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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Syriac Rite</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:West_Syriac_Rite" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p>The <b>West Syriac Rite</b>, also called the <b>Syro-Antiochian Rite</b> and the <b>West Syrian Rite</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ritual_family" title="Ritual family">liturgical rite</a> that employs the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_Saint_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of Saint James">Divine Liturgy of Saint James</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Syriac dialect">West Syriac</a> dialect. It is practised in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> and various Malankara Churches of India (see the section on usage below). It is one of two main liturgical rites of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>. It has more <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphoras</a> than any other rite.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many new texts translated from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> were accepted among the Syriac Orthodox of Antioch. Those associated with <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tagrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Maphrianate_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Maphrianate of the East">Maphrianate</a> did not accept them. In essence it is the Tagrit tradition that was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=West_Syriac_Rite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></div> <p>Versions of the West Syriac Rite are currently used by multiple different ecclesiastical bodies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church">Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church (Jacobite)</a> based in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, in communion with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a> based in India, an <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> Oriental Orthodox church.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Independent Oriental Orthodox Church</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> of India. Independent Oriental Orthodox church not part of the Oriental Orthodox communion.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant Churches</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (uses a <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> variant of this rite omitting intercession to saints and prayers for departed. In full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the Malabar Independent Syrian Church).<sup id="cite_ref-Leustean_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leustean-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of Rome: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, sometimes identified with a particularly distinct <a href="/wiki/Use_(liturgy)" title="Use (liturgy)">use</a> of the rite, based in Lebanon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Malankara Syrian Catholic Church</a> based in India.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Qurobo in the Maronite Church"><noscript><img alt="Holy Qurobo in the Maronite Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/120px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/120px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg" data-alt="Holy Qurobo in the Maronite Church" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/180px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg/240px-Catedral_San_Mar%C3%B3n_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Qurobo in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church holding paterissa (crozier)"><noscript><img alt="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church holding paterissa (crozier)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/120px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 70px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/120px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" data-alt="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church holding paterissa (crozier)" data-width="120" data-height="70" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/180px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/240px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A West Syriac Rite <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Paterissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterissa">paterissa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church"><noscript><img alt="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/120px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/120px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg" data-alt="A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/180px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg/240px-Holy_Mass_Celebration_in_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A West Syriac Rite Holy Qurbono of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Qurobo in the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church"><noscript><img alt="Holy Qurobo in the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/120px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/120px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" data-alt="Holy Qurobo in the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/180px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/240px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Qurobo in the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Qurobo in Mar Thoma Syrian Church"><noscript><img alt="Holy Qurobo in Mar Thoma Syrian Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg/80px-Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg/80px-Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg" data-alt="Holy Qurobo in Mar Thoma Syrian Church" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg/120px-Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg/160px-Mar_Thoma_Bishop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Qurobo in <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=West_Syriac_Rite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Syriac_Rite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Syriac_Rite.svg/330px-West_Syriac_Rite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Syriac_Rite.svg/330px-West_Syriac_Rite.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Syriac_Rite.svg/495px-West_Syriac_Rite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/West_Syriac_Rite.svg/660px-West_Syriac_Rite.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Lineages of the West Syriac Rite</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known form of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> which is apparently its original language. The many Greek terms that remain in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> form suggest that this is derived from Greek. The version must have been made early, evidently before the schism occasioned by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, before the influence of Constantinople had begun. No doubt as soon as Christian communities arose in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, the prayers which in the cities (Antioch, Jerusalem, etc.) were said in Greek, were, as a matter of course, translated into the local vernacular for the people's use.