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class="lg:text-[20px] text-[19px] font-[500]" href="/view/viltolarsen-slows-dmd-progression-in-small-study">Viltolarsen Slows DMD Progression in Small Study</a></div><div class="pb-2"><div><span class="text-md "><span class="mr-1 italic">By </span><a class="mr-1 text-sky-800 hover:text-primary" href="/authors/hayden-e-klein"><i>Hayden E. Klein</i></a></span></div></div><a href="/view/viltolarsen-slows-dmd-progression-in-small-study"><a href="/view/viltolarsen-slows-dmd-progression-in-small-study"><p class="mt-1 text-gray-800 text-[13px] line-clamp-6 text-hidden">Further research is needed to determine how once-weekly viltolarsen can slow disease progression and preserve motor function in boys and young men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).</p></a></a></div></div><div class="flex-wrap w-[60%] flex "><a class="flex w-[50%] flex-col sm:pl-[35px] pl-[20px] pb-[35px] " href="/view/age-related-disparities-in-long-term-outcomes-for-er-her2-breast-cancer"><div class="w-full lg:h-[134px] h-[100px] relative bg-default-logo-background "><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img alt="" 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text-[#0AA2BE] text-[16px] underline"><span>View All</span></a></div><div style="scroll-snap-type:none" class="jsx-19ede9f0a5a45918 flex items-start overflow-x-auto space-x-4 py-4 relative mx-auto w-[calc(100%-64px)]"><a target="" style="scroll-snap-align:center;text-decoration:none" class="jsx-1215160397 sm:w-[280px] xs:w-[240px] w-[65%] h-auto flex flex-col space-y-3 flex-none select-none no-underline" href="/view/to-improve-clinical-trial-equity-in-multiple-myeloma-just-ask"><div class="jsx-1215160397 w-full h-full flex flex-col overflow-hidden relative bg-white text-center"><div class="jsx-1215160397 relative w-full shadow-md shadow-grey-800 aspect-video"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img alt="" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" 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Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is the top-selling drug in 2023, yet many users report affordability issues. The study, based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, highlights the need for equitable access and cost-effective strategies. Despite insurance coverage, economic barriers persist, especially as obesity rates are projected to rise significantly by 2050, necessitating interventions to improve access and affordability.","is_visible":true,"authorMapping":[{"_ref":"232836b2-a7d6-4cdd-8d7e-65ab104eaf06","_type":"reference","_key":"c7644abe5c23"}],"gptTakeaways":"• Over 137 million US adults are eligible for semaglutide, mainly for weight loss, diabetes, or cardiovascular prevention.\n\n• Semaglutide is the top-selling drug in 2023, but affordability remains a significant issue for many users.\n\n• The study emphasizes the need for equitable access and cost-effective strategies for semaglutide therapy.\n\n• Economic barriers to semaglutide access persist, with obesity rates projected to rise to 250 million Americans by 2050.","_rev":"qMZkEXqBAV3IRERLM3cQt1","body":[{"alt":"Semaglutide injectors. | Image Credit: Andreas Prott- stock.adobe.com","imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Over half of the US adult population may benefit from semaglutide, a drug primarily used for weight loss and diabetes, although concerns about access and cost persist, especially considering its potential for wider health applications. | Image Credit: Andreas Prott- stock.adobe.com","_key":"e31a2ea01ef8"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"adb4f176aee7"}],"_key":"889aeb119692","disableTextWrap":false,"_type":"figure","widthP":50,"asset":{"_ref":"image-76c68f1b272ff40db499b3c5e4d48a6bb9da308d-5000x4000-jpg","_type":"reference"},"alignment":"right","disableLightBox":true},{"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/conference/aha","_key":"ff44136f34ff"},{"nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2826358","_key":"a304cb0db430"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"More than half of the US adult population is considered eligible for semaglutide therapy, according to research using national data presented at the ","_key":"942bdafc2cce0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["ff44136f34ff"],"text":"American Heart Association Scientific Sessions","_key":"942bdafc2cce1"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and published in ","_key":"942bdafc2cce2"},{"marks":["a304cb0db430","em"],"text":"JAMA Cardiology","_key":"942bdafc2cce3","_type":"span"},{"marks":["em"],"text":".","_key":"942bdafc2cce4","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"2ca2e7bb91fd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"35eabb1d2cd6"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"","_key":"a292861fe8a7"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3f536ce2b676","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"1bc5390b5169","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/obesity","_key":"a05a76734d14"},{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/diabetes","_key":"4acc380f1b93","blank":true},{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/compendium/cardiovascular","_key":"5a56d853df42"}],"children":[{"_key":"bb861e40ab9d0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The study was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and utilized 5 years’ worth of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"8e7132b2ca23"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Researchers at BIDMC estimated that 137 million adults in the US are eligible for semaglutide for weight loss or ","_key":"88d906f03566"},{"text":"obesity","_key":"3fc4ea7131bc","_type":"span","marks":["a05a76734d14"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" treatment, ","_key":"3821fbc42b1c"},{"_key":"9fc4e5a0fb61","_type":"span","marks":["4acc380f1b93"],"text":"diabetes"},{"text":" management, or prevention of recurrent ","_key":"a3206318a9e6","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"cardiovascular","_key":"ddd363766da1","_type":"span","marks":["5a56d853df42"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" events.","_key":"55f7d0a78939"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bfabce8f4b31","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"c7c1998ba6a10"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, and it became the top-selling drug for total pharmaceutical spending in 2023. An average of 1 in 8 US adults reported using a GLP-1 agonist medication in their lifetime across a poll of 1500 participants.","_key":"3db3ee19ad5a0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"ede00b67c8af"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Additionally, over half of the respondents who used a GLP-1 agonist previously also reported trouble affording the medication, even when their health insurance plans covered it.","_key":"3eac82a300e5"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"216b73437a9a"},{"_key":"a5ae69f3c597","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"e54b71460a47"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Emerging data suggest that semaglutide could be effective for addressing other health conditions like sleep apnea symptoms and some forms of heart failure, and can slow the progression of chronic kidney disease.","_key":"45c509eecc3f0","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2 ","_key":"86689458dfcf"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Other potential treatment uses include for liver and kidney diseases, substance use disorders, and dementia. However, patient reports provide an emphasis on the need to increase equitable access to this new class of pharmaceuticals.","_key":"a868baeffef9"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"073fc593a8f5"},{"style":"normal","_key":"cd99ab1b4973","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"3f7a2863bd150"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b2ca2a5d3520","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The BIDMC study considered US adult patients based on the currently approved indications for semaglutide prescriptions.","_key":"3f29345b5ea20"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"454793fc6e12"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The analysis included 25,531 individuals who underwent in-person interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory testing.","_key":"a98ea0c14d92"}]},{"_key":"94291c1040e6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"ed9452fee711"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"9528eb07c39d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Based on the survey participants, the investigators extrapolated that 136.8 million US adults would be eligible for semaglutide. The mean age of participants was 50.7 years, and there were slightly fewer women than men (49.1%).","_key":"82c98c44c3910"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"479c668371230"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3dd71c9661d0","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"text":"Insurance coverage of the predicted semaglutide-eligible population included 26.8 million insured by Medicare, 13.8 million insured by Medicaid, and 61.1 million covered by private insurance. By indication, 35 million US adults would be eligible for semaglutide for diabetes management, 129.2 million for weight management, and 8.9 million for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.","_key":"3657e27c32db0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"12f77c8bb178","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4b05b156adae","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"3205e67fcd800"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Of the 39.3 million US adults eligible for semaglutide for diabetes or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, 13 million are insured by Medicare and 4.7 million insured by Medicaid. Despite most individuals being eligible for semaglutide due to weight management, which is an indication not always covered by payers, more than 39 million adults may qualify for indications other than weight management alone.","_key":"7911f5efb08a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1bde3c7c0b14"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b9ebd99ee569","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"a4cf00acf3f90"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The study was limited due to the inability to accurately identify rare contraindications to semaglutide based on the data available. However, the large proportion of US adults who qualify for semaglutide emphasizes the possible impact of broader uptake on pharmaceutical spending and population health.","_key":"3556a7d63f220"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"974cb55d6564"},{"_key":"72606de98e4a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"c5eb8ab7a397"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Other individuals who reported using semaglutide medications stated that the therapy was difficult to afford,","_key":"c33cbe12e67e0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"9981dd9c85fa"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" so interventions that reduce economic barriers to access that are urgently needed, especially with obesity’s prevalence projected to dramatically increase to 250 million Americans by 2050.","_key":"9feee62503de"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4","_key":"128d96622212"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e5b5a4bec1de","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e1f4b4fa0d97","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"b66b671871de0","_type":"span"}]},{"_key":"a450be41ad90","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"“Efforts to increase equitable uptake should be coupled with strategies to ensure that the cost of semaglutide is commensurate with the value of the health benefits it produces,” concluded the study authors.","_key":"905b4056bbe50","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"b2955d48aa1b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"e1c255a45a6f0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2ba1b81e7fec"},{"style":"normal","_key":"68187c2238a4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"References","_key":"2674e0e5e5000"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"98821506fe59","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"1. Shi I, Khan SS, Yeh RW, Ho JE, Dahabreh IJ, Kazi DS. Semaglutide eligibility across all current indications for US adults. ","_key":"d1161393708f0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"JAMA Cardiol.","_key":"d1161393708f1"},{"marks":[],"text":" Published online November 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4657","_key":"d1161393708f2","_type":"span"}]},{"_key":"0bb3a9db9d63","markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.newswise.com/articles/more-than-half-of-u-s-adults-could-benefit-from-glp-1-medications-researchers-find/?sc=dwhr\u0026xy=10046402","_key":"cb73820eafc7","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_key":"2cfe921712ec","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"2. Mitchell J. More than half of US adults could benefit from GLP-1 medications, researchers find. Newswise. November 20, 2024. Accessed November 21, 2024. "},{"_key":"c6fed8570a451","_type":"span","marks":["cb73820eafc7"],"text":"https://www.newswise.com/articles/more-than-half-of-u-s-adults-could-benefit-from-glp-1-medications-researchers-find/?sc=dwhr\u0026xy=10046402"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"abaa930ea836","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"3. Harris E. Poll: roughly 12% of US adults have used a GLP-1 drug, even if unaffordable. ","_key":"81cecabc1b520"},{"text":"JAMA","_key":"81cecabc1b521","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2024;332(1):8. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.10333","_key":"81cecabc1b522"}]},{"_key":"6113095046be","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/overweight-obesity-to-affect-64-of-americans-by-2050","_key":"fec37e8af09e"}],"children":[{"_key":"0cd7c32bd203","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"4. Klein HE. Overweight, obesity to affect 64% of Americans by 2050. 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"},{"_type":"span","marks":["fec37e8af09e"],"text":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/overweight-obesity-to-affect-64-of-americans-by-2050","_key":"7a1cb346b2893"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"seoTag":["semaglutide","US","obesity","diabetes","cardiovascular disease"],"url":"semaglutide-eligibility-expands-to-over-half-of-us-adults","_updatedAt":"2024-11-21T16:44:49Z","documentGroup":null,"thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Semaglutide injectors. | Image Credit :Andreas Prott- stock.adobe.com","caption":"Over half of the US adult population may benefit from semaglutide, a drug primarily used for weight loss and diabetes, though concerns about access and cost persist, especially considering its potential for wider health applications. | Image Credit :Andreas Prott- stock.adobe.com","asset":{"_ref":"image-76c68f1b272ff40db499b3c5e4d48a6bb9da308d-5000x4000-jpg","_type":"reference"}},"summary":"Over half of the US adult population may benefit from semaglutide, a drug primarily used for weight loss and diabetes, although concerns about access and cost persist, especially considering its potential for wider health applications.","taxonomyMapping":[{"_type":"reference","_key":"c3cb7b55e5ea","_ref":"39be7351-bd4c-4e98-82b3-0d675ae4671b"},{"_ref":"f5ddd941-32a3-478d-a04e-ca7256bf16ab","_type":"reference","_key":"6c49bb56ade9"},{"_ref":"topic_healthcare-delivery","_type":"reference","_key":"bff2504ebcd4"},{"_key":"3f62c0db3bfa","_ref":"1862ee25-8e65-4dbe-8fd3-d4c11642b211","_type":"reference"}],"contentCategory":{"name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z","_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z","_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory"},"authors":[{"displayName":"Cameron Santoro","url":"cameron-santoro"}],"_createdAt":"2024-11-21T16:26:13Z"},{"documentGroupMapping":[{"_ref":"conference_aha","_type":"reference","_key":"855e257776f7"}],"summary":"The implementation of a risk evaluation mitigation strategy (REMS) program to monitor patients on mavacamten further supports its real-world use, according to Milind Desai, MD, Cleveland Clinic.","published":"2024-11-19T15:36:00.000Z","body":[{"caption":"Milind Desai, MD","videoID":"6364875172112","disableAutoPlayVideo":false,"source":"brightcove","_key":"580bd1dd6086","videoObject":{"_type":"videoDetails","videoTitle":"Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy Bolsters Support of Mavacamten in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","thumbnail":{"_type":"image","asset":{"_ref":"image-e3bf44e2010a2bab4e5f59db097c4093a83c9b63-2880x1618-png","_type":"reference"}},"videoDuration":"AJMC2M16S","videoDescription":"Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy Bolsters Support of Mavacamten in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"},"experienceID":"6364875172112","_type":"video"},{"_key":"324df2d4e925","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/conference/aha","_key":"9fb2368bbe07"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The FDA approved mavacamten (Camzyos), a cardiac myosin inhibitor, for the treatment of adult patients with New York Heart Association class II to III obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 2022. Milind Desai, MD, MBA, Cleveland Clinic, reported on the drug’s safety profile and efficacy at this year’s ","_key":"3e87eebdf13d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["9fb2368bbe07"],"text":"American Heart Association","_key":"3e87eebdf13d1"},{"marks":[],"text":" (AHA) Scientific Sessions. At present, he was able to speak to the real-world, 22-month data on mavacamten and the role of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) program for monitoring patients.","_key":"3e87eebdf13d2","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"c1f4d8b5ed01","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"f09b581a55f80","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"07a1f21ad3ad","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Desai discussed in more detail the process of implementing the REMS program, which their findings suggest was a valuable tool in assessing the benefits of mavacamten and its ability to improve patients’ functional lung capacity and other associated disease symptoms.","_key":"c39e5df2f9990"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"e50ca4a7048b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"07ce937468940"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"eda1bd64ebde","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"d051d78ace4c0","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity and length."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"a73ba9894184","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"e7a876683de30","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dd15dd3f9b8e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","underline"],"text":"Transcript","_key":"3720e08102320"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"4f5ef6399efe0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"667859d60786"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"What have been the main challenges or successes in implementing the REMS monitoring for patients on mavacamten, and how has it influenced the overall safety profile in real-world use?","_key":"09da79f4a26b0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e97472b45049"},{"_key":"f0fa09117bcb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"7f66c9de03960","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"So the REMS program, or the risk evaluation mitigation strategy program, is something that the FDA mandates in situations where they want to ensure safety of a new drug in a postapproval phase when it is marketed to a broader audience, a broader group of patients. They want to emphasize that there is convincing follow-up in terms of beyond what a package insert can offer, so clearly, not every drug gets the REMS labeling, and not every provider is well-versed with the REMS program.","_key":"9c15a9ec23db0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"85a9901b79f8"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"e6f0a8ffef080","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d813016f9d01"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"So the biggest initial challenge was [providers asking,] “What is it? How do we incorporate that in our practice? How do we operationalize this? How do we explain it to the patients?” in addition to all the challenges that come with launching or rather trialing a new drug. I think those were the initial challenges. Most places, most larger HCM centers, have learned to develop the robust processes that work in terms of implementing the REMS program, including working with the specialty pharmacies, including making the patients understand, and including making themselves—the providers, as well as their teams—understand. So, I think it was a major, steep learning curve. And pretty much the ones that use mavacamten frequently have gotten used to it, and, to use a golfing term now, it's pretty much par for the course in a lot of places.","_key":"7149f2a165d30"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8aafabb393be"}],"documentGroup":{"parent":{"_ref":"a0e8a8bf-62dd-45ed-a1e1-cd1e5e8de6f6","_type":"reference"},"_createdAt":"2020-05-04T23:47:20Z","_rev":"Sik6IfwDKxX0JgkwgBkqto","_type":"documentGroup","name":"AHA: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions","_id":"conference_aha","_updatedAt":"2024-01-17T16:50:18Z","identifier":{"current":"aha","_type":"slug"}},"contentCategory":{"_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:44Z","_rev":"Yw6MEKZDMdk6hC2JCPjfiB","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Videos","_id":"ee14ccb3-3542-4414-9046-927be1198c76","_updatedAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:44Z"},"authors":[{"displayName":"Kyle Munz","url":"kyle-munz"}],"_updatedAt":"2024-11-18T22:39:57Z","gptSummary":"Mavacamten, a cardiac myosin inhibitor, received FDA approval for treating obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adults. Milind Desai presented real-world data on its safety and efficacy, emphasizing the importance of the REMS program in monitoring patients. The REMS program, mandated by the FDA, ensures drug safety post-approval. Initial challenges included integrating REMS into practice and educating providers and patients. 