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article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hadrian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hadrian (disambiguation)">Hadrian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Hadrian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈheɪdriən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HAY-dree-ən</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Publius Aelius Hadrianus <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[(h)adriˈjaːnus]</a>; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a>, close to modern <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in Spain, an <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>; his branch of the <a href="/wiki/Aelia_gens" title="Aelia gens">Aelia gens</a>, the Aeli Hadriani, came from the town of <a href="/wiki/Atri,_Abruzzo" title="Atri, Abruzzo">Hadria</a> in eastern Italy. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva-Antonine dynasty</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Hadrian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of Hadrian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchen_SMAEK_2019-03-23n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="4983"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Hadrian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 117 – 10 July 138</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Publius Aelius Hadrianus 24 January 76 <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, Roman Empire (present-day <a href="/wiki/Santiponce" title="Santiponce">Santiponce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 138 (aged 62) <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="list-style: decimal inside;"><li><a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Domitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardens of Domitia">Gardens of Domitia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Hadrian's Mausoleum</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adoptive children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">Lucius Aelius Caesar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer</a></li><li>Trajan (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Paulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Paulina">Domitia Paulina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> Early in his political career, Hadrian married <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandniece" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandniece">grandniece</a> of the ruling emperor, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. The marriage and Hadrian's later succession as emperor were probably promoted by Trajan's wife <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a>. Soon after his own succession, Hadrian had four leading senators unlawfully put to death, probably because they seemed to threaten the security of his reign; this earned him the senate's lifelong enmity. He earned further disapproval by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples as subjects of a <a href="/wiki/Panhellenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenism">panhellenic empire</a>, led by Rome. Hadrian energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests. He visited almost every province of the Empire, and indulged a preference for direct intervention in imperial and provincial affairs, especially building projects. He is particularly known for building <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, which marked the northern limit of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> and constructed the vast <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_and_Roma" title="Temple of Venus and Roma">Temple of Venus and Roma</a>. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Alexandria" title="Serapeum of Alexandria">Serapeum of Alexandria</a>. As an ardent admirer of Greek culture, he promoted Athens as the cultural capital of the Empire. His intense relationship with Greek youth <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> and the latter's untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread, popular cult. Late in Hadrian's reign, he suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>; he saw this rebellion as a failure of his panhellenic ideal. Hadrian's last years were marred by chronic illness. His marriage had been both unhappy and childless. In 138 he adopted <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and nominated him as a successor, on condition that Antoninus adopt <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a>, and Antoninus had him deified, despite opposition from the Senate. Later historians counted him as one of Rome's so-called "<a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>", and as a "<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolent dictator">benevolent dictator</a>". His own Senate found him remote and authoritarian. He has been described as enigmatic and contradictory, with a capacity for both great personal generosity and extreme cruelty and driven by insatiable curiosity, conceit, and ambition.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Public_service">2 Public service</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Relationship_with_Trajan_and_his_family">2.1 Relationship with Trajan and his family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Succession">2.2 Succession</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Emperor_(117)">3 Emperor (117)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Securing_power">3.1 Securing power</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Travels">4 Travels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Britannia_and_the_West_(122)">4.1 Britannia and the West (122)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Africa,_Parthia_(123)">4.2 Africa, Parthia (123)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Anatolia;_Antinous_(123%E2%80%93124)">4.3 Anatolia; Antinous (123–124)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Greece_(124%E2%80%93125)">4.4 Greece (124–125)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Return_to_Italy_and_trip_to_Africa_(126%E2%80%93128)">4.5 Return to Italy and trip to Africa (126–128)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Greece,_Asia,_and_Egypt_(128%E2%80%93130);_Antinous's_death">4.6 Greece, Asia, and Egypt (128–130); Antinous's death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Greece_and_the_East_(130%E2%80%93132)">4.7 Greece and the East (130–132)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Third_Roman%E2%80%93Jewish_War_(132%E2%80%93136)">4.8 Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Background,_causes">4.8.1 Background, causes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Revolt">4.8.2 Revolt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Aftermath;_persecutions">4.8.3 Aftermath; persecutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Hadrian's_itinerary">4.8.4 Hadrian's itinerary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Final_years">5 Final years</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Arranging_the_succession">5.1 Arranging the succession</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Death">5.2 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Military_activities">6 Military activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Legal_and_social_reforms">7 Legal and social reforms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Religious_activities">8 Religious activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Antinous">8.1 Antinous</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Christians">8.2 Christians</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Personal_and_cultural_interests">9 Personal and cultural interests</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Poem_by_Hadrian">9.1 Poem by Hadrian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Appraisals">10 Appraisals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Portraits">11 Portraits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree">12 Nerva–Antonine family tree</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Citations">14 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References">15 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Primary_sources">15.1 Primary sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Secondary_sources">15.2 Secondary sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg/220px-Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="3961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg/220px-Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg/330px-Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg/440px-Attica_06-13_Athens_24_Arch_of_Hadrian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Athens)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Athens)">Hadrian's Arch</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Hadrian's admiration for Greece materialised in such projects ordered during his reign.</figcaption></figure> Publius Aelius Hadrianus was born on 24 January 76, in <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Santiponce" title="Santiponce">Santiponce</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>), a Roman town founded by Italic settlers in the province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> at the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>; Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern <a href="/wiki/Atri,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Atri, Italy">Atri</a>), an ancient town in the <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> region of Italia, the source of the name Hadrianus. One Roman biographer claims instead that Hadrian was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, but this view is held by a minority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Hadrian's father was <a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorian</a> rank, born and raised in Italica. Hadrian's mother was <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Paulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Paulina">Domitia Paulina</a>, daughter of a distinguished Roman senatorial family based in Gades (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Royston_Lambert-31-7">[7]</a> His only sibling was an elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Domitia_Paulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia Domitia Paulina">Aelia Domitia Paulina</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> was the slave Germana, probably of Germanic origin, to whom he was devoted throughout his life. She was later freed by him and ultimately outlived him, as shown by her funerary inscription, which was found at <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorwood20135_&_43-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200834-10">[10]</a> Hadrian's great-nephew, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pedanius_Fuscus_Salinator_(consul_118)" title="Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator (consul 118)">Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcino</a> (Barcelona) would become Hadrian's colleague as co-consul in 118. As a senator, Hadrian's father would have spent much of his time in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In terms of his later career, Hadrian's most significant family connection was to <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, his father's <a href="/wiki/First_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="First cousin">first cousin</a>, who was also of senatorial stock and a native of Italica. Although they were considered to be, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, advenae ("aliens", people "from the outside"), both Trajan and Hadrian were of Italic lineage and belonged to the upper class of Roman society. One author has proposed to consider them part of the "<a href="/wiki/Gens_Ulpia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Ulpia">Ulpio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gens_Aelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Aelia">Aelian</a> dynasty".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Hadrian's parents died in 86 when he was ten years old. He and his sister became wards of Trajan and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">Publius Acilius Attianus</a> (who later became Trajan's <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Royston_Lambert-31-7">[7]</a> Hadrian was physically active and enjoyed hunting; when he was 14, Trajan called him to Rome and arranged his further <a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">education</a> in subjects appropriate to a young Roman <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Hadrian's enthusiasm for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek literature</a> and culture earned him the nickname Graeculus ("Greekling"), intended as a form of "mild mockery".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Public_service">Public service</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Decemviri_stlitibus_judicandis" title="Decemviri stlitibus judicandis">decemviri stlitibus judicandis</a>, one among many <a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">vigintivirate</a> offices at the lowest level of the <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a> ("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribune</a>, first with the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Adiutrix" title="Legio II Adiutrix">Legio II Adiutrix</a> in 95, then with the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a>. During Hadrian's second stint as tribune, the frail and aged reigning emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> adopted Trajan as his heir; Hadrian was dispatched to give Trajan the news – or most probably was one of many emissaries charged with this same commission.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Then Hadrian was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">Legio XXII Primigenia</a> and a third tribunate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Hadrian's three tribunates gave him some career advantage. Most scions of the older senatorial families might serve one, or at most two, military tribunates as a prerequisite to higher office.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> When Nerva died in 98, Hadrian is said to have hastened to Trajan, to inform him ahead of the official envoy sent by the governor, Hadrian's brother-in-law and rival Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 101, Hadrian was back in Rome; he was elected <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a>, then quaestor imperatoris Traiani, liaison officer between Emperor and the assembled Senate, to whom he read the Emperor's communiqués and speeches – which he possibly composed on the emperor's behalf. In his role as imperial <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>, Hadrian took the place of the recently deceased Licinius Sura, Trajan's all-powerful friend and kingmaker.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> His next post was as ab actis senatus, keeping the Senate's records.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dacian War">First Dacian War</a>, Hadrian took the field as a member of Trajan's personal entourage, but was excused from his military post to take office in Rome as <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune of the plebs</a>, in 105. After the war, he was probably elected <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Second Dacian War</a>, Hadrian was in Trajan's personal service again. He was released to serve as <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Minervia" title="Legio I Minervia">Legio I Minervia</a>, then as governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Lower Pannonia</a> in 107, tasked with "holding back the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bowman,_133-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Between 107 and 108, Hadrian defeated an invasion of Roman-controlled <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiurescuFischer-Gala%C5%A3i199839-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy201494-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A2rc%C4%83201319-27">[27]</a> The exact terms of the peace treaty are not known. It is believed the Romans kept Oltenia in exchange for some form of concession, likely involving a one-time tribute payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy201494-26">[26]</a> The Iazyges also took possession of Banat around this time, which may have been part of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy2014101-28">[28]</a> Now in his mid-thirties, Hadrian travelled to Greece; he was granted Athenian citizenship and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">eponymous archon</a> of Athens for a brief time (in 112).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Athenians awarded him a statue with an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae" title="Inscriptiones Graecae">IG</a> II2 3286) offering a detailed account of his cursus honorum thus far.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Thereafter, no more is heard of him until <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Trajan's Parthian campaign</a>. It is possible that he remained in Greece until his recall to the imperial retinue,<a href="#cite_note-Bowman,_133-23">[23]</a> when he joined Trajan's expedition against <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a> as a legate.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When the governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> was sent to deal with renewed troubles in Dacia, Hadrian was appointed his replacement, with independent command.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Trajan became seriously ill, and took ship for Rome, while Hadrian remained in Syria, de facto general commander of the Eastern Roman army.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Trajan got as far as the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Gazipa%C5%9Fa" title="Gazipaşa">Selinus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, and died there on 8 August 117; he would be regarded as one of Rome's most admired, popular and best emperors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Trajan_and_his_family">Relationship with Trajan and his family</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with Trajan and his family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Around the time of his quaestorship, in 100 or 101, Hadrian had married Trajan's seventeen- or eighteen-year-old grandniece, <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a>. Trajan himself seems to have been less than enthusiastic about the marriage, and with good reason, as the couple's relationship would prove to be scandalously poor.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The marriage might have been arranged by Trajan's empress, Plotina. This highly cultured, influential woman shared many of Hadrian's values and interests, including the idea of the Roman Empire as a commonwealth with an underlying Hellenic culture.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> If Hadrian were to be appointed Trajan's successor, Plotina and her extended family could retain their social profile and political influence after Trajan's death.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Hadrian could also count on the support of his mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a>, who was the daughter of Trajan's beloved sister <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Ulpia Marciana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> When Ulpia Marciana died in 112, Trajan had her <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">deified</a>, and made Salonia Matidia an <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)#Feminine_equivalent" title="Augustus (title)">Augusta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond,_Ra_58_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg/170px-%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11008" data-file-height="14166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg/170px-%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg/255px-%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg/340px-%28Toulouse%29_Buste_de_Trajan_type_dit_%27des_Decennalia%27_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond%2C_Ra_58_b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond" title="Musée Saint-Raymond">Musée Saint-Raymond</a>, Toulouse</figcaption></figure> Hadrian's personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> was complex and may have been difficult. Hadrian seems to have sought influence over Trajan, or Trajan's decisions, through cultivation of the latter's boy favourites; this gave rise to some unexplained quarrel, around the time of Hadrian's marriage to Sabina.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Late in Trajan's reign, Hadrian failed to achieve a senior consulship, being only suffect consul for 108;<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> this gave him parity of status with other members of the senatorial nobility,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but no particular distinction befitting an heir designate.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Had Trajan wished it, he could have promoted his protege to <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> rank and its privileges, which included opportunities for a fast track to consulship without prior experience as tribune; he chose not to.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> While Hadrian seems to have been granted the office of tribune of the plebs a year or so younger than was customary, he had to leave Dacia, and Trajan, to take up the appointment; Trajan might simply have wanted him out of the way.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> describes Trajan's gift to Hadrian of a diamond ring that Trajan himself had received from <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, which "encouraged [Hadrian's] hopes of succeeding to the throne".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> While Trajan actively promoted Hadrian's advancement, he did so with caution.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Failure to nominate an heir could invite chaotic, destructive wresting of power by a succession of competing claimants – a civil war. Too early a nomination could be seen as an abdication and reduce the chance for an orderly transmission of power.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As Trajan lay dying, nursed by his wife, Plotina, and closely watched by Prefect Attianus, he could have lawfully adopted Hadrian as heir by means of a simple deathbed wish, expressed before witnesses;<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> but when an adoption document was eventually presented, it was signed not by Trajan but by Plotina.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> That Hadrian was still in Syria was a further irregularity, as Roman adoption law required the presence of both parties at the adoption ceremony. Rumours, doubts, and speculation attended Hadrian's adoption and succession. It has been suggested that Trajan's young manservant Phaedimus, who died very soon after Trajan, was killed (or killed himself) rather than face awkward questions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ancient sources are divided on the legitimacy of Hadrian's adoption: <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> saw it as bogus and the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> writer as genuine.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> minted early in Hadrian's reign represents the official position; it presents Hadrian as Trajan's "<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>" (Trajan's heir designate).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Emperor_(117)">Emperor (117)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emperor (117)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securing_power">Securing power</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Securing power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/330px-Roman_Empire_125.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/330px-Roman_Empire_125.png" data-width="330" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/495px-Roman_Empire_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png/660px-Roman_Empire_125.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Roman Empire in 125, under the rule of Hadrian</figcaption></figure> According to the Historia Augusta, Hadrian informed the Senate of his accession in a letter as a fait accompli, explaining that "the unseemly haste of the troops in acclaiming him emperor was due to the belief that the state could not be without an emperor".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The new emperor rewarded the legions' loyalty with the customary <a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">bonus</a>, and the Senate endorsed the acclamation. Various public ceremonies were organised on Hadrian's behalf, celebrating his "divine election" by all the gods, whose community now included Trajan, deified at Hadrian's request.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Hadrian remained in the east for a while, suppressing <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">the Jewish revolt that had broken out under Trajan</a>. He relieved Judea's governor, the outstanding Moorish general <a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a>, of his personal guard of Moorish auxiliaries;<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> then he moved on to quell disturbances along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> frontier. In Rome, Hadrian's former guardian and current <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>, Attianus, claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy involving Lusius Quietus and three other leading senators, Lucius Publilius Celsus, Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus and Gaius Avidius Nigrinus.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_Speller-61">[61]</a> There was no public trial for the four – they were tried in absentia, hunted down and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_Speller-61">[61]</a> Hadrian claimed that Attianus had acted on his own initiative, and rewarded him with senatorial status and consular rank; then pensioned him off, no later than 120.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Hadrian assured the senate that henceforth their ancient right to prosecute and judge their own would be respected. The reasons for these four executions remain obscure. Official recognition of Hadrian as a legitimate heir may have come too late to dissuade other potential claimants.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Hadrian's greatest rivals were Trajan's closest friends, the most experienced and senior members of the imperial council;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> any of them might have been a legitimate competitor for the imperial office (capaces imperii);<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and any of them might have supported Trajan's expansionist policies, which Hadrian intended to change.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> One of their number was <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Palma_Frontonianus" title="Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus">Aulus Cornelius Palma</a> who as a former conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia (province)">Arabia Nabatea</a> would have retained a stake in the East.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Historia Augusta describes Palma and a third executed senator, Lucius Publilius Celsus (consul for the second time in 113), as Hadrian's personal enemies, who had spoken in public against him.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The fourth was <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">Gaius Avidius Nigrinus</a>, an ex-consul, intellectual, friend of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> and (briefly) Governor of Dacia at the start of Hadrian's reign. He was probably Hadrian's chief rival for the throne; a senator of the highest rank, breeding, and connections; according to the Historia Augusta, Hadrian had considered making Nigrinus his heir apparent before deciding to get rid of him.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg/220px-Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="237"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg/220px-Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg/330px-Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg/440px-Hadrianus_coin_-_119.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> of Hadrian issued in 119 AD for his third <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a>. Inscription: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS / LIBERALITAS AVG. CO[N]S III, P. P.</figcaption></figure> Soon after, in 125, Hadrian appointed <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Turbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Marcius Turbo">Quintus Marcius Turbo</a> as his Praetorian Prefect.