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href="#Influence_of_the_Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_thermohaline_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thermohaline circulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_thermohaline_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_subantarctic:_political_versus_scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_subantarctic:_political_versus_scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Definition of subantarctic: political versus scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_subantarctic:_political_versus_scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subantarctic_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subantarctic_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Subantarctic islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subantarctic_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subantarctic_glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subantarctic_glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Subantarctic glaciers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subantarctic_glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change_on_SAMW" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_climate_change_on_SAMW"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Impact of climate change on SAMW </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change_on_SAMW-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flora and fauna subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subantarctic_island_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subantarctic_island_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Subantarctic island example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subantarctic_island_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_of_subantarctic_glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_of_subantarctic_glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Retreat of subantarctic glaciers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retreat_of_subantarctic_glaciers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Retreat of subantarctic glaciers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Retreat_of_subantarctic_glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glaciers_of_Heard_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers_of_Heard_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Glaciers of Heard Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers_of_Heard_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Subantarctic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ساب أنتاركتيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساب أنتاركتيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktika_qur%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Subantarktika qurşağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Subantarktika qurşağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="উপ-কুমেরু অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপ-কুমেরু অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Субантарктычны пояс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субантарктычны пояс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktis" title="Subantarktis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Subantarktis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktis" title="Subantarktis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Subantarktis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subant%C3%A1rtico" title="Subantártico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subantártico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eantarkto" title="Ĉeantarkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeantarkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنب‌جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنب‌جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctique" title="Subantarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Subantarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9" title="아남극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아남극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Մերձանտարկտիկական գոտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերձանտարկտիկական գոտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Antarktika" title="Sub-Antarktika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sub-Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99" title="האזור הסאב-אנטארקטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האזור הסאב-אנטארקטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სუბანტარქტიკული სარტყელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუბანტარქტიკული სარტყელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Субантарктикалық белдеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Субантарктикалық белдеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctica" title="Subantarctica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Subantarctica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktika" title="Subantarktika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Subantarktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctis" title="Subantarctis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Subantarctis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5" title="亜南極 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亜南極" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktis" title="Subantarktis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Subantarktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktis" title="Subantarktis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Subantarktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktyka" title="Subantarktyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Subantarktyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Субантарктический пояс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субантарктический пояс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subantarctic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarktik" title="Subantarktik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Subantarktik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Субантарктичний пояс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субантарктичний пояс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="副南極地區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="副南極地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1141556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/300px-Antarctica-Region.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/450px-Antarctica-Region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/600px-Antarctica-Region.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>The Antarctic region and its boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></figcaption></figure> The subantarctic zone is a <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiographic regions of the world">region</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, located immediately north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> region. This translates roughly to a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of between <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_south" title="46th parallel south">46°</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. The subantarctic region includes many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">islands</a> in the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> oceans, especially those situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>. Subantarctic glaciers are, by definition, located on islands within the subantarctic region. All <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> are by definition considered to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Antarctic glaciers</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> The subantarctic region comprises two geographic zones and three distinct <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">fronts</a>. The northernmost boundary of the subantarctic region is the rather ill-defined <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_front" title="Subtropical front">Subtropical Front</a> (STF), also referred to as the Subtropical Convergence. To the south of the STF is a geographic zone, the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ). South of the SAZ is the Subantarctic Front (SAF). South of the SAF is another marine zone, called the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ). The SAZ and the PFZ together form the subantarctic region. The southernmost boundary of the PFZ (and hence, the southern border of the subantarctic region) is the Antarctic Convergence, located approximately 200 kilometers south of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_front" title="Polar front">Antarctic Polar Front</a> (APF).<a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_thermohaline_circulation">Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thermohaline circulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and thermohaline circulation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrientes-oceanicas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/350px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/525px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/700px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the major <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> (ACC). In addition to the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, the ACC strongly influences regional and global <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/350px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/525px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/700px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> strongly influences regional and global <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. Blue paths represent <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">deep-water currents</a>, while red paths represent surface currents.