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Persistent disparities in heart failure have reinforced the need to take a closer look at why some populations bear the brunt of disease burden more than others. Health inequities was a large topic explored throughout the 100th ","_key":"f18309f320a6"},{"_type":"span","marks":["32408c1f26c6"],"text":"American Heart Association","_key":"aeb7c10d0e19"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" (AHA) conference. Khadijah Breathett, MD, MS, FACC, associate professor of medicine, Indiana University, spoke to the impact of social determinants of health and, notably, how community-based research can inform efforts to tackle inequities in ","_key":"80ccdd99b234"},{"_key":"39488c252d94","_type":"span","marks":["b3c398b1635b"],"text":"cardiovascular disease"},{"marks":[],"text":".","_key":"8424697a6d1c","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"5b0f4c84092e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"83745168a1db0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4042781b7746","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity and length.","_key":"e3aae91ee57c0"}]},{"_key":"29041cd08c90","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"1c62a792ddaa0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","underline"],"text":"Transcript","_key":"d1437c8569810"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"821523526d0d"},{"_key":"4b81131c4e1a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"bdc7c872f47c0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"96f9f7480464","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"What findings from community-based research have been the most surprising, specifically regarding factors that drive disparities in cardiovascular health?","_key":"fd57146317730","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"e417d912885a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"646f003f1a7b0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"4b8960bfa0d1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"I think there are multiple issues that have come to the horizon. One: we definitely need to include the community. In my own work, I've focused on developing a patient and stakeholder community advisory board that's national that we use to develop ideas, to understand what the problems are, to develop the strategies, using actually implementation science frameworks, to then attempt to deploy in studies to fix some of these major disparities that are facing our nation, particularly in the way that we deliver cardiovascular care.","_key":"b45fa4389fd30"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"93233c8ae9680"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6ff65949ab96"},{"style":"normal","_key":"27278cc791c5","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"I think there's a greater focus on that now, on community-based research, community-based participatory research as well. I think one of the major benefits that have happened over the past couple years is that some of the large funding organizations also recognize that this is important, and have made this a major requirement to compete for some of these large awards.","_key":"14aa778aa0150"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"12129dcedb91","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"bf078adc498e0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c0777f824464","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"eb7ef1c359ac0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"We have to include the community as we're moving forward to address these problems of disparities in cardiovascular disease. It's devastating underrepresented populations, and it's only projected to worsen over the next several decades."}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"3ee20bb44013","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"2bf946af1018","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"d8cbf8228c96","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"b9b01b8739d60","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Can you speak to the value of community engagement? What strategies have you found are the most effective for building trust and optimizing engagement within communities impacted by cardiovascular health disparities?"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"9e6890c5d5840"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c131b477784f"},{"_key":"a4ef3961385e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"We know you have to belong to the community and invest in the community to develop those appropriate relationships and identify \"what does the community need?\" so that we can again work collaboratively together to meet those needs. And so for me, personally, it's really important just in terms of who I am to belong to my faith community, to my church, and so that's a natural community I already belong to. And I use those different communities to also work on the some of the research that I do. As I've lived in many different places over the past couple decades, I've developed relationships with individuals that also care about these things, with community members and also those may have an academic position as well to figure out, how can we do things differently, how can we think outside of the box of what is considered the status quo, to do things differently. ","_key":"284c523b98fc0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c23ed1a6a7fc","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"ec6fbb4daa0b"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"4c958ae61d98","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"I had a study called the CEASe study that was actually funded through the HRSA [Health Resources and Services Administration] to identify how to improve cardiovascular care delivery in an inpatient setting. And we looked at population data nationwide, statewide, to understand what are the differences in care, particularly in regards to something called the segregation index, to understand the likelihood that a patient will receive care from a cardiologist, or whether they'll receive care from a group of people that vary based upon the race of the actual patient, and how does that impact their care. We've had a lot of complex findings. Some are still under review with respective journals, so I can't completely share all of what we found, but there were some interesting, significant findings that need to be addressed further. ","_key":"a9dacfd6ca57"}],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"309709c995b2","markDefs":[{"href":"https://www.ajmc.com/conference/acc","_key":"a12354dc2c68","nofollow":false,"blank":true,"_type":"link"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"And so we presented this data to our national patient stakeholder advisory board, and then discussed what were the next steps. And some of the next steps included actually directly observing patients and health care team members over the course of the day, watching what the interactions were like, and then performing interviews with these individuals to understand what they think are potential issues and what their views are on social determinants of health. And that work is actually also in development in a manuscript form, but one of my mentees actually presented that at","_key":"be240f1f8bd8"},{"_type":"span","marks":["a12354dc2c68"],"text":" the American College of Cardiology","_key":"dbd3d0ad88a9"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" just earlier this year, and it's formed the basis for another large grant that we have under review to, again, work at addressing that focal cause of improving health care delivery, particularly to minoritized racial/ethnic groups and women.","_key":"d8ec96c85f2c"}],"_type":"block"}],"taxonomyMapping":[{"_ref":"1862ee25-8e65-4dbe-8fd3-d4c11642b211","_type":"reference","_key":"b3f61f56840f"},{"_ref":"2d909731-8acf-4e3d-8962-d59b0da85320","_type":"reference","_key":"4e00f39863f3"},{"_key":"5424ae3eea7e","_ref":"39be7351-bd4c-4e98-82b3-0d675ae4671b","_type":"reference"},{"_ref":"4ee49086-e720-4a65-883e-4efc24de53bb","_type":"reference","_key":"096a0f60c610"}],"thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Khadijah Breathett, MD","caption":"Khadijah Breathett, MD","asset":{"_ref":"image-e6a6b3083d61a8df9607a840c3e41ba56b38b0c4-2880x1618-png","_type":"reference"}},"drugMentions":"{\"drug_mentions\": []}","_rev":"HD8oYngDfccJkwfGHmeLbC","ExcludeFromPubMedXML":false,"contentCategory":{"name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z","_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z","_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory"},"is_visible":true,"published":"2024-11-19T14:41:00.000Z","authorMapping":[{"_ref":"30e9dc45-7c46-468b-b88c-40fcb46b4537","_type":"reference","_key":"46b2115c6882"}],"documentGroupMapping":[{"_ref":"conference_aha","_type":"reference","_key":"90f2096e20bf"}],"authors":[{"displayName":"Kyle Munz","url":"kyle-munz"}],"summary":"Community-based researchers can teach clinicians a lot about how to best approach underserved populations disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular health complications. ","_updatedAt":"2024-11-20T16:26:21Z","url":"community-investment-engagement-are-essential-to-fully-address-cardiovascular-health-disparities","title":"Community Investment, Engagement Are Essential to Fully Address Cardiovascular Health Disparities","_createdAt":"2024-11-18T20:15:29Z","_type":"article","_id":"c0227272-51c2-46ef-b28a-396e7356e78c","documentGroup":{"_updatedAt":"2024-01-17T16:50:18Z","identifier":{"current":"aha","_type":"slug"},"parent":{"_ref":"a0e8a8bf-62dd-45ed-a1e1-cd1e5e8de6f6","_type":"reference"},"_createdAt":"2020-05-04T23:47:20Z","_rev":"Sik6IfwDKxX0JgkwgBkqto","_type":"documentGroup","name":"AHA: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions","_id":"conference_aha"}},{"_id":"fb89e1f5-bcdf-4dab-9045-8e9bc843b3cd","body":[{"style":"normal","_key":"2510a338d28c","markDefs":[{"_key":"06e81080ffde","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/kraken-oral-muvalaplin-safely-lowers-lp-a-in-early-stage-trial"}],"children":[{"text":"Competition is already heating up in a drug class where therapies are not yet approved, as findings for the first oral drug to lower lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) showed promise in a presentation today at the 2024 ","_key":"def5ddd34f870","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions","_key":"9adf0f2bddc2","_type":"span","marks":["06e81080ffde"]},{"marks":[],"text":", which drew to a close in Chicago, Illinois.","_key":"fda251824ecb","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"e92e1c9f158f","alignment":"left","imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"329313c9149f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Stephen Nicholls, MBBS, PhD | Image credit: Cardiology Society of Australia","_key":"a07c49ea58ad"}],"_type":"block"}],"asset":{"_ref":"image-c19314733069c049cbaed91a302836223aa7d1eb-500x500-png","_type":"reference"},"alt":"Stephen Nicholls, MBBS, PhD | Image credit: Cardiology Society of Australia","widthP":25,"disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In a phase 2 study, muvalaplin was found to significantly reduce Lp(a) using both the traditional test for measuring these particles in the blood, and a new test that more accurately assesses how muvalaplin works to disrupt them, according to lead study author Stephen Nicholls, MBBS, PhD, director of the Victorian Heart Institute at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.","_key":"e342b5dc62f90"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dfad5dc1197a"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Lp(a) is a genetically driven variant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, that is known to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and currently has no approved treatments. As commenter Erin D. Michos, MD, MHS, of Johns Hopkins noted at a press briefing, Lp(a) affects about 1 in 5 people worldwide.","_key":"af84dbef009d0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8e7497e9afef","markDefs":[]},{"asset":{"_ref":"image-49789b49f6b5f4766e09e6018b26dbed894a5aa5-293x293-webp","_type":"reference"},"alt":"Erin D. Michos, MD, MHS | Image credit: Johns Hopkins","widthP":25,"alignment":"left","imgcaption":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a5df98f9d26a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Erin D. Michos, MD, MHS | Image credit: Johns Hopkins","_key":"bb70dcc5434c","_type":"span"}]}],"_key":"ec6f5abc2305","_type":"figure","disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The 2 major protein components of Lp(a) are apolipoprotein(a), or Apo(a), associated with high-density lipoprotein or “good” cholesterol and apolipoprotein(b), or ApoB, associated with LDL or “bad” cholesterol. Muvalaplin works, Nicholls explained at the press briefing, by disrupting the bonding of apo(a) to apoB, which does not allow Lp(a) to form.","_key":"a9035593d6610","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d41bc9424a73"},{"style":"normal","_key":"9b0a95e9f616","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The study examined 3 different doses, at 10 mg, 60 mg, and 240 mg vs placebo over 12 weeks. To enroll, patients had to have serum level Lp(a) of at least 175 mmol/L.","_key":"1dbc88ca4ec70"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In addition, the study team measured how well muvalaplin reduced oxidized phospholipids; Nicholls explained that Lp(a) acts as a “reservoir” for oxidized phospholipids, and “there is a school of thought that this is plays a particular mechanistic role in driving the relationship between Lp(a) and atherosclerotic disease.”","_key":"343cab19bd160"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7698f278b894"},{"style":"normal","_key":"fb770dd48d6d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Results showed the study drug significantly reduced oxidized phospholipids as well, he demonstrated. Detailed results showed:","_key":"4298d2c924080"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"0421f1347029","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the traditional blood test, muvalaplin reduced Lp(a) by 70% compared with placebo, and it reduced Lp(a) by 85.5% in a new test that evaluates “intact” Lp(a) particles, accounting for those particles that might attach to the drug, Nicholls explained.","_key":"50ae2dc60cb40"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"df48811cc380","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Treatment with muvalaplin helped 97% of participants to bring Lp(a) levels below 125 nmol/L, as measured by the intact Lp(a) particle test, or about 82% of what they measured with the traditional blood test.","_key":"34603225c0a80"}],"level":1,"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0caafb18f003","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Compared with placebo, muvalaplin lowered ApoB by as much as 16% with no change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which would have indicated heart attack or stroke risk.","_key":"3b1bbf53199b0"}],"level":1},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"018a55208c87","listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The percentage of serious adverse events was about the same in the placebo arm (6%) as the 10 mg arm (5.9%) , and the percentages were lower in the other arms, with 60 mg at 3.2% and 240 mg at 2.9%.","_key":"d45f4958a39b0"}],"level":1},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Muvalaplin, being developed by Eli Lilly, is the latest of the therapies targeting Lp(a) to generate interest at recent cardiology conferences, but the first that would not require injection. Nicholls said these data follow up on previously reported phase 1 results, which showed a reduction of 65% for muvalaplin compared with placebo using the traditional blood test and ","_key":"9be85e134c930"},{"text":"were reported in ","_key":"9be85e134c931","_type":"span","marks":["b75e071adc25"]},{"marks":["b75e071adc25","em"],"text":"JAMA","_key":"9be85e134c932","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in 2023.","_key":"9be85e134c933"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"58784e3a3041","markDefs":[{"_key":"b75e071adc25","_type":"link","href":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2808864"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ec7a85b03341","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Nicholls emphasized that Lp(a) is a distinct, independent risk factor from others that might be treated by primary care physicians and cardiologists; current recommendations call for adults to be tested at least once in their lifetime to learn whether they have elevated levels. But Michos said right now, even when clinicians know a patient has high Lp(a) there is only so much they can do.","_key":"c95e39f71d1c0"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Our current approach is to take an account to both the patient's global cardiovascular risk—so their other risk—as well as their absolute lipoprotein(a) level.”","_key":"11829c68cea30"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"22859e776cc1","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"62e72c6c9b40","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c392121bd3830","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"By contrast, when treating LDL cholesterol, although there are certain thresholds between intermediate and high risk, she said, “it’s really a continuous threshold,” and “we try to treat all their risk factors the best we can, get their LDL as low as possible. But the reason why this is so important is that even in patients who are treated very intensively and get their LDL less than 70 on a statin, having high Lp(a) still carries some independent risks that can't be fully eliminated by our other risk modifying strategies.”"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Black individuals of African descent and South Asian populations frequently have the highest Lp(a) levels, according to the AHA’s 2021 ","_key":"2ef9018d9ebf0","_type":"span"},{"text":"scientific statement","_key":"2ef9018d9ebf1","_type":"span","marks":["2f77f604cf46"]},{"marks":[],"text":" “Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.”","_key":"2ef9018d9ebf2","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f7b68f6dc9be","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/ATV.0000000000000147","_key":"2f77f604cf46"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1de5a02c7780","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cholesterol/genetic-conditions/familial-hypercholesterolemia-fh","_key":"19491898eadb"}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Lp(a) levels of 50 mg/dL (125 nmol/L) or higher contribute to clotting and inflammation, and significantly elevate the the risk of heart attack, stroke, peripheral artery disease; the presence of Lp(a) is especially dangerous for those who have existing CVD or a history of ","_key":"f753dd6358a40","_type":"span"},{"marks":["19491898eadb"],"text":"familial hypercholesterolemia","_key":"f753dd6358a41","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"f753dd6358a42"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Multiple Lp(a) therapies are under development; those in the later stages include:","_key":"8394187600a20"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ffa9388f794a","markDefs":[]},{"listItem":"bullet","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Pelacarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide given once a month. Developed by Ionis/Novartis, its phase 3 HORIZON outcomes trial is expected to be complete in 2025.","_key":"82ad68c811fd0"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"9e84f6a13e9e"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Olpasiran, an siRNA therapy given every 3 months. Developed by Amgen, its phase 3 OCEAN(a) outcomes trial is scheduled to be complete in 2027.","_key":"9ce2f6b585570"}],"level":1,"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b505f2f7a1c1","listItem":"bullet"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"2a0390b59e69","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Nicholls said the next steps for muvalaplin are phase 3 trials and cardiovascular outcomes trials before the therapy could reach the market. But while studies continue, he said, the first step is knowing who are the patients with high levels of Lp(a). “In most countries around the world, Lp(a) testing is not covered by payers. It's largely an out-of-pocket expense to patients, and that presents an enormous barrier. Many of us in the field are advocating strongly to payers around the world to have Lp(a) testing included in prevention—to be covered—because it is an important tool, as Dr. Michos has already suggested, in terms of the way that we assess risk today, in terms of the way that we try to manage established cardiovascular risk factors."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e37562c10841"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“These therapies will come to the clinic, and we need to be able to target the right patient to the right therapy.”","_key":"ca4ebd6e1f450"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"da8deb342bbe"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Reference","_key":"cbff4a386fcb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b29a3a968d57","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Nicholls SJ, Wei N, Rhodes GM, et al. Phase 2 trial of an oral small molecule inhibitor of lipoprotein(a) formation. Presented at: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions; November 16-18, 2024; Chicago, IL. Abstract LBS 08.","_key":"93ae91f456e50"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e18b5bef6c57"}],"ExcludeFromPubMedXML":false,"authors":[{"displayName":"Mary Caffrey","url":"mary-caffrey"}],"taxonomyMapping":[{"_ref":"1862ee25-8e65-4dbe-8fd3-d4c11642b211","_type":"reference","_key":"2c7befd58f57"}],"is_visible":true,"title":"KRAKEN: Oral Muvalaplin Safely Lowers Lp(a) in Early-Stage Trial","_createdAt":"2024-11-18T20:52:36Z","_rev":"7gdSa6uKISxL9MxpEJGEnY","documentGroup":{"identifier":{"current":"aha","_type":"slug"},"parent":{"_ref":"a0e8a8bf-62dd-45ed-a1e1-cd1e5e8de6f6","_type":"reference"},"_createdAt":"2020-05-04T23:47:20Z","_rev":"Sik6IfwDKxX0JgkwgBkqto","_type":"documentGroup","name":"AHA: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions","_id":"conference_aha","_updatedAt":"2024-01-17T16:50:18Z"},"articleType":"News","summary":"Results bring more competition to treat this genetically driven target for cardiovascular risk.","published":"2024-11-18T20:52:00.000Z","authorMapping":[{"_ref":"author_6732921f288a3775abb89da57903428b","_type":"reference","_key":"3779ce60a595"}],"url":"kraken-oral-muvalaplin-safely-lowers-lp-a-in-early-stage-trial","thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Blood test | Image: Edward Jenner for Pexels","asset":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"image-ba7aefa89bdc1169ec3566ccea614e62d7ac7dff-8192x5461-jpg"}},"drugMentions":"{\"drug_mentions\": [\"mulvalaplin\", \"Pelacarsen\", \"Olpasiran\"]}","gptTakeaways":"• Muvalaplin, an oral drug, significantly reduces Lp(a) levels by disrupting apo(a) and apoB bonding, achieving up to 85.5% reduction in a phase 2 study.