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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-馬德堡半球" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬德堡半球"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>馬德堡半球</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬德堡半球-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不同程度的真空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不同程度的真空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>不同程度的真空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不同程度的真空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-範例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#範例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>範例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-範例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部鏈接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部鏈接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部鏈接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部鏈接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">真空</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。122种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%93" title="ኦና – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueito_(fisica)" title="Vueito (fisica) – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vueito (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="فراغ (فيزياء) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراغ (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خوا – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفضاء – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADu" title="Vacíu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vacíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9E%D0%BC" title="Вакуўм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вакуўм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শূন্যস্থান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূন্যস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit" title="Buit – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڤاکیووم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاکیووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwactod" title="Gwactod – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwactod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Κενό – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κενό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuo" title="Vakuo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADo" title="Vacío – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaakum" title="Vaakum – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaakum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huts (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3" title="خلأ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6" title="Tyhjiö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala" title="Lala – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vide (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesag_r%C3%BCm" title="Leesag rüm – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leesag rüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faku%C3%BCm" title="Fakuüm – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fakuüm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fol%C3%BAs" title="Folús – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Folús" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ריק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վակուում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակուում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaw" title="Kawaw – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kawaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftt%C3%A6mi" title="Lofttæmi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lofttæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoto_(fisica)" title="Vuoto (fisica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vuoto (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაკუუმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაკუუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilem_(tasengama)" title="Ilem (tasengama) – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilem (tasengama)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="សុញ្ញកាស – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សុញ្ញកាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4" title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5" title="진공 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwakter" title="Gwakter – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwakter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumas" title="Vakuumas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakuumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangabangabaka" title="Mangabangabaka – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangabangabaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ശൂന്യത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampagas" title="Hampagas – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hampagas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="လေဟာနယ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေဟာနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueit" title="Vueit – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vueit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85" title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuide_(fisike)" title="Vuide (fisike) – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vuide (fisike)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próżnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="خالی تھاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالی تھاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1cuo" title="Vácuo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vácuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27usaq_p%27ulin" title="Ch'usaq p'ulin – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'usaq p'ulin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacanti_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Vacanti (fìsica) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vacanti (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbraz%C3%ABtia" title="Zbrazëtia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zbrazëtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohangan_hapa" title="Rohangan