</figcaption></figure> The subantarctic Front, found between <a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_south" title="48th parallel south">48°S</a> and <a href="/wiki/58th_parallel_south" title="58th parallel south">58°S</a> in the Indian and Pacific Ocean and between <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_south" title="42nd parallel south">42°S</a> and 48°S in the Atlantic Ocean, defines the northern boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> (or ACC).<a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-1">[1]</a> The ACC is the most important <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean current</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, and the only current that flows completely around the Earth. Flowing eastward through the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, the ACC links these three otherwise separate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a>. Extending from the sea surface to depths of 2000–4000 meters, and with a width of as great as 2000 kilometers, the ACC transports more water than any other ocean current.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The ACC carries up to 150 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sverdrups</a> (150 million cubic meters per second), equivalent to 150 times the volume of water flowing in all the world's rivers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The ACC and the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> strongly influence regional and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">global climate</a> as well as underwater <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Another factor that contributes to the climate of the subantarctic region, though to a much lesser extent than the thermohaline circulation, is the formation of <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a> (ABW) by <a href="/wiki/Halothermal_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Halothermal circulation">halothermal dynamics</a>. The halothermal circulation is that portion of the global ocean circulation that is driven by global <a href="/wiki/Density_gradient" title="Density gradient">density gradients</a> created by surface heat and <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_subantarctic:_political_versus_scientific">Definition of subantarctic: political versus scientific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition of subantarctic: political versus scientific">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/220px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/330px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/440px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing different <a href="/wiki/Water_mass" title="Water mass">water masses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.</figcaption></figure> Several distinct <a href="/wiki/Water_mass" title="Water mass">water masses</a> converge in the immediate vicinity of the APF or Antarctic Convergence (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_Mode_Water" title="Subantarctic Mode Water">Subantarctic Surface Water</a> (Subantarctic Mode Water or SAMW), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Surface_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctic Surface Water (page does not exist)">Antarctic Surface Water</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Intermediate_Water" title="Antarctic Intermediate Water">Antarctic Intermediate Water</a>). This convergence creates a unique environment, noted for its very high <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">marine productivity</a>, especially for <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">antarctic krill</a>. Because of this, all lands and waters situated south of the Antarctic Convergence are considered to belong to the Antarctic from a <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> standpoint.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the text of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, article VI ("Area covered by Treaty") states: "The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° South latitude</a>".<a href="#cite_note-treaty-5">[5]</a> Therefore, Antarctica is defined from a <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> standpoint as all land and <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a> south of 60°S latitude. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subantarctic_islands">Subantarctic islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subantarctic islands">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg/400px-Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg/600px-Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg/800px-Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and surrounding islands in relation to the Antarctic Convergence and the 60th parallel south</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg/400px-BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg/600px-BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg/800px-BeagleChannelGlacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Trees growing along the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_Channel" title="Beagle Channel">Beagle Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55°S</a>.</figcaption></figure> At between about <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_south" title="46th parallel south">46°</a>–<a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_south" title="50th parallel south">50°</a> south of the Equator, in the region often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Roaring Forties</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wager_Island" title="Wager Island">Wager Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bounty_Islands" title="Bounty Islands">Bounty Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snares_Islands_/_Tini_Heke" class="mw-redirect" title="Snares Islands / Tini Heke">Snares Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>. The geography of these islands is characterized by tundra, with some trees on the Snares Islands and the Auckland Islands. These islands are all located near the Antarctic Convergence (with the Kerguelen Islands south of the Convergence) and are properly considered to be subantarctic islands. At between <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_south" title="51st parallel south">51°</a>–<a href="/wiki/56th_parallel_south" title="56th parallel south">56°</a> south of the Equator, the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Isla de los Estados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Islands" title="Ildefonso Islands">Ildefonso Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez_Islands" title="Diego Ramírez Islands">Diego Ramírez Islands</a>, and other islands associated with <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, lie north of the Antarctic Convergence in the region often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Furious Fifties</a>. Unlike other subantarctic islands, these islands have <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_and_Saint-Paul_Islands_temperate_grasslands" title="Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands">temperate grasslands</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Poa_flabellata" title="Poa flabellata">tussac grass</a>), and even <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. They also lack <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">permanent snow</a> and ice at their lowest elevations. Despite their more southerly location, it is debatable whether these islands should be considered as such because their climate and geography differs significantly from other subantarctic islands. At between <a href="/wiki/52nd_parallel_south" title="52nd parallel south">52°</a>–<a href="/wiki/57th_parallel_south" title="57th parallel south">57°</a> south of the Equator, the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Islands" title="Campbell Islands">Campbell Island Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Georgia_Group" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> are also located in the Furious Fifties. The geography of these islands is characterized by tundra, <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>. These islands are situated close to or south of the Antarctic Convergence, but north of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° S latitude</a> (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty).<a href="#cite_note-treaty-5">[5]</a> Therefore, although some are located south of the Antarctic Convergence, they should still be considered as subantarctic islands by virtue of their location north of 60° S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At between <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°</a>–<a href="/wiki/69th_parallel_south" title="69th parallel south">69°</a> south of the Equator, in the region often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Shrieking Sixties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Island" title="Scott Island">Scott Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> are all properly considered to be Antarctic islands for the following three reasons: <ol><li>they are all located south of the Antarctic Convergence</li> <li>they are all located within the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean</li> <li>they are all located south of the 60th parallel south</li></ol> In light of the above considerations, the following should be considered to be <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">subantarctic islands</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Coordinates</a><a href="#cite_note-gnis-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-aadc-7">[7]</a> </th> <th>Ocean<a href="#cite_note-gnis-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>Administered by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=49_40_S_178_46_E_&title=Antipodes+Islands">49°40′S 178°46′E / 49.667°S 178.767°E / -49.667; 178.767 (Antipodes Islands)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=50_42_S_166_05_E_&title=Auckland+Islands">50°42′S 166°05′E / 50.700°S 166.083°E / -50.700; 166.083 (Auckland