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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #009761; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#009761"><b>Cogito ergo sum</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Logic and rhetoric</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Logic" title="Category:Logic"><img alt="Icon logic.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/100px-Icon_logic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/150px-Icon_logic.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/200px-Icon_logic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>Key articles</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" title="Logical fallacy">Logical fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>General logic</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">Anecdotal evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_bias" title="Appeal to bias">Appeal to bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotcha_argument" title="Gotcha argument">Gotcha argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism" title="Credentialism">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E8%8D%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%B0%AC%E8%AF%AF" title="稻草人谬误">稻草人谬误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falacia_de_atribuci%C3%B3n" title="Falacia de atribución">Falacia de atribución</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>Bad logic</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipse_dixit" title="Ipse dixit">Ipse dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises" title="Negative conclusion from affirmative premises">Negative conclusion from affirmative premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_evidence" title="Negative evidence">Negative evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="سفسطه‌ی حد وسط">سفسطه‌ی حد وسط</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Logicnav" title="Template:Logicnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Logicnav" title="Template talk:Logicnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Logicnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalistic fallacy">naturalistic fallacy</a>, or "appeal to <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature (the journal)</a>," which can be <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to authority">an entirely different fallacy</a>.</div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span><a href="/wiki/Deepity" title="Deepity">We're human beings and the sun is the sun</a> — how can it be bad for you? <a href="/wiki/Vague" class="mw-redirect" title="Vague">I think we should all get sun and fresh air</a>. <b>I don't think anything that is natural can be bad for you</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup> — it's really good to have at least 15 minutes of sun a day.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/melanoma" class="extiw" title="wp:melanoma" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: melanoma">melanoma</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial">denialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>appeal to <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" title="Logical fallacy">logical fallacy</a> that occurs when something is assumed to be good because it is "natural" or bad because it is "unnatural". </p><p>The fallacy is, naturally, a <a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalistic fallacy">naturalistic fallacy</a> and thus an <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a>. The fallacy can be exemplified in one of three ways, with <b>P1</b> and <b>P2</b> being <i>premises</i> and <b>C</b> being the <i>conclusion</i> that follows from them: </p> <ol> <li> <dl><dd><b>P1:</b> A is natural (and thus good).<br /></dd> <dd><b>P2:</b> B is synthetic/unnatural.<br /></dd> <dd><b>C:</b> A is better than B.<br /></dd></dl></li> <li> <dl><dd><b>P1:</b> Natural is good.<br /></dd> <dd><b>P2:</b> A is natural.<br /></dd> <dd><b>C:</b> A is good.<br /></dd></dl></li> <li> <dl><dd><b>P1:</b> Synthetic/unnatural is bad.<br /></dd> <dd><b>P2:</b> B is synthetic/unnatural.<br /></dd> <dd><b>C:</b> B is bad.<br /></dd></dl></li> </ol> <p>Notably, the appeal to nature is often implicit in <a href="/wiki/Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, simply by using terms like "natural", "all-natural", "natural goodness", "organic", "pesticide-free", or "no artificial ingredients". </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Deconstruction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Deconstruction</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_problem_with_.22natural_living.22"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The problem with "natural living"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_false_dichotomy_of_natural_and_synthetic"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The false dichotomy of natural and synthetic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Testing_and_safety"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Testing and safety</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Individual_foods"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Individual foods</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ackee"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ackee</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Beans"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Beans</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cassava"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cassava</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cycad"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cycad</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Elderberry"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Elderberry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fish"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Fish</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lychee"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Lychee</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Mushrooms"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Mushrooms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Pokeweed"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Pokeweed</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Potato"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Potato</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Wheat"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.11</span> <span class="toctext">Wheat</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Carcinogens"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Carcinogens</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#.22Playing_God.22"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">"Playing God"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deconstruction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG/165px-Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG/248px-Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG/330px-Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1772" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Digitalis_purpurea_001.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Foxglove</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets,_%27Tabloid%27_brand,_London,_England,_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg/165px-Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg/248px-Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg/330px-Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets%2C_%27Tabloid%27_brand%2C_London%2C_England%2C_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="4302" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_of_digoxin_tablets,_%27Tabloid%27_brand,_London,_England,_Wellcome_L0058212.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Foxglove deconstructed: digoxin, the safer alternative.</div></div></div> <p>Appeal to nature is a fallacious argument because the mere "naturalness" of something is unrelated to its positive or negative qualities – natural things can be bad or harmful (such as infant death and the jellyfish above), and unnatural things can be good (such as clothes, especially when you are in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>). Another problem is the distinction between what is "natural" and what is not, which can be murky: crude <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> occurs naturally, but it's not something you'd like poured on seabirds or your garden. When does a product stop becoming natural? Any degree of human involvement? If that were the case, most of the fruits, vegetables, meat, seeds, and bread we eat don't qualify as natural as they've been selectively bred by humans for countless generations that they separated from their wild forms. Yet, no one ever rejects an apple in the organic grocery store as "unnatural." The word "natural" has no exact definition and can be used in multiple ways, thus allowing <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">equivocation</a>. </p><p>An excellent example of how tangled the concepts of "natural" and "non-natural," "desirable" and "undesirable" can become is the heart medication digoxin. It's a natural product of the foxglove plant (<i>Digitalis</i> spp.), which is quite poisonous as a plant. It is chemically extracted, or sometimes chemically synthesized, and dispensed in pill form because it relieves heart arrhythmias at therapeutic levels. However, at <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxic levels</a>, it <i>causes</i> potentially fatal heart arrhythmias — in fact, it is one of the plant toxins that makes foxglove so poisonous. There is a <a href="/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison" title="The dose makes the poison">relatively narrow window between therapeutic and toxic levels.</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 2]</a></sup> (One notable healthcare serial killer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cullen" class="extiw" title="wp:Charles Cullen" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Charles Cullen">Charles Cullen</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> used it as his killing agent of choice.) So is digoxin natural or non-natural? Desirable or undesirable? </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a> noted:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>There is a reason pharmacology abandoned whole plant extracts in favor of isolated active ingredients. The amount of active ingredient in a plant can vary with factors like the variety, the geographic location, the weather, the season, the time of harvest, soil conditions, storage conditions, and the method of preparation. Foxglove contains a mixture of digitalis-type active ingredients but it is difficult to control the dosage. The therapeutic dose of digitalis is very close to the toxic dose. Pharmacologists succeeded in preparing a synthetic version: now the dosage can be controlled, the blood levels can be measured, and an antibody is even available to reverse the drug's effects if needed.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In other words, whereas medicinal plants contain variable and unpredictable quantities of pharmacologically active substances, drugs are precisely dosed and you always know the exact amount of active ingredient you are getting. </p> <h3><span id="The_problem_with_"natural_living""></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_problem_with_.22natural_living.22">The problem with "natural living"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The problem with "natural living"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Appeals to nature are often encountered in advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>, food woo (<a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">veganism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">paleo diet</a>), general lifestyle <a href="/wiki/Woo" title="Woo">woo</a>, as well as in anti-industrial and anti-technological rhetoric, usually exhibiting themselves as something like: </p> <div style="text-align: center;"><q><i>Use this 100% natural <a href="/wiki/Herbal_supplement" title="Herbal supplement">herbal supplement</a>, not that <a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma" title="Big Pharma">Big Pharma</a> drug! Artificial <a href="/wiki/Chemophobia" title="Chemophobia">chemicals are bad for you</a>!</i></q> <cite style="font-style: normal;">—Naturopaths obviously</cite></div> <p>This is obviously flawed, as in the following <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">"reasoning"</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> is natural, and therefore it is better for you than the unnatural (hence bad) acetaminophen in Tylenol.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 4]</a></sup> Of course, very few people actually take the appeal to nature to its logical conclusion, so they instead prefer to <a href="/wiki/Handwave" title="Handwave">handwave</a> the issue of toxic plants away with some non-reason that could perhaps be satirically described as "All plants are natural. <a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" class="mw-redirect" title="No true Scotsman">But some plants are more natural than others</a>." </p><p>In favor of the idea that it is better to "live naturally," some note that in earlier eras, when people "lived naturally," there were fewer cases of diseases commonly associated with the modern era, such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> or Alzheimer's. They argue that this is because of the lack of "synthetic" disease-causing substances in those times.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 5]</a></sup> However, there is another, more likely, explanation. Cancer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[5]</a></sup> and Alzheimer's are primarily diseases of old age. During the era of "natural living," people had shorter lifespans, so they did not generally live long enough to develop these diseases. Another common argument is that wild animals do not succumb to chronic illnesses,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 6]</a></sup> unlike humans or their domesticated pets. This is not particularly convincing either, as this quote illustrates: </p> <table class="letter" cellpadding="8" align="center" style="width:auto; background:#fff8f8; border:2px solid #bb8888; text-align:left; margin: 1em 20px 1em 20px; font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Duckhead.gif" class="image"><img alt="Duckhead.gif" src="/w/images/thumb/b/b0/Duckhead.gif/100px-Duckhead.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" srcset="/w/images/b/b0/Duckhead.