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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Attribute_substitution" title="Special:EditPage/Attribute substitution">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Attribute+substitution%22">"Attribute substitution"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Attribute+substitution%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Attribute+substitution%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Attribute+substitution%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Attribute+substitution%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Attribute+substitution%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Attribute substitution</b> is a psychological process thought to underlie a number of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">perceptual illusions</a>. It occurs when an individual has to make a judgment (of a <i>target attribute</i>) that is computationally complex, and instead substitutes a more easily calculated <i><a href="/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics in judgment and decision making">heuristic</a> attribute</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-newell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This substitution is thought of as taking place in the automatic <i>intuitive</i> judgment system, rather than the more self-aware <i>reflective</i> system. Hence, when someone tries to answer a difficult question, they may actually answer a related but different question, without realizing that a substitution has taken place. This explains why individuals can be unaware of their own biases, and why biases persist even when the subject is made aware of them. It also explains why human judgments often fail to show <a href="/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean" title="Regression toward the mean">regression toward the mean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory of attribute substitution unifies a number of separate explanations of reasoning errors in terms of <a href="/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics in judgment and decision making">cognitive heuristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newell_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, the theory is subsumed by an <i>effort-reduction framework</i> proposed by Anuj K. Shah and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Oppenheimer" title="Daniel M. Oppenheimer">Daniel M. Oppenheimer</a>, which states that people use a variety of techniques to reduce the effort of making decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-shah2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shah2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Kahneman_(3283955327)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Daniel_Kahneman_%283283955327%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a 1974 paper, psychologists <a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> argued that a broad family of biases (systematic errors in judgment and decision) were explainable in terms of a few heuristics (information-processing shortcuts), including <a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">availability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic" title="Representativeness heuristic">representativeness</a>. </p><p>In 1975, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Smith_Stevens" title="Stanley Smith Stevens">Stanley Smith Stevens</a> proposed that the strength of a stimulus (e.g., the brightness of a light, the severity of a crime) is encoded neurally in a way that is independent of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_modality" title="Stimulus modality">modality</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kahneman and Frederick built on this idea, arguing that the target attribute and heuristic attribute could be unrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2002 revision of the theory, Kahneman and <a href="/wiki/Shane_Frederick" title="Shane Frederick">Shane Frederick</a> proposed attribute substitution as a process underlying these and other effects.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[P]eople are not accustomed to thinking hard, and are often content to trust a plausible judgment that comes to mind. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a>, <i>American Economic Review</i> <b>93</b> (5) December 2003, p. 1450</cite></p> </div> <p>Kahneman and Frederick propose three conditions for attribute substitution:<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The target attribute is relatively inaccessible. Substitution is not expected to take place in answering factual questions that can be retrieved directly from memory ("What is your birthday?") or about current experience ("Do you feel thirsty now?).</li> <li>An associated attribute is highly accessible. This might be because it is evaluated automatically in normal perception or because it has been <a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">primed</a>. For example, someone who has been thinking about their love life who is then asked about their happiness might substitute how happy they are with their love life rather than answer the question as asked.</li> <li>The substitution is not detected and corrected by the reflective system. For example, when asked "A bat and a ball together cost $1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?" many subjects incorrectly answer $0.10.<sup id="cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahneman_aer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explanation in terms of attribute substitution is that, rather than work out the sum, subjects parse the sum of $1.10 into a large amount and a small amount, which is easy to do. Whether they feel that is the right answer will depend on whether they check the calculation with their reflective system.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg/225px-Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg/338px-Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg/450px-Opt_taeuschung_groesse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>This illusion works because 3D (perspective) size is substituted for 2D size (all pairs are equal in size).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_illusions">Optical illusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical illusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attribute substitution explains the persistence of some illusions. For example, when subjects judge the size of two figures in a <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> picture, their apparent sizes can be distorted by the 3D context, making a convincing optical illusion. The theory states that the three-dimensional size of the figure (which is accessible because it is automatically computed by the visual system) is substituted for its two-dimensional size on the page. Experienced painters and photographers are less susceptible to this illusion, because the two-dimensional size is more accessible to their perception.<sup id="cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahneman_aer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valuing_insurance">Valuing insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Valuing insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kahneman gives an example where some Americans were offered <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> against their own death in a terrorist attack while on a trip to Europe, while another group were offered insurance that would cover death of any kind on the trip. The former group were willing to pay more even though "death of any kind" includes "death in a terrorist attack", Kahneman suggests that the attribute of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> is being substituted for a calculation of the total risks of travel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fear of terrorism for these subjects was stronger than a general fear of dying on a foreign trip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a> can be a source of heuristic attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a face-to-face conversation with a stranger, judging their intelligence is more computationally complex than judging the colour of their skin. So if the subject has a stereotype about the relative <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> of whites, blacks, and Asians, that racial attribute might substitute for the more intangible attribute of intelligence. The pre-conscious, intuitive nature of attribute substitution explains how subjects can be influenced by the stereotype while thinking that they have made an honest, unbiased evaluation of the other person's intelligence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morality_and_fairness">Morality and fairness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morality and fairness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a> argued that attribute substitution is pervasive when people reason about <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> matters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given a difficult, novel problem in these areas, people search for a more familiar, related problem (a "prototypical case") and apply its solution as the solution to the harder problem. According to Sunstein, the opinions of <a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">trusted</a> political or religious <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">authorities</a> can serve as heuristic attributes when people are asked their own opinions on a matter. Another source of heuristic attributes is <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>: people's moral opinions on sensitive subjects like <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a> may be driven by reactions such as <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>, rather than by reasoned principles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics demanded more evidence from Sunstein.