hapa – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rohangan hapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombwe" title="Ombwe – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ombwe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெற்றிடம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெற்றிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="สุญญากาศ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญญากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basyo" title="Basyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%85" title="ۋاكۇئۇم – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋاكۇئۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="فراغ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فراغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân không – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chân không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakyum" title="Bakyum – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakyum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Vacuum" title="I-Vacuum – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Vacuum" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="וואקיום – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואקיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhoengq" title="Caenhoengq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caenhoengq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-khong" title="Chin-khong – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" 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title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于佛教法師，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="釋真空">釋真空</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于常見的空氣，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-54f63dcf" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:硬盘; zh-hant:硬碟機;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/220px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/330px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg/440px-Kolbenluftpumpe_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>泵演示真空</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/350px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/525px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg/700px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>外太空並非完全真空的空間</figcaption></figure> <p><b>真空</b>是一種不存在任何物質的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="空间 (物理)">空間</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="狀態">狀態</a>，是一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="現象">現象</a>。在真空中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>因為沒有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="介质">介質</a>而無法傳遞，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>的傳遞不受真空的影響。粗略地說，真空是指在一區域之內的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">氣壓</a>遠遠小於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣壓力">大氣壓力</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>真空常用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a>（Pascal）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98" class="mw-disambig" title="托">托爾</a>（Torr）做為壓力的單位。目前在自然環境裡，只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="外太空">外太空</a>堪稱最接近真空的空間。 </p><p>真空下的氣壓為零，有些情形下，氣壓小於大氣壓力，但不為零，此時稱為<b>局部真空</b>，有些也簡稱為真空。 </p><p>在局部真空的情形下，若<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%8D%E8%AE%8A" title="其他條件不變">其他條件不變</a>，氣壓越低，表示越接近真空。例如一般的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E5%A1%B5%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吸塵器">吸塵器</a>的吸力可以使氣壓降低20%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。也可以產生更接近真空的條件，像化學、物理及工程常見的超高真空腔體，其氣壓可以到大氣壓力的10<sup>−12</sup>，粒子密度為每立方厘米100粒子。<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrielse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrielse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="外太空">外太空</a>更接近真空，相當於平均一立方公尺只有幾個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>原子<sup id="cite_ref-tadokoro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadokoro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據現代物理學的了解，即使空間中的所有物質都移除了，因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B6%A8%E8%90%BD" title="量子涨落">量子涨落</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a>、經過的<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射线">宇宙射线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>等現象，空間仍然不會是完全的真空。在近代的粒子物理中，將<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%85%8B" title="真空態">真空態</a>視為是物質的基態。 </p><p>自古<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>起，真空就是常帶來爭議的哲學議題，但到了十七世紀西方才開始實驗上的研究。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%90%AC%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="埃萬傑利斯塔·托里切利">埃萬傑利斯塔·托里切利</a>在1643年進行了第一個真空的實驗，而隨著他<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣壓力">大氣壓力</a>理論的出現，也開始產生其他的實驗技術。<b>托里切利真空</b>是將一端封閉的長玻璃容器（超過76公分）中裝滿水銀，倒置在裝滿水銀的容器中，長玻璃容器上方的真空即為托里切利真空<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>20世紀在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="電燈泡">電燈泡</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a>問世後，真空變成一個有價值的工業工具，也出現了許多產生真空的技術。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="载人航天">载人航天</a>的進展也讓真空對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a>及其他生物的影響開始感興趣。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg/300px-Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg/450px-Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg/600px-Apollo_Command_Service_Module_in_vacuum_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E8%85%94%E9%AB%94" title="真空腔體">真空腔體</a></figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="西漢">西漢</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="劉安">劉安</a>在《淮南萬畢術》中提到：“銅甕雷鳴。”其註曰：“取沸湯置甕中，堅塞之，內於井中，則作雷鳴，聞數十里。”銅甕雷鳴是由於盛沸水的銅甕驟然遇冷造成局部真空。這時外部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="气压">大氣壓力</a>加上井水，壓力會將銅甕壓破，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="爆炸">爆炸</a>出雷鳴的聲響。 </p><p>1641年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">義大利</a>數學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%90%AC%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="埃萬傑利斯塔·托里切利">托里拆利</a>在一根長管子內加滿<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">水銀</a>，然後很迅速的將管口倒轉在一個盛滿水銀的盆內，管子內水銀柱的末端是76公分高。這時玻璃管最上方無水銀地帶是真空狀態。這一實驗為“托里切利實驗”，完成實驗的玻璃管為“托里切利管”。 </p><p>1654年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="馬德堡">馬德堡</a>市长<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奥托·冯·格里克">奥托·冯·格里克</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="雷根斯堡">雷根斯堡</a>向皇帝展示了他所設計的半球實驗。他製造了兩個直徑36公分的紅色銅製半球，半球中間有一層浸滿了油的皮革，用以讓兩個半球能完全密合。接著他用他自製的真空泵將球內的空氣抽掉，此時兩個沉重的銅製半球在沒有任何接著劑的輔助下緊密地合而為一，讓人十分驚訝。但格里克實驗的高潮才正要開始，他為了證明兩半球的結合是多麼緊密、紮實，安排了兩隊各15匹馬，以相反的方向試圖將該球體拉開，結果居然拉不開，此實驗被稱為「馬德堡半球实验」。 </p><p>現代許多高精密度的產品在製造過程中的某些階段必需使用程度不一的真空才能製造，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="硬碟機">硬碟機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">鏡片</a>。在實驗室和工廠中製造真空的方法是利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B5" title="泵">泵</a>在密閉的空間中抽出空氣以達到某種程度的真空。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="馬德堡半球"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.BE.B7.E5.A0.A1.E5.8D.8A.E7.90.83"></span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="馬德堡半球">馬德堡半球</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：馬德堡半球"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="馬德堡半球">馬德堡半球</a></div> <p>馬德堡半球是一对铜质空心<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" class="mw-disambig" title="半球">半球</a>，被用于1654年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="物理学家">物理学家</a>、时任<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="馬德堡">馬德堡</a>市長<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="奥托·冯·居里克">奥托·冯·格里克</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="雷根斯堡">雷根斯堡</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>雷根斯堡）進行的一項<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="实验">实验</a><sup id="cite_ref-guericke_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guericke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在这项实验中，实验者先将两个完全密合的半球中的空气抽掉，然后驱马从两侧向外拉，以展示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="气压">大气压力</a>的作用。马德堡半球实验作为物理学中的经典实验，今日仍被广泛用于课堂教学。最初用于实验的两个半球保存于位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="德意志博物馆">德意志博物馆</a>中<sup id="cite_ref-kenyon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1654年5月8日，格里克在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="雷根斯堡">雷根斯堡</a>向當時的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="神圣罗马皇帝">神圣罗马皇帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="斐迪南三世 (神圣罗马帝国)">斐迪南三世</a>展示了他所設計的半球實驗。他用自制的真空泵將球內的空氣抽掉，此時兩個沉重的銅製半球在沒有任何接著劑的輔助下緊密地合而為一。随后，他為了證明兩半球的結合是多麼緊密、紮實，安排了兩隊各15匹<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="馬">馬</a>，以相反的方向試圖將該球體拉開，结果未能将其拉开，兩半球最後還是藉由解除真空狀態才得以分離<sup id="cite_ref-guericke_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guericke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>之後格里克多次在各地重現此實驗以饗廣大好奇的觀眾。1656年，他在他任职市长的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="馬德堡">马德堡</a>用两队各8匹马重复了这一实验，得到了相同的结果。他还尝试将两个半球组成的球体抽出空气后悬挂重物，两个半球也没有分离。<sup id="cite_ref-guericke_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guericke-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1663年，他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>用两队各12匹马为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E9%80%89%E5%B8%9D%E4%BE%AF" title="勃兰登堡选帝侯">勃兰登堡选帝侯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89_(%E5%8B%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1)" title="腓特烈·威廉 (勃蘭登堡)">腓特烈·威廉</a>重复了这一实验<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在此以后，马德堡半球实验逐渐成为广为人知的示范大气压力原理的实验方法。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF" title="波士顿">波士顿</a>等多地曾独立重复过马德堡半球实验<sup id="cite_ref-avs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。也有供教學用途的马德堡半球的仿製品，它們的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="體積">體積</a>也比當年的半球小得多，把半球的空間抽真空后，不再需要用马力便可拉開。<sup id="cite_ref-kenyon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kenyon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF" title="德国邮政">德国邮政</a>发行过纪念这一实验的邮票。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不同程度的真空"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E7.9C.9F.E7.A9.BA"></span>不同程度的真空</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：不同程度的真空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在真空技術中按照壓力的高低，可區分為： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>不同程度的真空 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>真空程度</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="托爾">托爾</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a> </th> <th>毫<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4" title="巴">巴</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="标准大气压">大氣壓</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣壓力">大氣壓力</a></td> <td>760</td> <td>1.013×10<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>1013.25 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>粗略真空（Rough Vacuum）</td> <td>760 ~ 25</td> <td>1×10<sup>5</sup> ~ 3×10<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>1013.25~33.33 </td> <td>1 ~ 0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>中度真空（Medium Vacuum）</td> <td>25 ~ 1×10<sup>−3</sup></td> <td>3×10<sup>3</sup> ~ 1×10<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>33.33~1.33×10<sup>−3</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>高真空（High Vacuum）</td> <td>1×10<sup>−3</sup> ~ 1×10<sup>−9</sup></td> <td>1×10<sup>−1</sup> ~ 1×10<sup>−7</sup> </td> <td>1.33×10<sup>−3</sup>~1.33×10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>超高真空（Ultra-High Vacuum）</td> <td>1×10<sup>−9</sup> ~ 1×10<sup>−12</sup></td> <td>1×10<sup>−7</sup> ~ 1×10<sup>−10</sup> </td> <td>1.33×10<sup>−9</sup>~1.33×10<sup>−12</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="外太空">外太空</a></td> <td>1×10<sup>−6</sup> ~ <3×10<sup>−17</sup> </td> <td>1×10<sup>−4</sup> ~ < 3×10<sup>−15</sup> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>絕對真空（Absolute Vacuum）</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="範例"><span id=".E7.AF.84.E4.BE.8B"></span>範例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：範例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%B5" title="真空泵">真空泵</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>壓力(Pa或kPa)</th> <th>壓力(Torr)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A8%8B" title="平均自由程">平均自由程</a></th> <th>每立方公分的分子數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣壓力">大氣壓力</a>，作比較用 </th> <td>101.325 kPa</td> <td>760</td> <td>66 nm</td> <td>2.5×10<sup>19</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E5%A1%B5%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吸塵器">吸塵器</a> </th> <td>約8×10<sup>4</sup></td> <td>600</td> <td>70 