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="130" /></a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a> says: </b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[6]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>For example, [Harvey Diamond] claims that "animals in nature are magnificently healthy in comparison to the health that we humans experience" but that pets and zoo animals develop "many of the problems of humans." The fact is that most animals in nature are infested with <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> and succumb to infections and malnutrition. It is only because predators usually kill sick animals that we don't see them stumbling across the plains and through the jungles. Perhaps it has never occurred to Harvey Diamond that the average American lives much longer than any mammal in the wild. The reason pets and zoo animals develop debilitating diseases is because they live much longer than their wild "cousins." </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A study of over 50 species of animals published in 2016 showed that 84% of species studied live longer in zoos than in the wild, saying, "zoos evidently offer protection against a number of relevant conditions like predation, intraspecific competition and diseases."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_false_dichotomy_of_natural_and_synthetic">The false dichotomy of natural and synthetic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The false dichotomy of natural and synthetic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Distilation_Santal,_Alambic.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg/300px-Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg/450px-Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg/600px-Distilation_Santal%2C_Alambic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Distilation_Santal,_Alambic.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An essential oil distillery for the distillation of sandalwood oil. Looks natural enough!</div></div></div> <p>Usually, the word "natural" is used by alternative practitioners to mean "not synthetic," a substance not formed from chemical reactions caused by human intervention. However, in practice, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> supporters may be confused about what constitutes a "natural" product. Many alternative medicine advocates will complain about "<a href="/wiki/Allopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopathy">allopathy</a>" using "chemicals" (meaning isolated substances) instead of plants, yet at the same time see no contradiction in using isolated active ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a>, glucosamine, glutamine, <a href="/wiki/Laetrile" title="Laetrile">laetrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelation">chelation</a> drugs, <a href="/wiki/Tetrasil" title="Tetrasil">Tetrasil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a>, or any of the other countless non-herbal alternative medicines available, many of which are synthesized – like pharmaceuticals – and differ from conventional drugs only in that they are (usually) unapproved and unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-gorski_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorski-14">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_seed_extract" title="Grapefruit seed extract">Grapefruit seed extract</a> is criticized by some for consisting of unnatural chemicals, while others hail it as a natural remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a></sup> Some believers in the superiority of nature (some <a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">naturopaths</a>, for instance) have no qualms using conventional pharmaceuticals but arbitrarily classify some as being "good" and others as being "bad" for no apparent reason other than "I said so."<sup id="cite_ref-gorski_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorski-14">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> In other words, even believers in the appeal to nature may not agree on what the word "natural" means.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 7]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/300px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/450px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/600px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="595" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This is pure, delicious 100% natural raspberry ketone, fresh from the plant!! Mmmmm…</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/300px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/450px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png/600px-Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="595" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raspberry_Ketone_Structure.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>This</i> is toxic, synthetic <i>p</i>-Hydroxybenzyl acetone, a horrible pharmaceutical super-poison. You say you can't tell the difference? That's just because you're just too <a href="/wiki/Open_mind" title="Open mind">close-minded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shill_gambit" title="Shill gambit">deep in the pockets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma" title="Big Pharma">Big Pharma</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Furthermore, alternative medicine's obsession with "naturalness" relies on a premise with no scientific or rational backing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 8]</a></sup> If, as the appeal to nature posits, synthetic substances were lethal and natural ones were perfectly safe (or at least much less harmful), then the differences between these alleged types of molecules would be enormous, and it would be the easiest thing in the world to distinguish between them. Similarly, it should be possible to identify the chemical reactions that can turn "natural" compounds into their "synthetic" counterparts (for instance, "natural" <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> into "synthetic" water). However, no evidence has been provided to support either claim. </p><p>This obsession can lead to some amusing incidents. One <a href="/wiki/Herb" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb">herb</a> company chemically tested synthetic and natural <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_ketone" title="Raspberry ketone">raspberry ketones</a> to determine whether it was possible to distinguish between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-herbal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbal-22">[14]</a></sup> They couldn't find any difference. Rather than conclude the synthetic and natural molecules were <i>precisely the same</i>, they decided not to sell the product at all, just in case.<sup id="cite_ref-herbal_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herbal-22">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>All drugs and synthesized compounds have their origins in nature. Supposedly, if the substances were brought together by humans, the product would be "synthetic", whereas if they were combined by a force of nature, like <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> or wind, the product would be "natural". But if reactants were brought together by a human instead of a mindless force or some animal other than <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, why would this modify the particles' nature, causing them to be "synthetic" and somehow inferior? Do humans have some negative <a href="/wiki/Aura" title="Aura">aura</a> that influences substances from a distance? And why doesn't this apply to <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, which claims <a href="/wiki/Water_woo" title="Water woo">man-made homeopathic water is better than natural water?</a> </p><p>There is a hidden premise that humans possess some taint that is transferred to anything they create, which is absent from anything made by absolutely any other species in existence. Inherent in the premise is that humans are not part of nature. This is ridiculous because we are animals that <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> in nature, as other animals did. The sole difference is our <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>. And if the one who appeals to nature <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">believes that applying intelligence to the things we create instead of doing it randomly is bad</a>, then there's probably nothing you can say to them. </p><p>Broad and far-reaching conclusions about the <i>fundamental nature of matter</i> could be drawn based on scientific experiments conducted by (say) particle <a href="/wiki/Physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicist">physicists</a>; they could <i>not</i> be drawn based on flimsy comparisons such as those invoked in support of the appeal to nature (see below). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Testing_and_safety">Testing and safety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Testing and safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>When applied to medicine, the appeal to nature generally rejects rigorous scientific testing, focusing instead on the <a href="/wiki/Folk_remedy" title="Folk remedy">traditional use</a> of particular substances for medical purposes (<a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">appeal to tradition</a>). Counterexamples to the appeal to nature's insistence that "natural" traditional remedies must be safe include belladonna (<i>Atropa belladonna</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medicinal_plants#C" title="List of medicinal plants">comfrey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 9]</a></sup> among others. Nowadays, these sorts of products have been banned, so, in general, only the harmless (and usually, though not always, useless) ones remain.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 10]</a></sup> </p><p>The appeal to nature is often accompanied by comparing the side effects of some drug and some herbal supplement, with the former being more numerous and severe than the latter. It is argued that this is because of some property inherent to "natural" objects that makes them safer than non-natural ones. This comparison is flawed, however. </p><p>Modern medical drugs are tested very thoroughly, through trials involving vast numbers of people and extending over long periods, with reporting systems in place to detect any possible (and potentially very rare) adverse effects after they have been launched on the market, leading to the well known lengthy lists of side effects. The use of large cohorts is necessary, as the frequency of some side effects can be as low as 1 per 100,000 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, herbal supplements have not undergone sufficient study necessary for regulatory approval, and side effects for herbal products are not as well monitored or recorded, so any adverse effects may be ignored or not reported. (Under-reporting of adverse effects is a prevalent issue for drugs<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[21]</a></sup> and herbal supplements,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a></sup> but likely more so in the latter case.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a></sup>) The relative lack of study into the safety of herbal supplements poses a significant problem, as the experience- and <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" class="mw-redirect" title="Anecdote">anecdote</a>-reliant approach favored by alternative practitioners is incapable of detecting side effects that are rare or manifest symptoms only after a long time<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[note 11]</a></sup> and is often the real reason for the short side effect lists of herbal supplements. As <a href="/wiki/Steven_Novella" title="Steven Novella">Steven Novella</a> noted in an article on birthwort:<sup id="cite_ref-novella_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novella-36">[25]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Common use may be enough to detect immediate or obvious effects, but not increased risk of developing disease over time. That requires careful epidemiology or specific clinical studies. We know about the risks of prescription drugs only because they are studied, and then tracked once they are on the market. Without similar study and tracking there is simply no way to know about the risks of herbal products.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Once these all-natural remedies are tested, they are often proved to have side effects that can be just as bad as or even worse than conventional medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[26]</a></sup> As epidemiologist Geoffrey Kabat noted:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[27]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>What is essential to realize is that the effects of <i>Aristolochia</i> [birthwort] were identified only thanks to the large cluster of cases of kidney failure occurring in young women who had attended the same spa. It is much more likely that isolated cases will go unnoticed, as happened with <a href="/wiki/Ephedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra">ephedra</a>, and it could take years to identify a common cause.<br /> People failed to recognize the nephrotoxic effects of <i>Aristolochia</i> in spite of its use in many cultures worldwide over thousands of years. In an interview, [Arthur P.] Grollman explained why: “The reason, of course, is quite simple. It's painless, and the damage happens much later, so you don't put together the fact that you took this medicine and four years later, you have kidney failure. It's been part of Ayurvedic, European, Chinese, and South American medicine for centuries. All of the great civilizations have used it. And not one reported its toxicity until the Belgians did 20 years ago. There are certain things that tradition can't tell you."</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Also, a side effect profile of a given quantity of a herb and that of the same quantity of a drug derived from it are not necessarily comparable. A drug is a pure active ingredient, whereas a plant may contain hundreds of different chemicals, of which only a few may actually have medicinal effects. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Novella" title="Steven Novella">Steven Novella</a> noted, "The fact that individual chemicals are not purified and given in precise amounts does not mean they are not pharmacologically active chemicals – it just means that when taking an herbal remedy, you are getting a mixture of many chemicals in unknown doses."<sup id="cite_ref-novella_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novella-36">[25]</a></sup> It would not be surprising for a given quantity of a drug to be stronger (and hence have more or more severe side effects) than the same quantity of the plant it is derived from; the drug would contain more active ingredient per weight than the plant. For this reason, some plants may be safer than their pharmaceutical derivatives, but this does not imply that they are also more (or even just as) effective, and this certainly could not be extended into a general rule applicable to all or even most plants.