<sup id="cite_ref-shah2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shah2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_beautiful-is-familiar_effect">The beautiful-is-familiar effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The beautiful-is-familiar effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monin reports a series of experiments in which subjects, looking at photographs of faces, have to judge whether they have seen those faces before. It is repeatedly found that attractive faces are more likely to be mistakenly labeled as familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monin interprets this result in terms of attribute substitution. The heuristic attribute in this case is a "warm glow"; a positive feeling towards someone that might either be due to their being familiar or being attractive. This interpretation has been criticised, because not all the <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> in the familiarity data is accounted for by attractiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-shah2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shah2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most direct evidence, according to Kahneman,<sup id="cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahneman_aer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a 1973 experiment that used a psychological profile of Tom W., a fictional graduate student.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group of subjects had to rate Tom's <i>similarity</i> to a typical student in each of nine academic areas (Law, Engineering, Library Science etc.). Another group had to rate <i>how likely</i> it is that Tom specialised in each area. If these ratings of likelihood are governed by <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, then they should resemble the <a href="/wiki/Base_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Base rates">base rates</a>, i.e., the proportion of students in each of the nine areas (which had been separately estimated by a third group). A probabilistic judgment would say that Tom is more likely to be a Humanities student than Library Science, because many more students study Humanities, and the additional information in the profile is vague and unreliable. Instead, the ratings of likelihood matched the ratings of similarity almost perfectly, both in this study and a similar one where subjects judged the likelihood of a fictional woman taking different careers. This suggests that rather than estimating probability using base rates, subjects had substituted the more accessible attribute of similarity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect_of_probability" title="Neglect of probability">Neglect of probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-newell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newell_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newell_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewellLagnadoShanks2007" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Benjamin R.; Lagnado, David A.; Shanks, David R. (2007). <i>Straight choices: the psychology of decision making</i>. Routledge. pp. 71–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-588-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-588-4"><bdi>978-1-84169-588-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+choices%3A+the+psychology+of+decision+making&rft.pages=71-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-588-4&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft.au=Lagnado%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Shanks%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revisited-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revisited_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revisited_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revisited_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revisited_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-revisited_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnemanFrederick2002" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel; Frederick, Shane (2002). "Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". In Thomas Gilovich; Dale Griffin; Daniel Kahneman (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heuristicsbiases00gilo"><i>Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heuristicsbiases00gilo/page/n60">49</a>–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79679-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79679-8"><bdi>978-0-521-79679-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47364085">47364085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Representativeness+Revisited%3A+Attribute+Substitution+in+Intuitive+Judgment&rft.btitle=Heuristics+and+Biases%3A+The+Psychology+of+Intuitive+Judgment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=49-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47364085&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79679-8&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheuristicsbiases00gilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shah2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shah2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shah2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shah2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahOppenheimer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Anuj K.; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Oppenheimer" title="Daniel M. Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Daniel M.</a> (March 2008). "Heuristics Made Easy: An Effort-Reduction Framework". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>134</b> (2): 207–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.134.2.207">10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1455">1939-1455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18298269">18298269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Heuristics+Made+Easy%3A+An+Effort-Reduction+Framework&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-222&rft.date=2008-03&rft.issn=1939-1455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18298269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.134.2.207&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Anuj+K.&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kahneman_aer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahneman_aer_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (December 2003). "Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>93</b> (5): 1449–1475. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.194.6554">10.1.1.194.6554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F000282803322655392">10.1257/000282803322655392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Bounded+Rationality%3A+Psychology+for+Behavioral+Economics&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1449-1475&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.194.6554%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F000282803322655392&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2007" class="citation web cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kahneman07/kahneman07_index.html">"Short Course in Thinking About Thinking"</a>. <i>Edge.org</i>. Edge Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edge.org&rft.atitle=Short+Course+in+Thinking+About+Thinking&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Fkahneman07%2Fkahneman07_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunstein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sunstein, Cass R. (2005). "Moral Heuristics". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 531–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X05000099">10.1017/S0140525X05000099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-525X">0140-525X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16209802">16209802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231738548">231738548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Moral+Heuristics&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-542&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0140-525X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231738548%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16209802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X05000099&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunstein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sunstein, Cass R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610021623/http://lawreview.vermontlaw.edu/articles/3/12%20Sunstein%20Book%203%2C%20Vol.