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Turbo was his close friend, a leading figure of the equestrian order, a senior court judge and a <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As Hadrian also forbade equestrians to try cases against senators,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> the Senate retained full legal authority over its members; it also remained the highest court of appeal, and formal appeals to the emperor regarding its decisions were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> If this was an attempt to repair the damage done by Attianus, with or without Hadrian's full knowledge, it was not enough; Hadrian's reputation and relationship with his Senate were irredeemably soured, for the rest of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Some sources describe Hadrian's occasional recourse to a network of informers, the <a href="/wiki/Frumentarii" title="Frumentarii">frumentarii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> to discreetly investigate persons of high social standing, including senators and his close friends.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Travels">Travels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Travels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg/170px-Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg/170px-Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg/255px-Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg/340px-Hadrian_Greek_BM_Sc1381.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This statue of Hadrian in Greek dress was revealed in 2008 to have been forged in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> by cobbling together a head of Hadrian and an unknown body. For years, the statue had been used by historians as proof of Hadrian's love of Hellenic culture.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> Hadrian was to spend more than half his reign outside Italy. Whereas previous emperors had, for the most part, relied on the reports of their imperial representatives around the Empire, Hadrian wished to see things for himself. Previous emperors had often left Rome for long periods, but mostly to go to war, returning once the conflict was settled. Hadrian's near-incessant travels may represent a calculated break with traditions and attitudes in which the empire was a purely Roman hegemony. Hadrian sought to include provincials in a commonwealth of civilised peoples and a common Hellenic culture under Roman supervision.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He supported the creation of provincial towns (<a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipia</a>), semi-autonomous urban communities with their own customs and laws, rather than the imposition of new Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">colonies</a> with Roman constitutions.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A cosmopolitan, ecumenical intent is evident in coin issues of Hadrian's later reign, showing the emperor "raising up" the personifications of various provinces.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a> would later write that Hadrian "extended over his subjects a protecting hand, raising them as one helps fallen men on their feet".<a href="#cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_159-83">[83]</a> All this did not go well with Roman traditionalists. The self-indulgent emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> had enjoyed a prolonged and peaceful tour of Greece and had been criticised by the Roman elite for abandoning his fundamental responsibilities as emperor. In the eastern provinces, and to some extent in the west, Nero had enjoyed popular support; claims of his imminent <a href="/wiki/Nero_Redivivus_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Redivivus legend">return or rebirth</a> emerged almost immediately after his death. Hadrian may have consciously exploited these positive, popular connections during his own travels.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In the Historia Augusta, Hadrian is described as "a little too much Greek", too cosmopolitan for a Roman emperor.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britannia_and_the_West_(122)">Britannia and the West (122)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Britannia and the West (122)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/220px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/220px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/330px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/440px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, the Roman frontier fortification in northern England. A <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39" title="Milecastle 39">milecastle</a> is in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> Prior to Hadrian's arrival in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, the province had suffered a major rebellion from 119 to 121.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Inscriptions tell of an expeditio Britannica that involved major troop movements, including the dispatch of a detachment (<a href="/wiki/Vexillatio" title="Vexillatio">vexillatio</a>), comprising some 3,000 soldiers. Fronto writes about military losses in Britannia at the time.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Coin legends of 119–120 attest that <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Quintus Pompeius Falco</a> was sent to restore order. In 122 Hadrian initiated the construction of a wall "to separate Romans from barbarians".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The idea that the wall was built in order to deal with an actual threat or its resurgence, however, is probable but nevertheless conjectural.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A general desire to cease the Empire's extension may have been the determining motive. Reduction of defence costs may also have played a role, as the Wall deterred attacks on Roman territory at a lower cost than a massed border army,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and controlled cross-border trade and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Breeze-91">[91]</a> A shrine was erected in York to Britannia as the divine <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personification of Britain</a>; coins were struck, bearing her image, identified as Britannia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> By the end of 122, Hadrian had concluded his visit to Britannia. He never saw the finished <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">wall that bears his name</a>. Hadrian appears to have continued through southern Gaul. At <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nemausus</a>, he may have overseen the building of a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> dedicated to his patroness Plotina, who had recently died in Rome and had been deified at Hadrian's request.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_p._145-93">[93]</a> At around this time, Hadrian dismissed his secretary <a href="/wiki/Ab_epistulis" title="Ab epistulis">ab epistulis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, for "excessive familiarity" towards the empress.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Marcius Turbo's colleague as praetorian prefect, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septicius_Clarus" title="Gaius Septicius Clarus">Gaius Septicius Clarus</a>, was dismissed for the same alleged reason, perhaps a pretext to remove him from office.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Hadrian spent the winter of 122/123 at <a href="/wiki/Tarraco" title="Tarraco">Tarraco</a>, in Spain, where he restored the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa,_Parthia_(123)">Africa, Parthia (123)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa, Parthia (123)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 123, Hadrian crossed the Mediterranean to <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, where he personally led a minor campaign against local rebels.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The visit was cut short by reports of war preparations by Parthia; Hadrian quickly headed eastwards. At some point, he visited <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, where he personally funded the training of young men from well-bred families for the Roman military. Cyrene had benefited earlier in Hadrian's reign (in 119) from his restoration of public buildings destroyed during the earlier, Trajanic Jewish revolt.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Birley describes this kind of investment as "characteristic of Hadrian".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolia;_Antinous_(123–124)">Anatolia; Antinous (123–124)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anatolia; Antinous (123–124)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When Hadrian arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, he personally negotiated a settlement with the Parthian King <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a>, inspected the Roman defences, then set off westwards, along the Black Sea coast.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He probably wintered in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, the main city of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>. Nicomedia had been hit by an earthquake only shortly before his stay; Hadrian provided funds for its rebuilding and was acclaimed as restorer of the province.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Birley,_pp._157%E2%80%938-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Antinous_(2)._2nd_cent._A.D_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4997"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Bust_of_Antinous_%282%29._2nd_cent._A.D_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Antinous_(NAMA)" title="Bust of Antinous (NAMA)">Bust of Antinous</a> from <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> It is possible that Hadrian visited <a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Bithynia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudiopolis (Bithynia)">Claudiopolis</a> and saw the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a>, a young man of humble birth who became Hadrian's lover. Literary and epigraphic sources say nothing of when or where they met; depictions of Antinous show him aged 20 or so, shortly before his death in 130. In 123 he would most likely have been a youth of 13 or 14.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Birley,_pp._157%E2%80%938-102">[102]</a> It is also possible that Antinous was sent to Rome to be trained as a page to serve the emperor and only gradually rose to the status of imperial favourite.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The actual historical detail of their relationship is mostly unknown.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> With or without Antinous, Hadrian travelled through <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Various traditions suggest his presence at particular locations and allege his foundation of a city within Mysia, <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Hadrianutherae</a>, after a successful boar hunt. At about this time, plans to complete the Temple of Zeus in <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a>, begun by the kings of <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Pergamon</a>, were put into practice. The temple received a colossal statue of Hadrian. Cyzicus, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardes">Sardes</a> were promoted as regional centres for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neocorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocorate">neocoros</a>).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece_(124–125)">Greece (124–125)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greece (124–125)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hadrian arrived in Greece during the autumn of 124 and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>. He had a particular commitment to Athens, which had previously granted him citizenship<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and an archonate;<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> at the Athenians' request, he revised their constitution – among other things, he added a new <a href="/wiki/Phyle" title="Phyle">phyle</a> (tribe), which was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Hadrian combined active, hands-on interventions with cautious restraint. He refused to intervene in a local dispute between producers of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Council</a>, who had imposed production quotas on oil producers;<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> yet he granted an imperial subsidy for the Athenian grain supply.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Hadrian created two <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">foundations</a> to fund Athens' public games, festivals and competitions if no citizen proved wealthy or willing enough to sponsor them as a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasiarch" title="Gymnasiarch">Gymnasiarch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agonothetes" title="Agonothetes">Agonothetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Generally Hadrian preferred that Greek notables, including priests of the imperial cult, focus on more essential and durable provisions, especially <a href="/wiki/Munera_(ancient_Rome)" title="Munera (ancient Rome)">munera</a> such as aqueducts and public fountains (<a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Athens was given two nymphaea; one brought water from Mount Parnes to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Athenia Agora</a> via a complex, challenging and ambitious system of aqueduct tunnels and reservoirs, to be constructed over several years.<a href="#cite_note-auto-113">[113]</a> Several were given to Argos, to remedy a water-shortage so severe and so long-standing that "thirsty Argos" featured in Homeric epic.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Olympieion_(Ath%C3%A8nes)_(30776483926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg/220px-L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg/220px-L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg/330px-L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg/440px-L%27Olympieion_%28Ath%C3%A8nes%29_%2830776483926%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens</a>, completed under Emperor Hadrian in 131.</figcaption></figure> During that winter, Hadrian toured the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. His exact route is uncertain, but it took in <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> describes temples built there by Hadrian, and his statue – in <a href="/wiki/Heroic_nudity" title="Heroic nudity">heroic nudity</a> – erected by its citizens<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> in thanks to their "restorer". Antinous and Hadrian may have already been lovers at this time; Hadrian showed particular generosity to <a href="/wiki/Mantinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantinea">Mantinea</a>, which shared ancient, mythic, politically useful links with Antinous' home at Bithynia. He restored Mantinea's Temple of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon Hippios</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and according to Pausanias, restored the city's original, classical name. It had been renamed Antigoneia since Hellenistic times, after the Macedonian King <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a>. Hadrian also rebuilt the ancient shrines of <a href="/wiki/Abae" title="Abae">Abae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heraion_of_Argos" title="Heraion of Argos">Heraion of Argos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boatwright,_p._134-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> During his tour of the Peloponnese, Hadrian persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> grandee Eurycles Herculanus – leader of the <a href="/wiki/Euryclids" title="Euryclids">Euryclid</a> family that had ruled Sparta since Augustus' day – to enter the Senate, alongside the Athenian grandee <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Atticus_Herodes_(suffect_consul_133)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (suffect consul 133)">Herodes Atticus the Elder</a>. The two aristocrats would be the first from "Old Greece" to enter the Roman Senate, as representatives of Sparta and Athens, traditional rivals and "great powers" of the Classical Age.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This was an important step in overcoming Greek notables' reluctance to take part in Roman political life.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In March 125, Hadrian presided at the Athenian festival of <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, wearing Athenian dress. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a> had been under construction for more than five centuries; Hadrian committed the vast resources at his command to ensure that the job would be finished.<a href="#cite_note-auto-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Italy_and_trip_to_Africa_(126–128)">Return to Italy and trip to Africa (126–128)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to Italy and trip to Africa (126–128)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:253px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1651_-_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_11_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/169px-1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/169px-1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="169" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/254px-1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/338px-1651_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Hadrian_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Colossal <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">portrait bust</a> of the emperor Hadrian with a <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">wreath of oak leaves</a> (AD 117–138); <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:253px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg/215px-Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg/215px-Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg/323px-Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg/430px-Emperor_Hadrian_Louvre_Ma3131.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hadrian in armour, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">gorgoneion</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">breastplate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">marble, Roman artwork</a>, c. 127–128 AD, from <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</div></div></div></div></div> On his return to Italy, Hadrian made a detour to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Coins celebrate him as the restorer of the island.<a href="#cite_note-AnthonyBirley-191-122">[122]</a> Back in Rome, he saw the rebuilt Pantheon and his completed villa at nearby <a href="/wiki/Tibur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibur">Tibur</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine Hills">Sabine Hills</a>. In early March 127 Hadrian set off on a tour of Italy; his route has been reconstructed through the evidence of his gifts and donations.<a href="#cite_note-AnthonyBirley-191-122">[122]</a> He restored the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Cupra_(goddess)" title="Cupra (goddess)">Cupra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cupra_Maritima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupra Maritima">Cupra Maritima</a> and improved the drainage of the <a href="/wiki/Fucine_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucine lake">Fucine lake</a>. Less welcome than such largesse was his decision in 127 to divide Italy into four regions under imperial legates with consular rank, acting as governors. They were given jurisdiction over all of Italy, excluding Rome itself, therefore shifting Italian cases from the courts of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Having Italy effectively reduced to the status of a group of mere provinces did not go down well with the Roman Senate,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and the innovation did not long outlive Hadrian's reign.<a href="#cite_note-AnthonyBirley-191-122">[122]</a> Hadrian fell ill around this time; whatever the nature of his illness, it did not stop him from setting off in the spring of 128 to visit Africa. His arrival coincided with the good omen of rain, which ended a drought. Along with his usual role as benefactor and restorer, he found time to inspect the troops; his speech to them survives.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Hadrian returned to Italy in the summer of 128, but his stay was brief, as he set off on another tour that would last three years.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece,_Asia,_and_Egypt_(128–130);_Antinous's_death">Greece, Asia, and Egypt (128–130); Antinous's death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greece, Asia, and Egypt (128–130); Antinous's death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In September 128, Hadrian attended the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a> again. This time his visit to Greece seems to have concentrated on Athens and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> – the two ancient rivals for dominance of Greece. Hadrian had played with the idea of focusing his Greek revival around the <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> based in Delphi, but by now he had decided on something far grander. His new <a href="/wiki/Panhellenion" title="Panhellenion">Panhellenion</a> was going to be a council that would bring Greek cities together. Having set in motion the preparations – deciding whose claim to be a Greek city was genuine would take time – Hadrian set off for Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> From Greece, Hadrian proceeded by way of Asia to Egypt, probably conveyed across the Aegean with his entourage by an Ephesian merchant, Lucius Erastus. Hadrian later sent a letter to the Council of Ephesus, supporting Erastus as a worthy candidate for town councillor and offering to pay the requisite fee.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg/220px-Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4840" data-file-height="3625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg/220px-Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg/330px-Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg/440px-Agilkia_Hadriantor_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gateway of Hadrianus in <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a></figcaption></figure> Hadrian arrived in Egypt before the Egyptian New Year on 29 August 130.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> He opened his stay in Egypt by restoring <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a>'s tomb at <a href="/wiki/Pelusium" title="Pelusium">Pelusium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> offering sacrifice to him as a <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">hero</a> and composing an <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> for the tomb. As Pompey was universally acknowledged as responsible for establishing Rome's power in the east, this restoration was probably linked to a need to reaffirm Roman Eastern hegemony following social unrest there during Trajan's late reign.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Hadrian and Antinous held a lion hunt in the Libyan desert; a poem on the subject by the Greek Pankrates is the earliest evidence that they travelled together.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> While Hadrian and his entourage were sailing on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, Antinous drowned. The exact circumstances surrounding his death are unknown, and accident, suicide, murder and religious sacrifice have all been postulated. Historia Augusta offers the following account: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">During a journey on the Nile he lost Antinous, his favourite, and for this youth he wept like a woman. Concerning this incident there are varying rumours; for some claim that he had devoted himself to death for Hadrian, and others – what both his beauty and Hadrian's sensuality suggest. But however this may be, the Greeks deified him at Hadrian's request, and declared that oracles were given through his agency, but these, it is commonly asserted, were composed by Hadrian himself.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></blockquote> Hadrian founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Antinopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinopolis">Antinoöpolis</a> in Antinous' honour on 30 October 130. He then continued down the Nile to <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, where his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon" title="Colossi of Memnon">Colossi of Memnon</a> on 20 and 21 November was commemorated by four epigrams inscribed by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Balbilla" title="Julia Balbilla">Julia Balbilla</a>. After that, he headed north, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a> at the beginning of December.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece_and_the_East_(130–132)">Greece and the East (130–132)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greece and the East (130–132)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg/220px-Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11570" data-file-height="9714"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg/220px-Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg/330px-Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg/440px-Hadrian_Arc_Pan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Jerash)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Jerash)">Arch of Hadrian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, built to honour Hadrian's visit in 130</figcaption></figure> Hadrian's movements after his journey down the Nile are uncertain. Whether or not he returned to Rome, he travelled in the East during 130–131, to organise and inaugurate his new <a href="/wiki/Panhellenion" title="Panhellenion">Panhellenion</a>, which was to be focused on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Athenian Temple to Olympian Zeus</a>. As local conflicts had led to the failure of the previous scheme for a Hellenic association centered on Delphi, Hadrian decided instead for a grand league of all Greek cities.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Successful applications for membership involved mythologised or fabricated claims to Greek origins, and affirmations of loyalty to imperial Rome, to satisfy Hadrian's personal, idealised notions of Hellenism.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Hadrian saw himself as protector of Greek culture and the "liberties" of Greece – in this case, urban self-government. It allowed Hadrian to appear as the fictive heir to <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, who supposedly had convened a previous Panhellenic Congress – such a Congress is mentioned only in Pericles' <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">biography</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who respected Rome's imperial order.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Epigraphical evidence suggests that the prospect of applying to the Panhellenion held little attraction to the wealthier, Hellenised cities of Asia Minor, which were jealous of Athenian and European Greek preeminence within Hadrian's scheme.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Hadrian's notion of Hellenism was narrow and deliberately archaising; he defined "Greekness" in terms of classical roots, rather than a broader, Hellenistic culture.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Some cities with a dubious claim to Greekness, however – such as <a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a> – were acknowledged as fully Hellenic.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> remarked that the Panhellenion was based on "games, commemorations, preservation of an ideal, an entirely non-political Hellenism".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Hadrian bestowed honorific titles on many regional centres.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> received a state visit and was given the civic name Hadriana Palmyra.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Hadrian also bestowed honours on various Palmyrene magnates, among them one Soados, who had done much to protect Palmyrene trade between the Roman Empire and Parthia.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Hadrian had spent the winter of 131–32 in Athens, where he dedicated the now-completed <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Olympian_Zeus,_Athens" title="Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens">Temple of Olympian Zeus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> At some time in 132, he headed East, to Judaea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Roman–Jewish_War_(132–136)">Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg/250px-Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg/250px-Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg/375px-Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg/500px-Hadrian_visit_to_Judea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coinage minted to mark Hadrian's visit to Judea. Inscription: HADRIANVS AVG. CO[N]S. III, P. P. / ADVENTVI (arrival) AVG. IVDAEAE – S. C.