\n\n• Lp(a) is a genetically driven cardiovascular risk factor with no current treatments, affecting 1 in 5 people globally.\n\n• Muvalaplin also reduces oxidized phospholipids, with no increase in adverse events compared to placebo, offering a non-injection alternative.\n\n• Other Lp(a) therapies in development include pelacarsen and olpasiran, with phase 3 trials expected to complete in 2025 and 2027, respectively.","audioUrl":"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ai-generated-audios/www.ajmc.com/fb89e1f5-bcdf-4dab-9045-8e9bc843b3cd_1732021558277.ed6d1f65-c351-4044-8b7d-ef53b25df23c.mp3","_updatedAt":"2024-11-19T13:20:16Z","contentCategory":{"_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z","_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z"},"gptSummary":"The recent AHA Scientific Sessions highlighted promising results for mulvalaplin, the first oral drug targeting lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a significant cardiovascular disease risk factor. In a phase 2 study, mulvalaplin significantly reduced Lp(a) levels by disrupting apo(a) and apoB bonding, achieving up to 85.5% reduction. The study also showed a decrease in oxidized phospholipids, with no adverse events increase compared to placebo. 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Despite Black individuals constituting 20% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma cases in the US, only 0.9% of participants in the phase 3 IMROZ trial were Black. This disparity is not unique, as other trials, such as PERSEUS and CEPHEUS, also report similarly low Black enrollment. These gaps hinder understanding of treatment effects across populations, contributing to inequities in care and outcomes. While advances in multiple myeloma therapy have significantly improved survival rates over 2 decades, the lack of diversity in trials raises questions about the safety and efficacy of treatments for Black patients, who experience the disease at disproportionately higher rates. The FDA has introduced draft guidelines requiring \"diversity action plans\" for pivotal trials, aiming to address these disparities. However, structural barriers like restrictive eligibility criteria and trial site locations remain challenges. 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With continued momentum, the article stated the burden of iron deficiency can be reduced, enhancing the quality of life for millions worldwide.","_key":"a4ec0c3d7a90"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4cfea19cf600","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(24)00318-1/fulltext","_key":"ef693db9ff8f","nofollow":true,"blank":true}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"2d0b2a3ad81e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bf3fbdc13f53"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Non-anemic iron deficiency is a common yet often overlooked condition that predominantly affects women, girls, and individuals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While anemia impacts nearly a quarter of the world's population, the prevalence of iron deficiency may be twice as high, highlighting the severity of this public health concern.","_key":"b285e730f1b30","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2a4b908ae6b5"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1cc0884281f0","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"7df921a4510e"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges","_key":"a972be8b207a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"h3","_key":"f4a3df4488ae","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Iron deficiency often goes undiagnosed or inadequately treated due to challenges in defining and managing the condition. A recent study published in ","_key":"a09cfc1c8a140"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Blood Advances","_key":"a09cfc1c8a141"},{"text":" analyzed data from 13,084 patients in the United States with laboratory-confirmed iron deficiency.","_key":"a09cfc1c8a142","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"828b516e1a0d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" It was found that 58% of patients did not resolve their deficiency within 3 years of diagnosis, even with repeated ferritin testing. For those who did see improvement, the median time to resolution was nearly 2 years.","_key":"bd46393f6d9a"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"cc4b29bc8cbb","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"aba3a485c4ce"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2f990b646e2b"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Understanding the effects of iron deficiency separate from anemia can be complex.","_key":"e1d472ec43750"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"0372013b0f93"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" However, those with iron deficiency often experience symptoms like fatigue, weakness, intolerance to exercise, and cognitive difficulties. The implications are even more significant for pregnant individuals, as iron deficiency has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants.","_key":"1c3fc5b6e5f7"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2d55ba5b754c"},{"_key":"cea5fa013bf4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"b084d12699350"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"43e8892b332a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The quality-of-life impact is significant, yet historical diagnostic practices often fail to capture the condition. Current evidence suggests that a ferritin level of 30 µg/L or less is sensitive and specific for diagnosing absolute iron deficiency. However, some experts advocate using a threshold of 50 µg/L to better identify affected individuals, the article acknowledged. Functional iron deficiency, marked by an inability to utilize stored iron due to underlying inflammatory conditions such as chronic kidney disease, requires different diagnostic approaches, including measuring transferrin saturation.","_key":"5a6918b5ce960"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"c00da1714f6f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"d4f247c6d13e"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Disproportionate Burden and Barriers to Treatment","_key":"7cd19df54a6e"}],"_type":"block","style":"h3","_key":"1894f045d6c0"},{"_key":"0d9a723e1fe5","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Recent data highlight significant disparities in the prevalence of iron deficiency. A study conducted in September 2024 estimated that 14% of adults in the US experience absolute iron deficiency, while 15% are affected by functional iron deficiency. Among women aged 18 to 50 years, the prevalence of absolute iron deficiency is particularly concerning, reaching 34% (95% CI, 31-37), whereas functional iron deficiency is more commonly observed in older women and men across all age groups. 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This increasing awareness should now lead to significant changes in health care to enable timely and effective diagnosis and management.","_key":"ab02d4c9e26f0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5d31a61a3186"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3edc48e54eba","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"780bb2f62de2"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\"Iron deficiency itself can serve as a marker of inequality and unmet health needs since it emerges when nutrition is not optimal or when a related condition or disease is not being adequately managed,\" the article stated. \"Numerous barriers to the recognition of non-[anemic] iron deficiency as a substantial health burden still exist.\"","_key":"de30c4510d680"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"343ce342c237"},{"_key":"b40f1e922351","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"e762316edc5e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The need for improved diagnostic criteria, such as raising ferritin cutoff levels and incorporating measures for functional iron deficiency, was further emphasized. 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The overall goal of the patent dance is to increase biosimilar entry into the market while the interest of innovators who initially developed biologic therapies remains balanced.","_key":"c59849c3c7ca2","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The patent dance has proved to be effective when fostering negotiations and settlements while avoiding potentially costly legal fees. However, some criticism from industry stakeholders has suggested to further streamline the BPCIA framework to make the process less intense and more predictable for developers.","_key":"8654f36e13d50"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2164d1bbedea"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Though the patent dance remains complex, it is considered one of the main drivers of efficient biosimilar development in the US, fostering a competitive landscape that promises greater access to these critical medications for various patient populations.","_key":"c534f60083300","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a8e047e465e5"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b64797819c6d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Underlying issues within the US patent system allow drug companies to obtain market exclusivity on products, manufacturing processes, device design, development process, and other processes. This has often led to a blockade of patents that biosimilar and generic manufacturers find it difficult to push through. These challenges can lead to launch delays which then result in product hopping, when drug companies shift their demands from innovator drugs to new, patented versions.","_key":"e1d1fb0d260e0"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"99d5a378a938","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The adalimumab biosimilar market is competitive right now, with many products launching within a short timeframe. While biosimilar adoption is rising, AbbVie's patient conversions and launch delays hinder their sustainability.","_key":"e8e4544487e30","_type":"span"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"To address these issues, Congress called on the Federal Trade Commission to address product hopping and antitrust concerns. Policy makers should consider the impact of patent reforms on the entire system.","_key":"8cd536a519af0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3eac55c7e2cc","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"1a91761193c7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Payer and PBM Policies","_key":"641bc0b80a400","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]}],"_type":"block","style":"h4"},{"style":"normal","_key":"1753a381ce93","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Biosimilar access is heavily impacted by PBMs and payers who determine levels of coverage and if they will be preferred over their originators.","_key":"a7a205d024b90"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"2 ","_key":"e7cf8f43ff97","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Payers and PBMs have previously prevented biosimilar adoption over the prioritization of other drugs based on reimbursement strategies instead of medical need.","_key":"5688a57f65e5"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"26a1786953fe0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8a2b53e54885"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c05a8e7eb2e4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"PBMs select biosimilars for rebates and reimbursement, aligning with payer policies and formularies. While rebates are intended to reduce drug costs, they're often higher for reference drugs than biosimilars. This leads to higher out-of-pocket costs for patients, despite potential savings.","_key":"f16ec5b2ee370"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"83cfb7801d76","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"f16741f2b2ec0"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Reimbursement negotiations between PBMs and payers can subtly influence prescribing practices, often without patient transparency. Payer policies may not inform physicians of coverage changes for reference products or specific biosimilars, leading to unexpected treatment switches. Medicare beneficiaries face fluctuating cost sharing throughout the year as out-of-pocket spending thresholds are reached as well.","_key":"7777892198600"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d24fd8781765"},{"style":"normal","_key":"c94657bd29ae","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"ae4f93d82d1e0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Some companies have adjusted their pricing strategies to align with PBM and payer preferences, particularly in the insulin and adalimumab markets. This involves launching both branded and unbranded products at 2 price points. This dual-pricing approach offers lower-cost options for patients while incentivizing PBMs to include higher-cost products on their reimbursement lists. However, health care providers have expressed concerns about PBMs and payers interfering in the doctor-patient relationship and treatment decisions.","_key":"72390c45fe850"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ee8fbabfde3c","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"c2668f679c0b0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5a58e3833f8c"},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.centerforbiosimilars.com/view/how-policy-reforms-in-pbm-systems-could-change-the-adalimumab-market","_key":"2a78a20b2190","nofollow":true,"blank":true}],"children":[{"text":"Panelists at the ","_key":"118f88113aef0","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["2a78a20b2190"],"text":"GRx+Biosims conference","_key":"118f88113aef1"},{"text":" advocated for greater PBM transparency and policy changes to promote fair competition, wider biosimilar access, and lower costs. They suggested reforms to specialty pharmacy dispensing fees in retail settings to encourage biosimilar adoption across various channels. Additionally, they proposed Medicare reimbursement adjustments and payer formulary revisions, such as step-therapy or reduced co-pays, to prioritize biosimilars.","_key":"118f88113aef2","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f8866362aba2"},{"children":[{"text":"","_key":"512ad98b10f5","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0d8bb5e4eb36","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Interchangeability","_key":"895775a8c52a0"}],"_type":"block","style":"h4","_key":"24d30f255e35"},{"style":"normal","_key":"1ceebd0a9b4d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"8e03dd0bf1bb0"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"45aabd6e4285","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/considerations-demonstrating-interchangeability-reference-product-update"}],"children":[{"text":"The FDA published updated draft guidance titled “","_key":"bb490f01f1f20","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"marks":["45aabd6e4285"],"text":"Consideration for Demonstrating Interchangeability with a Reference Product: Update","_key":"bb490f01f1f21","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"” to further describe the switching study requirements that intend to support biological products as interchangeable with the reference product.","_key":"bb490f01f1f22"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"683d9260adeb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c0e8980376fe"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"89933c8f5ede0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c2c000ce3b97","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"653d15ce42ae","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"When the FDA rules a biosimilar product as an interchangeable biologic, the biosimilar product may be substituted for the reference product by a pharmacist other than the health care provider who wrote the original prescription. Interchangeability designations are only relevant to dispensing, not prescribing.","_key":"0dfc1ab138580","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"481381dbe6fe","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"dc8f5297df1b0"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Dracey Poore, MS, director of biosimilars at Cardinal Health Emerging Therapies, highlights the importance in acknowledging interchangeability designation as a regulatory decision rather than a clinical designation. The guidelines expect each biosimilar to prove it is similar to the reference biologic with no clinically meaningful differences in safety, purity, and potency.","_key":"f7124c93e0580"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dc4d332809ca"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"5f5a776539a70"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2453f780e27c"},{"_key":"64051f9bd331","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Interchangeability studies are often expensive for pharmaceutical manufacturers, ranging from $100 million to $300 million. The average timeline to develop a biosimilar can take between 6 to 9 years across the entire process. The new guidance aims to reduce the costs and time necessary to bring biosimilars to market while helping promote sustainability.","_key":"aec6c5db4f650"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_key":"2df5b0360cf60","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7c9dc73bc38f","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_key":"8bbc3345780e0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Addressing these issues through policy reforms and industry collaboration is crucial to fully realize the benefits of biosimilars and ensure a sustainable health care system."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d5d99082a573","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3b243ac84d24","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"5e464cda10cf","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"References","_key":"15f72ded805d0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"51252f9852b5"},{"style":"normal","_key":"9aa74bec9c58","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.centerforbiosimilars.com/view/breaking-down-biosimilar-barriers-the-patent-system","_key":"8353d97a1a81","nofollow":true}],"children":[{"_key":"00c84ac7f3650","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"1. 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Management requires personalized, multi-faceted approaches, including medications, physical therapy, and psychological support.\n\n• Prevention focuses on vaccination, public health measures, and addressing health inequities to mitigate long COVID's impact.","documentGroup":null,"factCheckBy":[{"displayName":"Pearl Steinzor","firstName":"Pearl ","lastName":"Steinzor","url":{"current":"pearl-steinzor","_type":"slug"},"profileImage":{"alt":"Pearl 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Additionally, long COVID can lead to multiorgan effects, including complications such as diabetes, heart conditions, or neurological disorders.","_key":"f38622e9d59d"}]},{"children":[{"text":"","_key":"921da5f3bbdf0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"08addbd61154","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"550b277c027d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Some individuals experience clusters of symptoms that are hard to explain or manage, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. These challenges are further compounded by the absence of a definitive laboratory test for long COVID and the stigma or misunderstanding that patients often encounter. 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Social determinants such as disability, economic disadvantage, and geographic barriers disproportionately impact certain groups, increasing their likelihood of negative health outcomes and greater burdens from long COVID.","_key":"797303a2646b","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f716aa8f956c"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"06fd9440384b0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"74ff808d0218"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"3. Testing and Diagnosis","_key":"11d3be0639ae0"}],"_type":"block","style":"h3","_key":"caf4a2dcb677"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ccb1d8d4c55e","markDefs":[{"_key":"f95a0c7ecbd1","nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39133923/"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Diagnosing long COVID is complex, as it is not a single illness and lacks a definitive laboratory test. A National Institutes of Health (NIH)–supported study published in ","_key":"a2c37a4dc20d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em","f95a0c7ecbd1"],"text":"Annals of Internal Medicine","_key":"a2c37a4dc20d1"},{"_key":"a2c37a4dc20d2","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" highlighted how challenging it can be to identify and diagnose a novel illness such as long COVID, with the authors suggesting that novel biomarkers that can distinguish the condition from other illnesses are needed."