Islands)</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>New Zealand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bounty_Islands" title="Bounty Islands">Bounty Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=47_45_S_179_03_E_&title=Bounty+Islands">47°45′S 179°03′E / 47.750°S 179.050°E / -47.750; 179.050 (Bounty Islands)</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>New Zealand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya)</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_26_S_03_24_E_&title=Bouvet+Island">54°26′S 03°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400 (Bouvet Island)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Islands" title="Campbell Islands">Campbell Island Group</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=52_32_S_169_08_E_">52°32′S 169°08′E / 52.533°S 169.133°E / -52.533; 169.133</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>New Zealand </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Îles Crozet or officially Archipel Crozet) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=46_25_S_51_59_E_&title=Crozet+Islands">46°25′S 51°59′E / 46.417°S 51.983°E / -46.417; 51.983 (Crozet Islands)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> (HIMI) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_04_S_73_00_E_&title=HIMI">53°04′S 73°00′E / 53.067°S 73.000°E / -53.067; 73.000 (HIMI)</a> </td> <td>Indian Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=49_15_S_69_35_E_&title=Kerguelen+Islands">49°15′S 69°35′E / 49.250°S 69.583°E / -49.250; 69.583 (Kerguelen Islands)</a> </td> <td>Indian Ocean </td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_38_S_158_52_E_&title=Macquarie+Island">54°38′S 158°52′E / 54.633°S 158.867°E / -54.633; 158.867 (Macquarie Island)</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>Australia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=46_46_S_37_51_E_&title=Prince+Edward+Islands">46°46′S 37°51′E / 46.767°S 37.850°E / -46.767; 37.850 (Prince Edward Islands)</a> </td> <td>Indian Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Georgia_Group" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia Group</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_30_S_37_00_W_&title=South+Georgia+Group">54°30′S 37°00′W / 54.500°S 37.000°W / -54.500; -37.000 (South Georgia Group)</a> </td> <td>Atlantic Ocean </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=57_30_S_27_00_W_&title=South+Sandwich+Islands">57°30′S 27°00′W / 57.500°S 27.000°W / -57.500; -27.000 (South Sandwich Islands)</a> </td> <td>Atlantic Ocean </td> <td>United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snares_Islands_/_Tini_Heke" class="mw-redirect" title="Snares Islands / Tini Heke">Snares Islands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=48_01_S_166_32_E_&title=The+Snares">48°01′S 166°32′E / 48.017°S 166.533°E / -48.017; 166.533 (The Snares)</a> </td> <td>Pacific Ocean </td> <td>New Zealand </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subantarctic_glaciers">Subantarctic glaciers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subantarctic glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">List of glaciers in the Antarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_streams" title="List of Antarctic ice streams">List of Antarctic ice streams</a></div> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> in the subantarctic. This list includes one <a href="/wiki/Snow_field" title="Snow field">snow field</a> (<a href="/wiki/Murray_Snowfield" title="Murray Snowfield">Murray Snowfield</a>). Snow fields are not glaciers in the strict sense of the word, but they are commonly found at the <a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">accumulation zone</a> or head of a glacier.<a href="#cite_note-nsidc-8">[8]</a> For the purposes of this list, Antarctica is defined as any latitude further south than 60° (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty).<a href="#cite_note-treaty-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg/300px-ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg/450px-ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg/600px-ISS018-E-038182_lrg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona_(Heard_Island)" title="Cape Arkona (Heard Island)">Cape Arkona</a> is seen on the left side of the image, with <a href="/wiki/Lied_Glacier" title="Lied Glacier">Lied Glacier</a> just above and <a href="/wiki/Gotley_Glacier" title="Gotley Glacier">Gotley Glacier</a> just below. <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben_(Heard_Island)" title="Big Ben (Heard Island)">Big Ben Volcano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a> are seen at the lower right side of the image.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg/300px-Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg/450px-Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg/600px-Thatcher-Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of central <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia (island)">South Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harker_Glacier" title="Harker Glacier">Harker Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay" title="Cumberland Bay">Cumberland Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatcher_Peninsula" title="Thatcher Peninsula">Thatcher Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg/300px-S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg/450px-S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg/600px-S-Georgien_1882_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Glacier" title="Neumayer Glacier">Neumayer Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_West_Bay" title="Cumberland West Bay">Cumberland West Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia (island)">South Georgia</a>, circa 1882–1883.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg/300px-S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg/450px-S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg/600px-S-Georgien_1882_55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Glacier" title="Neumayer Glacier">Neumayer Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_West_Bay" title="Cumberland West Bay">Cumberland West Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia (island)">South Georgia</a>, circa 1882–1883.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/300px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/450px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/600px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nordenskjold_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordenskjold Glacier">Nordenskjold Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay" title="Cumberland Bay">Cumberland Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia (island)">South Georgia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of Glacier </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Coordinates</a><a href="#cite_note-gnis-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-aadc-7">[7]</a> </th> <th>Length or (Width)<a href="#cite_note-gnis-6">[6]</a> </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsmith_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbotsmith Glacier">Abbotsmith Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_6_S_73_24_E_">53°6′S 73°24′E / 53.100°S 73.400°E / -53.100; 73.400</a> </td> <td>4.8 km </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allison_Glacier_(Heard_Island)" title="Allison Glacier (Heard Island)">Allison Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_04_S_73_24_E_">53°04′S 73°24′E / 53.067°S 73.400°E / -53.067; 73.400</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austin_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Glacier">Austin Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_4_S_37_12_W_">54°4′S 37°12′W / 54.067°S 37.200°W / -54.067; -37.200</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Georgia_Group" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia Group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bary_Glacier" title="Bary Glacier">Bary Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_26_S_36_47_W_">54°26′S 36°47′W / 54.433°S 36.783°W / -54.433; -36.783</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baudissin_Glacier" title="Baudissin Glacier">Baudissin Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_2_S_73_26_E_">53°2′S 73°26′E / 53.033°S 73.433°E / -53.033; 73.433</a> </td> <td>(2.8 km) </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertrab_Glacier" title="Bertrab Glacier">Bertrab Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_37_S_35_57_W_">54°37′S 35°57′W / 54.617°S 35.950°W / -54.617; -35.950</a> </td> <td>"small" </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogen_Glacier" title="Bogen Glacier">Bogen Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_48_S_35_56_W_">54°48′S 35°56′W / 54.800°S 35.933°W / -54.800; -35.933</a> </td> <td>"small" </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Glacier" title="Briggs Glacier">Briggs Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_1_S_37_8_W_">54°1′S 37°8′W / 54.017°S 37.133°W / -54.017; -37.133</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8gger_Glacier" title="Brøgger Glacier">Brøgger Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_32_S_36_26_W_">54°32′S 36°26′W / 54.533°S 36.433°W / -54.533; -36.433</a> </td> <td>13 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Glacier" title="Brown Glacier">Brown Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_4_S_73_39_E_">53°4′S 73°39′E / 53.067°S 73.650°E / -53.067; 73.650</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunonia_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunonia Glacier">Brunonia Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_3_S_37_29_W_">54°3′S 37°29′W / 54.050°S 37.483°W / -54.050; -37.483</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buxton_Glacier" title="Buxton Glacier">Buxton Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_26_S_36_12_W_">54°26′S 36°12′W / 54.433°S 36.200°W / -54.433; -36.200</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Glacier" title="Challenger Glacier">Challenger Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_2_S_73_28_E_">53°2′S 73°28′E / 53.033°S 73.467°E / -53.033; 73.467</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christensen_Glacier_(South_Georgia)" title="Christensen Glacier (South Georgia)">Christensen Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_2_S_36_52_W_">54°2′S 36°52′W / 54.033°S 36.867°W / -54.033; -36.867</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christensen_Glacier_(Bouvet_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christensen Glacier (Bouvet Island)">Christensen Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_28_S_3_24_E_">54°28′S 3°24′E / 54.467°S 3.400°E / -54.467; 3.400</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christophersen_Glacier" title="Christophersen Glacier">Christophersen Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_25_S_36_47_W_">54°25′S 36°47′W / 54.417°S 36.783°W / -54.417; -36.783</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Glacier">Clayton Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_4_S_37_26_W_">54°4′S 37°26′W / 54.067°S 37.433°W / -54.067; -37.433</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compton_Glacier" title="Compton Glacier">Compton Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_3_S_73_37_E_">53°3′S 73°37′E / 53.050°S 73.617°E / -53.050; 73.617</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cook_Glacier,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Glacier, South Georgia">Cook Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_27_S_36_11_W_">54°27′S 36°11′W / 54.450°S 36.183°W / -54.450; -36.183</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crean_Glacier" title="Crean Glacier">Crean Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_8_S_37_1_W_">54°8′S 37°1′W / 54.133°S 37.017°W / -54.133; -37.017</a> </td> <td>6 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deacock_Glacier" title="Deacock Glacier">Deacock Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_11_S_73_31_E_">53°11′S 73°31′E / 53.183°S 73.517°E / -53.183; 73.517</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dead_End_Glacier" title="Dead End Glacier">Dead End Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_47_S_35_56_W_">54°47′S 35°56′W / 54.783°S 35.933°W / -54.783; -35.933</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Downes_Glacier" title="Downes Glacier">Downes Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_2_S_73_31_E_">53°2′S 73°31′E / 53.033°S 73.517°E / -53.033; 73.517</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ealey_Glacier" title="Ealey Glacier">Ealey Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_2_S_73_35_E_">53°2′S 73°35′E / 53.033°S 73.583°E / -53.033; 73.583</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Glacier" title="Eclipse Glacier">Eclipse Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_23_S_36_5_W_">54°23′S 36°5′W / 54.383°S 36.083°W / -54.383; -36.083</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esmark_Glacier" title="Esmark Glacier">Esmark Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_13_S_37_13_W_">54°13′S 37°13′W / 54.217°S 37.217°W / -54.217; -37.217</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiftyone_Glacier" title="Fiftyone Glacier">Fiftyone Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_11_S_73_34_E_">53°11′S 73°34′E / 53.183°S 73.567°E / -53.183; 73.567</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_6_S_36_51_W_">54°6′S 36°51′W / 54.100°S 36.850°W / -54.100; -36.850</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geikie_Glacier" title="Geikie Glacier">Geikie Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_17_S_36_41_W_">54°17′S 36°41′W / 54.283°S 36.683°W / -54.283; -36.683</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotley_Glacier" title="Gotley Glacier">Gotley Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_10_S_73_27_E_">53°10′S 73°27′E / 53.167°S 73.450°E / -53.167; 73.450</a> </td> <td>13.2 km </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Graae_Glacier" title="Graae Glacier">Graae Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_48_S_36_1_W_">54°48′S 36°1′W / 54.800°S 36.017°W / -54.800; -36.017</a> </td> <td>3.2 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace Glacier">Grace Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_4_S_37_23_W_">54°4′S 37°23′W / 54.067°S 37.383°W / -54.067; -37.383</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamberg_Glacier" title="Hamberg Glacier">Hamberg Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_21_S_36_31_W_">54°21′S 36°31′W / 54.350°S 36.517°W / -54.350; -36.517</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harker_Glacier" title="Harker Glacier">Harker Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_22_S_36_32_W_">54°22′S 36°32′W / 54.367°S 36.533°W / -54.367; -36.533</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harmer_Glacier" title="Harmer Glacier">Harmer Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_46_S_36_15_W_">54°46′S 36°15′W / 54.767°S 36.250°W / -54.767; -36.250</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heaney_Glacier" title="Heaney Glacier">Heaney Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_25_S_36_12_W_">54°25′S 36°12′W / 54.417°S 36.200°W / -54.417; -36.200</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helland_Glacier" title="Helland Glacier">Helland Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_29_S_36_37_W_">54°29′S 36°37′W / 54.483°S 36.617°W / -54.483; -36.617</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henningsen_Glacier" title="Henningsen Glacier">Henningsen Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_27_S_36_42_W_">54°27′S 36°42′W / 54.450°S 36.700°W / -54.450; -36.700</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herz_Glacier" title="Herz Glacier">Herz Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_41_S_35_58_W_">54°41′S 35°58′W / 54.683°S 35.967°W / -54.683; -35.967</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindle_Glacier" title="Hindle Glacier">Hindle Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_34_S_36_5_W_">54°34′S 36°5′W / 54.567°S 36.083°W / -54.567; -36.083</a> </td> <td>10 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodges_Glacier" title="Hodges Glacier">Hodges Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_16_S_36_32_W_">54°16′S 36°32′W / 54.267°S 36.533°W / -54.267; -36.533</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horntvedt_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Horntvedt Glacier">Horntvedt Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_25_S_3_21_E_">54°25′S 3°21′E / 54.417°S 3.350°E / -54.417; 3.350</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bouvet Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacka_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacka Glacier">Jacka Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_00_S_73_20_E_">53°00′S 73°20′E / 53.000°S 73.333°E / -53.000; 73.333</a> </td> <td>1.3 km </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_Glacier" title="Jenkins Glacier">Jenkins Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_46_S_36_7_W_">54°46′S 36°7′W / 54.767°S 36.117°W / -54.767; -36.117</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewell_Glacier" title="Jewell Glacier">Jewell Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_16_S_37_8_W_">54°16′S 37°8′W / 54.267°S 37.133°W / -54.267; -37.133</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keilhau_Glacier" title="Keilhau Glacier">Keilhau Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_16_S_37_4_W_">54°16′S 37°4′W / 54.267°S 37.067°W / -54.267; -37.067</a> </td> <td>8 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kjerulf_Glacier" title="Kjerulf Glacier">Kjerulf Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_21_S_36_51_W_">54°21′S 36°51′W / 54.350°S 36.850°W / -54.350; -36.850</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nig_Glacier" title="König Glacier">König Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_1_S_36_48_W_">54°1′S 36°48′W / 54.017°S 36.800°W / -54.017; -36.800</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancing_Glacier" title="Lancing Glacier">Lancing Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_2_S_36_56_W_">54°2′S 36°56′W / 54.033°S 36.933°W / -54.033; -36.933</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewald_Glacier" title="Lewald Glacier">Lewald Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_45_S_35_52_W_">54°45′S 35°52′W / 54.750°S 35.867°W / -54.750; -35.867</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lied_Glacier" title="Lied Glacier">Lied Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_9_S_73_26_E_">53°9′S 73°26′E / 53.150°S 73.433°E / -53.150; 73.433</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Glacier">Lucas Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_4_S_37_18_W_">54°4′S 37°18′W / 54.067°S 37.300°W / -54.067; -37.300</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyell_Glacier,_South_Georgia" title="Lyell Glacier, South Georgia">Lyell Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_17_S_36_37_W_">54°17′S 36°37′W / 54.283°S 36.617°W / -54.283; -36.617</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Powell_Glacier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Powell Glacier (page does not exist)">Mary Powell Glacier</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morris_Glacier_(South_Georgia)" title="Morris Glacier (South Georgia)">Morris Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_5_S_37_14_W_">54°5′S 37°14′W / 54.083°S 37.233°W / -54.083; -37.233</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murray_Snowfield" title="Murray Snowfield">Murray Snowfield</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_9_S_37_9_W_">54°9′S 37°9′W / 54.150°S 37.150°W / -54.150; -37.150</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nachtigal_Glacier" title="Nachtigal Glacier">Nachtigal Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_29_S_36_9_W_">54°29′S 36°9′W / 54.483°S 36.150°W / -54.483; -36.150</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neumayer_Glacier" title="Neumayer Glacier">Neumayer Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_15_S_36_41_W_">54°15′S 36°41′W / 54.250°S 36.683°W / -54.250; -36.683</a> </td> <td>13 