%2033.pdf">"Some Effects of Moral Indignation on Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vermont Law Review</i>. <b>33</b> (3). Vermont Law School: 405–434. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vermont+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Effects+of+Moral+Indignation+on+Law&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-434&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawreview.vermontlaw.edu%2Farticles%2F3%2F12%2520Sunstein%2520Book%25203%252C%2520Vol.%252033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoninOppenheimer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Monin, Benoît; Oppenheimer, Daniel M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527174437/http://web.princeton.edu/sites/opplab/papers/Opp%20Demonstrating%20the%20Warm%20Glow%20Heuristic.pdf">"Correlated Averages vs. Averaged Correlations: Demonstrating the Warm Glow Heuristic Beyond Aggregation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Cognition</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 257–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fsoco.2005.23.3.257">10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-016X">0278-016X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.princeton.edu/sites/opplab/papers/Opp%20Demonstrating%20the%20Warm%20Glow%20Heuristic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Cognition&rft.atitle=Correlated+Averages+vs.+Averaged+Correlations%3A+Demonstrating+the+Warm+Glow+Heuristic+Beyond+Aggregation&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-278&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fsoco.2005.23.3.257&rft.issn=0278-016X&rft.aulast=Monin&rft.aufirst=Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.princeton.edu%2Fsites%2Fopplab%2Fpapers%2FOpp%2520Demonstrating%2520the%2520Warm%2520Glow%2520Heuristic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnemanTversky1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos (July 1973). "On the Psychology of Prediction". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 237–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0034747">10.1037/h0034747</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-295X">0033-295X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Psychology+of+Prediction&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-51&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0034747&rft.issn=0033-295X&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Tversky%2C+Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attribute_substitution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnemanFrederick2004" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel; Frederick, Shane (2004). "Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". In Mie Augier; James G. March (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsmanessaysm00marc"><i>Models of a man: essays in memory of Herbert A. Simon</i></a></span>. MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modelsmanessaysm00marc/page/n429">411</a>–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01208-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01208-9"><bdi>978-0-262-01208-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52257877">52257877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attribute+Substitution+in+Intuitive+Judgment&rft.btitle=Models+of+a+man%3A+essays+in+memory+of+Herbert+A.+Simon&rft.pages=411-432&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52257877&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01208-9&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodelsmanessaysm00marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnemanFrederick2005" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel; Frederick, Shane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713152713/http://faculty.som.yale.edu/ShaneFrederick/model_of_heuristic_judgment.pdf">"A Model of Heuristic Judgment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Keith James Holyoak; Robert G. Morrison (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82417-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82417-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56011371">56011371</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.som.yale.edu/ShaneFrederick/model_of_heuristic_judgment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Heuristic+Judgment&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Thinking+and+Reasoning&rft.pages=267-294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56011371&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82417-0&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.som.yale.edu%2FShaneFrederick%2Fmodel_of_heuristic_judgment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2002" class="citation web cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (December 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-lecture.html">"Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgement and Choice (Nobel Prize Lecture)"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Maps+of+Bounded+Rationality%3A+A+Perspective+on+Intuitive+Judgement+and+Choice+%28Nobel+Prize+Lecture%29&rft.date=2002-12-08&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F2002%2Fkahneman-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahneman2007" class="citation web cs1">Kahneman, Daniel (July 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kahneman07/kahneman07_index.html">"Short Course in Thinking about Thinking"</a>. <i>Edge.org</i>. Edge Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edge.org&rft.atitle=Short+Course+in+Thinking+about+Thinking&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft.aulast=Kahneman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edge.org%2F3rd_culture%2Fkahneman07%2Fkahneman07_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott-ArmstrongYoungCushman2010" class="citation book cs1">Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Young, Liane; Cushman, Fiery (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mit.edu/~lyoung/Site/Publications_files/Sinnott-Armstrong,%20Young,%20Cushman.doc">"Moral Intuitions"</a>. In J. Doris; G. Harman; S. Nichols; J. Prinz; W. Sinnott-Armstrong; S. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 246–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199582143.003.0008">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199582143" title="Special:BookSources/9780199582143"><bdi>9780199582143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moral+Intuitions&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Moral+Psychology&rft.pages=246-272&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199582143.003.0008&rft.isbn=9780199582143&rft.aulast=Sinnott-Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Young%2C+Liane&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Fiery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mit.edu%2F~lyoung%2FSite%2FPublications_files%2FSinnott-Armstrong%2C%2520Young%2C%2520Cushman.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_NeysRossiHoudé2013" class="citation journal cs1">De Neys, Wim; Rossi, Sandrine; Houdé, Olivier (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-013-0384-5">"Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: Cognitive misers are no happy fools"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 269–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-013-0384-5">10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23417270">23417270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Bats%2C+balls%2C+and+substitution+sensitivity%3A+Cognitive+misers+are+no+happy+fools&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-273&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fs13423-013-0384-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23417270&rft.aulast=De+Neys&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Sandrine&rft.au=Houd%C3%A9%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3758%252Fs13423-013-0384-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttribute+substitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frederick, Shane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533005775196732">"Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 25–42. <a 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title="Ambiguity effect">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_bias" title="Affinity bias">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchoring_(cognitive_bias)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoring (cognitive bias)">Anchoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">Attribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">Actor–observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error">Correspondence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_bias" title="Automation bias">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_blind_spot" title="Bias blind spot">Blind spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice-supportive_bias" title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading_affect_bias" title="Fading affect bias">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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