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4","_key":"0bf0989b7fac"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"b393b2dd3bfd0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"32dea6678fa8"},{"style":"normal","_key":"e35a81857045","markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/routine-lab-tests-are-not-reliable-way-diagnose-long-covid","_key":"189e82b0e7b1","nofollow":true}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“Our challenge is to discover biomarkers that can help us quickly and accurately diagnose long COVID to ensure people struggling with this disease receive the most appropriate care as soon as possible,” said David Goff, MD, PhD, director for the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, ","_key":"27cfe8368f000","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["189e82b0e7b1"],"text":"in a statement","_key":"27cfe8368f001"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"27cfe8368f002"},{"_key":"db0e7b13f0aa","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"5"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" “Long COVID symptoms can prevent someone from returning to work or school, and may even make everyday tasks a burden, so the ability for rapid diagnosis is key.”","_key":"723e85cee66f"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"2e166b700e2f0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"20c8b389b11d"},{"style":"normal","_key":"44cd267ca624","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Depending on the nature of the symptoms, providers may use blood tests, chest x-rays, or CT scans to detect inflammation or structural changes in the lungs and other organs.","_key":"1eb980622e9e0"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6","_key":"bdca9acb9a17"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Lung function tests are often performed to assess respiratory capacity, while electrocardiograms or echocardiograms may help identify heart-related issues.","_key":"e89bc2405b80"}],"_type":"block"},{"style":"normal","_key":"e6d793290075","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"86ca52bfe9440"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"4. 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Data show undocumented Latinx people face disproportionate burden of long COVID. ","_key":"4365dca3c9d10"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC","_key":"4365dca3c9d11"},{"_key":"6f21d19f246b","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"®"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":". ","_key":"35b762834c60"},{"_key":"4365dca3c9d12","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"October 17, 2024. Accessed November 21, 2024. "},{"_type":"span","marks":["0aee6c384051"],"text":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/data-show-undocumented-latinx-people-face-disproportionate-burden-of-long-covid","_key":"4365dca3c9d13"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"4. Erlandson KM, Geng LN, Selvaggi CA, et al. Differentiation of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and postacute sequelae by standard clinical laboratory measurements in the RECOVER Cohort. ","_key":"6aa9b9b98a680"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Ann Intern Med","_key":"6aa9b9b98a681"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2024;177(9):1209-1221. doi:10.7326/M24-0737","_key":"6aa9b9b98a682"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"005e7d1435b7","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"fd896e478c13","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/routine-lab-tests-are-not-reliable-way-diagnose-long-covid","_key":"72e56b7490d8"}],"children":[{"_key":"8ffabcae36180","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"5. Routine lab tests are not a reliable way to diagnose long COVID. NIH. News release. August 12, 2024. Accessed November 21, 2024. "},{"text":"https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/routine-lab-tests-are-not-reliable-way-diagnose-long-covid","_key":"8ffabcae36181","_type":"span","marks":["72e56b7490d8"]}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"6. Long COVID. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed November 21, 2024. 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Certain demographics, including women, Hispanic and Latino individuals, and those with severe initial COVID-19 illness, are at higher risk. Diagnosis is challenging due to the absence of definitive tests, necessitating novel biomarker discovery. Management requires personalized, multi-faceted approaches, while prevention focuses on vaccination and public health measures. Addressing health inequities and improving awareness are crucial for mitigating long COVID's impact."},{"drugMentions":"{\n \"drug_mentions\": [\"bortezomib\", \"lenalidomide\", \"dexamethasone\"]\n}","title":"To Improve Clinical Trial Equity in Multiple Myeloma, Just Ask","articleType":"Commentary","_rev":"HwE5PzPdkhb4dxbtVHREN5","_type":"article","authorMapping":[{"_type":"reference","_key":"4e4ce5b9d9a6","_ref":"author_6732921f288a3775abb89da57903428b"}],"pageNumber":"SP887","contentCategory":{"_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z","_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z"},"documentGroup":null,"seoTag":["clinical trials","multiple myeloma","disparities","health equity","pharmaceuticals"],"_updatedAt":"2024-11-22T12:48:47Z","ExcludeFromPubMedXML":false,"body":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2f62f1fa2c32","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"This issue of Evidence-Based Oncology includes a special report, cowritten with our contributor Ryan Flinn, that started with questions at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting. Three years prior, as the COVID-19 pandemic lingered and the conference remained virtual, Lori Pierce, MD, FASTRO, FASCO, delivered her remarkable Presidential Address, “Equity: Every Patient. Every Day. Everywhere,” which touched on all the ways that overt racism and socioeconomic disparities create gaps in outcomes between White and Black patients.","_key":"d484e77feff70"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"340886c2d50e"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Some asked then whether the focus on equity would fade once the pandemic ended and the world returned to normal. However, ","_key":"d120277affce"},{"text":"The American Journal of Managed Care","_key":"09a43c5c6f46","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"text":" vowed to highlight these issues for the long haul through the Center on Health Equity \u0026 Access—and we are keeping that promise. So, we couldn’t ignore how few Black patients were enrolled in a pair of important multiple myeloma trials that had results presented at ASCO.","_key":"8fb55cc302ae","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"e53284442299"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"837bca01b80b"},{"_key":"d7ed52e524f9","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"IMROZ (NCT03319667) and PERSEUS (NCT03710603) involved quadruplet regimens for groups of newly diagnosed patients: 2 different anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, each given with a backbone of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone. Results for one study were so promising that an expert asked whether the lines between transplant eligible and transplant ineligible were still needed.","_key":"4a60639aaea5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"3ec066a6e790"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"33ca6d8f0380","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"These 2 trials could markedly shift care for many of the 35,000-plus individuals in the US who are annually diagnosed with multiple myeloma, which is well known to disproportionately affect the Black patient population. In a decade, Black patients will account for one-quarter of those newly diagnosed with myeloma in the US.","_key":"b050f76f8342"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"fe3126b5f3dc","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Just as IMROZ and PERSEUS were launching, the FDA warned that among all patients enrolled in myeloma trials for drug indications between 2003 and 2017, only 4.5% were Black. The trials opened, and together they randomized 1155 patients. Thirteen were Black.","_key":"55682920efa2"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"33c7dcd538e6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The explanation that Flinn received in his reporting is that location matters. Trials based outside the US, especially those centered in Europe, were more likely to have a larger enrollment of White patients. Testing sites in the US are more diverse. When we reached Joseph Mikhael, MD, an expert and advocate in this area and the chief medical officer for the International Myeloma Foundation, he said that efforts are ongoing to address the different metrics that emerge from European-based trials. But it really comes down to FDA asking the right questions.","_key":"327f69fef505"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"f8e5593941a7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The FDA is taking notice. In June, it issued a draft guidance for the industry on Diversity Action Plans that would be required for certain clinical studies. The question is: What happens next?","_key":"ae1713f6ab71"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"dad826a2568d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"At a May forum hosted by Citeline, Bob Zambon, a vice president for Syneos Health, said nothing will propel change more than the FDA telling a company “no” over lack of diversity. “What will drive this most of all,” Zambon said, “is the FDA saying, ‘Either do it or we’re not going to approve your drug.’”","_key":"ee2068a6996a"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"1ff412e35fa8"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Change means identifying the barriers to participation and taking them on. It means going to where the patients are. It means making connections with community leaders who patients trust, such as pastors or primary care physicians. It means working with community oncologists to bring trials into remote areas. It also means not making assumptions about who can be in a trial, Pierce said.","_key":"c3431fd94816","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f2e7783714ea"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a330335e2901","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“This is not an issue for the public, for the medical community, for the pharmaceutical community, for the regulatory agencies, for the government,” Mikhael said. “It’s really one that involves all of us.”","_key":"5623f5828d9d"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Most of all, as the effort by ASCO and the Association of Cancer Care Centers suggests, it calls on physicians to “just ask.” \n\n","_key":"395e17750805"},{"text":"References","_key":"f4e84a0a1501","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n1. Pierce L. 2021 presidential address: equity: every patient. every day. everywhere. ASCO Connection. June 7, 2021. Accessed November 1, 2024. https://connection.asco.org/magazine/features/2021-presidential-address-equity-every-patient-every-day-everywhere\n2. Caffrey M, Shaw ML. Multiple myeloma. ","_key":"473d47d7a475"},{"text":"Am J Manag Care","_key":"f1169dcb2b57","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"_key":"4bef88cc8911","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2024;30(Spec 8):SP608-SP617.\n3. Karlin-Smith S. ‘Do it or we’re not going to approve your drug:’ industry reps as FDA for trial diversity sticks. Pink Sheet. May 13, 2024. Accessed October 28, 2024. https://insights.citeline.com/PS154696/Do-It-Or-Were-Not-Going-To-Approve-Your-Drug-Industry-Reps-Ask-FDA-For-Trial-Diversity-Sticks/"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dec0ba64830f"}],"published":"2024-11-22T12:37:00.000Z","issueGroup":{"_ref":"477f9888-ea5b-4621-bb40-41487563b322","_type":"reference"},"factCheckBy":[{"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Mary Caffrey","firstName":null,"lastName":null,"url":{"current":"mary-caffrey","_type":"slug"},"profileImage":null,"biography":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Mary Caffrey is the Executive Editor for The American Journal of Managed Care® (","_key":"9737335da1ed0"},{"_key":"b8dda18bb0dc","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"®). 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The academic-community partnerships at the center of these talks offer transformative initiatives; the speakers discussed multidisciplinary collaboration, data sharing, and patient support that focused on addressing social determinants of health and improving health equity through equitable access, clinical trial diversity, and technology.","_key":"95dd10c9e3d0"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"78d2acb8d7fd","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“There’s just no question that delivering care closer to home has tremendous benefits. 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Republicans have historically aimed to limit the ACA’s reach—with research from 2018 showing that most Americans (56% overall; of those polled, 80% were Democrats, 54% Independents, 28% Republicans) think a Trump administration could cause the ACA to fail.","_key":"ac8a04f06961"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"4","_key":"8752b7a8854a","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Mullangi also presented policy options in drug pricing and reproductive health for Trump and for Vice President Kamala Harris, as the event took place before the November 5, 2024, election.","_key":"10db435dc965"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"5","_key":"eeae84f3745b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a57fb1f7e525","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"84e20cb9eee3","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Another top-of-mind issue is the financial pressure that community oncology practices continue to face through insufficient reimbursement structures, ASP erosion, and drug affordability. 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For the former, this could mean requiring greater transparency of rebates and fees regarding drug list prices, and for the latter, continuing to try to strike down the Medicare FAQ provisions that restrict physician delivery of medications via mail order—with the unfortunate consequence of contributing to care disparities for patients who live in rural areas or are disabled.","_key":"7a0b079dbf67"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"303dd5f68d0d"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“To continue to survive and thrive as community oncologists, we need to educate our leaders,” she concluded, “and advocate for responsible choices that continue to drive research innovation and access to improve cancer care.”\n","_key":"9f60f14cb4e7"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"\nBridging Gaps in Specialty Care","_key":"ef5b47e9ab8e"},{"marks":[],"text":"\n","_key":"28c5133a1602","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"454c93185e1c"},{"crop":{"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0.0325204669806185,"top":0,"left":0.11382120910006534,"bottom":0.3781300258304183},"widthP":20,"_type":"figure","_key":"88a5ab90c3f0","disableLightBox":true,"imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Mario Lacouture, MD | Image: NYU Grossman","_key":"f15bfe8c3dee"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"32051c7d5656"}],"disableTextWrap":false,"hotspot":{"width":0.8536583239193162,"x":0.5406503710597235,"y":0.31093498708479084,"height":0.6218699741695817,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot"},"asset":{"_ref":"image-4d7f16f2aa7c59f43a233a9292595288ead0f626-600x800-jpg","_type":"reference"},"alt":"Mario Lacouture, MD | Image: NYU Grossman","alignment":"left"},{"style":"normal","_key":"c6b5b993b2b2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Lahoud then introduced Lacouture as a pioneer for helping to transform the field of onco-dermatology, “now formally recognized as a specialty around the world, including with the American Academy of Dermatology and the International Society of Dermatopathology.” Lacouture started his presentation with the necessity of promoting interdisciplinary care within oncology by both highlighting misconceptions about the field from those on the outside looking in and fulfillment from seeing patients battle what is very often a debilitating disease.","_key":"5e2d1cc44e6d"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“We see this struggle that people face, and we see the courage that people show us on a daily basis as they fight the disease,” Lacouture said, “and they allow us to participate in their care.”","_key":"cb2e54882aa4"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d1fe6ac3e80f"},{"style":"normal","_key":"fef55d45dbb7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"However, cancer care is becoming increasingly complex. Principal modes of treatment include surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy, and immunotherapy; survivorship is skyrocketing, both in total survivors and those still alive 25 years or more after their initial diagnosis; and more patients are now living with comorbidities that come with age due to the increased survivorship (eg, diabetes, renal disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders).","_key":"a0d65d2b108d","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"6-8","_key":"bdcc956144cd","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"430f2c4c59cc","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The price these patients pay for their survival, in terms of mild to moderate or severe treatment-related adverse events and symptom management, impact on quality of life, financial burden, and challenges with long-term adherence demonstrate mean that multidisciplinary collaboration among research and community centers and between oncology and other disciplines—the sharing of knowledge—is fast becoming necessary for care to advance and to keep up with the ever-growing patient base.","_key":"0a35ab54decb"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Specialist access is easier wished for than done, however, Lacouture pointed out, which makes it all the more important to create and implement standard guidelines for patient referrals and management “to ensure consistency in care delivery across different providers and settings and to reduce variability and potential errors in symptom management.” His suggestions include being preoccupied with failure, or actively surveilling for adverse events to manage them sooner; taking a proactive approach to reduce the incidence of adverse effects; deferring to the other care specialists on the team who may have more knowledge on how to best manage a certain adverse effect; making real-time adjustments to treatment based on observed symptoms; and always learning through ongoing research and clinical trials.","_key":"696f0533b14b","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"385de0d5a943"},{"_key":"a9db0e67b987","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"These tools of efficiency are at the heart of Perlmutter’s Symptom Management Program and its focus on driving excellence through specialty care, he explained. The programs 3 pillars are as follows:\nOptimizing specialist referrals and making that process more straightforward can reduce care fragmentation and increase care coordination and referral tracking, which in turn helps to prioritize urgent cases and shorten appointment wait time.","_key":"db4d62c9e730"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Providing point-of-care decision support gives oncologists and other interdisciplinary care team specialists the critical data they need to support timely interventions.","_key":"34510ce82256"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c439905002cc"},{"style":"normal","_key":"5c4b58294bf0","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Utilizing digital patient monitoring improves communication efficiency with interprofessional consultations so patients can get timely input from specialists without needing to be at appointments in person.","_key":"d3db7531e2ce"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“It’s possible to transform oncology practices through these optimized symptom care pathways if a concerted effort is made to include specialists,” he explained. “It’s important to equip all oncology teams with these data-driven tools to really revolutionize the management of symptoms so that they are an integral component of cancer care.”","_key":"f7d1c8f732cf"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"823cc64e0bd7","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"70aecf97dd59","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"5a4437b881d0"},{"text":"\nImproving Cancer Health Outcomes Through Community-Clinical Partnerships","_key":"e92f110764a7","_type":"span","marks":["strong"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n","_key":"bd29049d639b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"figure","crop":{"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0.2683550484572783,"top":0.027881829949873912,"left":0.29198322537579113,"bottom":0.4356539020779764},"widthP":24,"imgcaption":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"91967eac49fb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Brita Roy, MD, MPH | Image: NYU Langone","_key":"98e33fbd926b"}]}],"_key":"6965e796dee7","asset":{"_ref":"image-5383d5661750df50b5003e5523c1de4c2128125f-413x400-jpg","_type":"reference"},"alignment":"left","disableTextWrap":false,"hotspot":{"width":0.43966172616693056,"x":0.5118140884592564,"y":0.2961139639359488,"height":0.5364642679721497,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot"},"disableLightBox":true},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Roy brought the evening’s presentations to a close with an exploration of the profound impact of community-clinical partnerships on improving cancer care outcomes and recognizing and addressing how health and social factors are interconnected and impact medical care.","_key":"dd80581d5aaa"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"23c11725b7bb"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3b35900c2bac","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Did you know that your zip code can be more important than your genetic code when it comes to morbidity and mortality, especially in the United States, and that really profound health disparities exist depending on where you live?” she asked. For example, in New York City, she explained, just 6 subway stops separate Murray Hill from East Harlem, but there is a 9-year difference in life expectancy, at 85 years vs 76 years.","_key":"c5ef1a25f53f"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"A staunch advocate for stronger integration of community resources and clinical care, Roy addressed how place-based health disparities can affect cancer risk and outcomes and how within this there are influences from 2 principal pathways. She explained that both the physical environment (eg, walkability, access to green spaces, nutritious food, educational opportunities, stable housing) and psychosocial stressors (eg, structural racism, low social support, exposure to violence, trauma, chronic stress, lack of safety) can create pronounced health disparities, as well as influence cancer screening rates and prevalence of chronic illness.","_key":"ab22d75893a3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"be3ea2797ac2","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"This is where community involvement and community-clinical partnerships become integral to fostering holistic support for people with cancer within their communities and augmenting existing clinical strategies to improve health equity by addressing social and clinical needs. Such collaborations can make progress in providing comprehensive care in several ways, she noted.","_key":"96c76a20551c"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b101e85348a3","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Getting out into the communities is a necessity, as are utilizing community health workers who are diverse and reflect the neighborhoods. They are better able to provide outreach and education, address concerns, and answer questions about cancer screening, she said. It is also pertinent that health care providers, community organizations, and community health workers operate as a single entity, knowing that closer collaboration improves care outcomes and enhances the ability to provide the comprehensive care that is needed. ","_key":"5ecde7ec7dd6"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e63ffb15162a"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"dac00e86cd80","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"However, to be effective in this regard, they must not only network effectively but coordinate, cooperate, and collaborate. Doing these things within the communities facilitates information exchange, the sharing of resources, and more effective patient support; improves health literacy; and serves to address social needs, she added."