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordenskj%C3%B6ld_Glacier" title="Nordenskjöld Glacier">Nordenskjöld Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_22_S_36_22_W_">54°22′S 36°22′W / 54.367°S 36.367°W / -54.367; -36.367</a> </td> <td>"large" </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novosilski_Glacier" title="Novosilski Glacier">Novosilski Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_4_S_36_18_W_">54°4′S 36°18′W / 54.067°S 36.300°W / -54.067; -36.300</a> </td> <td>13 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paget_Glacier" title="Paget Glacier">Paget Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_24_S_36_28_W_">54°24′S 36°28′W / 54.400°S 36.467°W / -54.400; -36.467</a> </td> <td>6 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peters_Glacier_(South_Georgia)" title="Peters Glacier (South Georgia)">Peters Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_8_S_37_33_W_">54°8′S 37°33′W / 54.133°S 37.550°W / -54.133; -37.550</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippi_Glacier_(South_Georgia)" title="Philippi Glacier (South Georgia)">Philippi Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_49_S_36_3_W_">54°49′S 36°3′W / 54.817°S 36.050°W / -54.817; -36.050</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Posadowsky_Glacier_(Bouvet_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posadowsky Glacier (Bouvet Island)">Posadowsky Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_25_S_32_2_E_">54°25′S 32°2′E / 54.417°S 32.033°E / -54.417; 32.033</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bouvet Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Price_Glacier_(Antarctica)" title="Price Glacier (Antarctica)">Price Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_7_S_37_29_W_">54°7′S 37°29′W / 54.117°S 37.483°W / -54.117; -37.483</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Purvis_Glacier" title="Purvis Glacier">Purvis Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_6_S_37_1_W_">54°6′S 37°1′W / 54.100°S 37.017°W / -54.100; -37.017</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quensel_Glacier" title="Quensel Glacier">Quensel Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_46_S_35_5_W_">54°46′S 35°5′W / 54.767°S 35.083°W / -54.767; -35.083</a> </td> <td>"small" </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risting_Glacier" title="Risting Glacier">Risting Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_46_S_36_6_W_">54°46′S 36°6′W / 54.767°S 36.100°W / -54.767; -36.100</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_Glacier" title="Ross Glacier">Ross Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_33_S_36_6_W_">54°33′S 36°6′W / 54.550°S 36.100°W / -54.550; -36.100</a> </td> <td>10 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Glacier" title="Ryan Glacier">Ryan Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_3_S_37_36_W_">54°3′S 37°36′W / 54.050°S 37.600°W / -54.050; -37.600</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Glacier" title="Salomon Glacier">Salomon Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_47_S_35_54_W_">54°47′S 35°54′W / 54.783°S 35.900°W / -54.783; -35.900</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_Glacier_(Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands)" title="Schmidt Glacier (Heard Island and McDonald Islands)">Schmidt Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_3_S_73_24_E_">53°3′S 73°24′E / 53.050°S 73.400°E / -53.050; 73.400</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schrader_Glacier" title="Schrader Glacier">Schrader Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_7_S_37_39_W_">54°7′S 37°39′W / 54.117°S 37.650°W / -54.117; -37.650</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spenceley_Glacier" title="Spenceley Glacier">Spenceley Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_35_S_36_19_W_">54°35′S 36°19′W / 54.583°S 36.317°W / -54.583; -36.317</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Glacier" title="Stephenson Glacier">Stephenson Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_6_S_73_42_E_">53°6′S 73°42′E / 53.100°S 73.700°E / -53.100; 73.700</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Storey_Glacier" title="Storey Glacier">Storey Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_47_S_36_1_W_">54°47′S 36°1′W / 54.783°S 36.017°W / -54.783; -36.017</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitcher_Glacier" title="Twitcher Glacier">Twitcher Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_43_S_35_56_W_">54°43′S 35°56′W / 54.717°S 35.933°W / -54.717; -35.933</a> </td> <td>6 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyrrell_Glacier" title="Tyrrell Glacier">Tyrrell Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_22_S_36_31_W_">54°22′S 36°31′W / 54.367°S 36.517°W / -54.367; -36.517</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Glacier" title="Vahsel Glacier">Vahsel Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_4_S_73_23_E_">53°4′S 73°23′E / 53.067°S 73.383°E / -53.067; 73.383</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Webb_Glacier_(South_Georgia)" title="Webb Glacier (South Georgia)">Webb Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_32_S_36_1_W_">54°32′S 36°1′W / 54.533°S 36.017°W / -54.533; -36.017</a> </td> <td>3.2 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Glacier" title="Weddell Glacier">Weddell Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_35_S_36_00_W_">54°35′S 36°00′W / 54.583°S 36.000°W / -54.583; -36.000</a> </td> <td>3.2 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Glacier" title="Wheeler Glacier">Wheeler Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=54_36_S_36_22_W_">54°36′S 36°22′W / 54.600°S 36.367°W / -54.600; -36.367</a> </td> <td>3.2 km </td> <td>South Georgia Group </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Glacier" title="Winston Glacier">Winston Glacier</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Subantarctic&params=53_9_S_73_38_E_">53°9′S 73°38′E / 53.150°S 73.633°E / -53.150; 73.633</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heard Island </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_climate_change_on_SAMW">Impact of climate change on SAMW</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact of climate change on SAMW">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_pump_hg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CO2_pump_hg.svg/300px-CO2_pump_hg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CO2_pump_hg.svg/450px-CO2_pump_hg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CO2_pump_hg.svg/600px-CO2_pump_hg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Air-sea exchange of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></figcaption></figure> Together, the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) act as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>, absorbing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> and storing it in solution. If the SAMW temperature increases as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, the SAMW will have less capacity to store dissolved carbon dioxide. Research using a computerized climate system model suggests that if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were to increase to 860 ppm by the year 2100 (roughly double today's concentration), the SAMW will decrease in density and salinity. The resulting reductions in the subduction and transport capacity of SAMW and AAIW water masses could potentially decrease the absorption and storage of CO2 in the Southern Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-down2009-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Main: <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Flora of subantarctic islands">Category: Flora of subantarctic islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Fauna of subantarctic islands">Category: Fauna of subantarctic islands</a>.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic realm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Antarctic Floristic Kingdom</a> include most of the subantarctic islands native <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subantarctic_island_example">Subantarctic island example</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subantarctic island example">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Category:Flora of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Category:Flora of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></div> The physical landscape and biota communities of <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> are constantly changing due to <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, strong winds and waves, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>. Volcanic activity has been observed in this area since the mid-1980s, with fresh <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows on the southwest flanks of Heard Island. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite imagery</a> shows that McDonald Island increased in size from about 1 to 2.5 square kilometers between 1994 and 2004, as a result of volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> In addition to new land being produced by volcanism, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> of the climate is causing the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreat of glaciers</a> on the islands (see section below ). These combined processes produce new ice-free <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Terrestrial" title="Ecoregion">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion#Freshwater" title="Ecoregion">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, which are now available for colonization by plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> Heard Island has vast colonies of <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, and large harems of land-based marine predators such as <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>. Due to the very high numbers of <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> on Heard Island, the area is considered a "biological hot spot".