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[note 12]</a></sup> </p><p>It is often claimed that herbal medicine "is food, so it must be safe." Of course, just because some plants are food does not mean they all are. Many, if not most, of the herbs in herbal supplements sold for therapeutic purposes have no nutritional value and are taken solely for their pharmacological effects on the body. To quote Steven Novella:<sup id="cite_ref-novella_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novella-36">[25]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>With food and food ingredients the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> does not require evidence of safety if the ingredient is generally recognized as safe. This might make sense when referring to foods that have been eaten by humans for a long time. Although the logic is still dubious, it's just practical – the FDA could not take upon itself the task of proving that every food eaten by humans has no significant negative health consequences. It is more a recognition of practicality than reality. […] Herbal remedies are drugs, plain and simple. They contain chemicals that are ingested on a regular basis for their pharmacological effects. The fact that they derive from plants is irrelevant.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Not to mention that many <i>natural</i> foods are <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature#Individual_foods" title="Appeal to nature">quite unhealthy and can have detrimental effects on the human body.</a> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The appeal to nature is also a tool for criticizing technological advancements or behaviors perceived to undermine cultural norms. A typical example of this appeal is to claim that <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> is immoral because it is unnatural. The logic is that since sexual reproduction involves <a href="/wiki/Intercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercourse">intercourse</a> between a single male and a single female, any deviation from this interaction must go against our natural design as humans. This argument is fallacious for no reason other than the many examples of homosexuality found in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, scientific advancements that allow people to overcome normal biological constraints may be disparaged for being unnatural, often by claiming that scientists are attempting to "play <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>". <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a> and <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">gene editing</a>, for example, have been regarded as unethical for interfering with the natural order of human life or creating life outside of the process defined by nature.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, these appeals fall into the same trap as the medical examples above. In these cases, the exact definition of "natural" can be nebulous or ignore clear examples that contradict the argument. For instance, in the case of homosexuality, various non-human animals also exhibit homosexual behavior, raising the question of how this behavior can be unnatural if it occurs in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[31]</a></sup> Trying to further define "natural behavior" in terms of normal sexual behavior would be <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a>. </p><p>Likewise, accusations of science or technology playing God and going too far by messing with natural processes fail to define the "natural process" and why human intervention of any form is "unnatural". Other advancements, such as farming and construction, involve configuring materials to create products that would not otherwise occur in nature. Yet, no one accuses farmers or architects of disrupting the natural order. The only real difference is that the criticized advancements have not yet become commonplace, and we do not currently take them for granted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>A vast range of natural things is bad and frequently fatal to humans. These include naturally-found chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Laetrile" title="Laetrile">cyanide</a>, an enormous number of diseases and contagions, including <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague" title="Plague">bubonic plague</a>, and tuberculosis, a list of toxic plants that is too long to mention, natural disasters such as tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, tornadoes, and asteroid impacts, harmful minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">anglesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, and chalcanthite, <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> such as lions, sea kraits, cassowaries, black widows, Japanese hornets, and poison dart frogs, and animal corpses. In several cases, people have died from starvation after adopting excessively restrictive "natural" diets, such as "Kokovore" <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism#History" title="Raw foodism">August Engelhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veganism#Vegan_death" title="Veganism">several cases of young children subjected to mismanaged vegan diets</a>. On the other hand, fertilizers, many modern <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">hygiene</a>, and semiconductor-grade silicon are not of natural origin, but they significantly improved the length and quality of life of individual humans and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Individual_foods">Individual foods</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Individual foods">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg/300px-Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg/450px-Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg/600px-Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Natural" meats packed inside unnatural plastic packaging for your hygienic pleasure</div></div></div> <p>Proponents of various <a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diet_woo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet woo">diet woo</a> use the appeal to nature to stress what kinds of food we should put into our body to reduce <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a>, become better attuned with our ancestors, or avoid oppression from shady cabals like Big Dairy. Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw foodism</a>, for example, argue that cooking food creates harmful toxins that are not present naturally, and of course, any existing bacteria can't be <i>that</i> dangerous. Similarly, the construction and development of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">paleo diet</a> (often referred to as the "caveman diet") has usually centered around foods consumed by people that live more "natural" lives or foods that have existed for tens of thousands of years and thus must be perfectly healthy. <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> is also attacked as "unnatural," ignoring that the basic science behind genetic modification has been used in farming practices for millennia. In the U.S., the food industry, aided by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>'s lack of regulation on the term, has also capitalized on the "all-natural" craze. For instance, we have "all-natural" Sprite, which uses <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a> (HFCS), produced by a centrifuge. However, this still raises the question of when something becomes or ceases to be "natural". Using the above example, all of the materials used to make HFCS do, in fact, come from raw materials. Putting a line in the sand as to using a centrifuge is arbitrary at best (e.g., how is the centrifuge less natural than the distillery used to make essential oils?). </p><p>Hidden in the premise of the appeal is that any food found in nature must be safe. However, some foods are naturally toxic, even in unadulterated or uncontaminated forms. This is because <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">there is a war on for survival</a>, and all plants contain natural pesticides that they use to deter herbivory. Plant domestication has generally reduced the natural pesticide content of foodstuffs. Still, it hasn't entirely eliminated it (and not <i>all</i> of it needs to go away, <i>per se</i>, or we'd have vulnerable crops instead). Some animals are also toxic to eat, including some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous_fish" class="extiw" title="wp:Poisonous fish" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Poisonous fish">fish</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_bird" class="extiw" title="wp:Toxic bird" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Toxic bird">birds,</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous_amphibian" class="extiw" title="wp:Poisonous amphibian" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Poisonous amphibian">amphibians</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> This section contains foods that are sometimes toxic to consume, <i>not</i> foods that merely <i>contain</i> toxins (almost <i>all</i> plant foods contain toxins naturally). See also "Naturally Occurring Food Toxins" for a review of hazardous foods.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ackee">Ackee</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ackee">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2013.11-411-155_Akee,fruit(e-s),seed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso,BF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg/160px-2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg/240px-2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg/320px-2013.11-411-155_Akee%2Cfruit%28e-s%29%2Cseed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso%2CBF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="840" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2013.11-411-155_Akee,fruit(e-s),seed%26aril_Bobo-Dioulasso,BF_sun10nov2013-1740h.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ripe ackee</div></div></div> <p>Ackee (<i>Blighia sapida</i>, Sapindaceae family) is a popular <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a> fruit that was originally imported from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, where it is also eaten. It causes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_vomiting_sickness" class="extiw" title="wp:Jamaican vomiting sickness" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Jamaican vomiting sickness">Jamaican vomiting sickness</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> because of the natural presence of hypoglycin A in the fruits. When the fruits are fully ripe, hypoglycin A is present at only <0.1 ppm, but unripe fruits can contain 1000 ppm, which can be lethal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Beans">Beans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beans">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Aside from being a <a href="/wiki/Fun:Fart" title="Fun:Fart">magical fruit</a>, many varieties of beans are actually toxic and contain high amounts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phytohaemagglutinin" class="extiw" title="wp:phytohaemagglutinin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: phytohaemagglutinin">phytohaemagglutinin</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Luckily, this toxin breaks down via boiling. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favism" class="extiw" title="wp:Favism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Favism">Favism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is a disease caused by, among other things, the consumption of fava beans (<i>Vicia faba</i>). The disease only affects people with a specific genetic predisposition common in people of Mediterranean and African origin. Symptoms include jaundice, hemolytic crises, diabetic ketoacidosis, and acute kidney failure.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[35]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cassava">Cassava</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cassava">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG/160px-Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG/240px-Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG/320px-Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Disease-Resistant_Cassava_Revives_DRC_Agriculture.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Disease resistant cassava plants: extra high in cyanide</div></div></div> <p>Cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>), also known as yuca or manioc, is a starchy root that is a dietary staple in some parts of the world. It is also naturally high in cyanide. It has caused intoxication, goiters, ataxia, partial paralysis, and death when not properly prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[36]</a></sup> The bitterer varieties (higher in cyanide) are often preferred by farmers because they are better pest deterrents.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cycad">Cycad</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cycad">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam">Guam</a>, cycad (<i>Cycas micronesica</i>) seeds were traditionally made into flour and eaten as a dietary staple. Cycads in Guam are <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Microbial_growth" title="Microbial growth">photosynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that enables the plant to produce the toxin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beta-Methylamino-L-alanine" class="extiw" title="wp:beta-Methylamino-L-alanine" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: beta-Methylamino-L-alanine"><i>beta</i>-Methylamino-L-alanine</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (BMAA). Chamorro people of Guam and Rota islands eating a traditional diet were 50-100 times more likely to have amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (caused by BMAA) than other people.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Elderberry">Elderberry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elderberry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg/150px-Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg/225px-Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg/300px-Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackberry_and_Elderberry_Jam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Blackberry and elderberry jam</div></div></div> <p>Elderberry (<i>Sambucus</i> spp.) is a genus of plants, nearly all of which are high in cyanides. If not adequately prepared (fully ripe and cooked), elderberry juice can cause sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Fish">Fish</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/150px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/225px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg/300px-Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="936" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Fugu</i>, waiting for a chef who hopefully knows where the poison is.</div></div></div> <p>Predator species of reef fish can bioaccumulate ciguatera toxin produced by dinoflagellates. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness, ataxia, vertigo, and hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-swift_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-53">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[42]</a></sup> Ciguatera cannot be eliminated by ordinary cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-swift_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-53">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>Pufferfish (family Tetraodontidae) are considered a delicacy in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, known as <i>fugu</i> (河豚). Pufferfish naturally contain tetrodotoxin, which may originate from their intestinal <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[43]</a></sup> <i>Fugu</i> chefs are specially trained to remove enough parts of the fish to prevent death but sometimes induce euphoric feelings from intoxication, but death occurs occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>Escolar (<i>Lepidocybium flavobrunneum</i>) and oilfish (<i>Ruvettus pretiosus</i>) (both in the family Gempylidae) are high in oil content but are also high in indigestible wax esters, which can cause oily diarrhea, nausea, headache, and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[45]</a></sup> Italy and Japan have banned the sale of these two fish, and other countries have restricted their sale.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[46]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lychee">Lychee</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lychee">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee_600.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lychee_600.jpg/150px-Lychee_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lychee_600.jpg/225px-Lychee_600.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lychee_600.jpg/300px-Lychee_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee_600.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Lychee fruits</div></div></div> <p>Lychee (<i>Litchi chinensis</i>, Sapindaceae family) is native to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and is mainly grown in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and China. Outbreaks of noninflammatory encephalopathy in India and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> have been linked to lychee consumption, with symptoms similar to Jamaican vomiting sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barry_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-60">[48]</a></sup> Lychee sickness is also due to the presence of hypoglycin and a similar toxin, methylene cyclopropyl glycine, in the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-barry_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-60">[48]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mushrooms">Mushrooms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mushrooms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Agaricus_hondensis_(23769633974).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg/160px-Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg/240px-Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg/320px-Agaricus_hondensis_%2823769633974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="985" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Agaricus_hondensis_(23769633974).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>A. hondensis</i> could be poisonous depending on who you are</div></div></div> <p>There are many species of mushrooms with widely ranging levels of toxicity. They range from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungus_species" class="extiw" title="wp:List of deadly fungus species" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of deadly fungus species">almost always fatal</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (not food, but sometimes mistaken for food) to the sometimes sickening (wild food) to the domesticated (e.g., the common mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>). Some wild species only sicken some people, e.g., <i>A. hondensis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[49]</a></sup> whereas others are often deadly even though they are <a href="/wiki/Fun:Delicious" title="Fun:Delicious">delicious</a> (<i>Amanita phalloides</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a></sup> There are many erroneous folk beliefs about whether mushrooms are safe, but only science-based methods are reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[52]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Pokeweed">Pokeweed</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pokeweed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca americana</i>) has traditionally been used as a food and herbal medicine in the United States, particularly in southern Appalachia. Pokeweed contains several toxins in high levels, including saponins and saponin-like chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[55]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Potato">Potato</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Potato">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_(Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/160px-Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/240px-Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg/320px-Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_%28Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Groene_aardappels_%27Dor%C3%A9%27_(Solanum_tuberosum_%27Dor%C3%A9%27).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Green potatoes</div></div></div> <p>Potatoes (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>, family Solanaceae) which have turned green from Sun exposure or age have increased levels of solanine (a glycoalkaloid).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[56]</a></sup> Potato poisoning from excessive solanine can cause death, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and, in severe cases, depression of the central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69">[57]</a></sup> Cooking potatoes does not eliminate solanine levels.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69">[57]</a></sup> Cases of potato poisoning were reported in 1899, 1918, 1922, 1925, 1948, 1952, and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-69">[57]</a></sup> </p><p>The fruit of the potato is also packed with solanine; there is a reason you didn't know potatoes had fruit. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Wheat">Wheat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wheat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Wheat and other food crops in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> have been shown to bioaccumulate the nephrotoxic aristolochic acid released from <a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a> plants. These crops in the Balkans are responsible for Balkan endemic nephropathy.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[58]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Carcinogens">Carcinogens</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Carcinogens">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg/165px-Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg/248px-Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg/330px-Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanoma_with_color_differences.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Dermal melanoma: mainly caused by natural sun exposure</div></div></div> <p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) regularly evaluates the evidence for various agents (chemicals, activities, and exposure situations) as to whether the agents are likely to be human carcinogens. The highest level of evidence, Group 1, is regarded as definitively "Carcinogenic to humans", usually based upon strong epidemiological evidence but also with supporting evidence from animal and mechanistic studies. As of March 2021, there have been 129 evaluations for Group 1 carcinogens.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[59]</a></sup> Of the 116 evaluations as of July 2016, 67 (58%) could be regarded as being from naturally-occurring chemicals, activities, or exposure situations.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[60]</a></sup> </p><p>This is an imperfect count of natural carcinogens, but it nonetheless shows that natural is not inherently "good" and synthetic is not inherently "bad". The latter is the case because several synthetic <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatment drugs are effective in treating cancer but also carry a usually smaller risk of causing cancer. There is some redundancy in the table, e.g., several types of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> exposures have separate evaluations even though the mechanism of carcinogenesis is basically the same, which could be considered a type of double counting. The question of what is and is not natural is not always clear-cut, e.g., tanning beds seem synthetic, but the mechanism of carcinogenesis is the same as that of natural <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> exposure. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>IARC Human Carcinogen</th> <th>Exposure</th> <th>Natural/Synthetic </th></tr> <tr> <td>Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages</td> <td>Beverage</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acid mists, strong inorganic</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aflatoxins</td> <td>Food</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcoholic beverages</a></td> <td>Beverage</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium production</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-Aminobiphenyl</td> <td>Occupational/Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Areca nut [a.k.a., betel nut, <i>Areca catechu</i>]</td> <td>Food/Herbal Medicine</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aristolochic acid</td> <td>Herbal Medicine</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aristolochic acid, plants containing [<i><a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a></i> genus]</td> <td>Herbal Medicine</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> and inorganic arsenic compounds</td> <td>Occupational/Beverage</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> (all forms)</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Auramine production</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benzene</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benzidine</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benzidine, dyes metabolized to</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benzo[a]pyrene</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beryllium and beryllium compounds</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betel quid with tobacco</td> <td>Drug/tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Betelnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betelnut">Betel quid</a> without tobacco</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Busulfan</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,3-Butadiene</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cadmium and cadmium compounds</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorambucil</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlornaphazine</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chromium (VI) compounds</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> (infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>, indoor emissions from household combustion of</td> <td>Heating</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coal gasification</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coal-tar distillation</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coal-tar pitch</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coke production</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyclophosphamide</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,2-Dichloropropane</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diethylstilbestrol</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Engine exhaust, diesel</td> <td>Air</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epstein-Barr <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a></td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erionite</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen-only menopausal therapy</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethanol in alcoholic beverages</td> <td>Beverage</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethylene oxide</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etoposide</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Semi-synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fission products, including strontium-90</td> <td>Occupational, etc.</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formaldehyde</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haematite mining</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Helicobacter pylori</i></td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatitis B virus">Hepatitis B virus</a> (chronic infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HIV" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV">Human immunodeficiency virus</a> type 1 (infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus</a> types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> (all types)</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leather dust</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lindane</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magenta production</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melphalan</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methyl-CCNU</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated</td> <td>Occupational/Food</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2-Naphthylamine</td> <td>Occupational/Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a> radiation</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nickel compounds</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N- Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)</td> <td>Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i> (infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outdoor air pollution</td> <td>Air</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in</td> <td>Air</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Painter (occupational exposure as a)</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phenacetin</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phosphorus-32, as phosphate</td> <td>Drug</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plutonium</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy" title="Nuclear energy">Nuclear energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">Nuclear weapons</a></td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polychlorinated biphenyls</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radioiodines, including iodine-131</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a>-224 and its decay products</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radium-226 and its decay products</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radon-222 and its decay products</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rubber manufacturing industry</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salted fish, Chinese-style</td> <td>Food</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> (infection