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7dd2222791cd"},{"_key":"39871dcda096","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"8d3f8d427012","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Community-clinical partnerships play crucial roles in addressing the complex challenges of cancer care, Roy concluded, and by focusing on social determinants of health and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, “by forging strong partnerships between clinics and the neighborhoods they serve, we can create lasting change and ensure equitable access to the care and resources everyone deserves. The health of the community is the foundation upon which we must build.” \n"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"\nReferences","_key":"f17ebacc2136"},{"text":"\n1. Steinzor P. The 2024 presidential election: implications for health care policy. AJMC. October 18, 2024. Accessed October 31, 2024. https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-2024-presidential-election-implications-for-health-care-policy\n2. AJMC staff. COA supports bills to ensure access to cancer medications. Am J Manag Care. 2024;29(suppl 8):SP722.\n3. McCormick B. House unanimously passes seniors’ access to Critical Medications Act. AJMC. September 25, 2024. Accessed October 31, 2024. https://www.ajmc.com/view/house-unanimously-passes-seniors-access-to-critical-medications-act. ","_key":"1ef1493551ee","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"4. A majority of Americans say the Trump administration is trying to make the Affordable Care Act fail. KFF. July 26, 2018. Accessed October 31, 2024. https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/slide/a-majority-of-americans-say-the-trump-administration-is-trying-to-make-the-affordable-care-act-fail/\n5. Steinzor P. Biden-Harris administration proposes new rule to expand affordable contraception coverage. AJMC. October 23, 2024. Accessed October 31, 2024. https://www.ajmc.com/view/biden-harris-administration-proposes-new-rule-to-expand-affordable-contraception-coverage\n6. Panigrahi G, Ambs S. How comorbidities shape cancer biology and survival. Trends Cancer. 2021;7(6):488-495. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2020.12.010\n7. Gallicchio L, Devasia TP, Tonorezos E, Mollica MA, Mariotto AB. Estimation of the number of individuals living with metastatic cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022;114(11):1476-1483. doi:10.1093/jnci/djac158\n8. Tonorezos E, Devasia TP, Mariotto AB, et al. Prevalence of cancer survivors in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. Published online July 13, 2024. doi:10.1093/jnci/djae135","_key":"262a4f33cba2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f5159ca88d3a"}],"factCheckBy":[{"displayName":"Maggie L. Shaw","firstName":null,"lastName":null,"url":{"current":"maggie-l-shaw","_type":"slug"},"profileImage":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Maggie L. Shaw","asset":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"image-7219c501186d8cbe6d25614b5b22645ea1c6fe2c-600x619-jpg"}},"biography":[{"children":[{"text":"Maggie is an editor for The American Journal of Managed Care® (AJMC®) and produces written, video, and podcast content covering several disease states. She joined AJMC® in 2019, and has been with AJMC®’s parent company, MJH Life Sciences®, since 2014, when she started as a copy editor.","_key":"abc0e18a29ce0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"643be033259e","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[{"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/maggielshaw/","_key":"159c764717fb","nofollow":true}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"She has a BA in English from Penn State University. You can connect with Maggie on ","_key":"8e1abe71bcd2","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["159c764717fb"],"text":"LinkedIn","_key":"abc0e18a29ce1"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"abc0e18a29ce2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f4070c315fab"}],"showSocialShare":null}],"title":"Collaborating for Cancer Care Equity: Community and Academic Insights","is_visible":true,"url":"collaborating-for-cancer-care-equity-community-and-academic-insights","taxonomyMapping":[{"_key":"b343418d83f8","_ref":"b3842fbc-a157-4b94-beaf-1e9def3f3485","_type":"reference"},{"_ref":"4ee49086-e720-4a65-883e-4efc24de53bb","_type":"reference","_key":"f03a44418e8e"},{"_ref":"topic_technology","_type":"reference","_key":"ad0f2b6a435a"}],"contentCategory":{"_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z","_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z"},"seoTag":["dermatology","strategic partnerships","NYU Langone","Emeline Aviki","obstetrics","technology","data science","social determinants of health","SDOH","digital health"],"authorDetails":[{"displayName":"Maggie L. Shaw","firstName":null,"lastName":null,"url":{"current":"maggie-l-shaw","_type":"slug"},"profileImage":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Maggie L. Shaw","asset":{"_ref":"image-7219c501186d8cbe6d25614b5b22645ea1c6fe2c-600x619-jpg","_type":"reference"}},"biography":[{"style":"normal","_key":"643be033259e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"abc0e18a29ce0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Maggie is an editor for The American Journal of Managed Care® (AJMC®) and produces written, video, and podcast content covering several disease states. She joined AJMC® in 2019, and has been with AJMC®’s parent company, MJH Life Sciences®, since 2014, when she started as a copy editor."}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/maggielshaw/","_key":"159c764717fb"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"She has a BA in English from Penn State University. You can connect with Maggie on ","_key":"8e1abe71bcd2"},{"_type":"span","marks":["159c764717fb"],"text":"LinkedIn","_key":"abc0e18a29ce1"},{"text":".","_key":"abc0e18a29ce2","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f4070c315fab"}],"showSocialShare":null}],"authorMapping":[{"_type":"reference","_key":"2b0bec588d8d","_ref":"author_51b2956e2bd42e0d6e35a66971fd60bc"}],"thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","asset":{"_ref":"image-54f2a4431fd4ea73ec6c2ec625fd0d107129c22d-285x121-png","_type":"reference"}},"documentGroup":null,"gptSummary":"Experts from leading cancer centers and venture capital convened to discuss enhancing community cancer programs through academic partnerships. The event highlighted the importance of bridging gaps between community-led cancer care and research to optimize patient outcomes. Key discussions included the impact of policies on cancer care, the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration, and the role of community-clinical partnerships in addressing health disparities. Emphasis was placed on the need for data-driven tools, equitable access to care, and the integration of community resources to improve cancer health outcomes and ensure consistent quality of care.","issueGroup":{"_ref":"477f9888-ea5b-4621-bb40-41487563b322","_type":"reference"},"drugMentions":"{\"drug_mentions\": []}","gptTakeaways":"• Strategic partnerships between academic and community cancer programs can optimize patient outcomes and address health disparities through interdisciplinary collaboration and data sharing.\n\n• Policy changes, including drug pricing and telemedicine provisions, significantly impact cancer care delivery, requiring attention to ensure access and innovation.\n\n• Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential for managing complex cancer care, emphasizing the need for standard guidelines and proactive symptom management.\n\n• Community-clinical partnerships are crucial for addressing social determinants of health, improving health equity, and fostering comprehensive cancer care.","_updatedAt":"2024-11-21T19:18:34Z","_type":"article","issueSection":{"_ref":"cc663f4a-abe3-4db7-a6a8-502b2c7a6f4b","_type":"reference"}},{"_createdAt":"2024-11-21T13:39:23Z","issueGroup":{"_ref":"477f9888-ea5b-4621-bb40-41487563b322","_type":"reference"},"thumbnail":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"VUMC logo | Image: VUMC","caption":"VUMC logo | Image: VUMC","asset":{"_ref":"image-b5c14be89a3ae543039ce986f9c14a8b718758e4-195x195-jpg","_type":"reference"}},"_type":"article","articleType":"Publication","body":[{"_key":"d2979b78c2fb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Innovating cancer care and strengthening community relationships through equity initiatives that address disparities and prioritize collaboration and advocacy were the highlight of an Institute for Value-Based Management event held in Nashville, Tennessee, in October. The event featured experts from Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, and the theme was “Bringing the Future to the Present in Cancer Care.","_key":"70a5d0c503b60","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"alt":"Cathy Eng, MD, FACP, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","alignment":"left","imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"7ce5d29e1933","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"b9c51e339615","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Cathy Eng, MD, FACP, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center"}],"_type":"block"}],"widthP":20,"disableTextWrap":false,"_key":"a1002f580cf8","asset":{"_ref":"image-8d0feeecf620a0ad9f4c61a4d0d185759019f77d-300x294-jpg","_type":"reference"},"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure"},{"imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"d31f7c29591d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Jordan Berlin, MD, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","_key":"a479f314b768"}],"_type":"block"}],"widthP":20,"disableLightBox":true,"alt":"Jordan Berlin, MD, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","alignment":"left","asset":{"_ref":"image-6bc5b51f1dce259d6ad6c33a7d37c7d6d94a5547-200x270-jpg","_type":"reference"},"crop":{"bottom":0.21728379991319458,"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0,"top":0.012345603660300925,"left":0},"disableTextWrap":false,"_type":"figure","hotspot":{"width":1,"x":0.5,"y":0.39753090187355317,"height":0.7703705964265045,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot"},"_key":"386922962782"},{"_key":"d0febea84a26","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The cochairs were Cathy Eng, MD, FACP, FASCO, the David H. Johnson Endowed Chair in Surgical and Medical Oncology and professor of medicine, hematology, and oncology; and Jordan Berlin, MD, FASCO, associate director for clinical research and director, Division of Hematology and Oncology.","_key":"c214c185b868"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"They were joined by Keith Obstein, MD, MPH, FASGE, associate professor of medicine and of mechanical engineering and program director, gastroenterology fellowship; Kamran Idrees, MD, MSCI, MMHC, FACS, chief, Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, and director of pancreatic and gastrointestinal surgical oncology; Travis Osterman, DO, MS, FAMIA, FASCO, associate vice president for research informatics, and director, cancer clinical informatics; and Karen Winkfield, MD, PhD, executive director, Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance; associate director, Community Outreach and Engagement; and Ingram Professor of Cancer Research.","_key":"d2c54cf1ccdf"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3ebfbf38709d","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Presentations brought to life how cancer care is being shaped through incorporating predictive modeling for immunotherapy response and employing artificial intelligence (AI) in both endoscopy for colon cancer and histotripsy for liver cancer, confirming the redirection of value-based cancer care through personalized data-driven approaches. And the focus on equity, collaboration, and expanding care access underscores why not just the field of oncology but health care overall needs to ensure these newest advances reach diverse populations in underserved communities, address systemic disparities, and transform patient outcomes.\n","_key":"c89de8217b0f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"\nThrough the Looking Glass: Predicting the Future of Colonoscopy\n","_key":"3a1335b57230"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“If we’re going to talk about the future and predicting it, we have to go back to the past,” Obstein said, as he kicked off the evening with an at-times humorous but insightful address on the evolution and future of colonoscopy. ","_key":"dfad80f44e60"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c113150263f7"},{"alt":"Keith Obstein, MD, MPH, FASGE | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"ad4b0965a438","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Keith Obstein, MD, MPH, FASGE | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"64a78898c9fc"}],"widthP":20,"disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true,"_key":"eafc2ed04f82","_type":"figure","alignment":"left","asset":{"_ref":"image-d370d6c77cdadf342bc0f6fd290e73bc107a5000-200x200-jpg","_type":"reference"}},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"He provided an overview of how far colonoscopy has come, spurred, he emphasized, by great minds not afraid to innovate and use blue-sky thinking, or free-range brainstorming.","_key":"7d3162fe0076"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"1","_key":"eaa1ef97aaa1"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" He noted the span from the invention of the Lichtleiter in 1806,","_key":"e44899dc1d6d"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"221440d78c75"},{"text":" the first lighted device used to internally inspect the human body, to the live television broadcast of Katie Couric’s March 2000 colonoscopy, which saw a significant jump in numbers of the procedure and would come to be known as “The Couric Effect.”","_key":"611b77515913","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"3","_key":"8d17f21a3489","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d13a05a6a6dc"},{"_key":"a4d1d51fbb2a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"08ea25ea1adc","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Technological advances are revolutionizing both patient care and procedure efficiency, with there now being more than 100 different flexible endoscopes, Obstein noted. With specialized scopes, it’s possible to record images and leverage AI to enhance diagnostics, such as assisting in detecting and diagnosing potential polyps and streamlining the decision-making process. "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"4572cfa0ae6c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Likely gone are the days of having to just rely on human interpretation, he said. Another pioneering development was locomotion, a procedure that uses a pneumatically driven robotic disposable colonoscope","_key":"1a338f6aba14"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4","_key":"c14ef56a0a76"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" to improve colon navigation and that aims to increase the detection and removal of cancerous polyps through greater precision and safety.","_key":"1a8c6422d41c"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"867286806d61","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Obstein also discussed the significant impact of medical waste on the environment and how those in his field are exploring potential solutions. These include implementing the cautious use of disposable endoscopes, transitioning to recycling certain components, adapting current endoscopes for multiple uses, and fitting them with add-on features to increase efficiency.","_key":"49e23ee047d5"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6f0b66a26ab2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"3dde78722c32","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“So rather than buying 100-plus endoscopes, including 10 specialty scopes and 20 additional scopes that have ultrasound,” he posed, “what about converting our forward-viewing endoscopes into linear array echo endoscopes by putting an add-on piece to gain more value per unit or increase dexterity?”"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"As for transforming access to colonoscopies, Obstein emphasized that there is a great need for more mobile endoscopy services to increase colon cancer screenings and reduce health care disparities in underserved communities and for enhanced telemedicine capabilities that could permit real-time collaboration with experts around the world. Improving training efficiency for gastroenterologists is another path to progress, with haptic technology, or tactile feedback that helps to simulate touch,","_key":"832e89f12d25"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"5","_key":"d5bcbc9bf148"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" as is redesigning endoscopes to be more user friendly, he said.","_key":"13b8a009c643"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"655e60e08b4d","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"3a4e18653aa2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“I think the future is bright,” he concluded. “I think it’s developing rapidly as we increase our firepower in terms of computers, technology, and just innovative designs and thinking outside the box.”\n\n","_key":"bc7d4f1425b5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Histotripsy and Its Role in Treating Liver Tumors","_key":"7d5fed99e827"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n“We have purchased the machine that does this new procedure,” Eng said when introducing Idrees, “and we’re hoping it’s going to change the field of cancer regarding liver metastasis.”","_key":"1eb946120da1"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b9b7b5ff1796","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Histotripsy is a newer innovative procedure in which high-intensity sound waves, sent in small pulses of less than 20 microseconds, target and work to destroy liver tumors without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.","_key":"03c32ee71b9f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6","_key":"332d946bf0cb"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The noninvasive treatment was approved by the FDA in 2023 for treating patients with liver cancer.","_key":"9b1412130d2d"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"78893a59ee6b"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Key strength of the procedure is its ability to achieve sharp, clear margins around the tumor; it presents an additional option for patients who are not surgical candidates. Data from 44 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic liver tumors in the #HOPE4LIVER US trial supported the approval; the trial had a 97% technical success rate,","_key":"0211d5d9b86e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"8","_key":"624c8ac4a76d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and adverse events were seen in only 3 patients.","_key":"5eb8291e8926"},{"text":"9","_key":"65322ab6e330","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In contrast to more traditional thermal ablation techniques—with which there is a greater risk of incomplete tumor destruction—the microscopic bubbles created by histotripsy help to preserve vital structures, Idrees explained. After a patient has been placed under general anesthesia, he said, a clinician uses an ultrasound to pinpoint a tumor, and this helps to direct the histotripsy machine’s ultrasound waves to liquefy the cancerous tissue. For most patients, this is a same-day procedure and there are no significant complications; each lesion can take between 13 and 20 minutes to dissolve, and the current limit for each procedure is 3 to 5 lesions.","_key":"bd269840cbfd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"03048e2bfaba"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“The best part about it is tissue selectivity. It affects the tumor cells, and it affects the normal liver tissue, but it doesn’t affect the key structures within the liver,” Idrees said. “So anything that has collagen in it, like the blood vessels and the bile ducts that we want to preserve, it completely preserves them.”","_key":"4e025ca7a840"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"80aa2c7dfb7b"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Next steps in advancing histotripsy include further evaluating what may be an immune response following the procedure, with there being several observations of untreated liver tumors shrinking post histotripsy treatment, Idrees said, “indicating a possible abscopal effect.” He also broached the possibility of using a patient’s immune system through histotripsy to fight colorectal metastases, since most patients he sees are ineligible for immunotherapy or don’t benefit from it. He also highlighted how this technology is currently being investigated in several other cancer types, including renal cell tumors.