Policy%3A+A+Civil+Rights+Story&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Brady+Siff&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Farticle%2Fpolicing-police-civil-rights-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989296_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1947" class="citation news cs1">Cornell, Douglas B. (December 5, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otQKAAAAIBAJ&dq=Douglas+B.+Cornell+1947+Civil+Rights+Congress&pg=PA1&article_id=5590,3959441">"Thomas Says Clark's List 'Farcical'"</a>. Prescott Evening Courier. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prescott+Evening+Courier&rft.atitle=Thomas+Says+Clark%27s+List+%27Farcical%27&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-12-05&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DotQKAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3DDouglas%2BB.%2BCornell%2B1947%2BCivil%2BRights%2BCongress%26pg%3DPA1%26article_id%3D5590%2C3959441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein2008">Goldstein 2008</a>, pp. 62, 66, 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronology5-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Chronology5_213-0">^</a> Bay Area Paul Robeson Centennial Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bayarearobeson.org/Chronology_5.htm">Paul Robeson Chronology (Part 5)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525230149/http://www.bayarearobeson.org/Chronology_5.htm">Archived</a> May 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6y-xfqP6FOE">Paul Robeson Speaks! 1948 Senate Testimony</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989324-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989324_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989326–327-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989326–327_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 326–327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001137-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson2001137_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a197–198-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a197–198_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 142–43; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 342–345, 687 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 142–1143; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 197–198, <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, p. 179, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/robeson1.html">Interview with Paul Robeson, Jnr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130214551/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/robeson1.html">Archived</a> January 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> "Studs Terkel, Paul Robeson – Speak of Me As I Am, BBC, 1998". </li> <li id="cite_note-nyplprc-222"><a href="#cite_ref-nyplprc_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20649">"Paul Robeson collection: 1925–1956 [bulk 1943–1956]"</a>. Paul Robeson collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library. The New York Public Library, Archives & Manuscripts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801033902/http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20649">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paul+Robeson+collection%2C+Schomburg+Center+for+Research+in+Black+Culture%2C+The+New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+collection%3A+1925%E2%80%931956+%5Bbulk+1943%E2%80%931956%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.nypl.org%2Fscm%2F20649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989352–353-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989352–353_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 352–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustiger2003210–211-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustiger2003210–211_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLustiger2003">Lustiger 2003</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcConnell2010348-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcConnell2010348_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcConnell2010">McConnell 2010</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton1958210–211-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton1958210–211_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton1958210–211_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeton1958">Seton 1958</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989353–354-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989353–354_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 353–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 361–362; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1978">Robinson 1978</a>, pp. 94–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 358–360; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1978">Robinson 1978</a>, pp. 94–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Danielle_Butler_article-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Butler_article_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danielle_Butler_article_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2018" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Danielle (February 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/unpopular-black-history-opinion-jackie-robinson-might-1823251643">"Unpopular Black History Opinion: Jackie Robinson May Have Been an Opp"</a>. The Root.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Root&rft.atitle=Unpopular+Black+History+Opinion%3A+Jackie+Robinson+May+Have+Been+an+Opp&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Funpopular-black-history-opinion-jackie-robinson-might-1823251643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 364; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1981">Robeson 1981</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1998" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Charles H. (1998) [1978]. "Paul Robeson at Peekskill". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. International Publishers. pp. 134–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071780724X" title="Special:BookSources/071780724X"><bdi>071780724X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+at+Peekskill&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Great+Forerunner&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=071780724X&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 364–370; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1981">Robeson 1981</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1976" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Roger M. (April 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/rough-sunday-peekskill#3">"A Rough Sunday at Peekskill"</a>. American Heritage Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901224719/https://www.americanheritage.com/rough-sunday-peekskill#3">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Rough+Sunday+at+Peekskill&rft.date=1976-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Frough-sunday-peekskill%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.newspapers.com/search/results/?date=1950-01&keyword=%22the+most+complete+source+of+past+gridiron+scores%22">"Sports News"</a>. Los Angeles Times. January 6, 1950. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sports+News&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1950-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.newspapers.com%2Fsearch%2Fresults%2F%3Fdate%3D1950-01%26keyword%3D%2522the%2Bmost%2Bcomplete%2Bsource%2Bof%2Bpast%2Bgridiron%2Bscores%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh1949689-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh1949689_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1949">Walsh 1949</a>, p. 689. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 162; cf. <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978b">Robeson 1978b</a>, p. 4 Walsh only listed a ten-man All-American team in 1917 and he listed no team the following year due to World War I. <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1949">Walsh 1949</a>, pp. 16–18, 32. The information in the book was compiled from information supplied by the colleges, ".. but many deserving names are missing entirely from the pages of [the] book because ... their alma mater was unable to provide them. – <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Scobey_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Scobey Warner">Glenn S. Warner</a>" <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1949">Walsh 1949</a>, p. 6. The Rutgers University list was presented to Walsh by Gordon A. McCoy, Director of Publicity for Rutgers, and although it says that Rutgers had two All-Americans as of 1949, Christy's book only lists the other All-American and not Robeson. <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1949">Walsh 1949</a>, p. 684 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/16/archives/mrs-roosevelt-sees-a-misunderstanding.html">"Mrs. Roosevelt Sees a 'Misunderstanding'"</a>. The New York Times. March 16, 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516091056/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/16/archives/mrs-roosevelt-sees-a-misunderstanding.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Roosevelt+Sees+a+%27Misunderstanding%27&rft.date=1950-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1950%2F03%2F16%2Farchives%2Fmrs-roosevelt-sees-a-misunderstanding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright197597-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright197597_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1975">Wright 1975</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014181–185-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014181–185_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVon_Eschen2014">Von Eschen 2014</a>, pp. 181–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989388–389-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989388–389_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 388–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1955" class="citation news cs1">Robeson, Paul (July–August 1955). "If Enough People Write Washington I'll Get My Passport in a Hurry". Freedom. Vol. V, no. 6. Freedom Associates. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2333.1%2Fvhhmgvws">2333.1/vhhmgvws</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom&rft.atitle=If+Enough+People+Write+Washington+I%27ll+Get+My+Passport+in+a+Hurry&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1955-07%2F1955-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2333.1%2Fvhhmgvws&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> "Paul Robeson – the Lost Shepherd". The Crisis, November 1951, pp. 569–573. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989396-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989396_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2001112–115-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2001112–115_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoner2001">Foner 2001</a>, pp. 112–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014127-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014127_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVon_Eschen2014">Von Eschen 2014</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 396; cf. <a href="#CITEREFFoner2001">Foner 2001</a>, pp. 112–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989397–398-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989397–398_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 397–398. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1951" class="citation news cs1">Cornell, Douglas B. (December 29, 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mdQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kgIGAAAAIBAJ&dq=we-charge-genocide&pg=2113%2C3191483">"UN Asked to Act Against Genocide in United States"</a>. The Afro American. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905231528/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mdQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kgIGAAAAIBAJ&dq=we-charge-genocide&pg=2113,3191483">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro+American&rft.atitle=UN+Asked+to+Act+Against+Genocide+in+United+States&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1951-12-29&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmdQmAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DkgIGAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dwe-charge-genocide%26pg%3D2113%252C3191483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Docker-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Docker_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Docker, John (2010). Curthoys, Ned (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422025329/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p24011/pdf/raphael.pdf">"Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective"</a> (PDF). Humanities Research. XVI (2): 49–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FHR.XVI.02.2010.03">10.22459/HR.XVI.02.2010.03</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p24011/pdf/raphael.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin%2C+creator+of+the+concept+of+genocide%3A+a+world+history+perspective&rft.volume=XVI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FHR.XVI.02.2010.03&rft.aulast=Docker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp24011%2Fpdf%2Fraphael.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/pageturn/mums312-b140-i428/#page/1/mode/1up">"Paul Robeson receives Stalin Peace Prize"</a>. New World Review. October 1953 – via W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+World+Review&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+receives+Stalin+Peace+Prize&rft.date=1953-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcredo.library.umass.edu%2Fview%2Fpageturn%2Fmums312-b140-i428%2F%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5FtTAAAAIBAJ&dq=stalin%20peace%20prize%20robeson&pg=7155%2C6420665">"Paul Robeson Gets Stalin Peace Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate" title="The Victoria Advocate">The Victoria Advocate</a>. September 25, 1953. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044552/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5FtTAAAAIBAJ&dq=stalin+peace+prize+robeson&pg=7155%2C6420665">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+Gets+Stalin+Peace+Prize&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1953-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D5FtTAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dstalin%2520peace%2520prize%2520robeson%26pg%3D7155%252C6420665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a347–349-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a347–349_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 347–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989354-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989354_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a236–241-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson1978a236–241_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 236–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989400-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989400_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989411-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989411_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackagendareport.com/statement-paul-robeson-house-un-american-activities-committee-june-12-1956">"STATEMENT: Paul Robeson Before the House Un-American Activities Committee, June 12, 1956"</a>. Black Agenda Report. September 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Agenda+Report&rft.atitle=STATEMENT%3A+Paul+Robeson+Before+the+House+Un-American+Activities+Committee%2C+June+12%2C+1956&rft.date=2024-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackagendareport.com%2Fstatement-paul-robeson-house-un-american-activities-committee-june-12-1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUAC-260"><a href="#cite_ref-HUAC_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6440">"Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, June 12, 1956"</a>. History Matters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221223044/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6440/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Paul+Robeson+before+the+House+Committee+on+Un-American+Activities%2C+June+12%2C+1956&rft.pub=History+Matters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymatters.gmu.edu%2Fd%2F6440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhnCrHZkgNk">"Testimony of Paul Robeson before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, June 12, 1956"</a>. YouTube. February 28, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105160911/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhnCrHZkgNk">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Paul+Robeson+before+the+House+Committee+on+Un-American+Activities%2C+June+12%2C+1956&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVhnCrHZkgNk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUAC2-262"><a href="#cite_ref-HUAC2_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/robeson">"The Many Faces of Paul Robeson"</a>. US National Archives. August 15, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227134310/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/robeson">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=US+National+Archives&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Frobeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinke2013" class="citation web cs1">Steinke, Nicole (June 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/intothemusic/paul-robeson/4691690">"Paul Robeson: the singer who fought for justice and paid with his life"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124004825/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/intothemusic/paul-robeson/4691690">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+the+singer+who+fought+for+justice+and+paid+with+his+life&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.aulast=Steinke&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Farchived%2Fintothemusic%2Fpaul-robeson%2F4691690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson1978b3–8-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson1978b3–8_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978b">Robeson 1978b</a>, pp. 3–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman2013224-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman2013224_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodman2013">Goodman 2013</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/robeson-sings-first-transatlantic-telephone-cable">"Robeson sings: the first transatlantic telephone cable"</a>. Science Museum. October 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111131959/https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/robeson-sings-first-transatlantic-telephone-cable">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum&rft.atitle=Robeson+sings%3A+the+first+transatlantic+telephone+cable&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fobjects-and-stories%2Frobeson-sings-first-transatlantic-telephone-cable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Presenters: <a href="/wiki/Aleks_Krotoski" title="Aleks Krotoski">Aleks Krotoski</a> (January 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04m3bcc">"TAT-1"</a>. Hidden Histories of the Information Age. 9:50 minutes in. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620062847/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04m3bcc">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+Histories+of+the+Information+Age&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04m3bcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2009" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Tony (January 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/images/robeson/">"Showcase: Let Robeson Sing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112912/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/images/robeson/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Showcase%3A+Let+Robeson+Sing&rft.pub=University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Fservices%2Flibrary%2Fmrc%2Fexplorefurther%2Fimages%2Frobeson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sparrow" title="Jeff Sparrow">Sparrow, Jeff</a> (July 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/02/how-paul-robeson-found-political-voice-in-welsh-valleys">"How Paul Robeson found his political voice in the Welsh valleys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> (edited extract from Sparrow's No Way But This – In Search of Paul Robeson (2017)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506081954/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/02/how-paul-robeson-found-political-voice-in-welsh-valleys">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=How+Paul+Robeson+found+his+political+voice+in+the+Welsh+valleys&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2017%2Fjul%2F02%2Fhow-paul-robeson-found-political-voice-in-welsh-valleys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989437-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989437_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2018" class="citation journal cs1">Glass, Andrew (August 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/16/paul-robeson-loses-passport-appeal-aug-16-1955-774738">"Paul Robeson loses passport appeal, Aug. 16, 1955"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126072600/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/16/paul-robeson-loses-passport-appeal-aug-16-1955-774738">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+loses+passport+appeal%2C+Aug.+16%2C+1955&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Fpaul-robeson-loses-passport-appeal-aug-16-1955-774738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vernon, John (April 1999). "Paul Robeson, the Cold War, and the Question of African-American Loyalties". Negro History Bulletin. 63 (2/3): 47–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24766680">24766680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Negro+History+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%2C+the+Cold+War%2C+and+the+Question+of+African-American+Loyalties&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24766680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1971" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul (1971) [1958]. Here I Stand. Preface by Lloyd L. Brown. Beacon Press. p. x. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/70159847">70159847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+I+Stand&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F70159847&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978b" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lloyd L. (1978b). "Robeson's Here I Stand: The Book They Could Not Ban". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 151–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0396075455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0396075455"><bdi>978-0396075455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robeson%27s+Here+I+Stand%3A+The+Book+They+Could+Not+Ban&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Great+Forerunner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0396075455&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuckett" class="citation news cs1">Puckett, John L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/paul-robeson-part-iv-erasure-historical-memory">"Paul Robeson, Part IV: Erasure from Historical Memory"</a>. 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University of Wales Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783162147" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783162147"><bdi>978-1783162147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+Unchained%3A+Literature%2C+politics+and+identity+in+the+American+century&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783162147&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D378mDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989487–491-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989487–491_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 487–491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurthoys2010171-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurthoys2010171_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurthoys2010">Curthoys 2010</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinke" class="citation news cs1">Steinke, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/paul-robeson/4691690">"Paul Robeson: The singer who fought for justice and paid with his life"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230204325/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/paul-robeson/4691690">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+singer+who+fought+for+justice+and+paid+with+his+life&rft.aulast=Steinke&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fintothemusic%2Fpaul-robeson%2F4691690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989489-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989489_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurthoys2010">Curthoys 2010</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 489 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson1978a">Robeson 1978a</a>, pp. 470–471. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurthoys2010">Curthoys 2010</a>, pp. 164, 173–175; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 490 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurthoys2010">Curthoys 2010</a>, pp. 175–177; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurthoys2010">Curthoys 2010</a>, pp. 178–180; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 491 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2001309-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeson2001309_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeson2001">Robeson 2001</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499_293-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989498–499_293-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 498–499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010180-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen2010180_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_Now-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_Now_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_Now_295-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_Now_295-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">(presenter) Amy Goodman (July 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/1999/7/1/did_the_cia_drug_paul_robeson">Did the U.S. Government drug Paul Robeson? Part 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Now">Democracy Now</a> (radio broadcast). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213142424/https://www.democracynow.org/1999/7/1/did_the_cia_drug_paul_robeson">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2010;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+U.S.+Government+drug+Paul+Robeson%3F+Part+1&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F1999%2F7%2F1%2Fdid_the_cia_drug_paul_robeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/1999/7/6/did_the_u_s_government_drug">part 2, July 6, 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217164721/http://www.democracynow.org/1999/7/6/did_the_u_s_government_drug">Archived</a> December 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989563–564-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989563–564_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 563–564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989438–442-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989438–442_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, pp. 438–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (December 20, 1999). 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Guardian News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818074029/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/07/uk.race">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+was+tracked+by+MI5&rft.date=2003-03-06&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2003%2Fmar%2F07%2Fuk.race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid%3D15246932%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082%26headline%3Dmi5-tracked-robeson-amid-communist-fears-name_page.html">"MI5 tracked Robeson amid communist fears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)" title="Western Mail (Wales)">Western Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003323/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid%3D15246932%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50082%26headline%3Dmi5-tracked-robeson-amid-communist-fears-name_page.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2012. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulrobesonfoundation.org/eulogy.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eulogy&rft.pub=The+Paul+Robeson+Foundation&rft.aulast=Hoggard&rft.aufirst=Bishop+J.+Clinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulrobesonfoundation.org%2Feulogy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENollen2010187-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen2010187_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENollen2010187_319-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNollen2010">Nollen 2010</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll1998-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll1998_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll1998">Carroll 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelman2007">Finkelman 2007</a>, p. 363; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDorinson2004">Dorinson 2004</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Patrick B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDJ9Q1KDkZIC&pg=PA149">"Muscular assimilationism: sport and the paradoxes of racial reform"</a>. In Ross, Charles K. (ed.). Race and Sport: The Struggle for Equality on and Off the Field. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578068975" title="Special:BookSources/978-1578068975"><bdi>978-1578068975</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105031100/https://books.google.com/books?id=WDJ9Q1KDkZIC&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muscular+assimilationism%3A+sport+and+the+paradoxes+of+racial+reform&rft.btitle=Race+and+Sport%3A+The+Struggle+for+Equality+on+and+Off+the+Field&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1578068975&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patrick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDJ9Q1KDkZIC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman198981-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman198981_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014185-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Eschen2014185_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVon_Eschen2014">Von Eschen 2014</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802063355/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">"Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today"</a>. naacp.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">the original</a> on August 2, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naacp.org&rft.atitle=Spingarn+Medal+Winners%3A+1915+to+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fspingarn-medal-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105084558/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/LIST11.pdf">"List of National Historic Landmarks by State"</a> (PDF). National Historic Landmarks Program. January 3, 2012. p. 71. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/LIST11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 5, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+National+Historic+Landmarks+by+State&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=National+Historic+Landmarks+Program&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdesignations%2FLists%2FLIST11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805194126/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/artgallery/">"Paul Robeson Galleries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/artgallery/">the original</a> on August 5, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson+Galleries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandromeda.rutgers.edu%2Fartgallery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/robeson_lib">Paul Robeson Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329003100/http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/robeson_lib/">Archived</a> March 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123051559/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S07/40/11C40/index.xml">"Princeton University – Ceremony to honor Robeson, Jan. 20"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S07/40/11C40/index.xml">the original</a> on November 23, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princeton+University+%E2%80%93+Ceremony+to+honor+Robeson%2C+Jan.+20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmain%2Fnews%2Farchive%2FS07%2F40%2F11C40%2Findex.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prcc.rutgers.edu/">The Paul Robeson Cultural Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701064650/http://prcc.rutgers.edu/">Archived</a> July 1, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807132009/http://studentaffairs.psu.edu/cultural/faq.shtml">Frequently Asked Questions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley" class="citation web cs1">O'Malley, Padraig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01571.htm">"1978"</a>. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710093903/https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01571.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1978&rft.pub=Nelson+Mandela+Centre+of+Memory&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fq%2F03lv01538%2F04lv01539%2F05lv01562%2F06lv01571.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980">"1980"</a>. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402002939/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1980&rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmour1995" class="citation news cs1">Armour, Nancy (August 26, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K5hGAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson%20and%20brown%20inducted%20in%20hall&pg=1186%2C4831956">"Brown, Robeson inducted into college football hall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Day_(New_London)" title="The Day (New London)">The Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reid_MacCluggage" title="Reid MacCluggage">Reid MacCluggage</a>. p. C6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044557/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K5hGAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson+and+brown+inducted+in+hall&pg=1186%2C4831956">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Brown%2C+Robeson+inducted+into+college+football+hall&rft.pages=C6&rft.date=1995-08-26&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DK5hGAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Drobeson%2520and%2520brown%2520inducted%2520in%2520hall%26pg%3D1186%252C4831956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/peacearch.html">"Robeson Peace Arch Concert Anniversary"</a>. Cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630074624/http://www.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu/robeson/peacearch.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Robeson+Peace+Arch+Concert+Anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpsr.cs.uchicago.edu%2Frobeson%2Fpeacearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/25/arts/valley-obscurity-robeson-s-baritone-rings-22-years-after-his-death-actor.html">"From the Valley of Obscurity, Robeson's Baritone Rings Out; 22 Years After His Death, Actor-Activist Gets a Grammy"</a>. The New York Times. February 25, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309113302/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/25/arts/valley-obscurity-robeson-s-baritone-rings-22-years-after-his-death-actor.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+the+Valley+of+Obscurity%2C+Robeson%27s+Baritone+Rings+Out%3B+22+Years+After+His+Death%2C+Actor-Activist+Gets+a+Grammy&rft.date=1998-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F02%2F25%2Farts%2Fvalley-obscurity-robeson-s-baritone-rings-22-years-after-his-death-actor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyO8WRXttnoC&pg=PA110">"The Paul Robeson centennial"</a>. Ebony. Vol. 53, no. 7. Johnson Publishing Company. May 1, 1998. pp. 110–114. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728044546/https://books.google.com/books?id=lyO8WRXttnoC&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=The+Paul+Robeson+centennial&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyO8WRXttnoC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988">; cf. <a href="#CITEREFWade-Lewis2007">Wade-Lewis 2007</a>, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#QR">"Theater Hall of Fame | The Official Website | Members | Preserve the Past • Honor the Present • Encourage the Future"</a>. Theaterhalloffame.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824183552/http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#QR">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theaterhalloffame.org&rft.atitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame+%26%23124%3B+The+Official+Website+%26%23124%3B+Members+%26%23124%3B+Preserve+the+Past+%E2%80%A2+Honor+the+Present+%E2%80%A2+Encourage+the+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaterhalloffame.org%2Fmembers.html%23QR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016204413/https://shakespeareandbeyond.folger.edu/2016/02/26/a-contract-for-othello-paul-robeson/">"A contract for Othello"</a>. Shakespeare & Beyond. February 26, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shakespeareandbeyond.folger.edu/2016/02/26/a-contract-for-othello-paul-robeson/">the original</a> on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+%26+Beyond&rft.atitle=A+contract+for+Othello&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshakespeareandbeyond.folger.edu%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fa-contract-for-othello-paul-robeson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428025429/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri203.html">"Paul Robeson as Othello"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. July 29, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri203.html">the original</a> on April 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+as+Othello&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ftreasures%2Ftri203.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2011114–140-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2011114–140_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2011">Morrison 2011</a>, pp. 114–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pallant.org.uk/whats-on/glyn-philpot-flesh-and-spirit/">"Pallant House Gallery: Glyn Philpot: Flesh and Spirit"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410140650/https://pallant.org.uk/whats-on/glyn-philpot-flesh-and-spirit/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pallant+House+Gallery%3A+Glyn+Philpot%3A+Flesh+and+Spirit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpallant.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fglyn-philpot-flesh-and-spirit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu-berlin.de-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Hu-berlin.de_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061227/http://www.hu-berlin.de/pr/publikationen/humboldt/201001/geschichte/paul-robeson-zu-gast-unter-den-linden">"Paul Robeson zu Gast Unter den Linden – Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin"</a> (in German). Hu-berlin.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hu-berlin.de/pr/publikationen/humboldt/201001/geschichte/paul-robeson-zu-gast-unter-den-linden">the original</a> on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson+zu+Gast+Unter+den+Linden+%E2%80%93+Humboldt-Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Berlin&rft.pub=Hu-berlin.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hu-berlin.de%2Fpr%2Fpublikationen%2Fhumboldt%2F201001%2Fgeschichte%2Fpaul-robeson-zu-gast-unter-den-linden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989557-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuberman1989557_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuberman1989">Duberman 1989</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://browse.nypl.org/iii/encore/record/C__Rb16670166?lang=eng">Paul Robeson Archive</a>. 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Every Day Fiction. January 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414140325/https://everydayfiction.com/?s=small+world">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Every+Day+Fiction&rft.atitle=A+Small+World&rft.volume=January+23%2C+2019&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverydayfiction.com%2F%3Fs%3Dsmall%2Bworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/2769/steve-mcqueen-end-credits">"Steve McQueen: End Credits"</a>. The Art Institute of Chicago. July 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030082627/https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/2769/steve-mcqueen-end-credits">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Steve+McQueen%3A+End+Credits&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fexhibitions%2F2769%2Fsteve-mcqueen-end-credits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutgers.edu/news/crossroads-premieres-paul-robeson-nbpacs-grand-opening-lion-king-actor-star">"Crossroads Premieres Paul Robeson at NBPAC's Grand Opening, Lion King Actor to Star"</a>. 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Retrieved February 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Crossroads+Premieres+Paul+Robeson+at+NBPAC%27s+Grand+Opening%2C+Lion+King+Actor+to+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutgers.edu%2Fnews%2Fcrossroads-premieres-paul-robeson-nbpacs-grand-opening-lion-king-actor-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-380">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_380-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_380-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2021" class="citation news cs1">Raman, Papri Sri (April 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/singer-actor-paul-robeson-is-still-missed-and-he-still-inspires-44-years-after-his-death">"Singer actor Paul Robeson is still missed and he still inspires 44 years after his death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Herald" title="National Herald">National Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018110945/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/singer-actor-paul-robeson-is-still-missed-and-he-still-inspires-44-years-after-his-death">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Herald&rft.atitle=Singer+actor+Paul+Robeson+is+still+missed+and+he+still+inspires+44+years+after+his+death&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Papri+Sri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalheraldindia.com%2Fopinion%2Fsinger-actor-paul-robeson-is-still-missed-and-he-still-inspires-44-years-after-his-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami2021" class="citation news cs1">Goswami, Manash P. (April 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assamtribune.com/from-ol-man-river-to-burha-luit/?infinitescroll=1">"From Ol' Man River to Burha Luit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune" title="The Assam Tribune">The Assam Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018110945/https://assamtribune.com/from-ol-man-river-to-burha-luit/?infinitescroll=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Assam+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Ol%27+Man+River+to+Burha+Luit&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Manash+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassamtribune.com%2Ffrom-ol-man-river-to-burha-luit%2F%3Finfinitescroll%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2020" class="citation