with)</td> <td>Infection</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semustine</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shale oils</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar radiation</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur mustard</td> <td>Chemical warfare</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamoxifen</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thiotepa</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thorium-232 and its decay products</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tobacco, smokeless</td> <td>Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second-hand_smoke" title="Second-hand smoke">Tobacco smoke, second-hand</a></td> <td>Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></td> <td>Tobacco</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>ortho-Toluidine</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Treosulfan</td> <td>Cancer treatment</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trichloroethylene</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">Ultraviolet radiation</a> (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices</td> <td>Tanning devices</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vinyl chloride</td> <td>Occupational</td> <td>Synthetic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wood dust</td> <td>Occupational/Air</td> <td>Natural </td></tr> <tr> <td>X- and Gamma-Radiation</td> <td>Various</td> <td>Natural </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In an analysis of chemicals tested for carcinogenicity in rodents at high doses, 57% of naturally-occurring chemicals were found to be carcinogenic vs. 60% of synthetic chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id=""Playing_God""></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Playing_God.22">"Playing God"</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "Playing God"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></div> <p>Inevitably, whenever someone does something involving living things, someone else will call them out for "playing God". It's unclear why anything short of creating universes and tinkering with their inhabitants amounts to "playing God". It's also unknown why "playing God" (a supposedly all-benevolent creator of everything that is good) is a bad thing. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccination_movement" title="Anti-vaccination movement">Anti-vaccination movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a> — the belief that human behavior and ability is entirely dictated by genetics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemophobia" title="Chemophobia">Chemophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medicinal_plants" title="List of medicinal plants">List of medicinal plants</a>, containing herbal remedies with numerous side effects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a> — the opposite of the naturalistic fallacy, where what someone thinks <i>ought</i> to be is asserted to be what <i>is</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solferino_fallacy" title="Solferino fallacy">Solferino fallacy</a> — war is natural, and therefore good</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani" title="Unani">Unani</a></li></ul></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://effectiviology.com/appeal-to-nature-fallacy/">"The ‘Appeal to Nature’ Fallacy: Why Natural Isn’t Always Better"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/pdf/MakingSenseofChemicalStories.pdf">Sense About Science - Making Sense of Chemical Stories (pdf)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/natural.html">"Natural"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallacyfiles.org/adnature.html">"Appeal to Nature"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_Files" title="Fallacy Files">Fallacy Files</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/the-plant-vs-pharmaceutical-false-dichotomy/">The Plant vs Pharmaceutical False Dichotomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Novella" title="Steven Novella">Steven Novella</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-nature">Your logical fallacy is appeal to nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/YLFI" class="mw-redirect" title="YLFI">YLFI</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunlight can cause <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> damage to the skin, and that's when UV light is only partially blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. We have a nice picture of dermal melanoma later in the article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plants have variable amounts of chemicals, which is why <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> uses pure active ingredients rather than plants; the amount of active ingredient varies (sometimes wildly) from plant to plant (this is why potatoes can sometimes cause solanine poisoning<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup>). Drugs, on the other hand, are precisely dosed. In the example of foxglove, for instance, this means that a given quantity of one individual foxglove plant may contain a beneficial amount of digoxin, while the same quantity from another individual may be toxic:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Foxglove is no longer used as a heart medicine because the therapeutic dose and the lethal dose are very close. Seasonal variations in the level of cardiac glycosides in the plant make the safe dose impossible to estimate except by an experienced physician and prescriber of the herb who monitors the patient on an hourly basis for signs of overdose. Few living doctors and herbalists can safely use digitalis as a plant extract. Specific standardized doses of pharmaceutical digoxin are used instead. </p> </blockquote> With pure drugs, this uncertainty is eliminated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although, interestingly, the appeal to nature is often also used <i>against</i> veganism and vegetarianism (e.g. "Humans were meant to eat meat").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arsenic, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> oxide, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">mercury</a>-containing "treatments" are all used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, so there may well be a number of people who actually think this way.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Contrary to such claims, many significant causes of cancer are perfectly natural, such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birthwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthwort">birthwort</a> (<i>Aristolochia</i>): see the <a href="#Carcinogens">Carcinogens</a> section of this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a>'s claim that <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> do not get <a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">cancer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The word "natural" is also frequently used to refer to techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> to imply that their mainstream equivalent, physiotherapy, somehow isn't – but these therapies are all essentially physical manipulation; chiropractic and acupuncture are not somehow <i>more</i> natural just because their users said so.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/law_of_conservation_of_mass" class="extiw" title="wp:law of conservation of mass" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: law of conservation of mass">law of conservation of mass</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> no new <a href="/wiki/Mass_(physics)" title="Mass (physics)">mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> can be created, so everything in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> is part of nature and, one might say, "natural". Humans cannot create new energy or mass, merely transform mass that already exists. In a very real sense, the word "natural" is meaningless, since anything not permitted by the laws of nature simply wouldn't exist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobacco is still available today worldwide though it is no longer marketed as medicine except in rare instances for herbalism, e.g. tobacco <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[17]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of traditional natural remedies with mild-to-serious side-effects, see RationalWiki's <a href="/wiki/List_of_medicinal_plants" title="List of medicinal plants">list of medicinal plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s essay <i>A Majestic Literary Fossil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[18]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">If an alternative practitioner did have a patient experience such an adverse effect, they would likely assume that it cannot possibly be due to the "safe, natural remedy" of asbestos, and that it must be because of something else, like the <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">clearly synthetic substance</a> <a href="/wiki/Gluten" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten">gluten</a> or the ever-ubiquitous "<a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Incidentally, in Christopher Buckley's novel <i>Thank You for Smoking</i>, the protagonist, a tobacco <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbyist</a>, makes the claim that it is not the nicotine in tobacco that is harmful, but the nicotine found in nicotine patches. This is essentially not all that different from the claims made by many advocates of "natural" remedies.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/health/this-certainly-would-go-against-any-medical-advice-i-would-give-canadian-doctors-respond-to-gwyneth-paltrows-sun-exposure-suggestion">'This certainly would go against any medical advice I would give': Canadian doctors respond to Gwyneth Paltrow’s sun-exposure suggestion</a> by David Rockne Corrigan (July 10, 2013 2:37 PM ET) <i>National Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/504549">An outbreak of suspected solanine poisoning in schoolboys: Examinations of criteria of solanine poisoning.</a> by M. McMillan & J. C. Thompson (1979) <i>Q. J. Med.</i> 48(190):227-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Foxglove.aspx">Foxglove</a> (2005) Encyclopedia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/herbal-remedies-street-drugs-and-pharmacology/">Herbal Remedies, Street Drugs, and Pharmacology</a> by Harriet Hall (March 22, 2011) <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602034633/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cd-mc/cancer/ccs-scc-2012-eng.php">Canadian Cancer Statistics 2012</a>, Public Health Agency of Canada (archived from June 2, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/fitforlife.html">Fit For Life: Some Notes on the Book and Its Roots</a> by James J. Kenney (November 12, 1999) <i>Quackwatch</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep36361">Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals</a>, Morgane Tidière et al, <i>Scientific Reports</i>, volume 6, Article number: 36361 (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorski-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gorski_14-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gorski_14-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/natural-versus-natural-in-camworld/">Natural versus "natural" in CAMworld</a> by David Gorski (January 19, 2009) <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Group, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305030341/http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/benefits-of/grapefruit-seed-extract">Benefits of Grapefruit Seed Extract.</a> Global Healing Center. Archived from the original March 5, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226172653/https://herbcraft.org/gse.html">the evil, vile, repugnant grapefruit seed extract (GSE).</a> Jim McDonald, herbalist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbcraft.org/gse.html">the original.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organicconsumers.org/news/truth-about-grapefruit-seed-extract">The Truth about Grapefruit Seed Extract</a> by Stephanie Greenwood (January 27, 2010) <i>Organic Consumers Association</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthimpactnews.com/2013/fda-bans-natural-pain-treatment-to-protect-patented-drug-that-does-same-thing/">FDA Bans Natural Pain Treatment to Protect Patented Drug That Does Same Thing</a> (November 15, 2013) <i>Alliance for Natural Health</i>. The "natural pain treatment" in question is the pharmaceutical colchicine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/what-naturopaths-say-to-each-other-when-they-think-no-ones-listening/">What naturopaths say to each other when they think no one's listening. It's said that the true test of a person's character is what he or she does and says when no one is watching. When it comes to science and medicine, naturopaths fail that test of character.</a> by David Gorski (October 20, 2014) <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>. Includes examples of naturopaths using things like Benadryl and hydrochloric acid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herbal-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-herbal_22-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-herbal_22-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227044958/http://www.theherbalinsider.com/archives/176">Why no Raspberry Ketones at NOW Foods?</a>, <i>The Herbal Insider</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theherbalinsider.com/archives/176">the original.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/folkmedicine.htm">Folk Medicine</a> (Page last reviewed: June 15, 2013; Page last updated: October 15, 2013) <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/casemanagement/managingEBLLs.pdf"><i>Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children</i></a> edited by Birt Harvey (2002) <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>, pages 120-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307225409/https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=mobile_posts&t=34139">Tabaquero Shamanism.</a> <i>DMT Nexus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=mobile_posts&t=34139">the original,</a> March 7, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/1890/02/a-majestic-literary-fossil/">A majestic literary fossil</a> by Mark Twain (February 1890) <i>Harper's Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061640/http://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk:80/side-effects-and-interactions">Side effects and interactions</a>, Epilepsy Society (archived from April 29, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm110632.htm">Preventable Adverse Drug Reactions: A Focus on Drug Interactions</a> (Page Last Updated: 03/06/2018) U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700706/">Adverse Event Reporting for Herbal Medicines: A Result of Market Forces</a> by Rishma Walji et al. (2009) <i>Healthcare Policy</i> 4(4):77–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054798/">Patient safety and the widespread use of herbs and supplements</a> by Samantha M. Werner (2014) <i>Front. Pharmacol.