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early sources, such as <i>Peregrinatio Silviae</i> describe the services at Jerusalem as being in Greek; but the lessons, first read in Greek, are then translated into Syriac. As long as all Western Syria was one communion, the country dioceses followed the rite of the patriarch at Antioch, only changing the language. Modifications adopted at Antioch in Greek were copied in Syriac by those who said their prayers in the national tongue. This point is important because the Syriac Liturgy (in its fundamental form) already contains all the changes brought to Antioch from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. It is not the older pure Antiochene Rite, but the later Rite of Jerusalem-Antioch. The <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St. James">Liturgy of St. James</a>, for example, prays first not for the Church of Antioch, but "for the holy Sion, the mother of all churches", that is, Jerusalem. (Brightman, pp. 89–90). The fact that both the Syriac and the Byzantine Orthodox Churches have the Jerusalem-Antiochene Liturgy is the chief proof that this had supplanted the older Antiochene use before the schism of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest extant Syriac documents come from about the end of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contain valuable information about local forms of the Rite of Antioch-Jerusalem. The Syriac Orthodox Church kept a version of this rite which is obviously a local variant. Its scheme and most of its prayers correspond to those of the Greek St. James; but it has amplifications and omissions such as is found in all local forms of early rites. It seems too that the Syriac Church made some modifications after the schism. This is certainly the case at one point, that of the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Syriac writer is <a href="/wiki/James_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="James of Edessa">James of Edessa</a> (d. 708), who wrote a letter to a priest Thomas comparing the Syriac Liturgy with that of Egypt. This letter is an exceedingly valuable and really critical discussion of the rite. A number of later Syriac writers followed James of Edessa. On the whole this church produced the first scientific students of liturgy. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_of_Edessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin of Edessa (page does not exist)">Benjamin of Edessa</a> (period unknown), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazarus_bar_Sabhetha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazarus bar Sabhetha (page does not exist)">Lazarus bar Sabhetha</a> of Bagdad (ninth century), <a href="/wiki/Moses_bar_Kephas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses bar Kephas">Moses bar Kephas</a> of Mosul (d. 903), <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a> of Amida (d. 1171) wrote valuable commentaries on this Rite. In the eighth and ninth centuries a controversy concerning the prayer at the Fraction produced much liturgical literature. The chronicle of a Syriac prelate, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Michael_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Michael the Great">Patriarch Michael the Great</a>, (d. 1199) discusses the question and supplies valuable contemporary documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest West Syriac liturgy extant is the one ascribed, as in its Greek form, to <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">Saint James</a>, "the brother of the Lord". It is in the dialect of Edessa. The proanaphoral part of this is the <i>Ordo communis</i> to which the other later Anaphoras are joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church,_Stuttgart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/220px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1051"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/220px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/330px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg/440px-Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II_at_St._John%27s_Church%2C_Stuttgart.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> led by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II" title="Ignatius Aphrem II">Ignatius Aphrem II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This follows the Greek St. James with these differences:<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All the vesting prayers and preparation of the offering (Proskomide) are considerably expanded, and the prayers differ. This part of the Liturgy is most subject to modification; it began as private prayer only.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Monogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogenes">Monogenes</a></i> comes later;</li> <li>the litany before the lessons is missing;</li> <li>the incensing is expanded into a more elaborate rite.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> comes after the lessons from the Old Testament; it contains the addition: "who wast crucified for us". This is the most famous characteristic of the Oriental Orthodox iteration of the rite. The clause was added by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Dyer">Peter the Dyer</a> (Fullo), miaphysite <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch</a> (d. 488), was believed to imply miaphysitism and caused much controversy during these times, eventually becoming a kind of watchword to the Syriac Oriental Orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The litany between the lessons is represented by the phrase <i>Kyrie eleison</i> said thrice.</li> <li>There is no chant at the <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Great Entrance</a> (a Byzantine addition in the Greek Rite).</li> <li>The long <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> prayers of the Greek Rite do not occur.</li> <li>The Epiklesis and Intercession are much the same as in Greek.</li> <li>The Our Father follows the Fraction.</li> <li>At the Communion-litany the answer is <i>Halleluiah</i> instead of <i>Kyrie eleison</i>.</li></ul> <p>In this Syriac Liturgy many Greek forms remain, e.g. <i>Stomen kalos, Kyrie eleison, Sophia, Proschomen</i>. Renaudot gives also a second form of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordo_communis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordo communis (page does not exist)">Ordo communis</a> (II, 12–28) with many variants.