news cs1">Dutta, Pranjal (November 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/the-african-american-bhupen-hazarika-509971">"The African American Bhupen Hazarika"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Guwahati)" title="The Sentinel (Guwahati)">The Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018110944/https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/the-african-american-bhupen-hazarika-509971">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+African+American+Bhupen+Hazarika&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Pranjal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentinelassam.com%2Feditorial%2Fthe-african-american-bhupen-hazarika-509971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-383">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_383-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_383-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_383-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju2019" class="citation news cs1">Raju, Archishman (April 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/the-arts/remembering-paul-robeson">"Remembering a Revolutionary Artist: Paul Robeson and His India Connection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire (India)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018110950/https://thewire.in/the-arts/remembering-paul-robeson">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Remembering+a+Revolutionary+Artist%3A+Paul+Robeson+and+His+India+Connection&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=Archishman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fthe-arts%2Fremembering-paul-robeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2024/06/04/man-of-the-people-celebrates-the-larger-than-life-story-of-paul-robeson/">"'Man of the People' celebrates the larger-than-life story of Paul Robeson"</a>. Chicago Tribune. June 4, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Man+of+the+People%27+celebrates+the+larger-than-life+story+of+Paul+Robeson&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2024%2F06%2F04%2Fman-of-the-people-celebrates-the-larger-than-life-story-of-paul-robeson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooieweer2024" class="citation web cs1">Mooieweer, Josh (May 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petermcdowell.com/paulrobeson/">"Chicago Celebrates 'Paul Robeson: Man of the People'"</a>. Peter McDowell Arts Consulting. Retrieved June 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peter+McDowell+Arts+Consulting&rft.atitle=Chicago+Celebrates+%27Paul+Robeson%3A+Man+of+the+People%27&rft.date=2024-05-18&rft.aulast=Mooieweer&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.petermcdowell.com%2Fpaulrobeson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2005231-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2005231_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2005">Richards 2005</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318002607/https://www.discogs.com/artist/307214-Paul-Robeson">"Paul Robeson"</a>. Discogs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/307214-Paul-Robeson">the original</a> on March 18, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fartist%2F307214-Paul-Robeson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1919" class="citation news cs1">Robeson, Paul Leroy (June 10, 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314160921/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~natalieb/plrvaledictory.htm">"The New Idealism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Targum" title="The Daily Targum">The Daily Targum</a>. Vol. 50, no. 1918–19. pp. 570–571. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~natalieb/plrvaledictory.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Targum&rft.atitle=The+New+Idealism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1918%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E571&rft.date=1919-06-10&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Leroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandromeda.rutgers.edu%2F~natalieb%2Fplrvaledictory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1978a" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul (1978a). Sheldon, Philip; Foner, Henry (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_CJfbpKOLwC">Paul Robeson Speaks: Writings, Speeches, and Interviews, a Centennial Celebration</a>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806508153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806508153"><bdi>978-0806508153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson+Speaks%3A+Writings%2C+Speeches%2C+and+Interviews%2C+a+Centennial+Celebration&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0806508153&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_CJfbpKOLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Sondra K., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6edZAAAAMAAJ">The Messenger Reader: Stories, Poetry, and Essays from The Messenger Magazine</a>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375755392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375755392"><bdi>978-0375755392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messenger+Reader%3A+Stories%2C+Poetry%2C+and+Essays+from+The+Messenger+Magazine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0375755392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6edZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyleBunie2005" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Sheila Tully; Bunie, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuckDH3cD_EC">Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement</a>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558495050" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558495050"><bdi>978-1558495050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Years+of+Promise+and+Achievement&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1558495050&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Tully&rft.au=Bunie%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuckDH3cD_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lloyd L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taQaAQAAIAAJ">The Young Paul Robeson: 'On My Journey Now'</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813331782" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813331782"><bdi>978-0813331782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Paul+Robeson%3A+%27On+My+Journey+Now%27&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0813331782&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaQaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuberman1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman, Martin B.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KMQQQAACAAJ">Paul Robeson</a>. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0370305752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0370305752"><bdi>978-0370305752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0370305752&rft.aulast=Duberman&rft.aufirst=Martin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KMQQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliam1978" class="citation book cs1">Gilliam, Dorothy Butler (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfgCoQEACAAJ">Paul Robeson: All-American</a>. New Republic Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+All-American&rft.pub=New+Republic+Book+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gilliam&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfgCoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Jordan (2013). Paul Robeson: A Watched Man. Verso Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+A+Watched+Man&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0k2fhNWzwAC">The Undiscovered Paul Robeson, An Artist's Journey, 1898–1939</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471151050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471151050"><bdi>978-0471151050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Paul+Robeson%2C+An+Artist%27s+Journey%2C+1898%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0471151050&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0k2fhNWzwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzFhJ5v0TL0C">The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: Quest for Freedom, 1939–1976</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470569689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470569689"><bdi>978-0470569689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Paul+Robeson%3A+Quest+for+Freedom%2C+1939%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0470569689&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzFhJ5v0TL0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton1958" class="citation book cs1">Seton, Marie (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMLAQAAIAAJ">Paul Robeson</a>. D. Dobson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=D.+Dobson&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Seton&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyMLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindall2010" class="citation book cs1">Swindall, Lindsey R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907195823/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1333">The Politics of Paul Robeson's Othello</a>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604738254" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604738254"><bdi>978-1604738254</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1333">the original</a> on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Paul+Robeson%27s+Othello&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1604738254&rft.aulast=Swindall&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upress.state.ms.us%2Fbooks%2F1333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqPVuJG5Qh0C">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindall2015" class="citation book cs1">Swindall, Lindsey R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulrobesonlifeo0000swin">Paul Robeson: A Life of Activism and Art</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442207943" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442207943"><bdi>978-1442207943</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+A+Life+of+Activism+and+Art&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1442207943&rft.aulast=Swindall&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulrobesonlifeo0000swin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk4vdAbeMdkC">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsGtxYCcE2MC">The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143037651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143037651"><bdi>978-0143037651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0143037651&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsGtxYCcE2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1986" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Charlotte Turner (January 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqMfAAAACAAJ">Paul Robeson's Last Days in Philadelphia</a>. Dorrance Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805930269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805930269"><bdi>978-0805930269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%27s+Last+Days+in+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0805930269&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqMfAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Kenneth M. (October 1, 1990). "Paul Robeson, Eddie Murphy, and the Film Text of 'Africa'". <a href="/wiki/Text_and_Performance_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Text and Performance Quarterly">Text and Performance Quarterly</a>. 10 (4): 282–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10462939009365979">10.1080/10462939009365979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Text+and+Performance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%2C+Eddie+Murphy%2C+and+the+Film+Text+of+%27Africa%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=1990-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10462939009365979&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1998" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUQaS0pHIocC">Fritz Pollard: Pioneer in Racial Advancement</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252067990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252067990"><bdi>978-0252067990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fritz+Pollard%3A+Pioneer+in+Racial+Advancement&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0252067990&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUQaS0pHIocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurthoys2010" class="citation book cs1">Curthoys, Ann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p70821/pdf/ch0842.pdf">"Paul Robeson's visit to Australia and Aboriginal activism, 1960"</a> (PDF). In Peters-Little, Frances; Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/aboriginal-history-monographs/passionate-histories">Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia</a>. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. pp. 163–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921666650" title="Special:BookSources/978-1921666650"><bdi>978-1921666650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%27s+visit+to+Australia+and+Aboriginal+activism%2C+1960&rft.btitle=Passionate+Histories%3A+Myth%2C+Memory+and+Indigenous+Australia&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1921666650&rft.aulast=Curthoys&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp70821%2Fpdf%2Fch0842.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&pg=PA163">Paul Robeson</a>, p. 163, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorinsonPencak2004" class="citation book cs1">Dorinson, Joseph; Pencak, William, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Otiz7Mi-iUYC">Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786421633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786421633"><bdi>978-0786421633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Essays+on+His+Life+and+Legacy&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0786421633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtiz7Mi-iUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Dorinson, Joseph. "Something to Cheer About: Paul Robeson, Athlete". In <a href="#CITEREFDorinsonPencak2004">Dorinson & Pencak (2004)</a>, pp. 65–.