\n","_key":"8ef2e361e227"},{"_key":"79e6dd0beb5e","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"\nLeveraging AI to Deliver Precision Immunotherapy"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n“Our amazing informatician” is how Berlin introduced Osterman to deliver the evening’s third presentation, which examined the need to consider treatment toxicity while seeking treatment efficiency.","_key":"0d1104c3e4db"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3d1721adc465","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"figure","widthP":20,"alt":"Travis Osterman, DO, MS, FAMIA, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","imgcaption":[{"_key":"b7fc2fc69d41","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Travis Osterman, DO, MS, FAMIA, FASCO | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","_key":"29845baab5fd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"alignment":"left","asset":{"_ref":"image-ab00fdcff42216607ba497d71a8986e9b052173c-183x275-jpg","_type":"reference"},"_key":"d0ac563f7fb4","disableTextWrap":false,"disableLightBox":true},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"He started with contrasting case studies of 2 patients with stage IV non–small cell lung cancer and their markedly different responses to immunotherapy, despite both having high PD-L1 expression and low disease burden. The first patient treated with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in 2014 developed colitis but achieved long-term remission; the second patient, who was treated in 2016 with ipilimumab (Yervoy) and nivolumab (Opdivo), developed severe pneumonitis and died following disease progression.","_key":"d88cc16a4797"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6dd4b514ba93"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“One of the challenges, I think, for many of us who use these drugs is, I never want to miss someone who could be that first patient. I never want to miss the opportunity to give a patient immunotherapy,” Osterman said. “But I’m also tempered by how bad some of the adverse effects can be for certain patients,” which highlights the importance of careful patient selection in immunotherapy.","_key":"12aac588d5dd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"1e0cdb3f244b","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dc44c29b0767","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"He discussed his work with GE HealthCare and Vanderbilt’s partnership on the Digital Precision Oncology Project. In a discussion with T","_key":"ebd01963ae85"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"he American Journal of Managed Care","_key":"e4ca3adbf82d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"® (","_key":"d0ec57cf45a7"},{"_key":"9449b910dd70","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC"},{"marks":[],"text":"), Osterman explained that the collaboration began 5 years ago, with the aim of using routinely collected clinical data on patients with cancer to predict immunotherapy toxicity. The partnership wanted to “see if we could learn from those data which patients were likely to have toxicities from immunotherapy and which patients were likely to have disproportional benefits to immunotherapy, with the goal of ultimately helping oncologists and their patients make better and more informed decisions about their treatment options. Just about every approach to predicting this question of toxicities and efficacy to immunotherapy has been attempted,” he said.","_key":"98ac11b84007","_type":"span"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"The project’s pan-tumor sample—meaning many cancer types were represented—of approximately 2700 patients is one of the larger samples\nfor this type of project in the US, he explained, and it used 4 models trained on approximately 2000 patients each. Using data sets as prediction tools can present logistical issues such as small sample sizes and a lack of external validation, which is why the partnership chose to focus on data that were already being collected at Vanderbilt, “so that if we’re able to show a signal, we’ll be able to disseminate this in a very widespread way,” he said\nClinical utility was also a focus, in that another goal of the data evaluation was to not just know there would be adverse effects but to explain why different patients had different reactions and to provide that feedback to clinicians and those patients. “I don’t need a computer algorithm to tell me that a patient is at high risk of having an adverse effect from a disease,” Osterman explained to ","_key":"6b79a7f09210","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC","_key":"36249d4d4f8b"},{"text":". “What I need the algorithm to tell me is how is this different than the average patient.”","_key":"f00dc60407a1","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8754a4a86793"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"14ff2c2dbea2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"df8c76ee0471","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Such predictive modeling can advance patient care on the basis of informed discussion and agreement between a patient and their clinician using the best-prevailing evidence to understand treatment outcomes, Osterman has written."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"10","_key":"a76b7a777f58"},{"text":"\n","_key":"770de9f15d12","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"97330b015f48","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"\nA Vision for Community Outreach and Engagement in Nashville and Beyond"},{"_key":"55829c666c37","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n“Because every community has a reality in the US, we have to learn how to meet people where they are. People think that it requires a whole lot of effort, and it doesn’t,” Winkfield told "},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC","_key":"b6d1bc61b769"},{"text":". “For my physician colleagues, even just kind of thinking about your daily practice and how you engage with people, having that culture, humility, the willingness to ask those questions, is really important.”","_key":"a900b6b7b6f2","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"938b13d4b969","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Karen Winkfield, MD, PhD | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b7c92c81732e"}],"asset":{"_ref":"image-e60ebcdd69c76fde9531a7f95849aaa0cb9182f0-508x569-jpg","_type":"reference"},"disableLightBox":true,"alt":"Karen Winkfield, MD, PhD | Image: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center","_key":"3a59a6a32673","alignment":"left","disableTextWrap":false,"_type":"figure","widthP":20,"crop":{"bottom":0.07673120940535649,"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0.07429141942357043,"top":0.12904792494787848,"left":0.09970674486803516},"hotspot":{"x":0.5127076627222324,"y":0.526158357771261,"height":0.7942208656467651,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot","width":0.8260018357083945}},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a57803cefef5","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"d9ff2e9c23da","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"She brought the evening to a close by addressing the challenges inherent in translating groundbreaking research into community impact. She emphasized the necessity of helping communities answer the question of how the research will affect them and whether they will have access to the newest innovations, and noted that not all populations have equal, or equitable, access to every breakthrough."}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"90fd5f19cebd","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“It’s important to think about how we actually represent ourselves in the community. We can have such a huge impact, even if we just did 1 talk a year around cancer screening or the advances that are being made,” she told ","_key":"8a17e28dcd88","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"AJMC","_key":"33fa70fac6d3"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". “This is important to help educate our community, but also to engage them because then we get to be seen as a trusted partner.”","_key":"da9dae212769"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The populations at greatest risk of adverse health outcomes and higher cancer mortality rates because of these health care access disparities are racial and ethnic minorities, adolescent and young adults, older adults, LGBTQ+ and sexual and gender minorities, the differently abled, immigrants and refugees, and underinsured and uninsured communities, as well as persons who live in a rural vs and urban location, she said.","_key":"fcde78f49123"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"31addf8c1dcb"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"860536a0ec40","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Principal challenges that medically underserved communities more often face can be traced back to political determinants, such as federal and state laws and regulations; social determinants that include living and working conditions, systemic and structural racism, agriculture and food, unemployment, poverty, and housing; unmet social needs; and internalized drivers she said.","_key":"39a27620f465","_type":"span"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"643d1f5f14b8","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"There remains a great need for actionable frameworks built around community engagement, patient navigation, data collection, health equity, funding support, education and training, and clinical trials that take patients from that initial screen through diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. For the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Office of Community and Engagement, this means reducing the cancer burden and disparities within their immediate catchment area and beyond by assessing and prioritizing cancer-related needs and opportunities in those locations; informing and facilitating basic, clinical, and population research in response to cancer-related needs and community priorities; and implementing and disseminating evidence-based cancer prevention, control, and care, Winkfield said."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b5ce85877491"},{"_key":"6e64d28b3cb5","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In 2023, the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Office of Community and Engagement held more than 300 events, 175 of which were education programs, and reached more than 20,000 people—a number that has quadrupled since 2017—through initiatives targeting a population comprised of 23% Latino individuals, 19% Black/African American individuals, and 17% rural dwellers.","_key":"d5cf7fd2065f"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"ddc1ceb7faa4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"For the Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance team, this means developing and supporting partnerships among Meharry Medical College, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and their communities through “purposeful support of health equity and health care access for all.” It also includes providing training and mentoring opportunities for faculty and trainees, and expertise in community engagement.","_key":"17d29e6d064f"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"12488109448a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"This being an election year, Winkfield said it’s imperative to be policy advocates for systems-level change, to really think about what are the important drivers, and from a policy perspective consider what can be done to make sure that people in underserved communities have access to care.\n“You have to be intentional about the way you do engagement. It’s not just about slapping brochures or fliers up,” Winkfield said. “You have to have a plan, you have to do assessments, you have to prioritize.” \n\n","_key":"c637de521e79"},{"marks":["strong"],"text":"References\n","_key":"4ac8a64d77a9","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"1. Generate a cascade of ideas with blue sky thinking. Ideanote. July 4, 2023. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://ideanote.io/blog/blue-sky-thinking\n2. The Bozzini endoscope. American College of Surgeons. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.facs.org/about-acs/archives/past-highlights/bozzinihighlight/\n3. Katie Couric’s cancer journey: from grief to advocacy to her own breast cancer diagnosis. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.mskcc.org/videos/katie-couric-cancer-journey-grief-advocacy-her-own-breast-cancer-diagnosis#:~:text=Jay%20Monahan%20was%20diagnosed%20with,known%20as%20the%20Couric%20Effect\n4. Ahmed JF, Franco E, Baena FRY, Darzi A, Patel N. A review of bioinspired locomotion in lower GI endoscopy. Robotica. Published online January 22, 2024. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/review-of-bioinspired-locomotion-in-lower-gi-endoscopy/CC08EEBB1A0616FF08B0C17B908B838E\n5. Haptic technology: the future of engagement? Mass Challenge. September 23, 2021. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://masschallenge.org/articles/haptic-technology/\n6. Treating liver tumors with sound waves. UChicago Medicine. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/histotripsy\n7. Lynch J. FDA approves histotripsy for liver treatment in humans. News release. University of Michigan. October 9, 2023. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://record.umich.edu/articles/fda-approves-histotripsy-for-liver-treatment-in-humans/\n8. The HistoSonics System for treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors using histotripsy (#HOPE4LIVER US). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated October 10, 2024. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04572633\n9. Liver cancer program among the first in the country to offer noninvasive histotripsy for destroying cancerous liver tumors. NewYork-Presbyterian. June 3, 2024. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://www.nyp.org/advances/article/liver-cancer-program-among-the-first-in-the-country-to-offer-noninvasive-histotripsy-for-destroying-cancerous-liver-tumors\n10. Lippenszky L, Mittendorf KF, Kiss Z, et al. Prediction of effectiveness and toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors using real-world patient data. JCO Clin Cancer Inform. 2024;8 https://doi.org/10.1200/CCI.23.00207","_key":"0abf4f9a90b9"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"ExcludeFromPubMedXML":false,"authorDetails":[{"firstName":null,"lastName":null,"url":{"current":"maggie-l-shaw","_type":"slug"},"profileImage":{"_type":"mainImage","alt":"Maggie L. Shaw","asset":{"_ref":"image-7219c501186d8cbe6d25614b5b22645ea1c6fe2c-600x619-jpg","_type":"reference"}},"biography":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"abc0e18a29ce0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Maggie is an editor for The American Journal of Managed Care® (AJMC®) and produces written, video, and podcast content covering several disease states. She joined AJMC® in 2019, and has been with AJMC®’s parent company, MJH Life Sciences®, since 2014, when she started as a copy editor."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"643be033259e"},{"_key":"f4070c315fab","markDefs":[{"_type":"link","href":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/maggielshaw/","_key":"159c764717fb","nofollow":true,"blank":true}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"She has a BA in English from Penn State University. You can connect with Maggie on ","_key":"8e1abe71bcd2"},{"_type":"span","marks":["159c764717fb"],"text":"LinkedIn","_key":"abc0e18a29ce1"},{"text":".","_key":"abc0e18a29ce2","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Maggie L. Shaw"}],"authorMapping":[{"_ref":"author_51b2956e2bd42e0d6e35a66971fd60bc","_type":"reference","_key":"596661ce4ab0"}],"summary":"Coverage from the IVBM event with Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center in Nashville, Tennessee.","taxonomyMapping":[{"_ref":"79d0e66d-290c-469d-83ba-cdf51b402811","_type":"reference","_key":"134d4e22d2dc"},{"_key":"133cd2e74cfa","_ref":"4ee49086-e720-4a65-883e-4efc24de53bb","_type":"reference"},{"_ref":"2ed73921-8309-41c4-bb38-fc6bed4d8128","_type":"reference","_key":"96a489f93bba"}],"contentCategory":{"_createdAt":"2020-04-03T20:03:53Z","_rev":"Q2ZL7ihdIB33NiMMcGccmh","_type":"contentCategory","name":"Articles","_id":"3f4b3ced-7c9d-4fc4-967f-fe993087cce2","_updatedAt":"2023-09-29T14:32:27Z"},"gptSummary":"Innovative cancer care strategies, emphasizing equity and collaboration, were showcased at a recent event in Nashville. Experts highlighted advancements in predictive modeling for immunotherapy, AI applications in endoscopy, and histotripsy for liver cancer. The event underscored the importance of ensuring these innovations reach underserved communities to address disparities. Presentations included the evolution of colonoscopy, the potential of histotripsy in liver cancer treatment, and AI's role in predicting immunotherapy outcomes. Community engagement and policy advocacy were emphasized as crucial for equitable healthcare access and improved patient outcomes.","_rev":"qMZkEXqBAV3IRERLM49fRo","gptTakeaways":"• Predictive modeling and AI are transforming cancer care, enhancing diagnostics, and personalizing treatment approaches, particularly in immunotherapy and endoscopy.\n\n• Histotripsy offers a noninvasive option for liver cancer, preserving vital structures and showing promise in treating inoperable tumors with minimal complications.\n\n• Community engagement and policy advocacy are essential to address healthcare disparities, ensuring equitable access to cancer care innovations for underserved populations.\n\n• The event highlighted the need for actionable frameworks in community outreach, patient navigation, and clinical trials to reduce cancer disparities and improve outcomes.","_updatedAt":"2024-11-21T18:36:16Z","audioUrl":"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/ai-generated-audios/www.ajmc.com/c3bf4bff-2b32-4840-aafe-0719fa785ec7_1732207605040.fec49098-7739-4ff8-931d-69248d67cf96.mp3","factCheckBy":[{"showSocialShare":null,"displayName":"Maggie L. 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When added to the triplet of bortezomib (Velcade), lenalidomide (Revlimid), and dexamethasone (VRd), the combination reduced the risk of disease progression and death by 40% compared with the VRd triplet alone for patients who cannot receive a transplant.","_key":"a71a52ff6eca0"},{"text":"1","_key":"e5ed8d6a8597","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a6315b5b438a"},{"_key":"416a79915877","markDefs":[{"nofollow":true,"blank":true,"_type":"link","href":"https://www.ajmc.com/view/table-multiple-myeloma-trials-november-2024","_key":"683742624f5a"}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"But the approval also highlighted an ongoing problem that major medical organizations, government agencies, and advocates say must be addressed: the lack of diversity in clinical trials. The approval followed the phase 3 IMROZ trial (NCT03319667),","_key":"91fd80917cb3","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"2","_key":"aad462b2f724"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" which had one of the lower rates of participation by Black patients over the past 2 decades, based on a review of key multiple myeloma trials (","_key":"f7207a6ded5e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","683742624f5a"],"text":"Table","_key":"7ff07cf6a7ef"},{"text":") and an FDA analysis.","_key":"89baee28d2ae","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"d5ebfe5f5caa"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"79eea06cc813","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Among 446 patients randomly assigned in IMROZ, only 4 were Black; there were 2 patients in each arm. Because of the study’s design, Black patients made up 0.8% of patients of the isatuximab arm and 0.9% overall.2 Meanwhile, the International Myeloma Foundation has reported that 20% of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in the US are Black, a share that will rise to 24% in the next decade; US Census Bureau data show that 13.6% of the US population is Black.","_key":"38dfb8a4ed5f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"4,5","_key":"64f40aa83ddd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"asset":{"_ref":"image-94d854fb894818762dc30c0a168410f99a98d54e-280x280-jpg","_type":"reference"},"alt":"Surbhi Sidana, MD | Image credit: Stanford","hotspot":{"y":0.5,"height":1,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot","width":0.8547620500837053,"x":0.5130953107561383},"crop":{"bottom":0,"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0.05952366420200894,"top":0,"left":0.0857142857142857},"disableTextWrap":false,"imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"5c1b7fb5fb1e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Surbhi Sidana, MD | Image credit: Stanford","_key":"eb164441985c"}],"_type":"block"}],"_key":"45f7dc3ff7e4","alignment":"left","disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","widthP":20},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"dd0d4a369447","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"162a309dfb950","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Multiple myeloma disproportionately impacts African American patients, and yet they’re underrepresented in clinical trials,” Surbhi Sidana, MD, associate professor of medicine at Stanford University in California, said in an interview. “This is a very well-established fact.”"