<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> The marine environment surrounding the islands features diverse and distinctive <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic habitats</a> that support a range of species including <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>. This marine environment also serves as a nursery area for a range of fishes, including some species of commercial interest.<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retreat_of_subantarctic_glaciers">Retreat of subantarctic glaciers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retreat of subantarctic glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">Glacier mass balance</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif/300px-San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif/450px-San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif/600px-San_Rafael_Glacier_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Retreat of <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_Glacier" title="San Rafael Glacier">San Rafael Glacier</a> from 1990 to 2000. <a href="/wiki/San_Quint%C3%ADn_Glacier" title="San Quintín Glacier">San Quintín Glacier</a> is shown in the background</figcaption></figure> Glaciers are currently <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreating</a> at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere. With respect to glaciers of the <a href="/wiki/Andes_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes mountains">Andes mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, abundant evidence has been collected from ongoing research at <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Major1989-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hug2007-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quelccaya_Ice_Cap" title="Quelccaya Ice Cap">Quelccaya Ice Cap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qori_Kalis_Glacier" title="Qori Kalis Glacier">Qori Kalis Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-peru-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-quel-14">[14]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongo_Glacier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zongo Glacier (page does not exist)">Zongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chacaltaya" title="Chacaltaya">Chacaltaya</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charquini_Glacier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charquini Glacier (page does not exist)">Charquini</a> glaciers in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-glac2001-15">[15]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aconcagua_River" title="Aconcagua River">Aconcagua River</a> Basin in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Chile" title="List of mountains in Chile">central Chilean Andes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Patagonian_Ice_Field" title="Northern Patagonian Ice Field">Northern Patagonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Patagonian_Ice_Field" title="Southern Patagonian Ice Field">Southern Patagonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">ice fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amos2004-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masio2009-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-EORC-19">[19]</a> Retreat of glaciers in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and Antarctica is also well documented. Many subantarctic glaciers are also in retreat. <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">Mass balance</a> is significantly negative on many glaciers on Kergeulen Island, Heard Island, South Georgia and Bouvet Island.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers_of_Heard_Island">Glaciers of Heard Island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glaciers of Heard Island">edit</a>]</div> Heard Island is a heavily glacierized, subantarctic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, roughly 4000 kilometers southwest of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. 80% of the island is covered in ice, with glaciers descending from 2400 meters to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a> Due to the steep <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of Heard Island, most of its glaciers are relatively thin (averaging only about 55 meters in depth).<a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a> The presence of glaciers on Heard Island provides an excellent opportunity to measure the rate of glacial retreat as an indicator of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> Available records show no apparent change in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">glacier mass balance</a> between 1874 and 1929. Between 1949 and 1954, marked changes were observed to have occurred in the ice formations above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) on the southwestern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben_(Heard_Island)" title="Big Ben (Heard Island)">Big Ben</a>, possibly as a result of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a>. By 1963, major recession was obvious below 2,000 feet (610 m) on almost all glaciers, and minor recession was evident as high as 5,000 feet (1,500 m).<a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-23">[23]</a> Retreat of glacier fronts across Heard Island is evident when comparing <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a> taken in December 1947 with those taken on a return visit in early 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-24">[24]</a> Retreat of Heard Island glaciers is most dramatic on the eastern section of the island, where the <a href="/wiki/Glacier_terminus" title="Glacier terminus">termini</a> of former <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater glacier">tidewater glaciers</a> are now located inland.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a> Glaciers on the northern and western coasts have narrowed significantly, while the area of glaciers and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a> on <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Peninsula" title="Laurens Peninsula">Laurens Peninsula</a> have shrunk by 30% – 65%.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a> During the time period between 1947 and 1988, the total area of Heard Island's glaciers decreased by 11%, from 288 km2 (roughly 79% of the total area of Heard Island) to only 257 km2.<a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a> A visit to the island in the spring of 2000 found that the <a href="/wiki/Stephenson_Glacier" title="Stephenson Glacier">Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Glacier" title="Brown Glacier">Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baudissin_Glacier" title="Baudissin Glacier">Baudissin</a> glaciers, among others, had retreated even further.<a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-24">[24]</a> The terminus of Brown Glacier has retreated approximately 1.1 kilometres since 1950.<a href="#cite_note-aad2008-10">[10]</a> The total ice-covered area of Brown Glacier is estimated to have decreased by roughly 29% between 1947 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-24">[24]</a> This degree of loss of glacier mass is consistent with the measured increase in temperature of +0.9 °C over that time span.<a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-24">[24]</a> The coastal ice cliffs of Brown Glacier and Stephenson Glacier, which in 1954 were over 50 feet (15 m) high, had disappeared by 1963 when the glaciers terminated as much as 100 yards (91 m) inland.<a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-23">[23]</a> Baudissin Glacier on the north coast has lost at least 100 vertical feet (30 vertical m), and <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Glacier" title="Vahsel Glacier">Vahsel Glacier</a> on the west coast has lost at least 200 vertical feet (61 vertical m).<a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Glacier" title="Winston Glacier">Winston Glacier</a>, which retreated approximately one mile (1.6 km) between 1947 and 1963, appears to be a very sensitive indicator of glacier change on the island. The young moraines flanking <a href="/wiki/Winston_Lagoon" title="Winston Lagoon">Winston Lagoon</a> show that Winston Glacier has lost at least 300 vertical feet (91 vertical m) of ice within a recent time period.<a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-23">[23]</a> The glaciers of Laurens Peninsula, whose maximum elevation is only 500 m above sea level, are smaller and shorter than most of the other Heard Island glaciers, and therefore much more sensitive to temperature effects. Accordingly, their total area has decreased by over 30 percent. <a href="/wiki/Jacka_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacka Glacier">Jacka Glacier</a> on the east coast of Laurens Peninsula has also demonstrated marked recession since 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Budd1970-23">[23]</a> In the early 1950s, Jacka Glacier had receded only slightly from its position in the late 1920s, but by 1997 it had receded about 700 m back from the coastline.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruddell-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quil2000-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-26">[26]</a> Possible causes of glacier recession on Heard Island include: <ol><li>Volcanic activity</li> <li>Southward movement of the Antarctic Convergence: such a movement conceivably might cause glacier retreat through a rise in sea and air temperatures</li> <li>Climatic change</li></ol> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a> conducted an expedition to Heard Island during the <a href="/wiki/Austral_summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Austral summer">austral summer</a> of 2003–04. A small team of scientists spent two months on the island, conducting studies on <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> and terrestrial biology and glaciology. Glaciologists conducted further research on the Brown Glacier, in an effort to determine whether glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated. Using a portable <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">echo sounder</a>, the team took measurements of the volume of the glacier. Monitoring of climatic conditions continued, with an emphasis on the impact of <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Foehn winds</a> on glacier mass balance.