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEby2007" class="citation book cs1">Eby, Cecil D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IauHRMInoiIC">Comrades and Commissars: The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271029108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271029108"><bdi>978-0271029108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades+and+Commissars%3A+The+Lincoln+Battalion+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0271029108&rft.aulast=Eby&rft.aufirst=Cecil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIauHRMInoiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1985" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, James (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it2RdgDxFMMC">Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement</a>. Texas Christian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875651880" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875651880"><bdi>978-0875651880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lay+Bare+the+Heart%3A+An+Autobiography+of+the+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=Texas+Christian+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0875651880&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dit2RdgDxFMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> – Article on book: <a href="/wiki/Lay_Bare_the_Heart" title="Lay Bare the Heart">Lay Bare the Heart</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2007). "Paul Robeson". In Wintz, Cary D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFwfAQAAIAAJ">Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance</a>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402204364" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402204364"><bdi>978-1402204364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson&rft.btitle=Harlem+Speaks%3A+A+Living+History+of+the+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1402204364&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFwfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2001" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Henry (2001). Paul Robeson: A Century of Greatness. Paul Robeson Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+A+Century+of+Greatness&rft.pub=Paul+Robeson+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer2007" class="citation book cs1">Glazer, Peter (2007). "The lifted fist: performing the Spanish Civil War, New York City, 1936–1939". In Carroll, Peter N.; Fernández, James D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axQsAQAAIAAJ">Facing fascism: New York and the Spanish Civil War</a>. Museum of the City of New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1681-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-1681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+lifted+fist%3A+performing+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+New+York+City%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.btitle=Facing+fascism%3A+New+York+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1681-6&rft.aulast=Glazer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxQsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Robert Justin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWfAAAAMAAJ">American blacklist: the attorney general's list of subversive organizations</a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700616046" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700616046"><bdi>978-0700616046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+blacklist%3A+the+attorney+general%27s+list+of+subversive+organizations&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0700616046&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aWfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, James K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtqnQOkaISAC">Into the Heart of the Fire: The British in the Spanish Civil War</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804731270" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804731270"><bdi>978-0804731270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Heart+of+the+Fire%3A+The+British+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0804731270&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtqnQOkaISAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesHøgsbjergDubois2012" class="citation book cs1">James, C.L.R.; Høgsbjerg, Christian; Dubois, Laurent (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCAI6lgHuMgC">Toussaint Louverture: The Story of the Only Successful Slave Revolt in History; A Play in Three Acts</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822353140" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822353140"><bdi>978-0822353140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toussaint+Louverture%3A+The+Story+of+the+Only+Successful+Slave+Revolt+in+History%3B+A+Play+in+Three+Acts&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822353140&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rft.au=H%C3%B8gsbjerg%2C+Christian&rft.au=Dubois%2C+Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCAI6lgHuMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis1967" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Arthur H. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKVAAAAAIAAJ">The Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a>. Citadel Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abraham+Lincoln+Brigade&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKVAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennox2011" class="citation book cs1">Lennox, Sara (2011). "Reading Transnationally: the GDR and American Black Writers". In Kelly, Elaine; Wlodarski, Amy (eds.). Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture. Editions Rodopi. pp. 111–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3341-2"><bdi>978-90-420-3341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+Transnationally%3A+the+GDR+and+American+Black+Writers&rft.btitle=Art+Outside+the+Lines%3A+New+Perspectives+on+GDR+Art+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3341-2&rft.aulast=Lennox&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2003" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Alan H. (2003). Tackling Jim Crow, Racial Segregation in Professional Football. McFarland and Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1597-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1597-5"><bdi>0-7864-1597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tackling+Jim+Crow%2C+Racial+Segregation+in+Professional+Football&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7864-1597-5&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, David L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWtQfyI6WlQC&pg=PA522">W.E.B. Du Bois, 1919–1963: The Fight for Equality and the American Century</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805025347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805025347"><bdi>978-0805025347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.E.B.+Du+Bois%2C+1919%E2%80%931963%3A+The+Fight+for+Equality+and+the+American+Century&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0805025347&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWtQfyI6WlQC%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1985" class="citation book cs1">Low, Rachael (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xFulAEACAAJ">Film Making in 1930s Britain</a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0047910425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0047910425"><bdi>978-0047910425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Making+in+1930s+Britain&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0047910425&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xFulAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustiger2003" class="citation book cs1">Lustiger, Arno (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsNtAAAAMAAJ">Stalin and the Jews: The Red Book : the Tragedy of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee and the Soviet Jews</a>. Enigma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1929631100" title="Special:BookSources/978-1929631100"><bdi>978-1929631100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Jews%3A+The+Red+Book+%3A+the+Tragedy+of+the+Jewish+Anti-Fascist+Committee+and+the+Soviet+Jews&rft.pub=Enigma&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1929631100&rft.aulast=Lustiger&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsNtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarable2005" class="citation book cs1">Marable, Manning (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK7tAAAAMAAJ">W.E.B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat</a>. Paradigm Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594510199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594510199"><bdi>978-1594510199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.E.B.+Du+Bois%3A+Black+Radical+Democrat&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1594510199&rft.aulast=Marable&rft.aufirst=Manning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGK7tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2010" class="citation journal cs1">McConnell, Lauren (2010). "Understanding Paul Robeson's Soviet Experience". Theatre History Studies. 30 (1): 138–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fths.2010.0003">10.1353/ths.2010.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191612284">191612284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+History+Studies&rft.atitle=Understanding+Paul+Robeson%27s+Soviet+Experience&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fths.2010.0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191612284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2011" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Michael A. (May 2011). "Paul Robeson's Othello at the Savoy Theatre, 1930". <a href="/wiki/New_Theatre_Quarterly" title="New Theatre Quarterly">New Theatre Quarterly</a>. 27 (2): 114–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266464X11000261">10.1017/S0266464X11000261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190731391">190731391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Theatre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%27s+Othello+at+the+Savoy+Theatre%2C+1930&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266464X11000261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190731391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollen2010" class="citation book cs1">Nollen, Scott Allen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgy4V_kZr84C">Paul Robeson: Film Pioneer</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786457472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786457472"><bdi>978-0786457472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Film+Pioneer&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0786457472&rft.aulast=Nollen&rft.aufirst=Scott+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvgy4V_kZr84C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1997" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Bernard L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pH2npoewU5cC">The African American Theatre Directory, 1816–1960: A Comprehensive Guide to Early Black Theatre Organizations, Companies, Theatres, and Performing Groups</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313295379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313295379"><bdi>978-0313295379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+Theatre+Directory%2C+1816%E2%80%931960%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Early+Black+Theatre+Organizations%2C+Companies%2C+Theatres%2C+and+Performing+Groups&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0313295379&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpH2npoewU5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt1972" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, Larry (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRPwAAAAMAAJ">Football at Rutgers: A History, 1869–1969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813507477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813507477"><bdi>978-0813507477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football+at+Rutgers%3A+A+History%2C+1869%E2%80%931969&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0813507477&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRPwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Alexander_Price" title="Clement Alexander Price">Price, Clement Alexander</a> (2007). Paul Robeson: Portraits of the Artist. Criterion Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934121191" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934121191"><bdi>978-1934121191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Portraits+of+the+Artist&rft.pub=Criterion+Collection&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1934121191&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Clement+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2001" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1icpzTz6gcC">The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema, 1929–1939</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860646287" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860646287"><bdi>978-1860646287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+1930s%3A+An+Alternative+History+of+the+British+Cinema%2C+1929%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1860646287&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1icpzTz6gcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2005" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Larry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SuSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">African American Films Through 1959: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Filmography</a>. McFarland. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786422746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786422746"><bdi>978-0786422746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Films+Through+1959%3A+A+Comprehensive%2C+Illustrated+Filmography&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0786422746&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SuSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1978b" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (1978b). "Paul Robeson: Black Warrior". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 3–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0396075455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0396075455"><bdi>978-0396075455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Black+Warrior&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Great+Forerunner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0396075455&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson1981" class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Susan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iN2AAAAMAAJ">The whole world in his hands: a pictorial biography of Paul Robeson</a>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806507545" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806507545"><bdi>978-0806507545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+whole+world+in+his+hands%3A+a+pictorial+biography+of+Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0806507545&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iN2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1978" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Eugene (1978). "A Distant Image: Paul Robeson and Rutgers' Students". In Freedomways (ed.). Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0396075455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0396075455"><bdi>978-0396075455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Distant+Image%3A+Paul+Robeson+and+Rutgers%27+Students&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Great+Forerunner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0396075455&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2005" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Henry T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkuyoQEACAAJ">Swingin' on the Ether Waves: A Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Programming, 1925–1955</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810840874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810840874"><bdi>978-0810840874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swingin%27+on+the+Ether+Waves%3A+A+Chronological+History+of+African+Americans+in+Radio+and+Television+Programming%2C+1925%E2%80%931955&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0810840874&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Henry+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkuyoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Francis C. (1998). "Paul Robeson: An Athlete's Legacy". In Stewart, Jeffrey C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKvpAAAAMAAJ">Paul Robeson: artist and citizen</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813525105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813525105"><bdi>978-0813525105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+An+Athlete%27s+Legacy&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+artist+and+citizen&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0813525105&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Francis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKvpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Eschen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Von_Eschen" title="Penny Von Eschen">Von Eschen, Penny M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bHQAwAAQBAJ">Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801471704" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801471704"><bdi>978-0801471704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+against+Empire%3A+Black+Americans+and+Anticolonialism%2C+1937%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0801471704&rft.aulast=Von+Eschen&rft.aufirst=Penny+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bHQAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade-Lewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fr_uW5b73UYC">Lorenzo Dow Turner: Father of Gullah Studies</a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570036286" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570036286"><bdi>978-1570036286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lorenzo+Dow+Turner%3A+Father+of+Gullah+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1570036286&rft.aulast=Wade-Lewis&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfr_uW5b73UYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1949" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Christy (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xygOwAACAAJ">College Football and All America Review</a>. Murray & Gee. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000SO41NA">B000SO41NA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Football+and+All+America+Review&rft.pub=Murray+%26+Gee&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000SO41NA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xygOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisenfeld1997" class="citation book cs1">Weisenfeld, Judith (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taH6Y4a3AYwC">African American Women and Christian Activism: New York's Black YWCA, 1905–1945</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674007789" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674007789"><bdi>978-0674007789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Women+and+Christian+Activism%3A+New+York%27s+Black+YWCA%2C+1905%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0674007789&rft.aulast=Weisenfeld&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaH6Y4a3AYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintz2007" class="citation book cs1">Wintz, Cary D., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFwfAQAAIAAJ">Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance</a>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402204364" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402204364"><bdi>978-1402204364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlem+Speaks%3A+A+Living+History+of+the+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1402204364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFwfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1975" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Charles H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp4eAQAAIAAJ">Robeson: Labor's Forgotten Champion</a>. Balamp Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913642061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913642061"><bdi>978-0913642061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robeson%3A+Labor%27s+Forgotten+Champion&rft.pub=Balamp+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0913642061&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJp4eAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyden1983" class="citation book cs1">Wyden, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIhpAAAAMAAJ">The Passionate War: The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671253301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671253301"><bdi>978-0671253301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passionate+War%3A+The+Narrative+History+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0671253301&rft.aulast=Wyden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIhpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Balaji, Murali (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY12AAAAMAAJ">The Professor and the Pupil: The Politics and Friendship of W.E.B Du Bois and Paul Robeson</a>. Nation Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568583556" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568583556"><bdi>978-1568583556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Professor+and+the+Pupil%3A+The+Politics+and+Friendship+of+W.E.B+Du+Bois+and+Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1568583556&rft.aulast=Balaji&rft.aufirst=Murali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEY12AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bogle, Donald (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNKicQAACAAJ">Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films</a> (5th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826429537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826429537"><bdi>978-0826429537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toms%2C+Coons%2C+Mulattoes%2C+Mammies%2C+and+Bucks%3A+An+Interpretive+History+of+Blacks+in+American+Films&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0826429537&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNKicQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Callow" title="Simon Callow">Callow, Simon</a>, "The Emperor Robeson" (review of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Horne" title="Gerald Horne">Gerald Horne</a>, Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary, Pluto, 250 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sparrow" title="Jeff Sparrow">Jeff Sparrow</a>, No Way But This: In Search of Paul Robeson, Scribe, 292 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXV, no. 2 (February 8, 2018), pp. 8, 10–11.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Scott (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhO3fVh0EUEC">Paul Robeson</a>. Holloway House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870675522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870675522"><bdi>978-0870675522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0870675522&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhO3fVh0EUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6W-0AAAAIAAJ">Paul Robeson: The American Othello</a>. World Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+American+Othello&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6W-0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fordin, Hugh (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettingtoknowhim00ford">Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II</a> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49441-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49441-5"><bdi>0-394-49441-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+to+Know+Him%3A+A+Biography+of+Oscar+Hammerstein+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-394-49441-5&rft.aulast=Fordin&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettingtoknowhim00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Naison, Mark. "Paul Robeson and the American Labor Movement". In <a href="#CITEREFStewart1998">Stewart (1998)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pellowski, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OysjJ9pJfcC">Rutgers Football: A Gridiron Tradition in Scarlet</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813542836" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813542836"><bdi>978-0813542836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutgers+Football%3A+A+Gridiron+Tradition+in+Scarlet&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813542836&rft.aulast=Pellowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OysjJ9pJfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ramdin, Ron (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXwIAQAAMAAJ">Paul Robeson: the man and his mission</a>. Peter Owen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+the+man+and+his+mission&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ramdin&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXwIAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eslanda_Goode_Robeson" title="Eslanda Goode Robeson">Robeson, Eslanda Goode</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh9CgAAQBAJ&">Paul Robeson, Negro</a>. Read Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1447494010" title="Special:BookSources/978-1447494010"><bdi>978-1447494010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%2C+Negro&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1447494010&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Eslanda+Goode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBh9CgAAQBAJ%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul Jr. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lET-mQEACAAJ">Paul Robeson: Tributes and Selected Writings</a>. Paul Robeson Archives. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2507933">2507933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+Tributes+and+Selected+Writings&rft.pub=Paul+Robeson+Archives&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2507933&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlET-mQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robeson, Paul; Brown, Lloyd L. (1988). <a href="/wiki/Here_I_Stand_(book)" title="Here I Stand (book)">Here I Stand</a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807064450" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807064450"><bdi>978-0807064450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+I+Stand&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0807064450&rft.aulast=Robeson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lloyd+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfjnqbGHj2AC">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Robinson, Jackie</a>; Duckett, Alfred (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEAxq7t7zYAC">I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062287298" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062287298"><bdi>978-0062287298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Never+Had+It+Made%3A+An+Autobiography+of+Jackie+Robinson&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0062287298&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Duckett%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEAxq7t7zYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ92ueBx7MQC">1937: Stalin's Year of Terror</a>. Mehring Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0929087771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0929087771"><bdi>978-0929087771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1937%3A+Stalin%27s+Year+of+Terror&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0929087771&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZ92ueBx7MQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Seton, Mary (1978). "Paul Robeson on the English Stage". In Freedomways (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3eaAAAAIAAJ">Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0396075455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0396075455"><bdi>978-0396075455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+on+the+English+Stage&rft.btitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+The+Great+Forerunner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0396075455&rft.aulast=Seton&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3eaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465032976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465032976"><bdi>978-0465032976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0465032976&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaEfAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Stuckey" title="Sterling Stuckey">Stuckey, Sterling</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DTqhq3KN1cC">Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195086041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195086041"><bdi>978-0195086041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Through+the+Storm%3A+The+Influence+of+African+American+Art+in+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0195086041&rft.aulast=Stuckey&rft.aufirst=Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DTqhq3KN1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Weaver, Harold D. Jr. (June 