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian,_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem,_117%E2%80%93138_AD,_Israel_Museum,_Jerusalem_(15646103181).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg/202px-Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 202px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg/202px-Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="202" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg/303px-Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg/404px-Bronze_statue_of_Hadrian%2C_found_at_the_Camp_of_the_Sixth_Roman_Legion_in_Tel_Shalem%2C_117%E2%80%93138_AD%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815646103181%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of Hadrian unearthed at Tel Shalem commemorating Roman military victory over <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg/132px-Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg/132px-Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="132" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg/198px-Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg/264px-Statue_of_Hadrian_in_Caesarea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a> statue of Hadrian discovered in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, Israel</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background,_causes">Background, causes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Background, causes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a>, Hadrian visited <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which was still in ruins after the <a href="/wiki/First_Roman%E2%80%93Jewish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Roman–Jewish War">First Roman–Jewish War</a> of 66–73. He may have planned to rebuild Jerusalem as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> – as <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> had done with <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> – with various honorific and fiscal privileges. The non-Roman population would have no obligation to participate in Roman religious rituals but were expected to support the Roman imperial order; this is attested in Caesarea, where some Jews served in the Roman army during both the 66 and 132 rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> It has been speculated that Hadrian intended to assimilate the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temple</a> to the traditional Roman civic-religious <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a>; such assimilations had long been commonplace practice in Greece and in other provinces, and on the whole, had been successful.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The neighbouring Samaritans had already integrated their religious rites with Hellenistic ones.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Strict Jewish <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> proved more resistant to imperial cajoling, and then to imperial demands.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> A tradition based on the Historia Augusta suggests that the revolt was spurred by Hadrian's abolition of <a href="/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision#Male_circumcision_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="History of male circumcision">circumcision</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a>);<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> which as a <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Hellenist</a> he viewed as <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay-153">[153]</a> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> maintains that there is no evidence for this claim, given the notoriously problematical nature of the Historia Augusta as a source, the "tomfoolery" shown by the writer in the relevant passage, and the fact that contemporary Roman legislation on "genital mutilation" seems to address the general issue of <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> of slaves by their masters.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Other issues could have contributed to the outbreak: a heavy-handed, culturally insensitive Roman administration; tensions between the landless poor and incoming Roman colonists privileged with land-grants; and a strong undercurrent of messianism, predicated on <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>'s prophecy that the Temple would be rebuilt seventy years after its destruction, as the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a> had been after the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolt">Revolt</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Revolt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A massive anti-Hellenistic and anti-Roman Jewish uprising broke out, led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-158">[158]</a> Given the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, it is impossible to ascertain an exact date for the beginning of the uprising. It probably began between summer and fall of 132.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Tineius (Tynius) Rufus</a> asked for an army to crush the resistance; bar Kokhba punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-158">[158]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, that had to do mostly with Christian converts, who opposed bar Kokhba's messianic claims.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The Romans were overwhelmed by the organised ferocity of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-:0-151">[151]</a> Hadrian called his general <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and brought troops in from as far as the Danube. Roman losses were heavy; an entire legion or its numeric equivalent of around 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Hadrian's report on the war to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> omitted the customary salutation, "If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The rebellion was quashed by 135. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DioRH-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Beitar</a>, a fortified city 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, fell after a three-and-a-half-year siege.<a href="#cite_note-DRS11-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath;_persecutions">Aftermath; persecutions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath; persecutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG/220px-0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG/330px-0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG/440px-0_Monument_honoraire_d%E2%80%99Hadrien_-_L%27empereur_accueilli_par_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rome_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Relief from an honorary monument of Hadrian (detail), showing the emperor being greeted by the <a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">goddess Roma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genii</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">the Senate</a> and the Roman People; marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Vatican City</figcaption></figure> Roman war operations in Judea left some 580,000 Jews dead and 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed.<a href="#cite_note-DioRH-163">[163]</a> An unknown proportion of the population was enslaved. The extent of punitive measures against the Jewish population remains a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-DRS11-164">[164]</a> Hadrian renamed Judea province <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. He renamed Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> after himself and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Capitolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Capitolinus">Jupiter Capitolinus</a> and had the city rebuilt in Greek style. According to Epiphanius, Hadrian appointed <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila from Sinope</a> in Pontus as "overseer of the work of building the city", since he was related to him by marriage.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Hadrian is said to have placed the city's main <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a> at the junction of the main <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">Cardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">Decumanus Maximus</a>, now the location for the (smaller) <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>. After the suppression of the Jewish revolt, Hadrian provided the Samaritans with a temple dedicated to Zeus Hypsistos ("Highest Zeus")<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The bloody repression of the revolt ended Jewish political independence from the Roman imperial order.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadrian's_itinerary">Hadrian's itinerary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hadrian's itinerary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Inscriptions make it clear that in 133, Hadrian took to the field with his armies against the rebels. He then returned to Rome, probably in that year and almost certainly – judging from inscriptions – via <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyricum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Final years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg/170px-Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg/170px-Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg/255px-Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg/340px-Mars_Venus_Louvre_Ma1009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>imperial group as <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>; the male figure is a portrait of Hadrian, the female figure was perhaps reworked <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">into a portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Annia Lucilla</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">marble, Roman artwork</a>, c. 120–140 AD, reworked c. 170–175 AD.</figcaption></figure> Hadrian spent the final years of his life in Rome. In 134, he took an imperial <a href="/wiki/Salutation" title="Salutation">salutation</a> for the end of the Third Jewish War (which was not actually concluded until the following year). Commemorations and achievement awards were kept to a minimum, as Hadrian came to see the war "as a cruel and sudden disappointment to his aspirations" towards a cosmopolitan empire.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Empress Sabina</a> died, probably in 136, after an unhappy marriage with which Hadrian had coped as a political necessity. The Historia Augusta biography states that Hadrian himself declared that his wife's "ill-temper and irritability" would be reason enough for a divorce, were he a private citizen.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> That gave credence, after Sabina's death, to the common belief that Hadrian had her poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In keeping with well-established imperial propriety, Sabina – who had been made an Augusta sometime around 128<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> – was deified not long after her death.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arranging_the_succession">Arranging the succession</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arranging the succession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg/170px-Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg/170px-Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg/255px-Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg/340px-Bronze_Hadrien_Louvre_Br4547.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait of Hadrian; bronze, Roman artwork, c. 140 AD, perhaps from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> Hadrian's marriage to Sabina had been childless. Suffering from poor health, Hadrian turned to the issue of succession. In 136, he adopted one of the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> of that year, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who, as an emperor-in-waiting, took the name <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">Lucius Aelius Caesar</a>. He was the son-in-law of Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, one of the "four consulars" executed in 118. His health was delicate, and his reputation apparently more that "of a voluptuous, well-educated great lord than that of a leader".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Various modern attempts have been made to explain Hadrian's choice: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Carcopino" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Carcopino">Jerome Carcopino</a> proposes that Aelius was Hadrian's natural son.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> It has also been speculated that his adoption was Hadrian's belated attempt to reconcile with one of the most important of the four senatorial families whose leading members had been executed soon after Hadrian's succession.<a href="#cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_159-83">[83]</a> Aelius acquitted himself honourably as joint governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a>;<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> he held a further consulship in 137 but died on 1 January 138.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Hadrian next adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>), who had served Hadrian as one of the five imperial legates of Italy, and as <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>. In the interests of dynastic stability, Hadrian required that Antoninus adopt both Lucius Ceionius Commodus (son of the deceased Aelius Caesar) and Marcus Annius Verus (grandson of an influential senator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">of the same name</a> who had been Hadrian's close friend); Annius was already betrothed to Aelius Caesar's daughter <a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Birley_1967_p._601-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> It may not have been Hadrian, but rather Antoninus Pius – Annius Verus's uncle – who supported Annius Verus' advancement; the latter's divorce of Ceionia Fabia and subsequent marriage to Antoninus' daughter Annia Faustina points in the same direction. When he eventually became Emperor, Marcus Aurelius would co-opt Ceionius Commodus as his co-Emperor, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>, on his own initiative.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Birley_1967_p._601-179">[179]</a> Hadrian's last few years were marked by conflict and unhappiness. His adoption of Aelius Caesar proved unpopular, not least with Hadrian's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus_Servianus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus">Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus</a> and Servianus's grandson Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Servianus, though now far too old, had stood in the line of succession at the beginning of Hadrian's reign; Fuscus is said to have had designs on the imperial power for himself. In 137, he may have attempted a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> in which his grandfather was implicated; Hadrian ordered that both be put to death.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Servianus is reported to have <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">prayed before his execution</a> that Hadrian would "long for death but be unable to die".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> During his final, protracted illness, Hadrian was prevented from suicide on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg/220px-Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg/220px-Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg/330px-Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg/440px-Chateau-saint-ange-tibre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a>, commissioned by Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family.</figcaption></figure> Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a> at the age of 62, having reigned for 21 years.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> record details of his failing health; some modern sources interpret the ear-creases on later portrayals (such as the <a href="/wiki/Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Townley Hadrian</a>) as signs of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Puteoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Puteoli">Puteoli</a>, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Domitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardens of Domitia">Gardens of Domitia</a>, close to the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a> in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated. His ashes were placed there together with those of his wife <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a> and his first adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">Lucius Aelius Caesar</a>, who also died in 138. The Senate had been reluctant to grant Hadrian divine honours; but Antoninus persuaded them by threatening to refuse the position of Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon,_816-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Hadrian was given a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">temple</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, ornamented with reliefs representing the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The Senate awarded Antoninus the title of "Pius", in recognition of his filial piety in pressing for the <a href="/wiki/Deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Deification">deification</a> of Hadrian, his adoptive father.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon,_816-186">[186]</a> At the same time, perhaps in reflection of the senate's ill will towards Hadrian, commemorative coinage honouring his deification was kept to a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Military_activities">Military activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Adriano,_Antalya,_Turchia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg/260px-Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="419" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 419px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg/260px-Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="419" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg/390px-Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg/520px-Statua_di_Adriano%2C_Antalya%2C_Turchia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Hadrian in military garb, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Civic_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic crown">civic crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">muscle cuirass</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, Turkey.</figcaption></figure> Most of Hadrian's military activities were consistent with his ideology of empire as a community of mutual interest and support. He focused on protection from external and internal threats; on "raising" existing provinces rather than the aggressive acquisition of wealth and territory through subjugation of "foreign" peoples that had characterised the early empire.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Hadrian's policy shift was part of a trend towards the slowing down of the empire's expansion, such expansion being not closed after him (the empire's greatest extent being achieved only during the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>), but a significant step in that direction, given the empire's overstretching.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> While the empire as a whole benefited from this, military careerists resented the loss of opportunities. The 4th-century historian Aurelius Victor saw Hadrian's withdrawal from Trajan's territorial gains in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> as a jealous belittlement of Trajan's achievements (Traiani gloriae invidens).<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> More likely, an expansionist policy was no longer sustainable; the empire had lost two legions, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> and the "lost legion" <a href="/wiki/IX_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Hispania">IX Hispania</a>, possibly destroyed in a late Trajanic uprising by the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Trajan himself may have thought his gains in Mesopotamia indefensible and abandoned them shortly before his death.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Hadrian granted parts of Dacia to the <a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a> Sarmatians; their king, Rasparaganus, received Roman citizenship, client king status, and possibly an increased subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Hadrian's presence on the Dacian front is mere conjecture, but Dacia was included in his coin series with allegories of the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> A controlled partial withdrawal of troops from the Dacian plains would have been less costly than maintaining several Roman cavalry units and a supporting network of fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Hadrian retained control over <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> through the client king <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a>, who had once served as Trajan's client king of Parthia;<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and around 123, Hadrian negotiated a peace treaty with the now-independent Parthia (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Late in his reign (135), the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alani</a> attacked Roman <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> with the covert support of <a href="/wiki/Pharasmanes_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharasmanes II of Iberia">Pharasmanes</a>, the king of Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iberia</a>. The attack was repulsed by Hadrian's governor, the historian <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> who subsequently installed a Roman "adviser" in Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Arrian kept Hadrian well-informed on matters related to the Black Sea and the Caucasus. Between 131 and 132, he sent Hadrian a lengthy letter (Periplus of the Euxine) on a maritime trip around the Black Sea that was intended to offer relevant information in case a Roman intervention was needed.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardonyx_cameo_depicting_Hadrian_being_crowned_by_Oikoumene_(personification_of_the_inhabited_world)_in_a_chariot_pulled_by_eagles,_originally_made_for_Claudius_around_50_AD_and_the_head_later_reworked_into_a_portrait_of_Hadrian,_Altes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sardonyx_cameo_depicting_Hadrian_being_crowned_by_Oikoumene_%28personification_of_the_inhabited_world%29_in_a_chariot_pulled_by_eagles%2C_originally_made_for_Claudius_around_50_AD_and_the_head_later_reworked_into_a_portrait_of_Hadrian%2C_Altes.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3569" data-file-height="3215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sardonyx_cameo_depicting_Hadrian_being_crowned_by_Oikoumene_%28personification_of_the_inhabited_world%29_in_a_chariot_pulled_by_eagles%2C_originally_made_for_Claudius_around_50_AD_and_the_head_later_reworked_into_a_portrait_of_Hadrian%2C_Altes.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sardonyx_cameo_depicting_Hadrian_being_crowned_by_Oikoumene_%28personification_of_the_inhabited_world%29_in_a_chariot_pulled_by_eagles%2C_originally_made_for_Claudius_around_50_AD_and_the_head_later_reworked_into_a_portrait_of_Hadrian%2C_Altes.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sardonyx_cameo_depicting_Hadrian_being_crowned_by_Oikoumene_%28personification_of_the_inhabited_world%29_in_a_chariot_pulled_by_eagles%2C_originally_made_for_Claudius_around_50_AD_and_the_head_later_reworked_into_a_portrait_of_Hadrian%2C_Altes.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sardonyx cameo depicting Hadrian being crowned by Roma in a chariot pulled by eagles as ruler of the world. Possibly made for <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> around 50 CE with the head being reworked into a portrait of Hadrian, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hadrian also developed permanent fortifications and military posts along the empire's borders (limites, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">sl.</a> limes) to support his policy of stability, peace and preparedness. That helped keep the military usefully occupied in times of peace; his wall across Britannia was built by ordinary troops. A series of mostly wooden <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>, forts, <a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">outposts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(fortification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower (fortification)">watchtowers</a> strengthened the Danube and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> borders. Troops practised intensive, regular <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_drill" title="Exhibition drill">drill</a> routines. Although his coins showed military images almost as often as peaceful ones, Hadrian's policy was <a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">peace through strength</a>, even threat,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> with an emphasis on disciplina (discipline), which was the subject of two monetary series. Cassius Dio praised Hadrian's emphasis on "spit and polish" as cause for the generally peaceful character of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Fronto, by contrast, claimed that Hadrian preferred war games to actual war and enjoyed "giving eloquent speeches to the armies" – like the inscribed series of addresses he made while on an inspection tour, during 128, at the new headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Augusta" title="Legio III Augusta">Legio III Augusta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Faced with a shortage of legionary recruits from Italy and other Romanised provinces, Hadrian systematised the use of less costly <a href="/wiki/Numerus_(Roman_military_unit)" title="Numerus (Roman military unit)">numeri</a> – ethnic non-citizen troops with special weapons, such as Eastern mounted archers, in low-intensity, mobile defensive tasks such as dealing with border infiltrators and skirmishers.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Hadrian is also credited with introducing units of heavy cavalry (<a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">cataphracts</a>) into the Roman army.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Fronto later blamed Hadrian for declining standards in the Roman army of his own time.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Legal_and_social_reforms">Legal and social reforms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legal and social reforms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome,_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5105" data-file-height="4015"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bust of Hadrian">Bust of Emperor Hadrian</a>, Roman, 117–138 CE. Probably from Rome, Italy. Formerly in the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townley" title="Charles Townley">Townley Collection</a>, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Hadrian enacted, through the jurist <a href="/wiki/Salvius_Julianus" title="Salvius Julianus">Salvius Julianus</a>, the first attempt to codify Roman law. This was the <a href="/wiki/Praetor%27s_Edict" title="Praetor's Edict">Perpetual Edict</a>, according to which the legal actions of <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a> became fixed statutes and, as such, could no longer be subjected to personal interpretation or change by any magistrate other than the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> At the same time, following a procedure initiated by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, Hadrian made the Emperor's legal advisory board, the consilia principis ("council of the <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a>") into a permanent body, staffed by salaried legal aides.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Its members were mostly drawn from the equestrian class, replacing the earlier freedmen of the imperial household.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon,_812-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> This innovation marked the superseding of surviving Republican institutions by an openly autocratic political system.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The reformed bureaucracy was supposed to exercise administrative functions independently of traditional magistracies; objectively it did not detract from the Senate's position. The new civil servants were free men and as such supposed to act on behalf of the interests of the "Crown", not of the Emperor as an individual.