}]},{"_key":"8fa1d762f061","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"15de2f32d6ec","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Over the past 20 years, the uneven enrollment of Black patients in clinical trials has been a blemish on an otherwise glowing survival story in multiple myeloma. Since 2003, approvals for a dozen new drugs and multiple combinations have increased median survival from 3 to 10 years."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"6","_key":"b37eb85600a1"},{"text":" The current frontier includes bringing the best therapies and quadruplet combinations to frontline treatment, reaching approximately 35,780 people who will receive a multiple myeloma diagnosis in 2024.","_key":"aacd112d6a52","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"a6dbd182813b"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" In the US, the Black population will be impacted at a rate 2- to 3-fold higher than the White population, according to the American Cancer Society.","_key":"b4e32e87f4a8"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"7","_key":"9c6a11e0a6cb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"IMROZ is hardly an outlier, however. As new waves of treatments, including cell and gene therapies, push for frontline treatment status, many are being studied in far more restricted, limited means than earlier generations of biologic and small molecule medicines.","_key":"f79e42602a41"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"73ad819ef748"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"For instance, there is the PERSEUS trial (NCT03710603), which evaluated subcutaneous daratumumab (Darzalex; Johnson \u0026 Johnson) with and without the VRd triplet in patients with newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma. Black patients were underrepresented (9 of 709 participants), a statistic the trial authors acknowledged in ","_key":"145dfec7a71e"},{"_key":"72e1c3eb1d0d","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" (","_key":"27d0b5065cad"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"NEJM","_key":"c7af73aeedc6"},{"text":").","_key":"546241a8ca3a","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"b6697cacf80c","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"8"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ca2cb99534d6"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a4b4d6344199","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"At the 2024 International Myeloma Society Annual Meeting and Exposition in September, investigators for another phase 3 study in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, CEPHEUS (NCT04751877), did not report any race-related results during the readout,","_key":"0e11d6bed4c6","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"9","_key":"e9775a92b33f"},{"text":" even when someone inquired about these data during the session. The lead investigator of CEPHEUS, which is evaluating subcutaneous daratumumab with and without the VRd backbone in patients for whom a transplant is not planned, said characteristics of the 395 patients would be reported later.","_key":"58cd52d346e8","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"9","_key":"55404ac6be39"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n\n","_key":"ff3f12d3fb57"},{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"FDA Acts on a Lingering Disparity","_key":"4b317266c261"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\nLack of trial diversity in multiple myeloma persists, despite criticism that started well before the COVID-19 pandemic, when ProPublica and STAT reported that only 13 Black patients, or 1.8%, were among the 722 participants in a trial that led to the 2015 FDA approval of ixazomib (Ninlaro; Takeda).","_key":"27780d99a760"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"10","_key":"f9a72b717831"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Then, in 2017, FDA officials wrote in the journal","_key":"452b712c0321"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" Blood","_key":"14d384897c2a"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" how Black patients may experience multiple myeloma symptoms, disease progression, and treatment responses differently than White patients, acknowledging that “higher enrollment of Black subjects in clinical trials would have multiple benefits.”","_key":"59acbda62035"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3","_key":"e7cb5b47a7ab"}]},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The FDA authors calculated that in the 21 applications submitted between 2003 and 2017 for multiple myeloma indications, 20 of the 23 pivotal trials included data by race. Enrollment of Black participants ranged widely, from 0.5% to 19.9% of the trial population. The median percentage of Black patients enrolled was 4.5%.","_key":"5b707b82cdd5","_type":"span"},{"_key":"a26c8daee9dc","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a79430561452","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"FDA’s analysis in ","_key":"10b7bc720989"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Blood","_key":"2279dc901671"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", the official journal of the American Society of Hematology (ASH), appeared on December 7, 2017, timed to capture attention during the ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition. According to the record on clinicaltrials.gov, the IMROZ trial started the same day.","_key":"90734452a800"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"11","_key":"c444c5685a92"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"44fa942352ea","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Why trials matter.","_key":"cd0ed9d44620"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Clinical trial participation is considered at least not detrimental to survival, and in some types of cancer, it is superior to available treatments.","_key":"f798f3d3497e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"12,13","_key":"411779f2aef6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Although the survival gap between Black and White patients with cancer has narrowed over a generation, increased trial participation is one strategy for closing it further. Since 2000, the overall cancer mortality rate ratio between Black and White individuals has dropped from 1.26 (95% CI, 1.25-1.27) to 1.12 (95% CI, 1.11-1.13) in 2020, with a corresponding decrease in absolute rate differences (51.99-17.54 per 100,000 population).","_key":"e1fd2a688e29"},{"text":"14","_key":"169f620e551b","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2cc6c9c96798"},{"asset":{"_ref":"image-ec0ad2dac13cc1703b788d3fcaefd1ae093fa212-500x624-png","_type":"reference"},"disableLightBox":true,"alt":"Joseph Mikhael, MD | Image: International Myeloma Foundation","imgcaption":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Joseph Mikhael, MD | Image: International Myeloma Foundation","_key":"a54da24d5a01"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"af6eaa9fe9b0","markDefs":[]}],"alignment":"left","widthP":20,"disableTextWrap":false,"_key":"5fb2756f387e","_type":"figure"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“The idea of ensuring that there’s appropriate representation of clinical trials is really a fundamental importance, because the essence of doing a clinical trial is to demonstrate that an intervention is safe and effective in the population that will ultimately receive the drug,” said Joseph Mikhael, MD, who is a professor in the Applied Cancer Research and Drug Discovery Division at the Translational Genomics Institute; Mikhael is also chief medical officer for the International Multiple Myeloma Foundation. “I want to make sure when I have a conversation with a patient that I know that this drug is both safe and effective.”","_key":"3184328509a5"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"67ef6966b239"},{"_key":"8a33247ba5ee","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Today in the US, 4.4% of Black individuals with cancer participate in clinical trials compared with 7.2% of White individuals.","_key":"807c07dad797"},{"_key":"744a6ed3b44b","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"15"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Improving diversity is crucial for understanding how treatments affect different populations and for improving overall patient outcomes. Now the FDA is prepared to move forward with new guidelines spelling out requirements for “diversity action plans” that drug developers must submit before starting pivotal trials. On June 26, 2024, the FDA released the draft guidance,","_key":"6df11afdb792"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"16 ","_key":"4b440c793981","_type":"span"},{"marks":[],"text":"which states that sponsors must include enrollment goals and strategies to reach targets in their plans, such as selecting accessible trial sites and community engagement.","_key":"c610d9b6ebf1","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“Participants in clinical trials should be representative of the patients who will use the medical products,” Robert M. Califf, MD, FDA commissioner, said in a statement. “The agency’s draft guidance is an important step—and one of many ongoing efforts—to address the participation of underrepresented populations in clinical trials to help improve the data we have about patients who will use the medical products if approved.”","_key":"cb8b43cd1f58","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"17","_key":"86ddb5fa75ca"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n","_key":"c52fa8f66376"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3abc476155ab"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"fc5d91a70cef0","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"A Pandemic Brings Lack of Equity Into Focus"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\n","_key":"edd7f28f3e69"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d10e20bbb911"},{"imgcaption":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ab8ed3da95e1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Winston Kirton, JD, is a partner in a law firm that advises clients on FDA regulatory issues. He is pictured in front of First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens in Somerset, New Jersey, where he worships; the church has collaborated with state health officials on vaccine programs for underserved residents. | Image credit: Photo courtesy of Winston Kirton","_key":"3ee8bd645deb0"}]}],"asset":{"_ref":"image-2fd6a38066630e07533c23a835be9b64028253a4-2400x1587-jpg","_type":"reference"},"disableTextWrap":false,"_key":"d6ccd0af2867","alignment":"left","_type":"figure","widthP":40,"disableLightBox":true,"alt":"Winston Kirton, JD | Image: Winston Kirton"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Few things in science have remained as steady as the low participation rate in clinical trials. In 1993, the National Institutes of Health issued a mandate requiring the inclusion of women and minority individuals in clinical trials,","_key":"33e57793b807"},{"text":"18","_key":"1058011bb02d","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"text":" but disparities continued. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) had been at work on policies to address gaps in clinical trials and the workforce when the COVID-19 pandemic brought widespread attention to the need for greater health equity. Today, the topic appears on the agenda at major medical meetings, and drug manufacturers, government agencies, and industry groups advocate for diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in medical research.","_key":"dc2eede3ddf0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a75e54cb257a"},{"_key":"f9ee5c5d6ad7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"ASCO has since published an action plan","_key":"ec15aefc6a13"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"19","_key":"f6a598ba3527"},{"text":" with a goal to “infuse equity into everything we do at ASCO.” ASH offers a tool kit","_key":"510a3ad91f59","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"02be13c538c3","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"20"},{"marks":[],"text":" for trial sponsors who want to incorporate DEI principles. Additionally, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network has formed an alliance with the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network to “promote meaningful systems change,” through advocacy and education initiatives.","_key":"468981d6cd63","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ded7b259dbbb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Yet, the situation may become worse before it improves. Novel classes of therapies that have shown the greatest promise in helping patients with cancer, such as immunotherapies or cell and gene therapies, often come with strict eligibility criteria and are primarily administrated at major academic medical centers, adding barriers to access.","_key":"c2cf33f96aed","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The issue is an acute one for multiple myeloma, as it is among the cancers that disproportionately impact the Black population. Yet since the emergence of current therapies for the disease, there has been inconsistency across trials, both in enrolling Black patients and when it comes to reporting data in leading journals.","_key":"28f14e61d90b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"13b7584f1017","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"60c693106936","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"For example, despite the complexity of the therapy, the CARTITUDE-1 trial (NCT03548207) for Janssen’s chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Carvykti), which was approved in 2022,","_key":"a27a28d7dc0a","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"0b28eda20fde","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"21"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" had a comparatively high level of participation by Black patients at 17.5% (Table). In the phase 2 trial (NCT00511238) that led to the first indication for carfilzomib (Kyprolis; Amgen) in 2013, 19.9% of participants were Black.","_key":"9008832a0918"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"22","_key":"5e5451540ce3"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In the phase 2 DREAMM-2 trial (NCT03525678) of belantamab mafodotin (Blenrep; GSK), 13.5% of participants were Black. The drug originally received accelerated approval in 2020,","_key":"bf12c42cd44e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"23","_key":"5e2b62953b3e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" although it was later taken off the US market.","_key":"fc34db81c65e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ecae0573fd79"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"But lower rates of participation were seen in the trial for ixazomib (NCT01564537),","_key":"4c13e4798690"},{"_key":"350386dafedd","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"24"},{"text":" along with Celgene Corporation’s pomalidomide (Pomalyst), which was approved in 2013 with a participation rate of 1.5%","_key":"1e17458db933","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"25","_key":"883c1e3790a4"},{"_key":"6aab6d9f839a","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" for Black patients (NCT01311687)."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"912daaeaf546"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Location could be a factor in these participation rates; Celgene officials noted that it had just 1 trial site in the US, where the Black population is larger, with the remaining 92 sites divided across Europe (68), Australia (10), Canada (10), and Russia (4). The same trend appeared in Celgene’s idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) clinical trial (NCT03651128). The CAR T-cell therapy, which was approved by the FDA in 2021, had 9.3% Black participants in its phase 3 trial, a share that increases to 18% when isolating the 19 US trial sites.","_key":"311ce24fbaa6"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"26","_key":"71a7187db0de"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e94b9ec16e18"},{"_key":"a263a5f4206e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Trial site location was also a factor for Sanofi’s IMROZ trial. This study enrolled most of its patients (62%) in Europe, with little participation from North America (1.8%). The global study included sites in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, and Turkey. Although the overall Black participation was low, at the trial’s single US site, the rate was 25%.","_key":"b3d9eb63cd04"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"eaa9eaf78f56","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Sanofi recognizes that diversity in clinical trials is a global, multidimensional challenge, and we are deeply engaged in ensuring that our studies reflect the diversity of patients we aim to treat. We are committed to designing our clinical trials to be inclusive and more representative of the populations most likely to benefit from our medicines,” a company spokesperson said in an emailed statement.","_key":"3127ecf61e93"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"0645415780c2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Mikhael said when large studies like IMROZ start out with only 2% to 4% of the patients based in the United States, it’s hard to meet metrics that represent the US population. “As you know, race and ethnicity are captured differently in Europe. There is an ongoing work to try to capture this more effectively. But I think as we do that, here in the US, it’s going to be fundamental that the FDA starts to say, ‘Why did you run a trial in the United States, and you didn’t have even at least have 10% of the patients who were African American?’” given that 20% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients are Black.","_key":"142b091527be"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"He added, “I’m encouraged by the fact that some of the larger US-based trials, like the DETERMINATION study (NCT01208662), that was recently published looking at upfront transplant versus delayed transplant, had 19% representation of African Americans.”","_key":"6ba8e2ae0911"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"27","_key":"6c2c06c78bcb"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fdd2dfa55769"},{"_key":"347fd05dddd2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Multiple Strategies to Diversify Enrollment","_key":"04a5e7ad8ab40"},{"_key":"ec729c338116","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\nA range of clinicians, advocates, and experts who were interviewed say that a multipronged approach involving greater community outreach, physician education, and incentives are needed to address longstanding disparities. Sidana, who has been involved with several CAR T clinical trials, said location is a key factor, noting that only one-third of Black residents in the US live in a county where a CAR T trial is being held for multiple myeloma. Mikhael concurs."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"78e67c6cd86b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“Do patients even live near a center that’s offering those trials?” Sidana said. “We know from prior studies that there might have been some mistrust of the system due to historical issues. However, we know that when we offer minorities participation in clinical trials, most of them will say, ‘yes.’”","_key":"51958b6a4625"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"6c394d5812fa","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Achieving equitable participation in clinical trials is possible. Sidana pointed to research conducted by Luciano Costa, MD, PhD, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, that was able to recruit 20% Black participants.","_key":"22411460c3a1"},{"_key":"5948452f60bf","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"28"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Called MASTER (NCT03224507), the single-arm, phase 2 study, which tested daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, earned a round of applause for its diverse patient group when the initial results were presented at the 2019 ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition.","_key":"30164f9b5812"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"29","_key":"352c0d244204"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Inconsistent reporting.","_key":"7345f04c39f7"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The fact that IMROZ and PERSEUS both reported racial participation data in journal articles could be seen as progress. As with enrollment itself, reporting of enrollment by race in leading journals has evolved over time. In 2003, the original ","_key":"c6f62b2900be"},{"text":"NEJM","_key":"71c7e4a560db","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" article that reported the phase 2 results on the breakthrough proteasome inhibitor bortezomib did not mention the study population’s racial or ethnic makeup; the trial investigators reported in Blood in 2005 that 11% of the patients were Black.","_key":"83506a92528e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"30,31","_key":"2cd5bebacfbf"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Over the past decade, presentation of participation data has been inconsistent, even when the enrollment of Black patients is relatively robust. A year after MASTER made news, results for GRIFFIN (NCT02874742), which examined daratumumab with VRd in transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, did not mention enrollment data by race in ","_key":"ccac7edd6e1c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Blood","_key":"0b24be68d6f6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"3e0e9a83281c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"32","_key":"d0db91f81ce8"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" However, an in-depth analysis comparing results by race appeared in 2024, showing that 15.5% of the 207 randomly assigned patients were Black.","_key":"ddc158f55951"},{"text":"33","_key":"e0fcc2299edf","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" Although progression-free survival (PFS) rates for the Black patients did not match those of the White patients, results showed PFS exceeded that of the control arm; however, Black patients were more likely to stop at least 1 drug due to adverse effects.","_key":"c6f12599e1e5"},{"text":"33","_key":"f37111668424","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"851ded6507f6"},{"style":"normal","_key":"13bf520a0fa8","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"In some cases, racial or geographic groupings have obscured small numbers of Black patients. For example, the 2020 phase 3 CANDOR trial (NCT03158688) compared carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab with carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma; it took place largely in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. In The Lancet, CANDOR reported 366 patients as White, 66 patients as Asian, and 34 as other/unknown.","_key":"ea48d49ad217","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"34","_key":"744116fa905f"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" However, on the FDA website clinicaltrials.gov, the last category is broken out to show that only 9 patients in the study were Black (1.9%).","_key":"e155ed0a80b2"},{"_key":"ba826cb7d27f","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"35"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"974e2c37b1b9","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Since the COVID-19 pandemic, racial participation data might not be available when a trial is presented at a conference, but breakdowns are eventually posted for completed trials. The FDA now prepares “drug trial snapshots” with newly approved therapies that include these data. Since the pandemic, authors who publish results from a plenary session in ","_key":"0f62cb246519","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"NEJM","_key":"896796859c0d"},{"_key":"30f86339620d","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" have typically included enrollment by race with baseline data."