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2021/06/harold-weaver-on-paul-robeson-racism-colonialism-actor-singer-activist-career-council-of-african-affairs">"Paul Robeson Was One of the Greatest Figures of the 20th Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson+Was+One+of+the+Greatest+Figures+of+the+20th+Century&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Harold+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2021%2F06%2Fharold-weaver-on-paul-robeson-racism-colonialism-actor-singer-activist-career-council-of-african-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_biographies_and_documentaries">Film biographies and documentaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Film biographies and documentaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tallest_Tree_in_Our_Forest" title="The Tallest Tree in Our Forest">The Tallest Tree in Our Forest</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Tribute_to_an_Artist" title="Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist">Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist</a> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079704/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson – James Earl Jones One Man Show (1979 TV movie) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078069/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson: I'm a Negro, I'm an American (1989, <a href="/wiki/DEFA" title="DEFA">DEFA</a>, East Germany, dir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Tetzlaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Tetzlaff (page does not exist)">Kurt Tetzlaff</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Tetzlaff" class="extiw" title="de:Kurt Tetzlaff">de</a>]) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommerce.umass.edu/defa/film/4949">"Paul Robeson: I'm a Negro, I'm an American"</a>. DEFA Film library. University of Massachusetts. Retrieved October 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DEFA+Film+library&rft.atitle=Paul+Robeson%3A+I%27m+a+Negro%2C+I%27m+an+American&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommerce.umass.edu%2Fdefa%2Ffilm%2F4949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Robeson" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Speak_of_Me_as_I_Am" title="Paul Robeson: Speak of Me as I Am">Paul Robeson: Speak of Me as I Am</a> (1998)</li> <li>His name was Robeson (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15206398/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> Interview by director <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Milovidov" title="Nikolay Milovidov">Nikolay Milovidov</a> with Paul Robeson Jr. who shares his memories about a conversation Robeson had in 1949 in a room at the Moscow Hotel with the Jewish poet <a href="/wiki/Itzik_Feffer" title="Itzik Feffer">Itzik Feffer</a>, who told Robeson the circumstances of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mikhoels" title="Solomon Mikhoels">Solomon Mikhoels</a>' death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Here_I_Stand" title="Paul Robeson: Here I Stand">Paul Robeson: Here I Stand</a> (1999) <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Bourne" title="St. Clair Bourne">St. Clair Bourne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0190614/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson: Portraits of an Artist (2007) Irvington: Criterion Collection. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1934121193" title="Special:BookSources/1934121193">1934121193</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Paul Robeson at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" class="extiw" title="c:Paul Robeson">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson" class="extiw" title="q:Paul Robeson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273233" class="extiw" title="d:Q273233">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0732079/">Paul Robeson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Paul%20Robeson,%20Sr./">Paul Robeson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> records</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/58036">Paul Robeson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446731/">Paul Robeson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">BFI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Screenonline" title="Screenonline">Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Paul+Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/channel/UCW0ge28rEB93N6SSFreMMeA">Paul Robeson Youtube channel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/subversives-stories-from-the-red-scare/">Subversives: Stories from the Red Scare</a>. Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Paul Robeson is featured in this lesson).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_institutions">Associated institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Associated institutions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paulrobesonhouse.org/">Paul Robeson House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paulrobesoncs.org/">Paul Robeson Charter School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprpac.org">Paul Robeson Performing Arts Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Robeson_archives">Paul Robeson archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Paul Robeson archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/robeson/">Marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/robeson/">National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/civilrights/survey/view_collection.php?coll_id=2785">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/cmbr_guides/31/">Guide to the Paul Robeson Centennial Project Records</a>, Center for Black Music Research, Columbia College Chicago</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-solo" aria-labelledby="Paul_Robeson335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Robeson" title="Template:Paul Robeson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Robeson" title="Template talk:Paul Robeson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Robeson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Robeson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paul_Robeson335" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_discography" title="Paul Robeson discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_filmography" title="Paul Robeson filmography">Filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1925_film)" title="Body and Soul (1925 film)">Body and Soul</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_(1926_short_film)" title="Camille (1926 short film)">Camille</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_(1930_film)" title="Borderline (1930 film)">Borderline</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Jones_(1933_film)" title="The Emperor Jones (1933 film)">The Emperor Jones</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanders_of_the_River" title="Sanders of the River">Sanders of the River</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)" title="Show Boat (1936 film)">Show Boat</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Freedom" title="Song of Freedom">Song of Freedom</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fella" title="Big Fella">Big Fella</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Song_Goes_Forth" title="My Song Goes Forth">My Song Goes Forth</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines_(1937_film)" title="King Solomon's Mines (1937 film)">King Solomon's Mines</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_(1937_film)" title="Jericho (1937 film)">Jericho</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Valley" title="The Proud Valley">The Proud Valley</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Land" title="Native Land">Native Land</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Manhattan" title="Tales of Manhattan">Tales of Manhattan</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Rivers" title="The Song of the Rivers">The Song of the Rivers</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tallest_Tree_in_Our_Forest" title="The Tallest Tree in Our Forest">The Tallest Tree in Our Forest</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Tribute_to_an_Artist" title="Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist">Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Speak_of_Me_as_I_Am" title="Paul Robeson: Speak of Me as I Am">Paul Robeson: Speak of Me as I Am</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Here_I_Stand" title="Paul Robeson: Here I Stand">Paul Robeson: Here I Stand</a> (1999)</li> <li>Paul Robeson: Songs of Freedom (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along" title="Shuffle Along">Shuffle Along</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jones" title="Emperor Jones">Emperor Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_God%27s_Chillun_Got_Wings_(play)" title="All God's Chillun Got Wings (play)">All God's Chillun Got Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hairy_Ape" title="The Hairy Ape">The Hairy Ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello#20th_century" title="Othello">Othello</a> <ul><li>1930, London</li> <li>1943, Broadway</li> <li>1959, Stratford</li></ul></li> <li>1958 Carnegie Hall</li> <li>Plant in The Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(musical)" title="John Henry (musical)">John Henry</a></li> <li>Peace Arch Concerts</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_for_Americans" title="Ballad for Americans">Ballad for Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Free_Men" title="Songs of Free Men">Songs of Free Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals_(Paul_Robeson_album)" title="Spirituals (Paul Robeson album)">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot_(album)" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (album)">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson:_Favorite_Songs" title="Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs">Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Paul Robeson at Carnegie Hall">Paul Robeson at Carnegie Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Encore,_Robeson!%22" title=""Encore, Robeson!"">"Encore, Robeson!" (Paul Robeson: Favorite Songs, Vol. 2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Go_Down_Moses" title="Go Down Moses">Go Down Moses</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fit_the_Battle_of_Jericho" title="Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho">Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>" (1928)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mighty_Lak%27_a_Rose" title="Mighty Lak' a Rose">Mighty Lak' a Rose</a>" (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/That%27s_Why_Darkies_Were_Born" title="That's Why Darkies Were Born">That's Why Darkies Were Born</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gloomy_Sunday" title="Gloomy Sunday">Gloomy Sunday</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Just_Awearyin%27_for_You" title="Just Awearyin' for You">Just Awearyin' for You</a>" (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_Day_(song)" title="A Perfect Day (song)">A Perfect Day</a>" (1939)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ballad_for_Americans" title="Ballad for Americans">Ballad for Americans</a>" (1939)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Land of My Fathers</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(song)" title="Joe Hill (song)">Joe Hill</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_My_Journey_Now" title="On My Journey Now">On My Journey Now</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Paul Robeson and the International Brigades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Paul_Robeson" title="Political views of Paul Robeson">Political views of Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_African_Affairs" title="Council on African Affairs">Council on African Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Congress" title="Civil Rights Congress">Civil Rights Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching" title="American Crusade Against Lynching">American Crusade Against Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Charge_Genocide" title="We Charge Genocide">We Charge Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedomways" title="Freedomways">Freedomways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peekskill_riots" title="Peekskill riots">Peekskill riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)">Freedom newspaper</a></li> <li>I Want to Be African</li> <li>Negroes—Don't Ape the Whites</li> <li>Negroes Should Join the CIO</li> <li>Time to Bring Negro Players Into the Major Leagues</li> <li>Never Again Can Colonialism Be What It Was</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Congressional_hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Robeson Congressional hearings">Paul Robeson Congressional hearings</a></li> <li>Thoughts on Winning the Stalin Peace Prize</li> <li>To You Beloved Comrade</li> <li>Ho Chi Minh Is Toussaint L'Ouverture of Indo-China</li> <li>We Can Learn from the Struggle in South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_I_Stand_(book)" title="Here I Stand (book)">Here I Stand</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson Speaks</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eslanda_Goode_Robeson" title="Eslanda Goode Robeson">Eslanda Goode Robeson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_Jr." title="Paul Robeson Jr.">Paul Robeson Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drew_Robeson_I" title="William Drew Robeson I">William Drew Robeson I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Benjamin_Brown" title="Lawrence Benjamin Brown">Lawrence Benjamin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_L._Brown" title="Lloyd L. Brown">Lloyd L. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Faulds" title="Andrew Faulds">Andrew Faulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Rockmore" title="Clara Rockmore">Clara Rockmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revels_Cayton" title="Revels Cayton">Revels Cayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Welch" title="Elisabeth Welch">Elisabeth Welch </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzik_Feffer" title="Itzik Feffer">Itzik Feffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Fast" title="Howard Fast">Howard Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Burnham" title="Louis E. Burnham">Louis E. Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Esther Cooper Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Group" title="Pool Group">Pool Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Webster" title="Margaret Webster">Margaret Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Paynter" title="Will Paynter">Will Paynter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Bumpy Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Robinson" title="Earl Robinson">Earl Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ashcroft" title="Peggy Ashcroft">Peggy Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fania_Marinoff" title="Fania Marinoff">Fania Marinoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_Group" title="Priory Group">Priory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_House" title="Paul Robeson House">Paul Robeson House (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson_House_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Robeson House (London)">Paul Robeson House (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/555_Edgecombe_Avenue" title="555 Edgecombe Avenue">Paul Robeson Home</a></li> <li>Paul Robeson Theatre <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_Cultural_Center" title="South Shore Cultural Center">South Shore Cultural Center</a>, Chicago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Front_Museum" title="Store Front Museum">Store Front Museum</a>, New York</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_Robeson" title="Category:Paul Robeson">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Paul_Robeson90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Paul_Robeson90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Paul Robeson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award">NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hopkins" title="Linda Hopkins">Linda Hopkins</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Dells" title="The Dells">The Dells</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_McRae" title="Carmen McRae">Carmen McRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler" title="Jerry Butler">Jerry Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)" title="Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)">Nancy Wilson</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Battle" title="Kathleen Battle">Kathleen Battle</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Avant" title="Clarence Avant">Clarence Avant</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lincoln_Lions_head_football_coaches95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#003366;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF7F00, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF7F00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lincoln_Lions_football_coach_navbox" title="Template:Lincoln Lions football coach navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lincoln_Lions_football_coach_navbox" title="Template talk:Lincoln Lions football coach navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln_Lions_football_coach_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lincoln Lions football coach navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lincoln_Lions_head_football_coaches95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Lions_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Lions football">Lincoln Lions head football coaches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Harris" title="W. H. Harris">W. H. Harris</a> (1894)</li> <li>No coach (1895)</li> <li>No team (1896–1901)</li> <li>No coach (1902)</li> <li>No team (1903)</li> <li>No coach (1904)</li> <li>No team (1905–1906)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_T._Austin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry T. Austin (page does not exist)">Henry T. Austin</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Coombs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Coombs (page does not exist)">E. Coombs</a> (1908)</li> <li>No coach (1909–1910)</li> <li>R. Roberts (1911–1914)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Lawrence_Pollard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leslie Lawrence Pollard (page does not exist)">Leslie Lawrence Pollard</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._H._Bullock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. H. Bullock (page does not exist)">W. H. Bullock</a> (1916)</li> <li>No coach (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a> & <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Shelburne" title="John A. Shelburne">John A. Shelburne</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Law" title="James H. Law">James H. Law</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Young" title="Ulysses S. Young">Ulysses S. Young</a> (1923–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Morrison_(American_football)" title="Edward Morrison (American football)">Edward Morrison</a> (1927–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Taylor_(American_football)" title="William S. Taylor (American football)">William S. Taylor</a> (1929–1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_M._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest M. Smith (page does not exist)">Ernest M. Smith</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_F._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie F. Martin (page does not exist)">Julie F. Martin</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rivero" title="Manuel Rivero">Manuel Rivero</a> (1934–1942)</li> <li>No team (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rivero" title="Manuel Rivero">Manuel Rivero</a> (1944–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_R._Stackhouse" title="Chester R. Stackhouse">Chester R. Stackhouse</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Mondschein" title="Irving Mondschein">Irving Mondschein</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rivero" title="Manuel Rivero">Manuel Rivero</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_N._Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert N. Gardner (page does not exist)">Robert N. Gardner</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li>No team (1961–2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O._J._Abanishe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O. J. Abanishe (page does not exist)">O. J. Abanishe</a> (2008–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Flanigan" title="Ramon Flanigan">Ramon Flanigan</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herb_Pickens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herb Pickens (page does not exist)">Herb Pickens</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Dean_(American_football)" title="Josh Dean (American football)">Josh Dean</a> (2018–2019)</li> <li>No team (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Dean_(American_football)" title="Josh Dean (American football)">Josh Dean</a> (2021–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Turner_(American_football)" title="Frank Turner (American football)">Frank Turner</a> (2023– )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1917_College_Football_All-America_Team_consensus_selections449" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Template:1917 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1917_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Template talk:1917 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1917_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1917 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1917_College_Football_All-America_Team_consensus_selections449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1917_College_Football_All-America_Team" title="1917 College Football All-America Team">1917 College Football All-America Team</a> consensus selections</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Backfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>QB <a href="/wiki/Benny_Boynton" title="Benny Boynton">Benny Boynton</a></li> <li>HB <a href="/wiki/Chic_Harley" title="Chic Harley">Chic Harley</a></li> <li>HB <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Oliphant" title="Elmer Oliphant">Elmer Oliphant</a></li> <li>HB <a href="/wiki/Everett_Strupper" title="Everett Strupper">Everett Strupper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolen" title="Charles Bolen">Charles Bolen</a></li> <li>E <a href="/wiki/Heinie_Miller" title="Heinie Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li>E <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/Alf_Cobb" title="Alf Cobb">Alfred Cobb</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/George_Hauser" title="George Hauser">George Hauser</a></li> <li>G <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Neely" title="Eugene Neely">Eugene Neely</a></li> <li>G <a href="/wiki/Herb_Sies" title="Herb Sies">Herb Sies</a></li> <li>G <a href="/wiki/Jock_Sutherland" title="Jock Sutherland">Jock Sutherland</a></li> <li>C <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rydzewski" title="Frank Rydzewski">Frank Rydzewski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1918_College_Football_All-America_Team_consensus_selections507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Template:1918 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1918_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Template talk:1918 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1918_College_Football_Consensus_All-Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1918 College Football Consensus All-Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1918_College_Football_All-America_Team_consensus_selections507" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1918_College_Football_All-America_Team" title="1918 College Football All-America Team">1918 College Football All-America Team</a> consensus selections</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Backfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>QB <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murrey" title="Frank Murrey">Frank Murrey</a></li> <li>HB <a href="/wiki/Tom_Davies_(American_football)" title="Tom Davies (American football)">Tom Davies</a></li> <li>HB <a href="/wiki/Wooky_Roberts" title="Wooky Roberts">Wolcott Roberts</a></li> <li>FB <a href="/wiki/George_McLaren_(American_football)" title="George McLaren (American football)">George McLaren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>E <a href="/wiki/Bill_Fincher" title="Bill Fincher">Bill Fincher</a></li> <li>E <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/Joe_Guyon" title="Joe Guyon">Joe Guyon</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/Pete_Henry" title="Pete Henry">Pete Henry</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hilty" title="Leonard Hilty">Leonard Hilty</a></li> <li>T <a href="/wiki/Lou_Usher" title="Lou Usher">Lou Usher</a></li> <li>G <a href="/wiki/Doc_Alexander" title="Doc Alexander">Doc Alexander</a></li> <li>G <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Perry" title="Lyman Perry">Lyman Perry</a></li> <li>C <a href="/wiki/Bum_Day" title="Bum Day">Bum Day</a></li> <li>C <a href="/wiki/Jack_Depler" title="Jack Depler">Jack Depler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273233#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108617396">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/197471">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/55431/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGr8xh7MCGGKPTKV9CcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118601555">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80064276">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138990678">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138990678">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525591">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V383852">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35672767">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19960000083260&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1251630">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072834994">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074464">Norway</a></li><li><a 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&oldid=1274460821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Robeson&oldid=1274460821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paul_Robeson" title="Category:Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_births" title="Category:1898 births">1898 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_deaths" title="Category:1976 deaths">1976 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_activists" title="Category:African-American activists">African-American activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_male_actors" title="Category:20th-century African-American male actors">20th-century African-American male actors</a></li><li><a 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</a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 48 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b9lck","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.657","walltime":"4.042","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37009,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":682556,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56471,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":997296,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3589.120 1 -total"," 39.97% 1434.583 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.69% 419.512 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 11.40% 409.154 81 Template:Cite_book"," 10.23% 367.031 8 Template:IMDb_title"," 9.19% 329.998 68 Template:Cite_news"," 9.10% 326.501 109 Template:Sfn"," 8.05% 288.924 392 Template:Harvnb"," 6.92% 248.321 63 Template:Cite_web"," 6.82% 244.718 40 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[\"CITEREFRaman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1978a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1978b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotha1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeton1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwindall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwindall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVizetelly1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Eschen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade-Lewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisenfeld1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods,_Paula2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyden1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeakey1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYowell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYüksel2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"'-\"] = 1,\n [\"1917 College Football Consensus All-Americans\"] = 1,\n [\"1918 College Football Consensus All-Americans\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite nycland\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 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