</i> 5:142. doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rispler, David, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110070305/https://www.amjorthopedics.com/sites/default/files/issues/articles/040050092.pdf">Underreporting of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Arthritis Patients in an Orthopedic Clinic.</a> <i>Am. J. Orthopedics.</i> 40(5):E92-E95. 2011. Archived from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01-00-00180.pdf">Adverse Event Reporting For Dietary Supplements: An Inadequate Safety Valve</a> (April 2001) Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Inspector General.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-novella-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-novella_36-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-novella_36-1">25.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-novella_36-2">25.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/herbal-medicine-and-aristolochic-acid-nephropathy/">Herbal Medicine and Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy</a> by Steven Novella (April 11, 2012) <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>. "Herbs are little more than dirty drugs, with uncertain dosing, potency, and often-unrecognized side effects. Aristolochic acid, which is present in the <i>Aristolochia</i> genus of plants often used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for many uses. Used in the West as a weight loss aid, <i>Aristolochia</i> is a case study in the unrecognized dangers of herbal medicine; it is a powerful nephrotoxin, and has led to many consumers developing urinary tract and kidney cancers, requiring surgery and transplants."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12859546">Side-Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> by B. Niggemann and C. Gruber. (2003) <i>Allergy</i> 58(8):707-716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2012/11/herbal_supplement_dangers_fda_does_not_regulate_supplements_and_they_can.single.html">Natural Does Not Mean Safe: Herbal supplements are unregulated, overhyped, and potentially deadly.</a> by Geoffrey Kabat (Nov. 26 2012 3:36 PM) <i>Slate</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals" class="extiw" title="wp:Homosexual behavior in animals" rel="nofollow">Homosexual behavior in animals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/science/20tier.html">Are Scientists Playing God? It Depends on Your Religion</a> by John Tierney (Nov. 20, 2007) <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2017/07/24/crispr-gene-editing-tool-we-ready-play-god/490144001/">CRISPR gene editing tool: Are we ready to play God?</a> by Mike Feibus (9:00 a.m. ET July 24, 2017) <i>USA Today</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalescientific.org/2012/03/do-animals-exhibit-homosexuality/">Do Animals Exhibit Homosexuality?</a> by Arash Fereydooni (March 14, 2012 03:54) <i>Yale Scientific</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759421/">Playing God? Synthetic Biology as a Theological and Ethical Challenge</a> by P. Dabrock (2009). <i>Systems and Synthetic Biology</i> 3(1-4):47-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153292/">Naturally Occurring Food Toxins</a> by Laurie C. Dolan et al. (2010) <i>Toxins (Basel)</i> 2(9):2289–2332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1008792-overview">Ackee Fruit Toxicity</a> by Dave A Holson et al. (Updated: Apr 23, 2015) Medscape</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pyrimidine glycosides" by R. R. Marquardt et al. (1997) CRC Press. In: <i>Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants</i>, edited by J. P. Felix D'Mello. ISBN 0849385512. pp. 139-155..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.promedmail.org/post/4799579">Cassava Poisoning — Venezuela</a> Wed 25 Jan 2017 08:52 AM. ProMED Mail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/85907">Bitter cassava and women: an intriguing response to food security</a> by L. Chiwona-Karltun et al. (December 2002) <i>LEISA Magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Epidemiologic investigations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" by L. K. Kurland & D. W. Mulder(1954) <i>Neurology</i>. 4(5):355–78. doi:10.1212/wnl.4.5.355. PMID 13185376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781411">Clinical features and changing patterns of neurodegenerative disorders on Guam, 1997-2000</a> by D. Galasko et al. (2002) <i>Neurology</i> 58(1):90–97. doi:10.1212/wnl.58.1.90. PMID 11781411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000311.htm">Poisoning from Elderberry Juice — California</a> <i>MMWR Weekly</i> April 06, 1984 / 33(13);173-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swift_53-0">41.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-swift_53-1">41.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciguatera by A. Swift & T. Swift (1993) <i>J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol.</i> 31(1): 1–29. doi:10.3109/15563659309000371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, R.F., et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912045538/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/2314/10485519.pdf?sequence=1">A review of selected seafood poisonings.</a> <i>Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</i> 26(3): 175–84. Archived from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Introduction to Food Toxicology</i> by Takayuki Shibamoto & Leonard Bjeldanes (2009). Academic Press/Elsevier, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. p. 105. ISBN 9780123742865.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/02/japanese-men-fall-ill-after-dining-on-puffer-fish">Japanese men fall ill after eating pufferfish</a> (2 Mar 2015 06.33 EST) <i>Agence France-Presse</i> via <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611062250/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm071191.htm">Bad Bug Book: Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. Gempylotoxin</a> Food and Drug Administration (archived copy from June 11, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061121234833/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/contam/contam_opinions/609.Par.0001.File.dat/opinion_contam07_ej92_gempylidae_en1.pdf">Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to the toxicity of fishery products belonging to the family of Gempylidae</a> <i>The EFSA Journal</i> (2004) 92,1-5 (archived copy from November 21, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6403a1.htm?s_cid=mm6403a1_e">Outbreaks of Unexplained Neurologic Illness — Muzaffarpur, India, 2013–2014</a> by Aakash Shrivastava et al. (January 30, 2015). <i></i> Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)<i> 64(03);49-53.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barry-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-barry_60-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-barry_60-1">48.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/world/asia/lychee-litchi-india-outbreak.html?_r=0">Dangerous Fruit: Mystery of Deadly Outbreaks in India Is Solved</a> by Ellen Barry (JAN. 31, 2017) <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mushrooms Demystified</i> by David Arora (1986). Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/06/03/the-worlds-most-dangerous-mushroom-and-what-it-did-to-an-18-month-old-girl/">The world's most dangerous mushroom and what it did to an 18-month-old girl</a> by Avi Selk (June 3, 2017 at 12:33 PM) <i>The Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010105170900/https://calpoison.org/public/mushrooms.html">Mushrooms</a> (2000) <i>California Poison Control System</i> (archived from January 5, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" class="extiw" title="wp:Mushroom poisoning" rel="nofollow">Mushroom poisoning</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.medicinalplants-uses.com/index.php/Phytolacca_americana">Phytolacca americana</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030318002414/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM746.pdf">Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca americana</i> L.)</a> by Michael D. K. Owen (Revised November 1988) <i>Iowa State University Extension</i> PM-746.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Poke Root Herbal Tea Poisoning" by Walter H. Lewis & Peter R. Smith (1979) <i>JAMA</i> 242(25):2759-2760. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03300250015012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Glycoalkaloids" by G. C. Percival and G. R. Dixon (1997) CRC Press. In: <i>Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants</i>, edited by J. P. Felix D'Mello. ISBN 0849385512. pp. 19-35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-1">57.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-smith_69-2">57.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/horrific-tales-of-potatoes-that-caused-mass-sickness-and-even-death-3162870/">Horrific Tales of Potatoes That Caused Mass Sickness and Even Death: A greened potato indicates the presence of a toxin that can cause gastrointestinal distress, induce coma or even death within 24 hours of consumption</a> by K. Annabelle Smith (October 21, 2013) Smithsonian.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26654710">Uptake and Accumulation of Nephrotoxic and Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acids in Food Crops Grown in Aristolochia clematitis-Contaminated Soil and Water</a> by W. Li et al. <i>J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016 Jan 13;64(1):107-12. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05089. Epub 2015 Dec 22.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monographs.iarc.who.int/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/">Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–129</a> <i>International Agency for Research on Cancer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045211/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php">List of classifications, Volumes 1–116</a> <i>International Agency for Research on Cancer</i> (archived from July 29, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211173934/http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cpdb/pdfs/Paustenbach.pdf">Misconceptions About the Causes of Cancer</a> by Gold, L.S., Ames, B.N., and Slone, T.H. (2002). In: <i>Human and Environmental Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice</i> (D. Paustenbach, ed.) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471147478. pp. 1415-1460 (archived from December 11, 2019).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="logical_fallacies-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#009761; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Logfal" title="Template:Logfal"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Logfal" title="Template talk:Logfal"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Logfal&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Navigation_templates" title="Category:Navigation templates"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" title="Logical fallacy"><span id="logical_fallacies-navbox" style="color:white">logical fallacies</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Informal_fallacies" title="Category:Informal fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Informal fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">Appeal to tradition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Appeal to novelty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_martyrdom" title="Argumentum ad martyrdom">Argumentum ad martyrdom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Big_words" title="Big words">Big words</a> • <a href="/wiki/Certum_est_quia_impossibile_est" title="Certum est quia impossibile est">Certum est quia impossibile est</a> • <a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_fork" title="Morton's fork">Morton's fork</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friend_argument" title="Friend argument">Friend argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Exception_that_proves_the_rule" title="Exception that proves the rule">Exception that proves the rule</a> • <a href="/wiki/Extended_analogy" title="Extended analogy">Extended analogy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight bias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Release_the_data" title="Release the data">Release the data</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gish_Gallop" title="Gish Gallop">Gish Gallop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Terrorism-baiting" title="Terrorism-baiting">Terrorism-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_tactic" title="Uncertainty tactic">Uncertainty tactic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Greece-baiting" title="Greece-baiting">Greece-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Red-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gore%27s_Law" title="Gore's Law">Gore's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Nazi analogies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mistaking_the_map_for_the_territory" title="Mistaking the map for the territory">Mistaking the map for the territory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quidquid_latine_dictum_sit,_altum_videtur" title="Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur">Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presentism" title="Presentism">Presentism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sunk_cost" title="Sunk cost">Sunk cost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Two_wrongs_make_a_right" title="Two wrongs make a right">Two wrongs make a right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flying_carpet_fallacy" title="Flying carpet fallacy">Flying carpet fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/My_enemy%27s_enemy" title="My enemy's enemy">My enemy's enemy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_ancient_wisdom" title="Appeal to ancient wisdom">Appeal to ancient wisdom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danth%27s_Law" title="Danth's Law">Danth's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_lunam" title="Argumentum ad lunam">Argumentum ad lunam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Balance_fallacy" title="Balance fallacy">Balance fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_hammer" title="Golden hammer">Golden hammer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loaded_question" title="Loaded question">Loaded question</a> • <a href="/wiki/Escape_to_the_future" title="Escape to the future">Escape to the future</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_magic" title="Word magic">Word magic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_fallacy" title="Spider-Man fallacy">Spider-Man fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sanctioning_the_devil" title="Sanctioning the devil">Sanctioning the devil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_mystery" title="Appeal to mystery">Appeal to mystery</a> • <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a> • <a