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon,_812-213">[213]</a> However, the Senate never accepted the loss of its prestige caused by the emergence of a new aristocracy alongside it, placing more strain on the already troubled relationship between the Senate and the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Hadrian codified the customary legal privileges of the wealthiest, most influential, highest-status citizens (described as splendidiores personae or honestiores), who held a traditional right to pay fines when found guilty of relatively minor, non-treasonous offences. Low-ranking persons – alii ("the others"), including low-ranking citizens – were humiliores who for the same offences could be subject to extreme physical punishments, including forced labour in the mines or in public works, as a form of fixed-term servitude. While Republican citizenship had carried at least notional equality under law, and the right to justice, offences in imperial courts were judged and punished according to the relative prestige, rank, reputation and moral worth of both parties; senatorial courts were apt to be lenient when trying one of their peers, and to deal very harshly with offences committed against one of their number by low-ranking citizens or non-citizens. For treason (<a href="/wiki/Law_of_majestas" title="Law of majestas">maiestas</a>), beheading was the worst punishment that the law could inflict on honestiores; the humiliores might suffer crucifixion, burning, or <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">condemnation to the beasts in the arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg/220px-Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="4914"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg/220px-Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg/330px-Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg/440px-Portrait_bust_of_the_emperor_Hadrian._2nd_cent._A.D.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Hadrian from Athens, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 AD, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">NAMA</a>.</figcaption></figure> A great number of Roman citizens maintained a precarious social and economic advantage at the lower end of the hierarchy. Hadrian found it necessary to clarify that <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">decurions</a>, the usually middle-class, elected local officials responsible for running the ordinary, everyday official business of the provinces, counted as honestiores; so did soldiers, veterans and their families, as far as civil law was concerned; by implication, almost all citizens below those ranks – the vast majority of the Empire's population – counted as humiliores, with low citizen status, high tax obligations and limited rights. Like most Romans, Hadrian seems to have accepted slavery as morally correct, an expression of the same natural order that rewarded "the best men" with wealth, power and respect. When confronted by a crowd demanding the freeing of a popular slave charioteer, Hadrian replied that he could not free a slave belonging to another person.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> However, he limited the punishments that slaves could suffer; they could be lawfully tortured to provide evidence, but they could not be lawfully killed unless guilty of a capital offence.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Masters were forbidden to sell slaves to a gladiator trainer (<a href="/wiki/Lanista" title="Lanista">lanista</a>) or to a <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procurer</a>, except as legally justified punishment.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Hadrian also forbade torture of free defendants and witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> He abolished <a href="/wiki/Ergastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergastula">ergastula</a>, private prisons for slaves in which kidnapped free men had sometimes been illegally detained.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Hadrian issued a general <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a>, imposing a ban on castration, performed on freedman or slave, voluntarily or not, on pain of death for both the performer and the patient.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Cornelia_de_sicariis_et_veneficis" title="Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis">Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis</a>, castration was placed on a par with conspiracy to murder and punished accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Notwithstanding his philhellenism, Hadrian was also a traditionalist. He enforced dress-standards among the honestiores; senators and knights were expected to wear the <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> when in public. He imposed strict separation between the sexes in theatres and public baths; to discourage idleness, the latter were not allowed to open until 2:00 in the afternoon, "except for medical reasons."<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Religious_activities">Religious activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus,_117-138_AD,_from_Rome,_Palazzo_Nuovo,_Capitoline_Museums_(13100265983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="334" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="4796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 334px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="334" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Hadrian_as_Pontifex_Maximus%2C_117-138_AD%2C_from_Rome%2C_Palazzo_Nuovo%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2813100265983%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of Hadrian as pontifex maximus, dated 130–140 AD, from Rome, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Nuovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Nuovo">Palazzo Nuovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></figcaption></figure> One of Hadrian's immediate duties on accession was to seek senatorial consent for the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deification</a> of his predecessor, Trajan, and any members of Trajan's family to whom he owed a debt of gratitude. Matidia Augusta, Hadrian's mother-in-law, died in December 119 and was duly deified.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Hadrian may have stopped at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nemausus</a> during his return from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> to oversee the completion or foundation of a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> dedicated to his patroness Plotina. She had recently died in Rome and had been deified at Hadrian's request.<a href="#cite_note-Birley,_p._145-93">[93]</a> As Emperor, Hadrian was also Rome's <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, responsible for all religious affairs and the proper functioning of official religious institutions throughout the empire. His Hispano-Roman origins and marked pro-Hellenism shifted the focus of the official imperial cult from Rome to the Provinces. While his standard coin issues identified him with the traditional genius populi Romani, other issues stressed his personal identification with Hercules Gaditanus (Hercules of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gades</a>), and Rome's imperial protection of Greek civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> He promoted <a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a> in Greek <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a> as the Empire's leading imperial cult centre; his exclusively Greek <a href="/wiki/Panhellenion" title="Panhellenion">Panhellenion</a> extolled Athens as the spiritual centre of Greek culture.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Hadrian added several imperial cult centres to the existing roster, particularly in Greece, where traditional intercity rivalries were commonplace. Cities promoted as imperial cult centres drew imperial sponsorship of festivals and sacred games, and attracted tourism, trade and private investment. Local worthies and sponsors were encouraged to seek self-publicity as cult officials under the aegis of Roman rule and to foster reverence for imperial authority.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Hadrian's rebuilding of long-established religious centres would have further underlined his respect for the glories of classical Greece – something well in line with contemporary antiquarian tastes.<a href="#cite_note-Boatwright,_p._134-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> During Hadrian's third and last trip to the Greek East, there seems to have been an upwelling of religious fervour, focused on Hadrian himself. He was given personal cult as a deity, monuments and civic homage, according to the religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> He may have had the great <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Alexandria" title="Serapeum of Alexandria">Serapeum of Alexandria</a> rebuilt, following damage sustained in 116, during the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoweRees1956-233">[233]</a> In 136, just two years before his death, Hadrian dedicated his Temple of Venus and Roma. It was built on land he had set aside for the purpose in 121, formerly the site of Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a>. The temple was the largest in Rome and was built in a Hellenising style, more Greek than Roman. Its dedication and statuary associated the <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cultus</a> of the traditional Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, divine ancestress and protector of the Roman people, with the cultus of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a> – herself a Greek invention, hitherto worshipped only in the provinces – to emphasise the universal nature of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinous">Antinous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Antinous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Hadrian_and_Antinous_bust_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bust of Hadrian">Busts of Hadrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> in the British Museum</figcaption></figure> Hadrian had <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> deified as <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>-Antinous by an Egyptian priest at the ancient Temple of Ramesses II, very near the place of his death. Hadrian dedicated a new temple-city complex there, built in a Graeco-Roman style, and named it <a href="/wiki/Antinopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinopolis">Antinoöpolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> It was a proper Greek <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>; it was granted an imperially subsidised alimentary scheme similar to Trajan's <a href="/wiki/Alimenta" title="Alimenta">alimenta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and its citizens were allowed intermarriage with members of the native population without loss of citizen status. Hadrian thus identified an existing native cult (to Osiris) with Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The cult of Antinous was to become very popular in the Greek-speaking world and also found support in the West. In Hadrian's villa, statues of the <a href="/wiki/Harmodius_and_Aristogeiton_(sculpture)" title="Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)">Tyrannicides</a>, with a bearded Aristogeiton and a clean-shaven Harmodios, linked his favourite to the classical tradition of <a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In the west, Antinous was identified with the Celtic sun god <a href="/wiki/Belenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Belenos">Belenos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Hadrian was criticised for the open intensity of his grief at Antinous's death, particularly as he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister <a href="/wiki/Paulina_(sister_of_Hadrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina (sister of Hadrian)">Paulina</a> after her death.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Nevertheless, his recreation of the deceased youth as a cult figure found little opposition.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Though not a subject of the state-sponsored, official Roman imperial cult, Antinous offered a common focus for the emperor and his subjects, emphasising their sense of community.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Medals were struck with his effigy, and statues were erected to him in all parts of the empire, in all kinds of garb, including Egyptian dress.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Temples were built for his worship in Bithynia and Mantineia in Arcadia. In Athens, festivals were celebrated in his honour and oracles delivered in his name. As an "international" cult figure, Antinous had enduring fame, far outlasting Hadrian's reign.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Local coins with his effigy were still being struck during <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla's</a> reign, and he was invoked in a poem to celebrate the accession of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians">Christians</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Christians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hadrian continued Trajan's policy on Christians; they should not be sought out and should only be prosecuted for specific offences, such as refusal to swear oaths.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a> addressed to the proconsul of Asia, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Minicius_Fundanus" title="Gaius Minicius Fundanus">Gaius Minicius Fundanus</a>, and preserved by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, Hadrian laid down that accusers of Christians had to bear the burden of proof for their denunciations<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> or be punished for calumnia (<a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Personal_and_cultural_interests">Personal and cultural interests</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Personal and cultural interests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg/220px-Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg/220px-Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg/330px-Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg/440px-Hadrian_VaticanMuseums.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Hadrian at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></figcaption></figure> Hadrian had an abiding and enthusiastic interest in art, architecture and public works. As part of his imperial restoration program, he founded, re-founded or rebuilt many towns and cities throughout the Empire, supplying them with temples, stadiums and other public buildings. Examples in the Roman Province of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> include monumental developments to the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Philippopolis" title="Stadium of Philippopolis">Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odeon_of_Philippopolis" title="Odeon of Philippopolis">Odeon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>), the provincial capital,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and his rebuilding and enlargement of the city of Orestias, which he renamed Hadrianopolis (modern <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>).<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Several other towns and cities – including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a> – were named or renamed Hadrianopolis.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Rome's <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> (temple "to all the gods"), originally built by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and destroyed by fire in 80, was partly restored under Trajan and completed under Hadrian in its familiar domed form. <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a> at Tibur (<a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a>) provides the greatest Roman equivalent of an <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> garden, complete with domed <a href="/wiki/Serapeum" title="Serapeum">Serapeum</a>, recreating a sacred landscape.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> An anecdote from <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>'s history suggests Hadrian had a high opinion of his own architectural tastes and talents and took their rejection as a personal offence: at some time before his reign, his predecessor Trajan was discussing an architectural problem with <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a> – architect and designer of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan's column">the Column commemorating his Dacian conquest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">his bridge across the Danube</a> – when Hadrian interrupted to offer his advice. Apollodorus gave him a scathing response: "Be off, and draw your gourds [a sarcastic reference to the domes which Hadrian apparently liked to draw]. You don't understand any of these matters." Dio claims that once Hadrian became emperor, he showed Apollodorus drawings of the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_and_Roma" title="Temple of Venus and Roma">Temple of Venus and Roma</a>, implying that great buildings could be created without his help. When Apollodorus pointed out the building's various insoluble problems and faults, Hadrian was enraged, sent him into exile and later put him to death on trumped-up charges.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg/220px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg/220px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg/330px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg/440px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of the emperor Hadrian in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></figcaption></figure>Hadrian was a passionate hunter from a young age.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> In northwest Asia, he founded and dedicated a city to commemorate a she-bear he killed.<a href="#cite_note-foxhadrian-256">[256]</a> In Egypt he and his beloved <a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a> killed a lion. In Rome, eight reliefs featuring Hadrian in different stages of hunting decorate a building that began as a monument celebrating a kill.<a href="#cite_note-foxhadrian-256">[256]</a> Hadrian's <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a> may have been one reason for his adoption, like <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> before him, of the <a href="/wiki/Beard#Rome" title="Beard">beard</a> as suited to Roman imperial dignity; <a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Prusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio of Prusa">Dio of Prusa</a> had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Before Hadrian, all emperors except Nero (who occasionally wore sideburns) had been clean-shaven, according to the fashion introduced among the Romans by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> (236–183 BCE). After Hadrian until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> (r. 306–337) all adult emperors were bearded. The wearing of the beard as an imperial fashion was subsequently revived by <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> (r. 602–610) at the beginning of the 7th century and this fashion lasted until the end of the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Hadrian was familiar with the rival philosophers <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a>, and with their works, and held an interest in <a href="/wiki/Roman_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman philosophy">Roman philosophy</a>. During his first stay in Greece, before he became emperor, he attended lectures by Epictetus at <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Shortly before the death of Plotina, Hadrian had granted her wish that the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a> School in Athens be open to a non-Roman candidate.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg/220px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg/220px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg/330px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg/440px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_d%27Hadrien.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hadrian on the obverse of an <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> (123). The reverse bears a personification of <a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas Augusti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moneta#Juno_Moneta" title="Moneta">Juno Moneta</a>. Inscription: IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. / P. M., TR. P., CO[N]S. III.</figcaption></figure>During Hadrian's time as tribune of the plebs, omens and portents supposedly announced his future imperial condition.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> According to the Historia Augusta, Hadrian had a great interest in <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and had been told of his future accession to the Empire by a granduncle who was himself a skilled astrologer.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Hadrian wrote poetry in both Latin and Greek; one of the few surviving examples is a Latin poem he reportedly composed on his deathbed (see <a href="#Poem_by_Hadrian">below</a>). Some of his Greek productions found their way into the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Anthology" title="Palatine Anthology">Palatine Anthology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> He also wrote an autobiography, which Historia Augusta says was published under the name of Hadrian's freedman <a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a>. It was not a work of great length or revelation but designed to scotch various rumours or explain Hadrian's most controversial actions.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> It is possible that this autobiography had the form of a series of open letters to <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poem_by_Hadrian">Poem by Hadrian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Poem by Hadrian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Hadrian composed the following poem shortly before his death:<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Animula_vagula_blandula" title="Animula vagula blandula">Animula vagula blandula</a></dd> <dd>Hospes comesque corporis</dd> <dd>Quae nunc abibis in loca</dd> <dd>Pallidula, rigida, nudula,</dd> <dd>Nec, ut soles, dabis iocos...</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>P. Aelius Hadrianus Imp.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Roving amiable little soul,</dd> <dd>Body's companion and guest,</dd> <dd>Now descending for parts</dd> <dd>Colourless, unbending, and bare</dd> <dd>Your usual distractions no more shall be there...</dd></dl> The poem has enjoyed remarkable popularity,<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> but uneven critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> According to Aelius Spartianus, the alleged author of Hadrian's biography in the Historia Augusta, Hadrian "wrote also similar poems in Greek, not much better than this one".<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s poem "Animula" may have been inspired by Hadrian's, though the relationship is not unambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Appraisals">Appraisals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Appraisals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg/220px-Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg/220px-Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg/330px-Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg/440px-Busts_of_Hadrianus_in_Venice_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Emperor Hadrian</figcaption></figure> Hadrian has been described as the most versatile of all Roman emperors, who "adroitly concealed a mind envious, melancholy, hedonistic, and excessive with respect to his own ostentation; he simulated restraint, affability, clemency, and conversely disguised the ardor for fame with which he burned."<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a>, lists those to whom he owes a debt of gratitude; Hadrian is conspicuously absent.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Hadrian's tense, authoritarian relationship with his Senate was acknowledged a generation after his death by Fronto, himself a senator, who wrote in one of his letters to Marcus Aurelius that "I praised the deified Hadrian, your grandfather, in the senate on a number of occasions with great enthusiasm, and I did this willingly, too [...] But, if it can be said – respectfully acknowledging your devotion towards your grandfather – I wanted to appease and assuage Hadrian as I would <a href="/wiki/Mars_Gradivus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Gradivus">Mars Gradivus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a>, rather than to love him."<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Fronto adds, in another letter, that he kept some friendships, during Hadrian's reign, "under the risk of my life" (cum periculo capitis).<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Hadrian underscored the autocratic character of his reign by counting his dies imperii from the day of his acclamation by the armies rather than the senate and legislating by frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Roman_law)" title="Constitution (Roman law)">imperial decrees</a> to bypass the need for the Senate's approval.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> The veiled antagonism between Hadrian and the Senate never grew to overt confrontation as had happened during the reigns of overtly "bad" emperors because Hadrian knew how to remain aloof and avoid an open clash.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> That Hadrian spent half of his reign away from Rome in constant travel probably helped to mitigate the worst of this permanently strained relationship.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_emperor_Hadrian,_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg/230px-The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg/230px-The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg/345px-The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg/460px-The_emperor_Hadrian%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Astros.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Hadrian with an Antinous-shaped gorgoneion, 2nd century AD, Museum of Astros, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1503, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, though an avowed <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>, esteemed Hadrian as an ideal princeps, one of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> called Hadrian "the Empire's first servant". <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> admired his "vast and active genius" and his "equity and moderation", and considered Hadrian's era as part of the "happiest era of human history". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme's</a> view, Hadrian "was a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a>".<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> According to Syme, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' description of the rise and accession of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> is a disguised account of Hadrian's authoritarian Principate.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> According, again, to Syme, Tacitus' <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus Annals">Annals</a> would be a work of contemporary history, written "during Hadrian's reign and hating it".<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> While the balance of ancient literary opinion almost invariably compares Hadrian unfavourably to his predecessor, modern historians have sought to examine his motives, purposes and the consequences of his actions and policies.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> For M.A. Levi, a summing-up of Hadrian's policies should stress the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">ecumenical</a> character of the Empire, his development of an alternate bureaucracy disconnected from the Senate and adapted to the needs of an "enlightened" <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, and his overall defensive strategy; this would qualify him as a grand Roman political reformer, creator of an openly <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> to replace a sham senatorial republic.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a> credits Hadrian as creator of a unified Greco-Roman cultural tradition, and as the end of this same tradition; Hadrian's attempted "restoration" of Classical culture within a non-democratic Empire drained it of substantive meaning, or, in Fox's words, "kill[ed] it with kindness".