}]},{"children":[{"_key":"f1e5a1d6c2d1","_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Education matters"},{"_key":"e779df63850b","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". Lori Pierce, MD, FASTRO, FASCO, a former ASCO president and chair of its Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee, pointed out the need to better educate physicians on asking their patients whether they would be interested in participating in clinical trials."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e55bf0c50e15","markDefs":[]},{"imgcaption":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"63870b48c603","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Lori Pierce, MD, FASTRO, FASCO | Image: ASCO"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7e7903af28f9"}],"alignment":"left","widthP":20,"_type":"figure","alt":"Lori Pierce, MD, FASTRO, FASCO | Image: ASCO","_key":"6db0dcf6e834","hotspot":{"x":0.5,"y":0.4385964529854911,"height":0.8771929059709822,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot","width":1},"disableLightBox":true,"asset":{"_ref":"image-aa0566eb4dfa3731f15805c3ad9b7c7758dd364d-190x266-jpg","_type":"reference"},"disableTextWrap":false,"crop":{"top":0,"left":0,"bottom":0.1228070940290178,"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0}},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“One of the biggest barriers is that these patients are not even offered a clinical trial as a treatment option, due to assumptions about willingness and ability to participate,” she said. “There isn’t a set routine or script for practitioners to ask every patient with cancer whether they’d like to participate in clinical trials.”","_key":"7ee8fe526de8"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e72415bb928a","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Research bears this out: A 2021 study","_key":"08f791fae767"},{"_key":"fb8ec8bb2d19","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"36"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" by the National Cancer Institute found that when offered the opportunity to participate in clinical trials, Black and White patients participate at similar rates (58% and 55%, respectively). ","_key":"ef0afaf06986"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"49fefbfe3989"},{"_key":"17eb3c91c3eb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"However, a survey reported at ASCO in 2022 found that 40% of Black patients with metastatic breast cancer said their doctor never told them about the possibility of a clinical trial.","_key":"27040d6a15e5","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"37","_key":"6eeeb39daa6f"},{"_key":"bb6b67cace24","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" With this in mind, ASCO and the Association of Cancer Care Centers launched the Just Ask initiative, which trains frontline oncologists on how to discuss clinical trial participation with their patients."},{"_key":"644b855090cc","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"38"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_key":"e2b367033a6b","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Another reason for the racial disparity is the exclusion criteria used to determine who can and who can’t participate in a clinical trial. In the American Association for Cancer Research’s 2024 Cancer Disparities Progress Report, the authors cited data from the FDA that ineligibility rates in multiple myeloma clinical trials were higher for Black patients (24%) compared with White patients (17%), even though both prevalence and mortality are highest among the Black population in the US."},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"39","_key":"31dd797bfc03"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f9d70d2e5092","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Barriers from the patient side include mistrust of medical research, which remains due to historical harm to Black individuals, such as forced sterilization practices,","_key":"0a6e7d8860de"},{"marks":["superscript"],"text":"40","_key":"995363c466f8","_type":"span"},{"marks":[],"text":" the Tuskegee study,","_key":"c9011f92b7b1","_type":"span"},{"_key":"70b444fcdaad","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"41"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and the development of the Henrietta Lacks immortal cell line.","_key":"4788e4f8f5db"},{"_key":"886261171803","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"42"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6cf0dee4a43a"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Shakira J. Grant, MBBS, MSCR, a principal investigator and geriatric hematologist-oncologist, published a study","_key":"4478dc30b273"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"43","_key":"2df958e55a91"},{"marks":[],"text":" earlier this year examining awareness of these historical practices and modern beliefs among current Black and White patients with multiple myeloma. She found both reluctance toward new treatments and a sense that Black patients don’t receive the same care and attention that White patients do. “I don’t want to be a guinea pig,” one Black patient said in the study. “I’m not afraid of science if used properly, but if it’s [going to] be misused, you will not misuse it on me if I can help it.”","_key":"6865e1216d90","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8f4fcb42958b"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“This study revealed that [although] medical mistrust is often linked to historical events, many patients and their families still encounter experiences within today’s health care system that fuel ongoing mistrust,” Grant said.","_key":"3c6ff11371bc"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"162ecac6a50a","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"1ec55668570d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Winston Kirton, a partner at law firm BakerHostetler who advises companies on FDA regulatory matters, believes in a “carrot and stick” approach to increasing diversity in clinical trials. The FDA’s diversity action plan guidelines are a good step, but without “teeth,” they may be ineffective. “You can mandate these things, but you’re going to get challenges and arguably stave off some level of innovation,” Kirton said. “Maybe there are opportunities for incentives: Can you incentivize a smaller company with some tax credits? Can you give expedited reviews? Can you give fee waivers? Can you grant extended exclusivity?”","_key":"f3e0395bab6c"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Kirton advocates for more collaboration among patients, government agencies, nonprofits and drug companies—examples of which were seen during the pandemic. He described how his church, the First Baptist Church of Lincoln Gardens in Somerset, New Jersey, was part of a 2021 state-sponsored community vaccination program to provide equitable access to underserved residents.","_key":"dd8cff6c9c4c","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"44","_key":"c9d75460e133"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" The church was able to provide vaccinations to thousands of individuals in the community, not just Black parishioners.","_key":"62fe2215a1fe"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d91bf26f1fbe"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"2395370bd6cf","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“You have to find people in the community [who] are trusted, people in the community [who] are looked up to, [and] people in the community [who] are not self-interested in the process to be able to deliver the truth and set examples,” Kirton said."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"17fe71cb9b46"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"New technology and digital tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) may be able to help drug companies better identify potential clinical trial sites that can help increase diversity and inclusion rates. However, more work needs to be done to build relationships with these communities before the trial starts or even before someone receives a diagnosis, said Tiffany Whitlow, cofounder and chief development officer of Acclinate, a digital health company focused on improving health equity.","_key":"b429a3d71401","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"859921a2553d"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“There will never been an AI that does better than a person asking you, ‘How are you feeling today?’” Whitlow said. Her company specializes in data analytics and patient outreach, working with community leaders to both bring awareness and generate participation in medical research.","_key":"c58604bd9820","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5bb715097764"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d6b4cf483a56","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"We educate patients of color, but clinical trials are just one aspect of that. We engage people before they get sick,” she said. Identifying the right leaders who have the ear of their community is critical, according to Whitlow. “They want to hear from people who are not incentivized by medical providers. We have had a lot of luck working with [Historically Black Colleges and Universities], faith leaders, [and] even little league coaches.”","_key":"6c21456b66b7"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"93ac08222b82","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Whitlow also called out ancillary costs that can hinder clinical trial participation for people in lower socioeconomic groups, such as travel costs to sites or requiring frequent follow-up visits during working hours. Travel reimbursement and flexible scheduling could help alleviate these issues, she said.","_key":"7db7ec871bb1"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"Mikhael agreed on the need for a multipronged strategy, and he has taken part in these efforts. “I do a lot of these church events, fraternity, sororities, community centers, where you don’t just wait until the patient gets sick and comes to us. The concept of community engagement, that to me is trust,” he said.","_key":"b90f6d5fdabc","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8e4c79f60b1a"},{"_key":"1b68191d95db","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"“It requires carrots and sticks,” he continued. “If you’re just doing this because it’s being mandated if it’s just the stick as it were then then it’s not going to be as successful.”","_key":"0a3745dbef0b","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a342e4048b57","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Despite the challenges, there have been some successful strategies to improve diversity in medical research. Liz Beatty spent 15 years running clinical trials at Bristol Myers Squibb before cofounding Inato, a company that helps connect clinical trial sponsors with research sites. Although trial sponsors typically reach out to sites to participate, Inato flips the dynamic by working with more than 4500 sites worldwide to provide them with the resources and industry connections to offer their patients (many in diverse communities) access to trials.","_key":"ce135e318268"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"13cac4b4541e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\"We have to go to where the patient is and build a new ecosystem of research where trust is at the forefront of what we do,” Beatty said. By taking this approach, Inato was able to help Moderna, Inc, recruit patients for vaccine trials, where 62% of enrollees were from diverse backgrounds.","_key":"f89ab377d332"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"One of the challenges with newer treatments, such as cell and gene therapies, is that complex administration procedures and strict safety guidelines often mean only large academic research centers can offer them. “That’s not where people are receiving care, especially for underrepresented populations. It’s not where they’re accessing health care at all,” Beatty said. “If we really want to have representative data, we’re going to need to make investments to actually change access for sites for these more complex therapies, make sure they have the right training, [and] make sure they’re ready for these trials.”","_key":"ada912476b35"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f0a2ffd10b3f"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"A key will be how the FDA follows through on its commitment to demanding more diverse trial populations. During a podcast in May 2023, FDA’s ","_key":"e9ed81725812"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c63b2078681e","markDefs":[]},{"_key":"d30b7b44a45a","asset":{"_ref":"image-a048df971aae3569c3157cf13944dfa98ed9545c-400x400-jpg","_type":"reference"},"disableTextWrap":false,"hotspot":{"x":0.532202020948923,"y":0.5,"height":1,"_type":"sanity.imageHotspot","width":0.8590078328981723},"crop":{"left":0.10269810449983681,"bottom":0,"_type":"sanity.imageCrop","right":0.038294062601990864,"top":0},"disableLightBox":true,"_type":"figure","alt":"Atasi Poddar, PhD | Image: FDA","alignment":"left","imgcaption":[{"style":"normal","_key":"d9adae51402d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Atasi Poddar, PhD | Image: FDA","_key":"acf30b1e4fc9"}],"_type":"block"}],"widthP":20},{"_key":"23f964675db4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"a health science policy analyst in the Office of Medical Policy at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said sponsors must ensure that trial participants “match the patients who will take the drug” in this country.","_key":"0c1bef94ea41"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"e155e408cfca","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“As we know, the United States is a melting pot, with people of different races and ethnicities. [The] FDA recommends that sponsors include underrepresented racial and ethnic populations, such as Black people, Asian people, people of Hispanic heritage, and Native American people or Pacific Islanders in trials to identify how a variety of people will respond to the new drug,” she said. “Studying the drug in different people leads to a better understanding of the drug, which is helpful to everyone.”","_key":"db683478b013"},{"_key":"0c5e42a3c0d8","_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"45"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"normal","_key":"673c57761b46","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"However, at an industry forum a year later, some said nothing will change until the FDA holds up an application over the failure to enroll a diverse study group.","_key":"7dd553f0e166","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["superscript"],"text":"46","_key":"e04151ea6b95"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Ian Flinn MD, PhD, is actively pushing for greater community health center participation. Flinn is the chief scientific officer at 2 organizations: Tennessee Oncology, one of the country’s largest community-based cancer care specialists, and OneOncology, a physician-led national platform for independent oncology practices. Through these roles, he has been able to partner with drug manufacturers to expand access to patients who live outside of major city centers.","_key":"17635e1c7f70"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"84c285b2ad0a","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"6d1e9cc97c89","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"“We think our model of being in the community—not just in certain large centers—by definition, brings a more diverse patient population,” Flinn said. “Every time we have a meeting with a sponsor, they always want to know what we are doing to increase diversity, but I’ll [point] the question back to them: What are you doing about it?”","_key":"b7902d87df10"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"It’s a theme that he intends to continue sharing with drug manufacturers that want to work with his organizations for clinical trials. “One of the messages I’m going to give them is: If you’re interested in increasing [DEI], let us use all our locations, not just the central ones.”\n\n","_key":"9b8756097f61"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Editor’s Note: Ian Flinn, MD, PhD, is not related to the author, Ryan Flinn.","_key":"43e9c3c334e3"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8fc4882b3ef9"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"","_key":"35b4d2811f7d"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4c6b59a5c63b","markDefs":[]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"References","_key":"2ac708b6300b0"},{"text":"\n1. 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Daratumumab, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the GRIFFIN trial. Blood. 2020;136(8):936-945. doi:10.1182/blood.2020005288\n33. Nooka AK, Kaufman JL, Rodriguez C, et al. Post hoc analysis of daratumumab plus lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone in Black patients from final data of the GRIFFIN study. Br J Haematol. 2024;204(6):2227-2232. doi:10.1111/bjh.19386\n34. Dimopoulos M, Quach H, Mateos MV, et al. Carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab versus carfilzomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CANDOR): results from a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2020;396(10245):186-197. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30734-0\n35. Study of carfilzomib, daratumumab and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. (CANDOR). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated May 14, 2024. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03158688\n36. Unger JM, Hershman DL, Till C. “When offered to participate”: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient agreement to participate in cancer clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(3):244-257. doi:10.1093/jnci/djaa155\n37. Walker S, Carlson M, White CB, Howell J, Felder TM. Increasing Black patient participation in metastatic breast cancer clinical trials: the BECOME (Black Experience of Clinical Trials and Opportunities for Meaningful Engagement) project. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(suppl 16):1014. doi:10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.1014\n38. Diversify your cancer clinical trials with new recruitment and retention resources. News release. Association of Cancer Care Centers; July 25, 2022. Accessed October 30, 2024. https://www.accc-cancer.org/home/news-media/news-releases/news-template/2022/07/25/diversify-your-cancer-clinical-trials-with-new-recruitment-and-retention-resources?\n39. Kanapuru B, Fernandes L, Baine A, et al. Eligibility criteria and enrollment of a diverse racial and ethnic population in multiple myeloma clinical trials. ","_key":"2cf113d1cc7d","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"text":"Blood","_key":"dd9ef886b0b9","_type":"span","marks":["em"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". 2023;142(3):235-243. doi:10.1182/blood.2022018657\n40. Shapiro TM, Fisher W, Diana A. Family planning and female sterilization in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 1983;17(23):1847-1855. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90161-2\n41. Cobb WM. The Tuskegee syphilis study. J Natl Med Assoc. 1973;65(4):345-348.\n42. Lucey BP, Nelson-Rees WA, Hutchins GM. Henrietta Lacks, HeLa cells, and cell culture contamination. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(9):1463-1467. doi:10.5858/133.9.1463\n43. Grant SJ, Mills JA, Telfair J, et al. “They don’t care to study it”: trust, race, and health care experiences among patient-caregiver dyads with multiple myeloma. Cancer Med. 2024;13(10):37297. doi:10.1002/cam4.7297\n44. Governor Murphy announces community-based vaccination partnership for underserved communities. News release. Office of the Governor of New Jersey; February 12, 2021. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/news/562021/approved/20210212b.shtml\n45. Guidance Recap Podcast | podcast for patients — enhancing the diversity of clinical trial populations—eligibility criteria, enrollment practices, and trial designs. FDA. May 19, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidances-drugs/guidance-recap-podcast-podcast-patients-enhancing-diversity-clinical-trial-populations-eligibility\n46. Karlin-Smith S. ‘Do it or we’re not going to approve your drug:’ industry reps ask FDA for trial diversity sticks. Pink Sheet. May 13, 2024. 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