href="/wiki/Post-designation" title="Post-designation">Post-designation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Relativist_fallacy" title="Relativist fallacy">Relativist fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">Due diligence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">Straw man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Good_old_days" title="Good old days">Good old days</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_probability" title="Appeal to probability">Appeal to probability</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">Infinite regress</a> • <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">Circular reasoning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Media_was_wrong_before" title="Media was wrong before">Media was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">Is–ought problem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ad_iram" title="Ad iram">Ad iram</a> • <a href="/wiki/Just_asking_questions" title="Just asking questions">Just asking questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pink-baiting" title="Pink-baiting">Pink-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_faith" title="Appeal to faith">Appeal to faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_bias" title="Appeal to bias">Appeal to bias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_confidence" title="Appeal to confidence">Appeal to confidence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">Appeal to consequences</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_flattery" title="Appeal to flattery">Appeal to flattery</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_gravity" title="Appeal to gravity">Appeal to gravity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_hate" title="Appeal to hate">Appeal to hate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_omniscience" title="Argument from omniscience">Argument from omniscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_silence" title="Argument from silence">Argument from silence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">Argumentum ad baculum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_fastidium" title="Argumentum ad fastidium">Argumentum ad fastidium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">Association fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broken_window_fallacy" title="Broken window fallacy">Broken window fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">Category mistake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Confounding_factor" title="Confounding factor">Confounding factor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_fallacy" title="Counterfactual fallacy">Counterfactual fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Courtier%27s_Reply" title="Courtier's Reply">Courtier's Reply</a> • <a href="/wiki/Damning_with_faint_praise" title="Damning with faint praise">Damning with faint praise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Definitional_fallacies" title="Definitional fallacies">Definitional fallacies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">Equivocation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_accent" title="Fallacy of accent">Fallacy of accent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_accident" title="Fallacy of accident">Fallacy of accident</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_amphiboly" title="Fallacy of amphiboly">Fallacy of amphiboly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">Gambler's fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imprecision_fallacy" title="Imprecision fallacy">Imprecision fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_fallacy" title="Nirvana fallacy">Nirvana fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overprecision" title="Overprecision">Overprecision</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pathos_gambit" title="Pathos gambit">Pathos gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_fallacy" title="Pragmatic fallacy">Pragmatic fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_sarcina_inserta" title="Argumentum ad sarcina inserta">Argumentum ad sarcina inserta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slothful_induction" title="Slothful induction">Slothful induction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_fallacy" title="Spotlight fallacy">Spotlight fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Style_over_substance" title="Style over substance">Style over substance</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toupee_fallacy" title="Toupee fallacy">Toupee fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genuine_but_insignificant_cause" title="Genuine but insignificant cause">Genuine but insignificant cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_incredulity" title="Argument from incredulity">Argument from incredulity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_age" title="Appeal to age">Appeal to age</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseam" title="Argumentum ad nauseam">Argumentum ad nauseam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phantom_distinction" title="Phantom distinction">Phantom distinction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_common_sense" title="Appeal to common sense">Appeal to common sense</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_hysteria" title="Argumentum ad hysteria">Argumentum ad hysteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_etymology" title="Argument from etymology">Argument from etymology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_trauma" title="Appeal to trauma">Appeal to trauma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Countless_counterfeits_fallacy" title="Countless counterfeits fallacy">Countless counterfeits fallacy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ad_hoc" title="Category:Ad hoc"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Ad hoc:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/No_True_Scotsman" title="No True Scotsman">No True Scotsman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a> • <a href="/wiki/Escape_hatch" title="Escape hatch">Escape hatch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Handwave" title="Handwave">Handwave</a> • <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">Special pleading</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slothful_induction" title="Slothful induction">Slothful induction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_fallacy" title="Nirvana fallacy">Nirvana fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/PIDOOMA" title="PIDOOMA">PIDOOMA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">Ad hoc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tone_argument" title="Tone argument">Tone argument</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Arguments_from_ignorance" title="Category:Arguments from ignorance"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Arguments from ignorance:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_incredulity" title="Argument from incredulity">Argument from incredulity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_silence" title="Argument from silence">Argument from silence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toupee_fallacy" title="Toupee fallacy">Toupee fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_censorship" title="Appeal to censorship">Appeal to censorship</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holmesian_fallacy" title="Holmesian fallacy">Holmesian fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_omniscience" title="Argument from omniscience">Argument from omniscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Willful_ignorance" title="Willful ignorance">Willful ignorance</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Causation_fallacies" title="Category:Causation fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Causation fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Post_hoc,_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc, ergo propter hoc">Post hoc, ergo propter hoc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">Correlation does not imply causation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wrong_direction" title="Wrong direction">Wrong direction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_fallacy" title="Counterfactual fallacy">Counterfactual fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regression_fallacy" title="Regression fallacy">Regression fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">Gambler's fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent" title="Denying the antecedent">Denying the antecedent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genuine_but_insignificant_cause" title="Genuine but insignificant cause">Genuine but insignificant cause</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Circular_reasoning" title="Category:Circular reasoning"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Circular reasoning:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">Infinite regress</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_by_assertion" title="Argument by assertion">Argument by assertion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_dictionarium" title="Argumentum ad dictionarium">Argumentum ad dictionarium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_faith" title="Appeal to faith">Appeal to faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">Circular reasoning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Self-refuting_idea" title="Self-refuting idea">Self-refuting idea</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Emotional_appeals" title="Category:Emotional appeals"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Emotional appeals:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_confidence" title="Appeal to confidence">Appeal to confidence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deepity" title="Deepity">Deepity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">Argumentum ad baculum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_shame" title="Appeal to shame">Appeal to shame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_flattery" title="Appeal to flattery">Appeal to flattery</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tone_argument" title="Tone argument">Tone argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_money" title="Appeal to money">Appeal to money</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_fastidium" title="Argumentum ad fastidium">Argumentum ad fastidium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_gravity" title="Appeal to gravity">Appeal to gravity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">Appeal to consequences</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a> • <a href="/wiki/Style_over_substance" title="Style over substance">Style over substance</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_pity" title="Appeal to pity">Appeal to pity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_hate" title="Appeal to hate">Appeal to hate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pathos_gambit" title="Pathos gambit">Pathos gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaming" title="Shaming">Shaming</a> • <a href="/wiki/Degenerate" title="Degenerate">Degenerate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fallacies_of_ambiguity" title="Category:Fallacies of ambiguity"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fallacies of ambiguity:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_accent" title="Fallacy of accent">Fallacy of accent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">Equivocation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_amphiboly" title="Fallacy of amphiboly">Fallacy of amphiboly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_ambiguity" title="Fallacy of ambiguity">Fallacy of ambiguity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moral_equivalence" title="Moral equivalence">Moral equivalence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scope_fallacy" title="Scope fallacy">Scope fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suppressed_correlative" title="Suppressed correlative">Suppressed correlative</a> • <a href="/wiki/Not_as_bad_as" title="Not as bad as">Not as bad as</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Continuum_fallacy" title="Continuum fallacy">Continuum fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wronger_than_wrong" title="Wronger than wrong">Wronger than wrong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Definitional_fallacies" title="Definitional fallacies">Definitional fallacies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Code_word" title="Code word">Code word</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phantom_distinction" title="Phantom distinction">Phantom distinction</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_fallacies" title="Category:Formal fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Formal fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Confusion_of_the_inverse" title="Confusion of the inverse">Confusion of the inverse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent" title="Denying the antecedent">Denying the antecedent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">Non sequitur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_conclusion_from_a_negative_premise" title="Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise">Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Not_even_wrong" title="Not even wrong">Not even wrong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chewbacca_Defense" title="Chewbacca Defense">Chewbacca Defense</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirming_a_disjunct" title="Affirming a disjunct">Affirming a disjunct</a> • <a href="/wiki/Illicit_process" title="Illicit process">Illicit process</a> • <a href="/wiki/Four-term_fallacy" title="Four-term fallacy">Four-term fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises" title="Negative conclusion from affirmative premises">Negative conclusion from affirmative premises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_fallacy" title="Fallacy fallacy">Fallacy fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Substituting_explanation_for_premise" title="Substituting explanation for premise">Substituting explanation for premise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a> • <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Formal fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Existential_assumption" title="Existential assumption">Existential assumption</a> • <a href="/wiki/Masked_man_fallacy" title="Masked man fallacy">Masked man fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Self-refuting_idea" title="Self-refuting idea">Self-refuting idea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_by_gibberish" title="Argument by gibberish">Argument by gibberish</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_single_proof" title="One single proof">One single proof</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent" title="Affirming the consequent">Affirming the consequent</a> • <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_fallacy" title="Conjunction fallacy">Conjunction fallacy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fallacious_arguments" title="Category:Fallacious arguments"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fallacious arguments:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_argument" title="Bumblebee argument">Bumblebee argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fatwa_envy" title="Fatwa envy">Fatwa envy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gotcha_argument" title="Gotcha argument">Gotcha argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hoyle%27s_fallacy" title="Hoyle's fallacy">Hoyle's fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intuition_pump" title="Intuition pump">Intuition pump</a> • <a href="/wiki/Logic_and_Creation" title="Logic and Creation">Logic and Creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Not_Circular_Reasoning" title="Not Circular Reasoning">Not Circular Reasoning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_argument" title="Peanut butter argument">Peanut butter argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Great_Beethoven_fallacy" title="Great Beethoven fallacy">Great Beethoven fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_unique_founding_conditions" title="Fallacy of unique founding conditions">Fallacy of unique founding conditions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/How_do_you_know%3F_Were_you_there%3F" title="How do you know? Were you there?">How do you know? Were you there?