nm</td> <td>10<sup>19</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E6%B8%A6%E8%BC%AA%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="蒸汽渦輪發動機">蒸汽渦輪發動機</a>（冷凝器背壓） </th> <td>9 kPa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液环泵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="liquid ring"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E7%8E%AF%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="液环泵（页面不存在）">液环</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/liquid_ring" class="extiw" title="en:liquid ring"><span lang="en" dir="auto">liquid ring</span></a></span>）</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%B5" title="真空泵">真空泵</a> </th> <td>約 3.2×10<sup>3</sup></td> <td>24</td> <td>1.75 μm</td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="火星大气">火星大氣</a> </th> <td>1.155 kPa至0.03 kPa<br />（平均0.6 kPa）</td> <td>8.66至0.23</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E4%B9%BE%E7%87%A5" title="冷凍乾燥">冷凍乾燥</a> </th> <td>100 至 10</td> <td>1 至 0.1</td> <td>100 μm 至 1 mm</td> <td>10<sup>16</sup> 至 10<sup>15</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="電燈泡">電燈泡</a> </th> <td>10 至 1</td> <td>0.1 至 0.01</td> <td>1 mm 至 1 cm</td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> 至 10<sup>14</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%BA%AB%E7%93%B6" title="保溫瓶">保溫瓶</a>的抽真空 </th> <td>1 至 0.01 <sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>10<sup>−2</sup> 至 10<sup>−4</sup></td> <td>1 cm 至 1 m</td> <td>10<sup>14</sup> 至 10<sup>12</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>地球<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B1%82" title="热层">热层</a> </th> <td>1 Pa 至 1×10<sup>−7</sup></td> <td>10<sup>−2</sup> 至 10<sup>−9</sup></td> <td>1 cm 至 100 km</td> <td>10<sup>14</sup> 至 10<sup>7</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="真空管">真空管</a> </th> <td>1×10<sup>−5</sup> 至 1×10<sup>−8</sup></td> <td>10<sup>−7</sup> 至 10<sup>−10</sup></td> <td>1 至 1,000 km</td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> 至 10<sup>6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="低温泵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cryopump"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低温泵（页面不存在）">低温泵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopump" class="extiw" title="en:Cryopump"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cryopump</span></a></span>）</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%9F%E5%A4%96%E5%BB%B6" title="分子束外延">分子束外延</a>腔 </th> <td>1×10<sup>−7</sup> 至 1×10<sup>−9</sup></td> <td>10<sup>−9</sup> 至 10<sup>−11</sup></td> <td>100 至 10,000 km</td> <td>10<sup>7</sup> 至 10<sup>5</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>月球大氣 </th> <td>約 1×10<sup>−9</sup></td> <td>10<sup>−11</sup></td> <td>10,000 km</td> <td>4×10<sup>5</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>行星际空间 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>11<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="星際物質">星際物質</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>1<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>星系际空间 </th> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10<sup>−6</sup><sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%B0%8D%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F" title="成對產生">成對產生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="自由空間">自由空間</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="引擎真空" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="engine vacuum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引擎真空（页面不存在）">引擎真空</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/engine_vacuum" class="extiw" title="en:engine vacuum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">engine vacuum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="假真空衰变">假真空衰变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氦质谱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Helium mass spectrometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A6%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氦质谱（页面不存在）">氦质谱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_mass_spectrometer" class="extiw" title="en:Helium mass spectrometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Helium mass spectrometer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%84%8A#真空焊" title="硬焊">真空焊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%A8%E7%AE%A1" title="气动管">气动管</a>：利用氣壓或真空移動物體的裝置</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="稀疏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rarefaction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E7%96%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="稀疏（页面不存在）">稀疏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarefaction" class="extiw" title="en:Rarefaction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rarefaction</span></a></span>）</span></span>：介質密度變小</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吸力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Suction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吸力（页面不存在）">吸力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction" class="extiw" title="en:Suction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Suction</span></a></span>）</span></span>：創造部份真空的方法</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真空角閥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vacuum angle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E8%A7%92%E9%96%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空角閥（页面不存在）">真空角閥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_angle" class="extiw" title="en:Vacuum angle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vacuum angle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真空鍍膜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vacuum deposition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%8D%8D%E8%86%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空鍍膜（页面不存在）">真空鍍膜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" class="extiw" title="en:Vacuum deposition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vacuum deposition</span></a></span>）</span></span>：在部份真空的環境下鍍原子或分子的製程</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真空工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vacuum engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空工程（页面不存在）">真空工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Vacuum engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vacuum engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真空法蘭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vacuum flange"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空法蘭（页面不存在）">真空法蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flange" class="extiw" title="en:Vacuum flange"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vacuum flange</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chambers, Austin. Modern Vacuum Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780849324383" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8493-2438-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.btitle=Modern+Vacuum+Physics&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqegeIz9dyQC&pg=PA97">Speed Cleaning: Tips, Tricks & Strategies to Get Everything Done in Half the Time Or Less</a>. Rodale. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59486-274-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59486-274-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-59486-274-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Speed+Cleaning%3A+Tips%2C+Tricks+%26+Strategies+to+Get+Everything+Done+in+Half+the+Time+Or+Less&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59486-274-8&rft.pub=Rodale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqegeIz9dyQC%26pg%3DPA97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabrielse-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabrielse_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gabrielse, G.; Fei, X.; Orozco, L.; Tjoelker, R.; Haas, J.; Kalinowsky, H.; Trainor, T.; Kells, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1317">Thousandfold improvement in the measured antiproton mass</a>. Physical Review Letters. 1990-09, <b>65</b> (11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0031-9007</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.65.1317"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1317</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=Thousandfold+improvement+in+the+measured+antiproton+mass&rft.au=Fei%2C+X.&rft.au=Haas%2C+J.&rft.au=Kalinowsky%2C+H.&rft.au=Kells%2C+W.&rft.au=Orozco%2C+L.&rft.au=Tjoelker%2C+R.&rft.au=Trainor%2C+T.&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Gabrielse&rft.date=1990-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.volume=65&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.65.1317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.65.1317&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tadokoro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tadokoro_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tadokoro, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968PASJ...20..230T">A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem</a>. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 1968-01-01, <b>20</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6264"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0004-6264</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820183619/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968PASJ...20..230T">存档</a>于2022-08-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Local+Group+by+Use+of+the+Virial+Theorem&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Tadokoro&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0004-6264&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1968PASJ...20..230T&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Corporation, Bonnier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT3">Popular Science</a>. Bonnier Corporation. 1919-02: 3 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.date=1919-02&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7igDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guericke-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guericke_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guericke_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guericke_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA670">Guericke, Otto von</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed. <b>12</b>. Cambridge Univ. Press: 670. 1910 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-05-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318093732/https://books.google.com/books?id=GFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA670">存档</a>于2017-03-18） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=Guericke%2C+Otto+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+11th+Ed.&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFAEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA670&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenyon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kenyon_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenyon_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Pneumatics/Magdeburg_Hemispheres/Magdeburg_Hemispheres.html">Magdeburg Hemispheres</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227120301/http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Pneumatics/Magdeburg_Hemispheres/Magdeburg_Hemispheres.html">存档</a>于2021-02-27） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Greenslade%2C+Jr.&rft.btitle=Magdeburg+Hemispheres&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.kenyon.edu%2FEarlyApparatus%2FPneumatics%2FMagdeburg_Hemispheres%2FMagdeburg_Hemispheres.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneider-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schneider_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schneider, Ditmar. Ein Leben für die Alte Stadt Magdeburg. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-519-25153-1" title="Special:网络书源/3-519-25153-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-519-25153-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.aufirst=Ditmar&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.btitle=Ein+Leben+f%C3%BCr+die+Alte+Stadt+Magdeburg&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-519-25153-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avs_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hablanian, M. H.; Hemeon, C. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803104623/http://www2.avs.org/historybook/links/magden.htm">Comments about Magdeburg hemispheres reenactment</a>. 50 years of the AVS. American Vacuum Society. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.avs.org/historybook/links/magden.