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the Ordo communis, the Syriac Church has added a very great number of alternative <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphoras</a>, many of which have not been published. These Anaphoras are ascribed to all manner of people; they were composed at very different periods. One explanation of their attribution to various saints is that they were originally used on their feasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A8be_Renaudot" title="Eusèbe Renaudot">Eusèbe Renaudot</a> translated and published 39 of these. After that, the Liturgy of St. James follows (in his work) a shortened form of the same. This is the one commonly used today. Then:<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Xystus</a>, which is placed first in the Maronite books;</li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St Peter</a>;</li> <li>another of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a>;</li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">St John the Evangelist</a>;</li> <li>of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>;</li> <li>of St Mark;</li> <li>of St Clement of Rome;</li> <li>of St Dionysius;</li> <li>of St Ignatius;</li> <li>of St Julius of Rome;</li> <li>of St Eustathius;</li> <li>of St John Chrysostom;</li> <li>of St Chrysostom (from Chaldaean sources);</li> <li>of St Maruta;</li> <li>of St Cyril;</li> <li>of Dioscoros;</li> <li>of Philoxenus of Hierapolis;</li> <li>a second Liturgy also ascribed to him;</li> <li>of Serverus of Antioch;</li> <li>of James Baradaeus;</li> <li>of Mathew the Shepherd;</li> <li>of St James of Botnan and Serug;</li> <li>of James of Edessa, the Interpreter;</li> <li>of Thomas of Heraclea;</li> <li>of Moses bar Kephas;</li> <li>of Philoxenus of Bagdad;</li> <li>of the Doctors, arranged by John the Great, Patriarch (Compilation from the Fathers);</li> <li>of John of Basora;</li> <li>of Michael of Antioch;</li> <li>of Dionysius Bar-Salibhi;</li> <li>of Gregory Bar-Hebraeus;</li> <li>of St John the Patriarch, called Acoemetus (Akoimetos);</li> <li>of St Dioscor of Kardu;</li> <li>John, Patriarch of Antioch;</li> <li>of Ignatius of Antioch (Joseph Ibn Wahib);</li> <li>of St Basil (another version, by Masius).</li></ul> <p>Brightman (pp. lviii–lix) mentions 64 liturgies as known, at least by name. Notes of this many of anaphoras will be found after each in Renaudot. In most cases all he can say is that he knows nothing of the real author; often the names affixed are otherwise unknown. Many anaphoras are obviously quite late, inflated with long prayers and rhetorical, expressions, many contain miaphysite ideas, some are insufficient at the consecration so as to be invalid. Baumstark (Die Messe im Morgenland, 44–46) thinks the Anaphora of St Ignatius most important, as containing parts of the old pure Antiochene Rite. He considers that many attributions to later miaphysite authors may be correct, that the Liturgy of Ignatius of Antioch (Joseph Ibn Wahib; d. 1304) is the latest. Most of these anaphoras have now fallen into disuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an Armenian version (shortened) of the Syriac St James. The liturgy is said in Syriac with (since the 15th century) many Arabic substitutions in the lessons and proanaphoral prayers. The lectionary and diaconicum have not been published and are poorly known. The vestments correspond almost exactly to those of the Byzantine Orthodox, except that the bishop wears a Latinized mitre. The calendar has few feasts. It follows in its main lines the older form of Antioch, observed also by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which is the basis of the Byzantine Calendar. Feasts are divided into three classes of dignity. Wednesday and Friday are fast-days. The Divine Office consists of Vespers, Compline, Nocturns, Lauds, Terce, Sext, and None, or rather of hours that correspond to these among Latins. Vespers always belongs to the following day. The great part of this consists of long poems composed for the purpose, like the Byzantine odes. Baptism is performed by immersion; the priest confirms at once with chrism blessed by the patriarch. Communion is administered under both kinds; the sick are anointed with oil blessed by a priest — the ideal is to have seven priests to administer it. The orders are bishop, priest, deacon, subdeacon, lector, and singer. There are many chorepiscopi, not ordained bishop. It will be seen, then, that the relatively small Syriac Church has followed much the same line of development in its rites as its Byzantine neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syriac Catholics, that is, those in communion with Rome, use the same rite as the Syriac Orthodox, but perhaps in a more organized manner. There is not much that can be called Romanizing in their books; but they have the advantage of well-arranged, well-edited, and well-printed books. The most prominent early modern and modern students of the West Syriac Rite (the Assemani, Renaudot, etc.) have been Catholic. Their knowledge and Western standards of scholarship in general are advantages from which the Syriac Catholics profit. Of the manifold Syriac Anaphoras, the Catholics use seven only — those of St James, St John, St Peter, St Chrysostom, St Xystus, St Matthew, and St Basil. That of St Xystus is attached to the Ordo communis in their official book; that of St John is said on the chief feasts. The lessons only are in Arabic. It was inevitable that the Syriac Liturgies, coming from miaphysite sources, should be examined at Rome before they are allowed to Syriac Catholics, but the revisers made very few changes. Out of the mass of anaphoras they chose those believed to be the oldest and purest, leaving out the long series of later ones that they regarded as unorthodox, or even invalid. In the seven kept for Syriac Catholic use what alterations have been made are chiefly the omission of redundant prayers, and the simplication of confused parts in which the Diaconicum and the Euchologion had become mixed together. The only substantive change is the omission of the clause: "Who was crucified for us" in the Trisagion. There is no suspicion of modifying in the direction of the Roman Rite. The other books of the Catholics — Diaconicum, officebook, and ritual — are edited at Rome, Beirut, and the Patriarchal press Sharfé; they are considerably the most accessible, the best-arranged books in which to study this rite.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christian</a> community of India, who originally belonged to the <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Province of India</a> of the Church of the East and they were following the East Syriac Rite till the sixteenth century, when the interventions of the Portuguese Padroado missionaries led to a schism among them. Following the schism in 1665, one of the two factions that emerged (the <i><a href="/wiki/Puthenkoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthenkoor">Puthenkoor</a></i>) made contact with the Syriac Orthodox Church through Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a>. Links with the Syriac Orthodox Church were further strengthened in the course of time, as other Syriac Orthodox prelates continued to work among them and to replace their original liturgical rite. <a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Yeldo" title="Baselios Yeldo">Baselios Yaldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baselios_Sakralla_III_of_Aleppo" title="Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo">Baselios Shakrallah</a> were prominent among them. In this way the West Syriac liturgical tradition was gradually introduced to them, and thus the descendants of the <i>Puthenkoor</i>, which