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solferino_fallacy" title="Solferino fallacy">Solferino fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_hide" title="Nothing to hide">Nothing to hide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creep_shaming" title="Creep shaming">Creep shaming</a> • <a href="/wiki/%22I_used_to_be_an_atheist%22" title=""I used to be an atheist"">"I used to be an atheist"</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheism_as_a_religion" title="Atheism as a religion">Atheism as a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_bias" title="Appeal to bias">Appeal to bias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">Apophasis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_nauseam" title="Argumentum ad nauseam">Argumentum ad nauseam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_censorship" title="Appeal to censorship">Appeal to censorship</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_sarcina_inserta" title="Argumentum ad sarcina inserta">Argumentum ad sarcina inserta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Blaming_the_victim" title="Blaming the victim">Blaming the victim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bait-and-switch" title="Bait-and-switch">Bait-and-switch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danth%27s_Law" title="Danth's Law">Danth's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chewbacca_Defense" title="Chewbacca Defense">Chewbacca Defense</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canard" title="Canard">Canard</a> • <a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">DARVO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">Demonization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Escape_hatch" title="Escape hatch">Escape hatch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friend_argument" title="Friend argument">Friend argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Everyone_is_racist" title="Everyone is racist">Everyone is racist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gish_Gallop" title="Gish Gallop">Gish Gallop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Greece-baiting" title="Greece-baiting">Greece-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gore%27s_Law" title="Gore's Law">Gore's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Just_asking_questions" title="Just asking questions">Just asking questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leading_question" title="Leading question">Leading question</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linking_to_authority" title="Linking to authority">Linking to authority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loaded_question" title="Loaded question">Loaded question</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lying_by_omission" title="Lying by omission">Lying by omission</a> • <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" title="Motte and bailey">Motte and bailey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Nazi analogies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_single_proof" title="One single proof">One single proof</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pink-baiting" title="Pink-baiting">Pink-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/One-way_hash_argument" title="One-way hash argument">One-way hash argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pathos_gambit" title="Pathos gambit">Pathos gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">Poisoning the well</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quidquid_latine_dictum_sit,_altum_videtur" title="Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur">Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Red-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a> • <a href="/wiki/Release_the_data" title="Release the data">Release the data</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shill_gambit" title="Shill gambit">Shill gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">Straw man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority" title="Silent Majority">Silent Majority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_tactic" title="Uncertainty tactic">Uncertainty tactic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Style_over_substance" title="Style over substance">Style over substance</a> • <a href="/wiki/Terrorism-baiting" title="Terrorism-baiting">Terrorism-baiting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a> • <a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_harm_(logical_fallacy)" title="What's the harm (logical fallacy)">What's the harm (logical fallacy)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">Bullshit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" title="Logical fallacy">Logical fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banana_argument" title="Banana argument">Banana argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a> • <a href="/wiki/How_come_there_are_still_monkeys%3F" title="How come there are still monkeys?">How come there are still monkeys?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist_is_a_code_word_for_anti-white" title="Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white">Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Just_a_joke" title="Just a joke">Just a joke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Countless_counterfeits_fallacy" title="Countless counterfeits fallacy">Countless counterfeits fallacy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Conditional_fallacies" title="Category:Conditional fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Conditional fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a> • <a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_harm_(logical_fallacy)" title="What's the harm (logical fallacy)">What's the harm (logical fallacy)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">Special pleading</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conditional_fallacy" title="Conditional fallacy">Conditional fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/On_the_spot_fallacy" title="On the spot fallacy">On the spot fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_minority" title="Appeal to the minority">Appeal to the minority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galileo_gambit" title="Galileo gambit">Galileo gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Professor_of_nothing" title="Professor of nothing">Professor of nothing</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetic_fallacies" title="Category:Genetic fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Genetic fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fallacy" title="Genetic fallacy">Genetic fallacy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#009761; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Appeals_to_authority" title="Category:Appeals to authority"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Appeals to authority:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Ipse_dixit" title="Ipse dixit">Ipse dixit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_confidence" title="Appeal to confidence">Appeal to confidence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">Argument from authority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linking_to_authority" title="Linking to authority">Linking to authority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority" title="Silent Majority">Silent Majority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Invincible_authority" title="Invincible authority">Invincible authority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_celebrity" title="Appeal to celebrity">Appeal to celebrity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ultracrepidarianism" title="Ultracrepidarianism">Ultracrepidarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_minority" title="Appeal to the minority">Appeal to the minority</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galileo_gambit" title="Galileo gambit">Galileo gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_identity" title="Appeal to identity">Appeal to identity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a> • <a href="/wiki/Professor_of_nothing" title="Professor of nothing">Professor of nothing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#009761; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ad_hominem" title="Category:Ad hominem"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Ad hominem:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Ad_iram" title="Ad iram">Ad iram</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_cellarium" title="Argumentum ad cellarium">Argumentum ad cellarium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulverism" title="Bulverism">Bulverism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">Poisoning the well</a> • <a href="/wiki/Blaming_the_victim" title="Blaming the victim">Blaming the victim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">Tu quoque</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nutpicking" title="Nutpicking">Nutpicking</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonanism" title="Jonanism">Jonanism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">Demonization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shill_gambit" title="Shill gambit">Shill gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_bias" title="Appeal to bias">Appeal to bias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_opposition" title="Fallacy of opposition">Fallacy of opposition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">Association fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Damning_with_faint_praise" title="Damning with faint praise">Damning with faint praise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pathos_gambit" title="Pathos gambit">Pathos gambit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_identity" title="Appeal to identity">Appeal to identity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_hominem" title="Argumentum ad hominem">Argumentum ad hominem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Nazi analogies</a> • <a href="/wiki/Not_an_argument" title="Not an argument">Not an argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_hide" title="Nothing to hide">Nothing to hide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E5%AE%A4%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" title="地下室论证">地下室论证</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#009761; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Imprecision_fallacies" title="Category:Imprecision fallacies"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Imprecision fallacies:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Apex_fallacy" title="Apex fallacy">Apex fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overprecision" title="Overprecision">Overprecision</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a> • <a href="/wiki/Overgeneralization" title="Overgeneralization">Overgeneralization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy" title="Texas sharpshooter fallacy">Texas sharpshooter fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/False_analogy" title="False analogy">False analogy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fiction" title="Appeal to fiction">Appeal to fiction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_fallacy" title="Spotlight fallacy">Spotlight fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_fallacy" title="Pragmatic fallacy">Pragmatic fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection bias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">Anecdotal evidence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">Category mistake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nutpicking" title="Nutpicking">Nutpicking</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imprecision_fallacy" title="Imprecision fallacy">Imprecision fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Confounding_factor" title="Confounding factor">Confounding factor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_of_accident" title="Fallacy of accident">Fallacy of accident</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neyman%27s_bias" title="Neyman's bias">Neyman's bias</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Valid_logical_methods" title="Category:Valid logical methods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Valid logical methods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Rapoport%27s_Rules" title="Rapoport's Rules">Rapoport's Rules</a> • <a href="/wiki/Negative_evidence" title="Negative evidence">Negative evidence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">Reductio ad absurdum</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#009761; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fallacy_collections" title="Category:Fallacy collections"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fallacy collections:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/SeekFind" title="SeekFind">SeekFind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nizkor_Project" title="Nizkor Project">Nizkor Project</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fallacy_Files" title="Fallacy Files">Fallacy Files</a> • <a href="/wiki/Your_Logical_Fallacy_Is" title="Your Logical Fallacy Is">Your Logical Fallacy Is</a> • <a href="/wiki/Logically_Fallacious" title="Logically Fallacious">Logically Fallacious</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&oldid=2696784">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_nature&oldid=2696784</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" 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