<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Portraits">Portraits</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Portraits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Hadrian Aureus with the portrait type Delta-Omikron, Rome, 129-130AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg/220px-Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg/220px-Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg" data-alt="Hadrian Aureus with the portrait type Delta-Omikron, Rome, 129-130AD" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg/330px-Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Hadrian_Aureus_Delta_Omikron.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hadrian Aureus with the portrait type Delta-Omikron, Rome, 129–130 AD</figcaption></figure> Hadrian's portraiture shows him as the first Roman emperor with a beard. Most emperors after him followed his lead. 10 different portrait types are known of Hadrian. A juvenile type with curly hair, broad side burns and a light moustache (but a free chin) was shown on coins later in his life on rare aurei, but likely reflects an early portrait before he became emperor.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> His first portrait type as Caesar and Augustus used on coins in Mid 117AD shows again broad sideburns merging into a strong moustache and still a free chin. The beard thus resembles beard styles popular in the 19th century like emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Josef of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In Hadrian's time, there was already a well-established convention that one could not write a contemporary Roman imperial history for fear of contradicting what the emperors wanted to say, read or hear about themselves.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> As an earlier Latin source, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a>'s correspondence and works attest to Hadrian's character and the internal politics of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Greek authors such as <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> wrote shortly after Hadrian's reign, but confined their scope to the general historical framework that shaped Hadrian's decisions, especially those relating the Greek-speaking world, Greek cities and notables.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Pausanias especially wrote a lot in praise of Hadrian's benefactions to Greece in general and Athens in particular.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Political histories of Hadrian's reign come mostly from later sources, some of them written centuries after the reign itself. The early 3rd-century Roman History by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, written in Greek, gave a general account of Hadrian's reign, but the original is lost, and what survives, aside from some fragments, is a brief, Byzantine-era abridgment by the 11th-century monk Xiphilinius, who focused on Hadrian's religious interests, the Bar Kokhba war, and little else – mostly on Hadrian's moral qualities and his fraught relationship with the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> There are various other sources referred to by later commentators, such as the <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aspasius_of_Byblos" title="Aspasius of Byblos">Aspasius of Byblos</a>, that are now completely lost. The principal source for Hadrian's life and reign is, therefore, in Latin: one of several late 4th-century imperial biographies, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>. The collection as a whole is notorious for its unreliability ("a mish mash of actual fact, <a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">cloak and dagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and sandal">sword and sandal</a>, with a sprinkling of <a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> but most modern historians consider its account of Hadrian to be relatively free of outright fictions, and probably based on sound historical sources,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> principally one of a lost series of imperial biographies by the prominent 3rd-century senator <a href="/wiki/Marius_Maximus" title="Marius Maximus">Marius Maximus</a>, who covered the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> through to <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> The first modern historian to produce a chronological account of Hadrian's life, supplementing the written sources with other epigraphical, numismatic, and archaeological evidence, was the German 19th-century medievalist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Gregorovius" title="Ferdinand Gregorovius">Ferdinand Gregorovius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Birley_2013_7-300">[300]</a> A 1907 biography by Weber,<a href="#cite_note-Birley_2013_7-300">[300]</a> a German nationalist and later <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> supporter, incorporates the same archaeological evidence to produce an account of Hadrian, and especially his <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba war</a>, that has been described as ideologically loaded.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> Epigraphical studies in the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> period help support alternate views of Hadrian. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a>'s 1997 biography of Hadrian sums up and reflects these developments in Hadrian historiography. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Nerva–Antonine_family_tree">Nerva–Antonine family tree</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine family tree" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Nerva–Antonine family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Q. Marcius Barea Soranus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Q. Marcius Barea Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Antonia Furnilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">M. Cocceius Nerva</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sergia Plautilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">P. Aelius Hadrianus</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #c6bbf9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Furnilla" title="Marcia Furnilla">Marcia Furnilla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Trajanus Pater</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_(grandmother_of_Hadrian)" title="Ulpia (grandmother of Hadrian)">Ulpia</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Hadrianus_Marullinus" title="Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus">Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Flavia<a href="#cite_note-giac8-305">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Marciana</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-306">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Salonius_Matidius_Patruinus" title="Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus">C. Salonius Matidius</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[iv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Plotina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">P. Acilius Attianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">P. Aelius Afer</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-308">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Mother_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Major</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-309">[vi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mindius" title="Lucius Mindius">Lucius Mindius</a> (2)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Libo_Rupilius_Frugi" title="Libo Rupilius Frugi">Libo Rupilius Frugi</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-310">[vii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vibius_Sabinus" title="Lucius Vibius Sabinus">L. Vibius Sabinus</a> (1)<a href="#cite_note-311">[viii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Sister_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-309">[vi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus_Servianus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus">L. Julius Ursus Servianus</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Servianus-312">[ix]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matidia_Minor" title="Matidia Minor">Matidia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-310">[vii]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-306">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-308">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-313">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-309">[vi]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[xi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">C. Fuscus Salinator I</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Niece_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Julia Serviana Paulina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[xii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rupilia Faustina<a href="#cite_note-lev163-316">[xiii]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[xiv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Boionia Procilla</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Arrius_Antoninus" title="Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus">Cn. Arrius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Ceionius Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Appia Severa</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#e5e5e5">C. Fuscus Salinator II</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Caesennius Paetus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Antonina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-318">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">T. Aurelius Fulvus</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesennius_Antoninus" title="Lucius Caesennius Antoninus">L. Caesennius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautia_(mother_of_Aelius_Caesar)" title="Plautia (mother of Aelius Caesar)">Plautia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">unknown<a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">C. Avidius Nigrinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(praetor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-316">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_(mother_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Domitia Lucilla (mother of Marcus Aurelius)">Calvisia Domitia Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[xvii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fundania<a href="#cite_note-321">[xviii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Libo">M. Annius Libo</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-316">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev162-318">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161)<a href="#cite_note-lev162-318">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">L. Aelius Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Avidia_(mother_of_Lucius_Verus)" title="Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)">Avidia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina">Cornificia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-316">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-322">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-322">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">C. Avidius Cassius</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[xx]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Aurelia Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-318">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169)<a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a> (1)</td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautius_Quintillus" title="Plautius Quintillus">Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[xxi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Pudens" title="Quintus Servilius Pudens">Q. Servilius Pudens</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Plautia" title="Ceionia Plautia">Ceionia Plautia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Cornificia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-325">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Petronius_Sura_Mamertinus" title="Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus">M. Petronius Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177–192)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-322">[xix]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Fadilla</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-325">[xxii]</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">M. Annius Verus Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-322">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Ti. Claudius Pompeianus</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-322">[xix]</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Peducaeus_Plautius_Quintillus" title="Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus">M. Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-319">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Junius Licinius Balbus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Servilia Ceionia</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Petronius Antoninus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Aurelia Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-325">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Burrus" title="Lucius Antistius Burrus">L. Antistius Burrus</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautius Quintillus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautia Servilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Sabinius_Aquila_Timesitheus" title="Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus">C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Gordiana" title="Antonia Gordiana">Antonia Gordiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Licinius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Licinius Balbus">Junius Licinius Balbus</a>?</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Furia Sabina Tranquillina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#c6bbf9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Reddish-purple indicates <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties</div></li> <li>dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Small Caps = posthumously deified (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augustae</a>, or other)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Notes: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac8-305"><a href="#cite_ref-giac8_305-0">^</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev161-306">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_306-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_306-1">b</a> Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac7-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_308-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-DIR_hadrian-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_309-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_309-2">c</a> DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">"Hadrian"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac9-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_310-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Servianus-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Servianus_312-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0003.001/800?rgn=full+text;view=image;q1=servianus">"Julius Servianus"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1870a_p._319_313-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0002.001/329?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=hadrian">"Hadrian"</a>, pp. 319–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev163-316">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_316-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_316-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_316-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_316-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev162-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_318-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_318-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_318-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev164-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_319-6">g</a> Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac10-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_322-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_322-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_322-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_322-4">e</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> The epitomator of Cassius Dio (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.22</a>) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">HA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html">"Marcus Aurelius" 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev117-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_325-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_325-2">c</a> Levick (2014), p. 117. </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">References: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDIR_contributors2000" class="citation web cs1">DIR contributors (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/">"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%27%27DIR%27%27+contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacosa1977" class="citation book cs1">Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2"><bdi>0-8390-0193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Caesars%3A+Their+Lives+and+Portraits+on+Coins&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Edizioni+Arte+e+Moneta&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8390-0193-2&rft.aulast=Giacosa&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1984" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2"><bdi>0-670-15708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+God%3A+The+Story+of+Hadrian+and+Antinous&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-670-15708-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Royston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustina+I+and+II%3A+Imperial+Women+of+the+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537941-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_Hadrian" title="Memoirs of Hadrian">Memoirs of Hadrian</a>, a 1951 semi-fictional autobiography of Hadrian, written by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar" title="Marguerite Yourcenar">Marguerite Yourcenar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallos_(novella)" title="Phallos (novella)">Phallos</a>, a 2004 novella in which the narrator encounters Hadrian and Antinous just before Antinous's murder and then, once more, minutes afterward, which changes the narrator's life, written by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian_(opera)" title="Hadrian (opera)">Hadrian</a>, a 2018 opera based on Hadrian's life and death and his relationship with Antinous, composed by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wainwright" title="Rufus Wainwright">Rufus Wainwright</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Salmon, 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Ando, Clifford "Hadrian: The Restless Emperor by Anthony R. Birley", <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (journal)">Phoenix</a>, 52 (1998), pp. 183–185. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088268">1088268</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouremenos2022" class="citation web cs1">Kouremenos, Anna (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43746490">""The City of Hadrian and not of Theseus": a cultural history of Hadrian's Arch"</a>. Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=%22The+City+of+Hadrian+and+not+of+Theseus%22%3A+a+cultural+history+of+Hadrian%27s+Arch&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Kouremenos&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43746490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_T._Boatwright2008" class="citation book cs1">Mary T. Boatwright (2008). "From Domitian to Hadrian". In Barrett, Anthony (ed.). Lives of the Caesars. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2755-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-2755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Domitian+to+Hadrian&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Caesars&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2755-4&rft.au=Mary+T.+Boatwright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Alicia M. Canto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1082511/It%C3%A1lica_sedes_natalis_de_Adriano._31_textos_hist%C3%B3ricos_y_argumentos_para_una_secular_pol%C3%A9mica_2004_">Itálica, sedes natalis de Adriano. 31 textos históricos y argumentos para una secular polémica</a>, Athenaeum XCII/2, 2004, 367–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ronald Syme, "Hadrian and Italica" (Journal of Roman Studies, LIV, 1964; pp. 142–149) supports the position that Rome was Hadrian's birthplace. Canto argues that among the ancient sources, only the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Vita Hadriani 2,4, claims this. 25 other sources, including Hadrian's horoscope, state that he was born in Italica. See Stephan Heiler, "The Emperor Hadrian in the Horoscopes of Antigonus of Nicaea", in Günther Oestmann, H. Darrel Rutkin, <a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">Kocku von Stuckrad</a>, eds.,Horoscopes and Public Spheres: Essays on the History of Astrology, Walter de Gruyter, 2005, p. 49 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018545-4">978-3-11-018545-4</a>: Cramer, FH., Astrology in Roman Law and Politics, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 37, Philadelphia, 1954 (reprinted 1996), 162–178, footnotes 121b, 122 et al.,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zv0UAAAAIAAJ">Googlebooks preview</a> O. Neugebauer and H. B. Van Hoesen, "Greek Horoscopes" Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 48, 76, Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 80–90, 91, and footnote 19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEgnLpm06zQC">googlebooks preview of 1987 edition</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royston_Lambert-31-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royston_Lambert-31_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royston_Lambert-31_7-1">b</a> Royston Lambert, Beloved And God, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> VI 10909 ([Text <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1">http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR131420&partId=1</a>] on the Epigraphic Database Roma) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorwood20135_&_43-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorwood20135_&_43_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorwood2013">Morwood 2013</a>, pp. 5 & 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpper200834-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpper200834_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOpper2008">Opper 2008</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> On the numerous senatorial families from Spain residing at Rome and its vicinity around the time of Hadrian's birth see R. Syme, 'Spaniards at Tivoli', in Roman Papers IV (Oxford, 1988), pp. 96–114. Hadrian went on to build an Imperial villa at Tivoli (Tibur) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Alicia M. Canto, "La dinastía Ulpio-Aelia (96–192 d.C.): ni tan Buenos, ni tan Adoptivos ni tan Antoninos". Gerión (21.1): 263–305. 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 24–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99. Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34958-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34958-3">0-415-34958-3</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Thorsten Opper, The Emperor Hadrian. British Museum Press, 2008, p. – 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Jörg Fündling, Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta (= Antiquitas. Reihe 4: Beiträge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Serie 3: Kommentare, Bände 4.1 und 4.2). Habelt, Bonn 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-3390-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-3390-1">3-7749-3390-1</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> John D. Grainger, Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis, p. 109; Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds. The Cambridge Ancient History – XI. Cambridge U. P.: 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26335-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26335-2">0-521-26335-2</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Boatwright, in Barrett, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The text of Historia Augusta (Vita Hadriani, 3.8) is garbled, stating that Hadrian's election to the praetorship was contemporary "to the second consulate of Suburanus and Servianus" – two characters that had non-simultaneous second consulships – so Hadrian's election could be dated to 102 or 104, the later date being the most accepted </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman,_133-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman,_133_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman,_133_23-1">b</a> Bowman, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Anthony Everitt, 2013, Chapter XI: "holding back the Sarmatians" may simply have meant maintaining and patrolling the border. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiurescuFischer-Galaţi199839-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiurescuFischer-Gala%C5%A3i199839_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiurescuFischer-Gala%C5%A3i1998">Giurescu & Fischer-Galaţi 1998</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201494-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy201494_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy201494_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFM%C3%B3csy2014">Mócsy 2014</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBârcă201319-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A2rc%C4%83201319_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB%C3%A2rc%C4%832013">Bârcă 2013</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy2014101-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM%C3%B3csy2014101_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM%C3%B3csy2014">Mócsy 2014</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The inscription in footnote 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The Athenian inscription confirms and expands the one in Historia Augusta; see John Bodel, ed., Epigraphic Evidence: Ancient History From Inscriptions. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11623-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11623-6">0-415-11623-6</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> His career in office up to 112/113 is attested by the Athens inscription, 112 AD: CIL III, 550 = InscrAtt 3 = IG II, 3286 = Dessau 308 = IDRE 2, 365: <a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">decemvir stlitibus iudicandis</a>/ sevir <a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">turmae</a> equitum Romanorum/ <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">praefectus Urbi</a> feriarum Latinarum/ <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">tribunus militum</a> legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior)/ tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior)/ <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> (101)/ ab actis senatus/ <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunus plebis</a> (105)/ <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> (106)/ <a href="/wiki/Legatus_legionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a> I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior)/ <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a> Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107)/ <a href="/wiki/Suffect_consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffect consul">consul suffectus</a> (108)/ <a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">septemvir epulonum</a> (before 112)/ <a href="/wiki/Sodalis_Augustalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodalis Augustalis">sodalis Augustalis</a> (before 112)/ archon Athenis (112/13). He also held office as legatus <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syriae</a> (117): see H. W. Benario in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">Roman-emperors.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408201312/http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">Archived</a> 8 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Anthony Birley, Hadrian the Restless Emperor, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Karl Strobel: Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte. Regensburg: 2010, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Robert H. Allen, The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia, Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2349-1">978-0-7864-2349-1</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hidalgo de la Vega, Maria José: "Plotina, Sabina y Las Dos Faustinas: La Función de Las Augustas en La Politica Imperial". Studia historica, Historia antigua, 18, 2000, pp. 191–224. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0213-2052/article/viewFile/6224/6238">[1]</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Plotina may have sought to avoid the fate of her contemporary, former empress <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a>, who had fallen into social and political oblivion: see François Chausson, "Variétés Généalogiques IV:Cohésion, Collusions, Collisions: Une Autre Dynastie Antonine", in Giorgio Bonamente, Hartwin Brandt, eds., Historiae Augustae Colloquium Bambergense. Bari: Edipuglia, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7228-492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7228-492-6">978-88-7228-492-6</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Marasco, p. 375 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Tracy Jennings, "A Man Among Gods: Evaluating the Significance of Hadrian's Acts of Deification." Journal of Undergraduate Research: 54. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www3.nd.edu/~ujournal/wp-content/uploads/Full-Print-Edition-with-cover_09-10.pdf#page=62">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416045613/http://www3.nd.edu/~ujournal/wp-content/uploads/Full-Print-Edition-with-cover_09-10.pdf">Archived</a> 16 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 15 April 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> This made Hadrian the first senator in history to have an Augusta as his mother-in-law, something that his contemporaries could not fail to notice: see Christer Brun, "Matidia die Jüngere", IN Anne Kolb, ed., Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18–20. 9. 2008. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004898-7">978-3-05-004898-7</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Thorsten Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict. Harvard University Press, 2008, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> David L. Balch, Carolyn Osiek, eds., Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3986-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3986-X">0-8028-3986-X</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Anthony R Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, XI, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mackay, Christopher. Ancient Rome: a Military and Political History. Cambridge U. Press: 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5">0-521-80918-5</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Fündling, 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gabriele Marasco, ed., Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion. Leiden: Brill, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18299-8">978-90-04-18299-8</a>, p. 375 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian, 3.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> In 23 BC <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> handed a similar ring to his heir apparent, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>: see Judith Lynn Sebesta, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, eds., The World of Roman Costume. University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Fündling, 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Fündling, 384; Strobel, 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> John Richardson, "The Roman Mind and the power of fiction" IN Lewis Ayres, Ian Gray Kidd, eds. The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions : Presented to Professor I.G. Kidd. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-210-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-210-7">1-56000-210-7</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Birley, Anthony, Hadrian, the restless emperor, London / New York 1997, pp 77f, based on Dio and the Historia Augusta; Elizabeth Speller, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Stephan Brassloff, "Die Rechtsfrage bei der Adoption Hadrians". Hermes 49. Bd., H. 4 (Sep. 1914), pp. 590–601 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The coin legend runs HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI; see Burnett, Andrew, The early coinage of Hadrian and the deified Trajan at Rome and Alexandria, American Journal of Numismatics 20, 2008, pp 459–477; see also Roman, Yves, Rémy, Bernard & Riccardi, Laurent:" Les intrigues de Plotine et la succession de Trajan. À propos d'un aureus au nom d'Hadrien César". Révue des études anciennes, T. 111, 2009, no. 2, pp. 508–517; For the portrait type of Hadrian on his early coins of 117AD with a partial beard showing his chin free of a beard see Pangerl, Andreas, Hadrian’s First and Second Imperial Portrait Types of 117–118 AD; Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 71, 2021, pp. 171–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian, 6.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Egyptian papyri tell of one such ceremony between 117 and 118; see Michael Peppard, The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context. Oxford U. Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975370-3">978-0-19-975370-3</a>, pp. 72f </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Royston Lambert, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Cizek, Eugen. L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus chez Tacite et le " complot " des consulaires. In: Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, no. 3, octobre 1980. pp. 276–294. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bude_0004-5527_1980_num_1_3_1078">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabeth_Speller-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabeth_Speller_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabeth_Speller_61-1">b</a> Elizabeth Speller. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> It is likely that Hadrian found Attianus' ambition suspect. Attianus was likely dead, or executed, by the end of Hadrian's reign; see Françoise Des Boscs-Plateaux, Un parti hispanique à Rome?: ascension des élites hispaniques et pouvoir politique d'Auguste à Hadrien, 27 av. J.-C.-138 ap. J.-C. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95555-80-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-95555-80-8">84-95555-80-8</a>, p. 611 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> John Antony Crook, Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. Cambridge University Press: 1955, pp. 54f </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Marasco, p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Christol" title="Michel Christol">Michel Christol</a> & D. Nony, Rome et son Empire. Paris: Hachette, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-01-145542-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-01-145542-1">2-01-145542-1</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hadrien Bru, Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes: Représentations et célébrations d'Auguste à Constantin. Leiden: Brill, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20363-1">978-90-04-20363-1</a>, pp. 46f </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Carcopino Jérôme. "L'hérédité dynastique chez les Antonins". Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 51, 1949, no.3–4. pp. 262–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Cizek, "L'éloge de Caius Avidius Nigrinus" </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Nigrinus' ambiguous relationship with Hadrian would have consequences late in Hadrian's reign, when he had to plan his own succession; see Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the triumph of Rome. New York: Random House, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9">978-1-4000-6662-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Christol & Nony, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Richard P. Saller, Personal Patronage Under the Early Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23300-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23300-3">0-521-23300-3</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Richard A. Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-42858-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-42858-7">0-203-42858-7</a>, p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a>, 49 2, I,2, quoted by P.E. Corbett, "The Legislation of Hadrian". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Vol. 74, No. 8 (June 1926), pp. 753–766 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0">978-0-19-973784-0</a>, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Rose Mary Sheldon, Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify. London: Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5480-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5480-9">0-7146-5480-9</a>, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (9 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/heritage/story/0,,2284520,00.html">"How Victorian restorers faked the clothes that seemed to show Hadrian's softer side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Victorian+restorers+faked+the+clothes+that+seemed+to+show+Hadrian%27s+softer+side&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Fart%2Fheritage%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2284520%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Paul Veyne, Le Pain et le Cirque, Paris: Seuil, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-004507-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-004507-9">2-02-004507-9</a>, p. 655 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> András Mócsy, Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, Routledge, 2014 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Paul Veyne, " Humanitas: Romans and non-Romans". In Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans, University of Chicago Press: 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29049-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29049-2">0-226-29049-2</a>, p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_159-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christol_&_Nony,_159_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christol_&_Nony,_159_83-1">b</a> Christol & Nony, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Larry Joseph Kreitzer, Striking New Images: Roman Imperial Coinage and the New Testament World. Sheffield: A & C Black, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-623-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-623-6">1-85075-623-6</a>, pp. 194ff </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Simon Goldhill, Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66317-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66317-2">0-521-66317-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Opper, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Hadrian, xi, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Nick Hodgson, Hadrian's Wall: Archaeology and history at the limit of Rome's empire. Ramsbury: Crowood Press, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7-1982-159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7-1982-159-2">978-0-7-1982-159-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Patrick le Roux, Le haut-Empire romain en Occident d'Auguste aux Sévères. Paris: Seuil, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-025932-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-025932-X">2-02-025932-X</a>, p. 396 </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_91-0">^</a> Breeze, David J., and Brian Dobson, "Hadrian's Wall: Some Problems", Britannia, Vol. 3, (1972), pp. 182–208 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html">"Britannia on British Coins"</a>. Chard. Retrieved 25 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannia+on+British+Coins&rft.pub=Chard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24carat.co.uk%2Fbritanniaframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley,_p._145-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_p._145_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley,_p._145_93-1">b</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Potter" title="David S. Potter">Potter, David S.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HKFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134694778" title="Special:BookSources/9781134694778"><bdi>9781134694778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%2C+AD+180%E2%80%93395&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134694778&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HKFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Jason König, Katerina Oikonomopoulou, Greg Woolf, eds. Ancient Libraries. Cambridge U. Press: 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01256-1">978-1-107-01256-1</a>, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the triumph of Rome. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> William E. Mierse, Temples and Towns in Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20377-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20377-1">0-520-20377-1</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Royston Lambert, pp. 41–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Anthony Birley, pp. 151–152, 176–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The rebuilding continued until late in Hadrian's reign; in 138 a statue of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was erected there, dedicated to Hadrian as Cyrene's "saviour and founder". See E. Mary Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations. Leiden, Brill, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04155-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04155-X">0-391-04155-X</a>, p. 410 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Anthony Birley, pp. 153–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_Birley,_pp._157–8-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Birley,_pp._157%E2%80%938_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Birley,_pp._157%E2%80%938_102-1">b</a> Anthony Birley, pp. 157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Royston Lambert, pp. 60–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 164–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Anna Kouremenos and Giorgos Mitropoulos 2024. Romans at Besa : New Light on an Athenian Deme in the Imperial Period. In The Classical Quarterly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/romans-at-besa-new-light-on-an-athenian-deme-in-the-imperial-period/91041B0F1ADCF24D12B8BC3037740300">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/romans-at-besa-new-light-on-an-athenian-deme-in-the-imperial-period/91041B0F1ADCF24D12B8BC3037740300</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Anna Kouremenos 2022. The Province of Achaea in the 2nd century CE: The Past Present. London: Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1032014857" title="Special:BookSources/1032014857">1032014857</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 175–177 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Kaja Harter-Uibopuu, "Hadrian and the Athenian Oil Law", in O.M. Van Nijf – R. Alston (ed.), Feeding the Ancient Greek city. Groningen – Royal Holloway Studies on the Greek City after the Classical Age, vol. 1, Louvain 2008, pp. 127–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Brenda Longfellow, Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes. Cambridge U. Press: 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19493-8">978-0-521-19493-8</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Verhoogen Violette. Review of Graindor (Paul). Athènes sous Hadrien, Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, 1935, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 926–931. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rbph_0035-0818_1935_num_14_3_1541_t1_0926_0000_2">[4]</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Mark Golden, Greek Sport and Social Status, University of Texas Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71869-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71869-2">978-0-292-71869-2</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_113-1">b</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 182–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Cynthia Kosso, Anne Scott, eds., The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance. Leiden: Brill, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17357-6">978-90-04-17357-6</a>, pp. 216f </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexia_Petsalis-Diomidis" title="Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis">Alexia Petsalis-Diomidis</a>, Truly Beyond Wonders: Aelius Aristides and the Cult of Asklepios. OUP : 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956190-2">978-0-19-956190-2</a>, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 177–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> David S. Potter,The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395. London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-84054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-84054-5">978-0-415-84054-5</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatwright,_p._134-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boatwright,_p._134_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boatwright,_p._134_118-1">b</a> Boatwright, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> K. W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers. Cambridge U. Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7">0-521-55340-7</a>, pp. 162, 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Birley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1997/116pdf/116209.pdf">"Hadrian and Greek Senators"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Papyrologie_und_Epigraphik" title="Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</a> 116 (1997), pp. 209–245. Retrieved 23 July 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Christol & Nony, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-AnthonyBirley-191-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyBirley-191_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyBirley-191_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnthonyBirley-191_122-2">c</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 191–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> J. Declareuil, Rome the Law-Giver, London: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15613-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15613-0">0-415-15613-0</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22067-6">978-0-520-22067-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Royston Lambert, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 213–214 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Anthony Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 215–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Boatwright, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoertmeyer1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Foertmeyer, Victoria Anne (1989). Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt (PhD). Princeton. pp. 107–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tourism+in+Graeco-Roman+Egypt&rft.inst=Princeton&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Foertmeyer&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Boatwright, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Historia Augusta (c. 395) Hadr. 14.5–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Foertmeyer, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Cortes Copete Juan Manuel. "El fracaso del primer proyecto panhelénico de Adriano".Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 25, n°2, 1999. pp. 91–112. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1999_num_25_2_1540">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603180028/https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1999_num_25_2_1540">Archived</a> 3 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Boatwright, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Anthony Kaldellis, Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87688-9">978-0-521-87688-9</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Fernando A. Marín Valdés, Plutarco y el arte de la Atenas hegemónica. Universidad de Oviedo: 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8317-659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8317-659-7">978-84-8317-659-7</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> A. J. S. Spawforth, Greece and the Augustan Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press: 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01211-0">978-1-107-01211-0</a>, p. 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Nathanael J. Andrade, Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9">978-1-107-01205-9</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Domingo Plácido, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujrILWn4moQC&pg=PA462">La construcción ideológica de la ciudadanía: identidades culturales y sociedad en el mundo griego antiguo</a>. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7491-790-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-7491-790-5">84-7491-790-5</a>, p. 462 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Georg Simmel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xanf54U8qz4C&pg=PA288">Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms</a>. Leiden: Brill, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17321-7">978-90-04-17321-7</a>, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Nathanael J. Andrade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9">978-1-107-01205-9</a>, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Andrew M. Smith II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA25">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. Oxford University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986110-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986110-1">978-0-19-986110-1</a>, p. 25; Robert K. Sherk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blVB5qsbnwIC&pg=PA190">The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33887-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33887-5">0-521-33887-5</a>, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Hadrien Bru, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqoDjiVL5GgC&pg=PA104">Le pouvoir impérial dans les provinces syriennes: Représentations et célébrations d'Auguste à Constantin (31 av. J.-C.-337 ap. J.-C.)</a>. Leiden: Brill, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20363-1">978-90-04-20363-1</a>, pp. 104–105 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Laura Salah Nasrallah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkA3EX8WZMIC&pg=PA96">Christian Responses to Roman Art and Architecture: The Second-Century Church Amid the Spaces of Empire</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76652-4">978-0-521-76652-4</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Giovanni Battista Bazzana, "The Bar Kokhba Revolt and Hadrian's religious policy", IN Marco Rizzi, ed., Hadrian and the Christians. Berlim: De Gruyter, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022470-2">978-3-11-022470-2</a>, pp. 89–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Bazzana, 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Cf a project devised earlier by Hellenized Jewish intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>: see Rizzi, Hadrian and the Christians, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Emmanuel Friedheim, "Some notes about the Samaritans and the Rabbinic Class at Crossroads". In Menachem Mor, Friedrich V. Reiterer, eds., Samaritans – Past and Present: Current Studies. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019497-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019497-5">978-3-11-019497-5</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_151-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> (1981), Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand (in German), Tübingen, pp. 29–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer,_Peter1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIhYBwkO80C">Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04321-3"><bdi>978-0-674-04321-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2014. <q>[...] Hadrian's ban on circumcision, allegedly imposed sometime between 128 and 132 CE [...]. The only proof for Hadrian's ban on circumcision is the short note in the Historia Augusta: 'At this time also the Jews began war because they were forbidden to mutilate their genitals (quot vetabantur mutilare genitalia). [...] The historical credibility of this remark is controversial [...] The earliest evidence for circumcision in Roman legislation is an edict by Antoninus Pius (138–161 CE), Hadrian's successor [...] [I]t is not utterly impossible that Hadrian [...] indeed considered circumcision as a 'barbarous mutilation' and tried to prohibit it. [...] However, this proposal cannot be more than a conjecture, and, of course, it does not solve the questions of when Hadrian issued the decree (before or during/after the Bar Kokhba war) and whether it was directed solely against Jews or also against other peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judeophobia%3A+Attitudes+Toward+the+Jews+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04321-3&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jIhYBwkO80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_153-0">^</a> Mackay, Christopher. Ancient Rome a Military and Political History: 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Peter Schäfer (2003), The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Mohr Siebeck, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Peter Schäfer (2003), The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a>, Hadrian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html#14.2">14.2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Shaye Cohen (2013), From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, 3rd edition. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, pp. 25–26, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6">978-0-664-23904-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_158-1">b</a> Chronicle of Jerome, s.v. Hadrian. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_03_part2.htm">[6]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> (1971), Bar-Kokhba, New York: Random House, pp. 22, 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Steven T. Katz, ed (1984). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–112, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8">978-0-521-77248-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Alexander Zephyr (2013), Rabbi Akiva, Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Ten Tribes of Israel. Bloomington: iUniverse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-1256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-1256-6">978-1-4917-1256-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Possibly the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">XXII Deiotariana</a>, which according to epigraphy did not outlast Hadrian's reign; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xxii_deiotariana.html">livius.org account</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317020539/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/xxii_deiotariana.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; however, Peter Schäfer, following Bowersock, finds no traces in the written sources of the purported annihilation of Legio XXII. A loss of such magnitude would have surely been mentioned (Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand, 14). </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Cassius Dio 69, 14.3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Roman History. <q>Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the Senate, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors[...]</q></cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-DioRH-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DioRH_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DioRH_163-1">b</a> Dio's Roman History (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), London: <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> 1925, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/448/mode/2up">449</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/450/mode/2up">451</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DRS11-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRS11_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRS11_164-1">b</a> Daniel R. Schwartz, Zeev Weiss, eds. (2011), Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple. Leiden: Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21534-4">978-90-04-21534-4</a>, p. 529, footnote 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Epiphanius, "On Weights and Measures" §14: Hadrian's Journey to the East and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem, Renan Baker, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 182 (2012), pp. 157–167. Published by: Rudolf Habelt GmbH, available through JSTOR (subscription required, accessed 25 March 2012). </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Ken Dowden, Zeus. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30502-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30502-0">0-415-30502-0</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Anna Collar (2013), Religious Networks in the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press, pp. 248–249, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04344-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04344-2">978-1-107-04344-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Geza Vermes (2006), Who's Who in the Age of Jesus, entry "Hadrian", Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140515658" title="Special:BookSources/0140515658">0140515658</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Ronald Syme (1988), "Journeys of Hadrian", pp. 164–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Ronald Syme, "Journeys Of Hadrian". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 73 (1988) 159–170. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1988/073pdf/073159.pdf">[7]</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian, 10.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian, 23.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Anne Kolb, Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof?: Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis II. Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18–20. 9. 2008. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004898-7">978-3-05-004898-7</a>, pp. 26-27 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Olivier Hekster, Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition. Oxford U. Press: 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873682-0">978-0-19-873682-0</a>, pp. 140–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Merlin Alfred. Passion et politique chez les Césars (review of Jérôme Carcopino, Passion et politique chez les Césars). In: Journal des savants. Jan.-Mar. 1958. pp. 5–18. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jds_0021-8103_1958_num_1_1_3244">[8]</a>. Retrieved 12 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Albino Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines : A History of the Roman Empire AD 14–192. London: Routledge, 2014, p. 699 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> András Mócsy, Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74582-6">978-0-415-74582-6</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Anthony Birley, pp. 289–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_Birley_1967_p._601-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Birley_1967_p._601_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Birley_1967_p._601_179-1">b</a> The adoptions: Anthony Birley, pp. 294–295; T.D. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', Journal of Roman Studies (1967), Ronald Syme, Tacitus, p. 601. Antoninus as a legate of Italy: Anthony Birley, p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Annius Verus was also the step-grandson of the Prefect of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Catilius_Severus" title="Lucius Catilius Severus">Lucius Catilius Severus</a>, one of the remnants of the all-powerful group of Spanish senators from Trajan's reign. Hadrian would likely have shown some favour to the grandson in order to count on the grandfather's support; for an account of the various familial and marital alliances involved, see Des Boscs-Plateaux, pp. 241, 311, 477, 577; see also Frank McLynn,Marcus Aurelius: A Life. New York: Da Capo, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81916-2">978-0-306-81916-2</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Anthony Birley, pp. 291–292 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#17.2">69.17.2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Anthony Birley, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Anthony Birley, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cruse, Audrey (22 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/jmb.2009.009057">"The Emperor Hadrian (fl. AD 117–138) and Medicine"</a>. Journal of Medical Biography. 17 (4): 241–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjmb.2009.009057">10.1258/jmb.2009.009057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-7720">0967-7720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20029087">20029087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33084298">33084298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Emperor+Hadrian+%28fl.+AD+117%E2%80%93138%29+and+Medicine&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=241-243&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft.issn=0967-7720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33084298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20029087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Fjmb.2009.009057&rft.aulast=Cruse&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1258%2Fjmb.2009.009057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon,_816-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon,_816_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon,_816_186-1">b</a> Salmon, 816 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/70*.html#1.1">70.1.1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press: 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-08324-9">978-1-108-08324-9</a>, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Christian Bechtold, Gott und Gestirn als Präsenzformen des toten Kaisers: Apotheose und Katasterismos in der politischen Kommunikation der römischen Kaiserzeit und ihre Anknüpfungspunkte im Hellenismus.V&R unipress GmbH: 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-685-6">978-3-89971-685-6</a>, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22067-6">0-520-22067-6</a>, p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Patrick Le Roux, Le Haut Empire Romain en Occident, d'Auguste aux Sévères. Paris: Seuil, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-025932-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-025932-X">2-02-025932-X</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> W. Den Boer, Some Minor Roman Historians, Leiden: Brill, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03545-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03545-1">90-04-03545-1</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yann_Le_Bohec" title="Yann Le Bohec">Yann Le Bohec</a>, The Imperial Roman Army. London: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22295-8">0-415-22295-8</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Albino Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Roman Empire AD 14–192. London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1">978-1-138-01920-1</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> The partial withdrawal was probably supervised by the governor of Moesia <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Quintus Pompeius Falco</a>; see Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 84, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>'s notion that Hadrian contemplated withdrawing from Dacia altogether appears to be unfounded; see Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee, The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art. CUP Archive, 1934, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Julian Bennett, Trajan-Optimus Priceps. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21435-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21435-1">0-253-21435-1</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Opper, Empire and Conflict, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoležal2017" class="citation journal cs1">Doležal, Stanislav (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33969517">"Did Hadrian Ever Meet a Parthian King?"</a>. AUC Philologica. 2017 (2): 111–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14712%2F24646830.2017.16">10.14712/24646830.2017.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2464-6830">2464-6830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AUC+Philologica&rft.atitle=Did+Hadrian+Ever+Meet+a+Parthian+King%3F&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-125&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14712%2F24646830.2017.16&rft.issn=2464-6830&rft.aulast=Dole%C5%BEal&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33969517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Austin & Rankov, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Fergus Millar, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 2: Government, Society, and Culture in the Roman Empire. The University of North Carolina Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2852-1">0-8078-2852-1</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Elizabeth Speller, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Opper, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 209–212 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Luttvak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-2158-4">0-8018-2158-4</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Christol & Nony, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2012" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=emperor+Hadrian++cataphracts&pg=PA263">The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors– Google Knihy</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-060-5"><bdi>978-1-78076-060-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors%E2%80%93+Google+Knihy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-060-5&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyglkwD7pKV8C%26q%3Demperor%2BHadrian%2B%2Bcataphracts%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Fronto: Selected Letters. Edited by Caillan Davenport & Jenifer Manley, London: AC & Black, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78093-442-6">978-1-78093-442-6</a>, pp. 184f </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Laura Jansen, The Roman Paratext: Frame, Texts, Readers, Cambridge University Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02436-6">978-1-107-02436-6</a> p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Kathleen Kuiper (Editor), Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion, New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-207-9">978-1-61530-207-9</a> p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> A. Arthur Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development, Walter de Gruyter: 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-7744-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-7744-5">90-279-7744-5</a> p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon,_812-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon,_812_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon,_812_213-1">b</a> Salmon, 812 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> R.V. Nind Hopkins, Life of Alexander Severus, CUP Archive, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Volume 43, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-435-2">0-87169-435-2</a> p. 650 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Salmon, 813 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Garnsey, Peter, "Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire", Past & Present, No. 41 (Dec. 1968), pp. 9, 13 (note 35), 16, published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650001">650001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Westermann, 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Marcel Morabito, Les Réalités de l'esclavage d'après Le Digeste. Paris: Presses Univ. Franche-C omté, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-60254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-60254-7">978-2-251-60254-7</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Donald G. Kyle, Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09678-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09678-2">0-415-09678-2</a>; William Linn Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1955, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a> 48.18.21; quoted by Q.F. Robinson, Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41651-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41651-1">978-0-415-41651-1</a>, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Perkins" title="Judith Perkins">Judith Perkins</a>, Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39744-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39744-5">978-0-415-39744-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0">978-0-19-973784-0</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Digest, 48.8.4.2, quoted by Paul Du Plessis, Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law. Oxford University Press, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957488-9">978-0-19-957488-9</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Peter Schäfer, Judeophobia, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Garzetti, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Gradel, Ittai, Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815275-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815275-2">0-19-815275-2</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Howgego, in Howgego, C., Heuchert, V., Burnett, A., (eds), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926526-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926526-8">978-0-19-926526-8</a>, pp. 6, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Boatwright, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> K. W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers. Cambridge U. Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7">0-521-55340-7</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Le_Glay" title="Marcel Le Glay">Marcel Le Glay</a>. "Hadrien et l'Asklépieion de Pergame". In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 100, livraison 1, 1976. pp. 347–372. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bch_0007-4217_1976_num_100_1_2051">[9]</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoweRees1956-233"><a href="#cite_ref-RoweRees1956_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_RoweB._R._Rees1956" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rowe_(archaeologist)" title="Alan Rowe (archaeologist)">Alan Rowe</a>; <a href="/wiki/B._R._Rees" title="B. R. Rees">B. R. Rees</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216120114/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1914&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">"A Contribution To The Archaeology of The Western Desert: IV – The Great Serapeum Of Alexandria"</a> (PDF). Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1914&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Contribution+To+The+Archaeology+of+The+Western+Desert%3A+IV+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Serapeum+Of+Alexandria&rft.pub=Manchester&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Alan+Rowe&rft.au=B.+R.+Rees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fapi%2Fdatastream%3FpublicationPid%3Duk-ac-man-scw%3A1m1914%26datastreamId%3DPOST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Mellor, R., "The Goddess Roma" in Haase, W., Temporini, H., (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt, de Gruyter, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-010389-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-010389-3">3-11-010389-3</a>, pp. 960–964 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Cassius Dio, LIX.11; Historia Augusta, Hadrian </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Tim Cornell, Kathryn Lomas, eds., Bread and Circuses: Euergetism and Municipal Patronage in Roman Italy. London: Routledge, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14689-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14689-5">0-415-14689-5</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Carl F. Petry, ed. The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4">978-0-521-47137-4</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Elsner, Jás, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph, Oxford History of Art, Oxford U.P., 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3">0-19-284201-3</a>, p. 176f. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Williams, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus: see discussion in <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Vout" title="Caroline Vout">Vout, Caroline</a>, Power and eroticism in Imperial Rome, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86739-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86739-8">0-521-86739-8</a>, pp. 52–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality : Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity. Oxford University Press: 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511300-6">978-0-19-511300-6</a>, pp. 60f </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Marco Rizzi, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Elsner, Imperial Rome, p. 183f. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> see Trevor W. Thompson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9076863/Antinoos_The_New_God_Origen_on_Miracle_and_Belief_in_Third-Century_Egypt">"Antinoos, The New God: Origen on Miracle and Belief in Third Century Egypt"</a> for the persistence of Antinous's cult and Christian reactions to it. Freely available. The relationship of P. Oxy. 63.4352 with Diocletian's accession is not entirely clear. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Vout" title="Caroline Vout">Caroline Vout</a>, Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome. Cambridge University Press; 2007, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 127, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Alessandro Galimberti, "Hadrian, Eleusis, and the beginnings of Christian apologetics" in Marco Rizzi, ed., Hadrian and the Christians. Berlim: De Gruyter, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022470-2">978-3-11-022470-2</a>, pp. 77f </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Robert M. Haddad, The Case for Christianity: St. Justin Martyr's Arguments for Religious Liberty and Judicial Justice. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-575-4">978-1-58979-575-4</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Martinova-Kjutova, Maya, Project BG0041, "The Ancient Stadium of Philippopolis – Preservation, Rehabilitation and Urban Renewal", Regional Administration Plovdiv, 2011–2023, accessed 14 December 2023 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?p=12&l=2">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Edirne">"Edirne | Turkey | Britannica"</a>. 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edirne+%26%23124%3B+Turkey+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEdirne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 176–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> It was lost in large part to despoliation by the <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este" title="Ippolito II d'Este">Cardinal d'Este</a>, who had much of the marble removed to build the <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a> in the 16th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Brickstamps with <a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">consular dates</a> show that the Pantheon's dome was late in Trajan's reign (115), probably under Apollodorus's supervision: see Ilan Vit-Suzan, Architectural Heritage Revisited: A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents , Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2062-6">978-1-4724-2062-6</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/69*.html">"Cassius Dio – Epitome of Book69"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio+%E2%80%93+Epitome+of+Book69&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fcassius_dio%2F69%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Historia Augusta, Hadrian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html#2">2.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-foxhadrian-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxhadrian_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxhadrian_256-1">b</a> Fox, Robin The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian Basic Books. 2006 p. 574 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> however claims that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/2*.html#26.1">"he wore a full beard to cover up the natural blemishes on his face"</a>, H.A. 26.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapathanassiou" class="citation news cs1">Papathanassiou, Manolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byzantium.xronikon.com/statfirst.html">"Byzantine first & last times"</a>. Βυζαντινον Χρονικον. Byzantium.xronikon.com. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD&rft.atitle=Byzantine+first+%26+last+times&rft.aulast=Papathanassiou&rft.aufirst=Manolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byzantium.xronikon.com%2Fstatfirst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Barba">"Barba – NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project"</a>. Forumancientcoins.com. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barba+%E2%80%93+NumisWiki%2C+The+Collaborative+Numismatics+Project&rft.pub=Forumancientcoins.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumancientcoins.com%2Fnumiswiki%2Fview.asp%3Fkey%3DBarba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Robin Lane Fox, The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1">978-0-465-02497-1</a>, p. 578 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, pp. 108f </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> For instance, a probably bogus anecdote in Historia Augusta relates that as tribune he had lost a cloak that emperors never wore: Michael Reiche, ed., Antike Autobiographien: Werke, Epochen, Gattungen. Köln: Böhlau, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-10505-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-10505-8">3-412-10505-8</a>, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Joost-Gaugier" title="Christiane Joost-Gaugier">Christiane L. Joost-Gaugier</a>, Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and His Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press: 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4396-1">978-0-8014-4396-1</a>, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Juan Gil & Sofía Torallas Tovar, Hadrianus. Barcelona: CSIC, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-09193-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-09193-4">978-84-00-09193-4</a>, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Direct links to Hadrian's poems in the A.P. with W.R. Paton's translation at the Internet Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekanthology01pato#page/474/mode/2up">VI 332</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekanthology00patogoog#page/n375/mode/2up">VII 674</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekanthology03pato#page/70/mode/2up">IX 137</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greekanthology03pato#page/216/mode/2up">IX 387</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> T. J. Cornell, ed., The Fragments of the Roman Historians. Oxford University Press: 2013, p. 591 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Opper, Hadrian: Empire and Conflict, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Historia Augusta, Hadrian Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/2*.html#25.9">25.9</a>; Antony Birley, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> see e.g.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldewey.cc/post/17072720047/forty-three-translations-of-hadrians-animula">Forty-three translations of Hadrian's "Animula, vagula, blandula ..." </a> including translations by Henry Vaughan, A. Pope, Lord Byron. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> A.A. Barb, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0015587X.1950.9717969?journalCode=rfol20">"Animula, Vagula, Blandula"</a>, Folklore, 61, 1950 : "... since <a href="/wiki/Casaubon" title="Casaubon">Casaubon</a> almost three and a half centuries of classical scholars have admired this poem" </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> see Note 2 in Emanuela Andreoni Fontecedro's <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20547373">20547373</a> "Animula vagula blandula: Adriano debitore di Plutarco", Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> "tales autem nec multo meliores fecit et Graecos", Historia Augusta, ibidem </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Russell E. Murphy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thqU29nSVgUC&pg=PA48">Critical Companion to T. S. Eliot: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work</a>, 2007. p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Varius multiplex multiformis in the anonymous, ancient <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a>, 14.6: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">trans. Thomas M. Banchich, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100827/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">Archived</a> 8 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 March 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> cf Ronald Syme, among others; see Ando, footnote 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> McLynn, 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> "Wytse Keulen, Eloquence rules: the ambiguous image of Hadrian in Fronto's correspondence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/literaryinteractions/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Eloquence-rules-working-paper1.pdf">[11]</a> Retrieved 20 February 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> James Uden (2010). "The Contest of Homer and Hesiod and the ambitions of Hadrian". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Hellenic Studies">Journal of Hellenic Studies</a>, 130 (2010), pp. 121–135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/2144/5437/uden_jhs_2010.pdf?sequence=1">[12]</a>. Accessed 16 October 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Edward Togo Salmon,A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138. London: Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04504-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04504-5">0-415-04504-5</a>, pp. 314f </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> See also Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Victoria Emma Pagán, A Companion to Tacitus. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9032-9">978-1-4051-9032-9</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Marache, R.: R. Syme, Tacitus, 1958. In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 61, 1959, n°1–2. pp. 202–206. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1959_num_61_1_3617_t1_0202_0000_2">[13]</a>. Accessed 30 April 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Susanne Mortensen: Hadrian. Eine Deutungsgeschichte. Habelt, Bonn 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7749-3229-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7749-3229-8">3-7749-3229-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Franco Sartori, "L'oecuménisme d'un empereur souvent méconnu : [review of] M.A. Levi, Adriano, un ventennio di cambiamento". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 21, no. 1, 1995. pp. 290–297. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1995_num_21_1_2249">[14]</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. New York: Basic Books, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02497-1">978-0-465-02497-1</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Strack, PL, Untersuchungen zur Römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts – Teil 2 Die Reichsprägung zur Zeit des Hadrian, Stuttgart 1933, also Abdy RA and Mittag PF, Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC), Volume II, Part 3: From AD 117 to AD 138 – Hadrian, London 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Pangerl, Andreas, Hadrian’s First and Second Imperial Portrait Types of 117–118 AD; Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 71, 2021, pp 171–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Steven H. Rutledge, "Writing Imperial Politics: The Social and Political Background" IN <a href="/wiki/William_J._Dominik" title="William J. Dominik">William J. Dominik</a>, ed;, Writing Politics in Imperial Rome Brill, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15671-5">978-90-04-15671-5</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Adam M. Kemezis, "Lucian, Fronto, and the absence of contemporary historiography under the Antonines". The American Journal of Philology Vol. 131, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 285–325 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. 20–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Birley, Restless Emperor, 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> K.W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers. Cambridge University Press:2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7">0-521-55340-7</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Boatwright, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Paul Veyne, L'Empire Gréco-Romain. Paris: Seuil, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-057798-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-057798-4">2-02-057798-4</a>, p. 312. In the French original: de l'<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">péplum</a> et un peu d'Ubu Roi. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Danèel den Hengst, Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire. Leiden: Brill, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17438-2">978-90-04-17438-2</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History', XI: the High Empire, 70–192 A.D.Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521263351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521263351">978-0521263351</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_2013_7-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_2013_7_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_2013_7_300-1">b</a> Anthony R Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16544-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16544-X">0-415-16544-X</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Thomas E. Jenkins, Antiquity Now: The Classical World in the Contemporary American Imagination. Cambridge University Press: 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19626-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19626-0">978-0-521-19626-0</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> A'haron Oppenheimer, Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society.Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148514-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148514-9">3-16-148514-9</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Birley, Hadrian: the Restless Emperor, 7: Birley describes the results of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kornemann" title="Ernst Kornemann">Ernst Kornemann</a>'s attempt to sift the Historia Augusta biography's facts from its fictions (through textual analysis alone) as doubtful. B.W. Henderson's 1923 English language biography of Hadrian focuses on ancient written sources, and largely ignores or overlooks the published archaeological, epigraphic and non-literary evidence used by Weber. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> or Dio Cassius Roman History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/424/mode/2up">Greek Text and Translation by Earnest Cary</a> at internet archive</li> <li>Scriptores Historiae Augustae, <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html">Latin Text</a> Translated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html">David Magie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, Caesares, XIV. Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0199/__P5.HTM">"Caesares: text – IntraText CT"</a>. Intratext.com. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caesares%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FLAT0199%2F__P5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Anon, Excerpta of <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a>, XIII. Latin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0210/__P5.HTM">"Epitome De Caesaribus: text – IntraText CT"</a>. Intratext.com. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epitome+De+Caesaribus%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FLAT0210%2F__P5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Inscriptions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, Church History (Book IV), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250104.htm">"Church History"</a>. New Advent. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+History&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smallwood, E.M, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva Trajan and Hadrian, Cambridge, 1966.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Secondary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBârcă2013" class="citation book cs1">Bârcă, Vitalie (2013). Nomads of the Steppes on the Danube Frontier of the Roman Empire in the 1st Century CE. Historical Sketch and Chronological Remarks. Dacia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1023761641">1023761641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+the+Steppes+on+the+Danube+Frontier+of+the+Roman+Empire+in+the+1st+Century+CE.+Historical+Sketch+and+Chronological+Remarks.&rft.pub=Dacia&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1023761641&rft.aulast=B%C3%A2rc%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Vitalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1967" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, T. D. (1967). "Hadrian and Lucius Verus". Journal of Roman Studies. 57 (1/2): 65–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299345">10.2307/299345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299345">299345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162678629">162678629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Hadrian+and+Lucius+Verus&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162678629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299345&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley1997" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hadrianrestlesse00birl">Hadrian. The restless emperor</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16544-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16544-0"><bdi>978-0-415-16544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian.+The+restless+emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16544-0&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhadrianrestlesse00birl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._Boatwright" title="Mary T. Boatwright">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro</a> (1987). Hadrian and the city of Rome. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691002187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691002187"><bdi>978-0691002187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+city+of+Rome&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0691002187&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2002" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro. (2002). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04889-5"><bdi>978-0-691-04889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+Cities+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04889-5&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanto2004" class="citation journal cs1">Canto, Alicia M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015233845/http://dobc.unipv.it/dipscant/athenaeum/athenaeum.html">"Itálica, patria y ciudad natal de Adriano (31 textos históricos y argumentos contra Vita Hadr. 1, 3"</a>. Athenaeum. 92 (2): 367–408. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dobc.unipv.it/dipscant/athenaeum/athenaeum.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=It%C3%A1lica%2C+patria+y+ciudad+natal+de+Adriano+%2831+textos+hist%C3%B3ricos+y+argumentos+contra+Vita+Hadr.+1%2C+3&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=367-408&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Canto&rft.aufirst=Alicia+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdobc.unipv.it%2Fdipscant%2Fathenaeum%2Fathenaeum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt2009" class="citation book cs1">Everitt, Anthony (2009). Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-6662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+Triumph+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6662-9&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2000" class="citation book cs1">Dobson, Brian (2000). Hadrian's Wall. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, vol. I, 1776. The Online Library of Liberty <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807084956/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1365&Itemid=27">"Online Library of Liberty – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1"</a>. Oll.libertyfund.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1365&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Library+of+Liberty+%E2%80%93+The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+vol.+1&rft.pub=Oll.libertyfund.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D1365%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiurescuFischer-Galaţi1998" class="citation book cs1">Giurescu, Dinu C.; Fischer-Galaţi, Stephen A. (1998). Romania: a Historic Perspective. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39317152">39317152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania%3A+a+Historic+Perspective&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39317152&rft.aulast=Giurescu&rft.aufirst=Dinu+C.&rft.au=Fischer-Gala%C5%A3i%2C+Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royston_Lambert" title="Royston Lambert">Lambert, Royston</a> (1997). Beloved and God: the story of Hadrian and Antinous. London: Phoenix Giants. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85799-944-0"><bdi>978-1-85799-944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+God%3A+the+story+of+Hadrian+and+Antinous&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Giants&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85799-944-0&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Royston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy2014" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (2014). Pannonia and Upper Moesia (Routledge Revivals): A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75425-1"><bdi>978-1-317-75425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pannonia+and+Upper+Moesia+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+A+History+of+the+Middle+Danube+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75425-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Morwood, James (2013). Hadrian. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849668866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849668866"><bdi>978-1849668866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1849668866&rft.aulast=Morwood&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpper2008" class="citation book cs1">Opper, Thorsten (2008). Hadrian: Empire and Conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674030954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674030954"><bdi>978-0674030954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%3A+Empire+and+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0674030954&rft.aulast=Opper&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeller2003" class="citation book cs1">Speller, Elizabeth (2003). Following Hadrian: a second-century journey through the Roman Empire. London: Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6662-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-6662-4"><bdi>978-0-7472-6662-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+Hadrian%3A+a+second-century+journey+through+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Review&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-6662-4&rft.aulast=Speller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1997) [1958]. Tacitus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814327-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814327-7"><bdi>978-0-19-814327-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814327-7&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1964" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". Journal of Roman Studies. LIV (1–2): 142–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298660">10.2307/298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298660">298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162241585">162241585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Hadrian+and+Italica&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=142-49&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162241585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298660&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1988" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1988/073pdf/073159.pdf">"Journeys of Hadrian"</a> (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 73: 159–170. Retrieved 12 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Journeys+of+Hadrian&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=159-170&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-koeln.de%2Fphil-fak%2Fifa%2Fzpe%2Fdownloads%2F1988%2F073pdf%2F073159.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1991" class="citation book cs1">Syme, Ronald (1991). Roman Papers VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 346–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814494-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814494-6"><bdi>978-0-19-814494-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Papers+VI&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=346-57&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814494-6&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanzigerPurcell,_Nicholas2006" class="citation book cs1">Danziger, Danny; Purcell, Nicholas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hadriansempire00dann">Hadrian's empire : when Rome ruled the world</a>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83361-2"><bdi>978-0-340-83361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+empire+%3A+when+Rome+ruled+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-340-83361-2&rft.aulast=Danziger&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Purcell%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhadriansempire00dann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt2009" class="citation book cs1">Everitt, Anthony (2009). Hadrian and the triumph of Rome. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6662-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-6662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+triumph+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6662-9&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1919" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, William Dodge (1919). "A Study of the life of Hadrian Prior to His Accession". Smith College Studies in History. 4: 151–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smith+College+Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+life+of+Hadrian+Prior+to+His+Accession&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=151-209&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=William+Dodge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorovius1898" class="citation book cs1">Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D20G5zMpPfUC">The Emperor Hadrian: A Picture of the Greco-Roman World in His Time</a>. Mary E. Robinson, trans. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0790552286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0790552286"><bdi>978-0790552286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Hadrian%3A+A+Picture+of+the+Greco-Roman+World+in+His+Time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-0790552286&rft.aulast=Gregorovius&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD20G5zMpPfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1923" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Bernard W. (1923). Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Principate+of+the+Emperor+Hadrian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsh-Kishor1935" class="citation book cs1">Ish-Kishor, Sulamith (1935). Magnificent Hadrian: A Biography of Hadrian, Emperor of Rome. New York: Minton, Balch and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnificent+Hadrian%3A+A+Biography+of+Hadrian%2C+Emperor+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Minton%2C+Balch+and+Co&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Ish-Kishor&rft.aufirst=Sulamith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kouremenos, Anna (2022). The Province of Achaea in the 2nd century CE: The Past Present. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1032014852" title="Special:BookSources/978-1032014852">978-1032014852</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerowne1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Perowne" title="Stewart Perowne">Perowne, Stewart</a> (1960). Hadrian. London: Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Perowne&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModena_Altieri2017" class="citation book cs1">Modena Altieri, Ascanio (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531123945/https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/controcultura/arte/imago-roboris-adriano-di-tel-shalem/">Imago roboris: Adriano di Tel Shalem</a>. Rome: L'Intellettuale Dissidente. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lintellettualedissidente.it/controcultura/arte/imago-roboris-adriano-di-tel-shalem/">the original</a> on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imago+roboris%3A+Adriano+di+Tel+Shalem&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=L%27Intellettuale+Dissidente&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Modena+Altieri&rft.aufirst=Ascanio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lintellettualedissidente.it%2Fcontrocultura%2Farte%2Fimago-roboris-adriano-di-tel-shalem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Traianus_Hadrianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus">Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html">Historia Augusta: Life of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/hadrian/t.html">Hadrian coinage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07104b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/hadrian/">Major scultoric find at Sagalassos (Turkey)</a>, 2 August 2007 (between 13 and 16 feet in height, four to five meters), with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/hadrian/1.html">some splendid photos courtesy of the Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">Hadrian, in De Imperatoribus Romanis, Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408201312/http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">Archived</a> 8 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Hadrian </div><div><a href="/wiki/Nervan%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervan–Antonine dynasty">Nervan–Antonine dynasty</a></div>Born: 24 January AD 76 Died: 10 July AD 138 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> 117–138 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Annia_gens" title="Annia gens">Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Appius_Bradua" title="Marcus Appius Bradua">M. Appius Bradua</a></div>as Ordinary consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman suffect consul</a> 108 with <a href="/wiki/Trebatia_gens#MembersMarcus_Trebatius_Priscus" title="Trebatia gens">M. Trebatius Priscus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pompeius_Falco" title="Quintus Pompeius Falco">Quintus Pompeius Falco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Titius_Lustricus_Bruttianus" title="Marcus Titius Lustricus Bruttianus">M. Titius Lustricus Bruttianus</a></div>as Suffect consuls </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">ignotus, and <a href="/wiki/Minicia_gens#Members" title="Minicia gens">Gn. Minicius Faustinus</a></div>as Suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 118 with <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pedanius_Fuscus_Salinator_(consul_118)" title="Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator (consul 118)">Gn. Pedanius Fuscus Salinator</a> (Jan–Feb) <a href="/wiki/Bellicia_gens#Members" title="Bellicia gens">Bellicius Tebanianus</a> (March) <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Ummidius_Quadratus" title="Gaius Ummidius Quadratus">G. Ummidius Quadratus</a> (May) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pomponia_gens#Pompeii_of_imperial_times" title="Pomponia gens">L. Pomponius Bassus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabinia_gens#Members" title="Sabinia gens">T. Sabinius Barbarus</a></div>as Suffect consuls </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pomponia_gens#Pompeii_of_imperial_times" title="Pomponia gens">L. Pomponius Bassus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabinia_gens#Members" title="Sabinia gens">T. Sabinius Barbarus</a></div>as Suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 119 with <a href="/wiki/Publius_Dasumius_Rusticus" title="Publius Dasumius Rusticus">Publius Dasumius Rusticus</a> (Jan–Feb) <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Platorius_Nepos" title="Aulus Platorius Nepos">Aulus Platorius Nepos</a> (March–April) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Coredius_Gallus_Gargilius_Antiquus" title="Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus">M. Paccius Silvanus Q. Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vibia_gens#Members" title="Vibia gens">Q. 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class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_(Kaiser)" title="Hadrian (Kaiser) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hadrian (Kaiser)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95" title="ሄድሪየን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄድሪየን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هادريان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هادريان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadri%C3%A1n_(emperador)" title="Hadrián (emperador) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hadrián (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianu" title="Adrianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adrianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian" title="Adrian – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adrian" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85)" title="هادریانوس (روم) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هادریانوس (روم)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হাদ্রিয়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাদ্রিয়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Адрыян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адрыян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Адриан (император) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адриан (император)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijan" title="Hadrijan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hadrijan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadri%C3%A0" title="Hadrià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hadrià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_(Kaiser)" title="Hadrian (Kaiser) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadrian (Kaiser)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αδριανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδριανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano" title="Adriano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adriano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriano" title="Hadriano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hadriano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriano" title="Hadriano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hadriano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هادریان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هادریان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrien" title="Hadrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hadrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidrian" title="Haidrian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haidrian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriano_(emperador)" title="Hadriano (emperador) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hadriano (emperador)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="하드리아누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하드리아누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հադրիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հադրիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8" title="हेद्रिअन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेद्रिअन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijan" title="Hadrijan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadrijan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadr%C3%ADanus" title="Hadríanus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hadríanus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano" title="Adriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אדריאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ადრიანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადრიანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адриан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адриан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizari_Hadrian" title="Kaizari Hadrian – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaizari Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus_(imperator)" title="Hadrianus (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hadrianus (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C4%81ns" title="Adriāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Adriāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianas" title="Hadrianas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hadrianas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Hadrianus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadrianus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адријан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адријан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriano" title="Hadriano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hadriano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹാഡ്രിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാഡ്രിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हेड्रियान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेड्रियान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ადრიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადრიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هادريان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هادريان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هادریان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هادریان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="ハドリアヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハドリアヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_av_Romarriket" title="Hadrian av Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadrian av Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_(emperaire)" title="Adrian (emperaire) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adrian (emperaire)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian" title="Adrian – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adrian" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هادریان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هادریان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian" title="Adrian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Adrian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano" title="Adriano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adriano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адриан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адриан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriani" title="Adriani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adriani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianu_(mpiraturi)" title="Adrianu (mpiraturi) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Adrianu (mpiraturi)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadri%C3%A1n" title="Hadrián – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hadrián" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijan" title="Hadrijan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hadrijan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھادریان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھادریان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хадријан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хадријан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijan" title="Hadrijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hadrijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano" title="Adriano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adriano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิฮาดริอานุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฮาดริอานุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Адріан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адріан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہیدریان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیدریان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano" title="Adriano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adriano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈德良" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈德良" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF" title="哈德良 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈德良" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-prwmm","wgBackendResponseTime":326,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.314","walltime":"2.744","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41966,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":674124,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38362,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":614012,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2104.278 1 -total"," 28.03% 589.851 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.25% 404.970 113 Template:ISBN"," 14.19% 298.515 1 Template:Nerva-Antonine_family_tree"," 9.75% 205.118 113 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 6.79% 142.977 26 Template:Tree_chart"," 5.67% 119.236 30 Template:Cite_book"," 5.56% 116.928 11 Template:Cite_web"," 5.03% 105.854 1 Template:Nerva–Antonine_dynasty"," 4.90% 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