<a href="#cite_note-heard-27">[27]</a> Based on the findings of that expedition, the rate of loss of glacier ice on Heard Island appears to be accelerating. Between 2000 and 2003, repeat <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surface surveys</a> revealed that the rate of loss of ice in both the <a href="/wiki/Ablation_zone" title="Ablation zone">ablation zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">accumulation zone</a> of Brown Glacier was more than double average rate measured from 1947 to 2003. The increase in the rate of ice loss suggests that the glaciers of Heard Island are reacting to ongoing climate change, rather than approaching <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium" title="Dynamic equilibrium">dynamic equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thost2008-24">[24]</a> The retreat of Heard Island's glaciers is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-Allis1986-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points of Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers" title="List of glaciers">List of glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">Subarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Flora of the subantarctic islands">Category: Flora of the subantarctic islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith2008-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2008_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2008_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyan_SmithMelicie_DesflotsSean_WhiteArthur_J._Mariano2008" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Smith; Melicie Desflots; Sean White; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html">"Surface Currents in the Southern Ocean:The Antarctic CP Current"</a>. The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614102611/http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+Currents+in+the+Southern+Ocean%3AThe+Antarctic+CP+Current&rft.pub=The+Cooperative+Institute+for+Marine+and+Atmospheric+Studies+%28CIMAS%29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ryan+Smith&rft.au=Melicie+Desflots&rft.au=Sean+White&rft.au=Arthur+J.+Mariano&rft.au=Edward+H.+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fsouthern%2Fantarctic-cp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinckNowlin2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klinck, J; Nowlin, W. D. Jr. (2001). "Antarctic Circumpolar Current". In Steele, John H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Ocean Science (1st ed.). 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Annals of Glaciology. 48 (2): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AnGla..48...43B">2008AnGla..48...43B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3189%2F172756408784700572">10.3189/172756408784700572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6319942">6319942</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707011358/http://www.glaciologia.cl/textos/bown-rivera-acuna.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Glaciology&rft.atitle=Recent+glacier+variations+at+the+Aconcagua+Basin%2C+central+Chilean+Andes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6319942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3189%2F172756408784700572&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AnGla..48...43B&rft.au=Francisca+Bown&rft.au=Andres+Rivera&rft.au=Cesar+Acuna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaciologia.cl%2Ftextos%2Fbown-rivera-acuna.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amos2004-17"><a href="#cite_ref-amos2004_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Amos2004" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Amos (27 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3662975.stm">"Patagonian ice in rapid retreat"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930083047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3662975.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Patagonian+ice+in+rapid+retreat&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft.au=Jonathan+Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3662975.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masio2009-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Masio2009_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasiokasRiveraEspizuaVillalba2009" class="citation journal cs1">Masiokas, Mariano H.; Rivera, Andrés; Espizua, Lydia E.; <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Villalba" title="Ricardo Villalba">Villalba, Ricardo</a>; Delgado, Silvia; Aravena, Juan Carlos (15 October 2009). "Glacier fluctuations in extratropical South America during the past 1000 years". 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Glaciology Program, Antarctic CRC and AAD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-us/publications/australian-antarctic-magazine/2001-2005/issue-2-spring-2001/science/our-subantarctic-glaciers-why-are-they-retreating">the original</a> on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+subantarctic+glaciers%3A+why+are+they+retreating%3F&rft.pub=Glaciology+Program%2C+Antarctic+CRC+and+AAD&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.au=Andrew+Ruddell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fpublications%2Faustralian-antarctic-magazine%2F2001-2005%2Fissue-2-spring-2001%2Fscience%2Four-subantarctic-glaciers-why-are-they-retreating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd1970-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd1970_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.M._BuddP.J._Stephenson1970" class="citation journal cs1">G.M. Budd; P.J. 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Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Association+for+Scientific+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Recent+glacier+retreat+on+Heard+Island&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=449-458&rft.date=1970&rft.au=G.M.+Budd&rft.au=P.J.+Stephenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiahs.info%2Fredbooks%2Fa086%2F086046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thost2008-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thost2008_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._ThostMartin_Truffer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas E. Thost; Martin Truffer (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204192707/http://instaar.metapress.com/content/m716t541j2514798/">"Glacier Recession on Heard Island, Southern Indian Ocean"</a>. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 40 (1): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1657%2F1523-0430%2806-084%29%5BTHOST%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1657/1523-0430(06-084)[THOST]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130245283">130245283</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instaar.metapress.com/content/m716t541j2514798/">the original</a> on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic%2C+Antarctic%2C+and+Alpine+Research&rft.atitle=Glacier+Recession+on+Heard+Island%2C+Southern+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=199-214&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1657%2F1523-0430%2806-084%29%5BTHOST%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130245283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Thost&rft.au=Martin+Truffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstaar.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2Fm716t541j2514798%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quil2000-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Quil2000_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilty,_P.G.Wheller,_G.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Quilty, P.G. & Wheller, G. (2000). 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Tasm. 133 (2): 47–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pap.+Proc.+R.+Soc.+Tasm.&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Heard+Island+glaciers%2C+king+penguins+and+fur+seals+since+1947+%28Heard+Island+Papers%29&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47-60&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Budd%2C+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heard-27"><a href="#cite_ref-heard_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardisland.aq/history/research-expeditions/australian-research-expeditions">"Australian Research Expeditions – Heard Island"</a>. Kingston, Tasmania, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment,_Water,_Heritage_and_the_Arts" title="Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts">Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a>, Territories, Environment and Treaties Section. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216173822/http://www.heardisland.aq/history/research-expeditions/australian-research-expeditions">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Research+Expeditions+%E2%80%93+Heard+Island&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Tasmania%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts%2C+Australian+Antarctic+Division%2C+Territories%2C+Environment+and+Treaties+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heardisland.aq%2Fhistory%2Fresearch-expeditions%2Faustralian-research-expeditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._RadokD._Watts1975" class="citation book cs1">U. Radok & D. Watts (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iahs.info/redbooks/a104/iahs_104_0042.pdf">"A synoptic background to glacier variations of Heard Island"</a> (PDF). Snow and Ice (Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August 1971) (104 ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences. pp. 42–56. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+synoptic+background+to+glacier+variations+of+Heard+Island&rft.btitle=Snow+and+Ice+%28Proceedings+of+the+Moscow+Symposium%2C+August+1971%29&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Oxfordshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=42-56&rft.edition=104&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Hydrological+Sciences&rft.date=1975&rft.au=U.