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-08-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=Comments+about+Magdeburg+hemispheres+reenactment&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.aulast=Hablanian&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=50+years+of+the+AVS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.avs.org%2Fhistorybook%2Flinks%2Fmagden.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luizmonteiro.com/StdAtm.aspx">luizmonteiro - 1976 Standard Atmosphere Calculations</a>. www.luizmonteiro.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422051313/http://www.luizmonteiro.com/StdAtm.aspx">存档</a>于2011-04-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=luizmonteiro+-+1976+Standard+Atmosphere+Calculations&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.luizmonteiro.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luizmonteiro.com%2FStdAtm.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Öpik, E.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063362901496">The lunar atmosphere</a>. Planetary and Space Science. 1962-05, <b>9</b> (5) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2862%2990149-6"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/0032-0633(62)90149-6</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820183855/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0032063362901496">存档</a>于2022-08-20） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=The+lunar+atmosphere&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rft.aulast=%C3%96pik&rft.date=1962-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.volume=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0032063362901496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2862%2990149-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">University of New Hampshire Experimental Space Plasma Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217172614/http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html">What is the Interstellar Medium</a>. The Interstellar Medium, an online tutorial. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-03-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Interstellar+Medium&rft.au=University+of+New+Hampshire+Experimental+Space+Plasma+Group&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interstellar+Medium%2C+an+online+tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ssg.sr.unh.edu%2Fism%2Fwhat1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部鏈接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.8F.88.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部鏈接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=7" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/真空">真空</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vacuum"><span style="font-weight:bold;">真空</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacegeek.org/ep9_QT.shtml">VIDEO on the nature of vacuum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210417143224/http://spacegeek.org/ep9_QT.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Canadian astrophysicist Doctor P</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216082832/http://www.svc.org/H/H_HistoryArticle.html">The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avs.org/">American Vacuum Society</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080901101258/http://www.avs.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080821115410/http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081201214408/http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html">FAQ on explosive decompression and vacuum exposure</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081121111818/http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html">Discussion of the effects on humans of exposure to hard vacuum</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120530050943/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Roberts, Mark D. Vacuum Energy. High Energy Physics - Theory. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000hep.th...12062R"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2000hep.th...12062R</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0012062"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:hep-th/0012062</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=Vacuum+Energy&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=High+Energy+Physics+-+Theory&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F0012062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000hep.th...12062R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">Vacuum, Production of Space</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080613093032/http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185128/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=258">"Much Ado About Nothing" by Professor John D. Barrow, Gresham College</a></li> <li>Free pdf copy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~rafelski/Books/StructVacuumE.pdf">The Structured Vacuum - thinking about nothing</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210302132353/http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~rafelski/Books/StructVacuumE.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Rafelski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Rafelski（页面不存在）">Johann Rafelski</a> and Berndt Muller (1985) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783871448898" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-87144-889-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/904686/">FAST</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534564">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vide (physique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12573072b">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vide (physique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12573072b">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062266-6">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531859905171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vacuum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141726">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571064">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vakuum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph228471&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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