includes the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church, Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Malabar Independent Church, currently employ the West Syriac Rite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=West_Syriac_Rite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span 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.reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14417a.htm">"West Syrian Rite"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Syrian+Rite&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14417a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antiochene-rite"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: "Antiochene Rite"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otQeg8-xSlEC&pg=PA272">The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosc.in/the_church/liturgy/west-syrian-worship">The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church: West Syrian Worship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syrian-liturgy">New Catholic Encyclopedia: Syrian Liturgy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Liturgy">Sebastian P. Brock, “Liturgy” in <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2014" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican"><i>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEastern%2BChristianity%2Band%2BPolitics%2Bin%2Bthe%2BTwenty-First%2BCentury%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Banglican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Anglican Communion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx">"Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion"</a>. <i>Anglican Communion Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Communion+Website&rft.atitle=Anglican+Communion%3A+Churches+in+Communion&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Anglican+Communion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fecumenism%2Fchurches-in-communion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Testamentum_Domini" title="Testamentum Domini">Testamentum Domini</a></i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Ephrem_II_Rahmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignace Ephrem II Rahmani">Ephrem Rahmani</a>, <i>Life of Severus of Antioch</i>, sixth century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a>, "Hist. eccl. ", <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i> 85, 1165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2011a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brock" title="Sebastian Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians">"Thomas Christians"</a>. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition</i>. Gorgias Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Christians&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FThomas-Christians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=West_Syriac_Rite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology</i></a>. Aldershot: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860783053" title="Special:BookSources/9780860783053"><bdi>9780860783053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Theology&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780860783053&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHp_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUzgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990</i></a>. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syriac+Studies%3A+A+Classified+Bibliography%2C+1960-1990&rft.place=Kaslik&rft.pub=Parole+de+l%27Orient&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUzgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB1jAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature</i></a>. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61143-563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61143-563-4"><bdi>978-1-61143-563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Outline+of+Syriac+Literature&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-61143-563-4&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZB1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey_FW7acTycC"><i>Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754659082" title="Special:BookSources/9780754659082"><bdi>9780754659082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+from+Heaven%3A+Studies+in+Syriac+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780754659082&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy_FW7acTycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410563"><bdi>9780881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Syriac+Rite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Pbritti" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1738353403"> <span>Last edited on 31 January 2025, at 19:56</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="طقس سرياني غربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طقس سرياني غربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padosyrsk%C3%BD_ritus" title="Západosyrský ritus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západosyrský ritus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochenischer_Ritus" title="Antiochenischer Ritus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiochenischer Ritus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EB%A1%80" title="서시리아 전례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서시리아 전례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritus_Suriah_Barat" title="Ritus Suriah Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ritus Suriah Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturujia_ya_Antiokia" title="Liturujia ya Antiokia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Liturujia ya Antiokia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="അന്ത്യോഖ്യൻ സുറിയാനി ആചാരക്രമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്ത്യോഖ്യൻ സുറിയാനി ആചാരക്രമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="طقس سريانى غربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طقس سريانى غربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Syrische_liturgie" title="West-Syrische liturgie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Syrische liturgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rito_s%C3%ADrio_ocidental" title="Rito sírio ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rito sírio ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Западно-сирийский обряд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западно-сирийский обряд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Западносиријски обред – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западносиријски обред" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stsyrisk_rit" title="Västsyrisk rit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västsyrisk rit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_S%C3%BCryani_Riti" title="Batı Süryani Riti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Süryani Riti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Західносирійський обряд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західносирійський обряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" 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