+Radok&rft.au=D.+Watts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiahs.info%2Fredbooks%2Fa104%2Fiahs_104_0042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrufferThostRuddell2001" class="citation book cs1">Truffer, M; Thost, D; Ruddell, A (2001). "The Brown Glacier, Heard Island: its morphology, dynamics, mass balance and climate setting". Antarctic CRC Research Report No. 24. Hobart, Tasmania: Cooperative Research Centre for the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Environment, University of Tasmania. pp. 1–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Brown+Glacier%2C+Heard+Island%3A+its+morphology%2C+dynamics%2C+mass+balance+and+climate+setting&rft.btitle=Antarctic+CRC+Research+Report+No.+24&rft.place=Hobart%2C+Tasmania&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Cooperative+Research+Centre+for+the+Antarctic+and+Southern+Ocean+Environment%2C+University+of+Tasmania&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Truffer&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Thost%2C+D&rft.au=Ruddell%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_KiernanAnne_McConnell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kevin Kiernan & Anne McConnell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2355/1/Glacier_retreat.pdf">"Glacier retreat and melt-lake expansion at Stephenson Glacier, Heard Island World Heritage Area"</a> (PDF). Polar Record. 38 (207): 297–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400017988">10.1017/S0032247400017988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37333655">37333655</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Glacier+retreat+and+melt-lake+expansion+at+Stephenson+Glacier%2C+Heard+Island+World+Heritage+Area&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=207&rft.pages=297-308&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247400017988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37333655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kevin+Kiernan&rft.au=Anne+McConnell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.utas.edu.au%2F2355%2F1%2FGlacier_retreat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Carroll2004" class="citation web cs1">Paul Carroll (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516092122/http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/">"The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands"</a>. Derby, United Kingdom: Paul Carroll. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/">the original</a> on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+Atlantic+and+Subantarctic+Islands&rft.place=Derby%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Paul+Carroll&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.au=Paul+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~sa_sa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubantarctic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Subantarctic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Map all coordinates using <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Subantarctic">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> Download coordinates as: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Subantarctic">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Subantarctic">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Subantarctic">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Subantarctic">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630055405/http://gisdata.usgs.gov/website/antarctic_research_atlas/viewer.htm">U.S. Geological Survey, Atlas of Antarctic Research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glaciers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glaciers" title="Template:Glaciers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers" title="Template talk:Glaciers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glaciers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufeis" title="Aufeis">Aufeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">Ice cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">Ice shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_stream" title="Ice stream">Ice stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledoyom" title="Ledoyom">Ledoyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlet_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet glacier">Outlet glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont glacier">Piedmont glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_glacier" title="Rock glacier">Rock glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley glacier">Valley glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablation_zone" title="Ablation zone">Ablation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">Accumulation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergschrund" title="Bergschrund">Bergschrund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial)" title="Blue ice (glacial)">Blue ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">Crevasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_cone" title="Dirt cone">Dirt cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_head" title="Glacier head">Glacier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_divide" title="Ice divide">Ice divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier tongue">Glacier tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icefall" title="Icefall">Icefall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_moraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral moraine">Lateral moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_moraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial moraine">Medial moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_(geomorphology)" title="Moulin (geomorphology)">Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)" title="Penitente (snow formation)">Penitente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randkluft" title="Randkluft">Randkluft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serac" title="Serac">Sérac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_terminus" title="Glacier terminus">Terminus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">Ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_ice_accumulation" title="Glacier ice accumulation">Accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_sliding" title="Basal sliding">Basal sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">Calving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_motion" title="Glacial motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Outburst flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdeepening" title="Overdeepening">Overdeepening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periglaciation" title="Periglaciation">Periglaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plucking_(glaciation)" title="Plucking (glaciation)">Plucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(glaciology)" title="Starvation (glaciology)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_(glacier)" title="Surge (glacier)">Surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">Mass balance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup" title="Jökulhlaup">Jökulhlaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_eruption" title="Subglacial eruption">Subglacial eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">Tuya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erosional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_stairway" title="Cirque stairway">Cirque stairway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crag_and_tail" title="Crag and tail">Crag and tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_lake" title="Finger lake">Finger lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_peak" title="Pyramidal peak">Glacial horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging valley">Hanging valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-form_(geology)" title="P-form (geology)">P-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title="Roche moutonnée">Roche moutonnée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncup_(snow)" title="Suncup (snow)">Suncup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">Tarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_lake" title="Finger lake">Trough lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Trough valley">Trough valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley#Glacial_valleys" title="Valley">U-valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_step" title="Valley step">Valley step</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zungenbecken" title="Zungenbecken">Zungenbecken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Erratic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine-dammed_lake" title="Moraine-dammed lake">Moraine-dammed lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_moraine" title="Pulju moraine">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevetti_moraine" title="Sevetti moraine">Sevetti moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">Till plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial deposits">Glaciofluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpentor" title="Alpentor">Alpentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diluvium" title="Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title="Giant current ripples">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame_delta" title="Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_fan" title="Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">Sandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urstromtal" title="Urstromtal">Urstromtal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers" title="Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers" title="List of glaciers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periglacial_environment" title="Template:Periglacial environment">Template:Periglacial environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> 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