Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi

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Although this genus was established 130 years ago, crucial questions on the phylogenetic relationships and biology of this enigmatic taxon are still unanswered. In order to infer a rob …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Bauer R;Garnica S;Oberwinkler F;Riess K;Weiß M;Begerow D;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="07/22/2015"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="PLoS One"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="PloS one"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="26200112"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200112/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="10"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="7"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1371/journal.pone.0128183"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1932-6203"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200112/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="P2qH0frTUNrebu68dWg6KjcH4Wica7SLjCql5H9hVw7zPyo8q5H3k5ZfXXv0mcfq"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="P2qH0frTUNrebu68dWg6KjcH4Wica7SLjCql5H9hVw7zPyo8q5H3k5ZfXXv0mcfq"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="P2qH0frTUNrebu68dWg6KjcH4Wica7SLjCql5H9hVw7zPyo8q5H3k5ZfXXv0mcfq"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="P2qH0frTUNrebu68dWg6KjcH4Wica7SLjCql5H9hVw7zPyo8q5H3k5ZfXXv0mcfq"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="26200112"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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href="/?term=Bauer+R&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Robert Bauer">Robert Bauer</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Garnica+S&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sigisfredo Garnica">Sigisfredo Garnica</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oberwinkler+F&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Franz Oberwinkler">Franz Oberwinkler</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Riess+K&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kai Riess">Kai Riess</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wei%C3%9F+M&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael Weiß">Michael Weiß</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Organismal Mycology and Microbiology, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a 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Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> University of Tübingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Organismal Mycology and Microbiology, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> University of Bochum, AG Geobotanik, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed 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<span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Robert Bauer</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> PLoS One<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2015">2015</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/26200112/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" 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Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Garnica+S&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sigisfredo Garnica">Sigisfredo Garnica</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oberwinkler+F&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Franz Oberwinkler">Franz Oberwinkler</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Riess+K&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kai Riess">Kai Riess</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wei%C3%9F+M&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael Weiß">Michael Weiß</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Tübingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Organismal Mycology and Microbiology, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72076, Tübingen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Begerow+D&cauthor_id=26200112" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dominik Begerow">Dominik Begerow</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Bochum, AG Geobotanik, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> University of Tübingen, Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> University of Tübingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Organismal Mycology and Microbiology, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> University of Bochum, AG Geobotanik, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">26200112</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC4511587&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4511587/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC4511587 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1371/journal.pone.0128183&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128183" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1371/journal.pone.0128183 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/26200112/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/26200112/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Entorrhiza is a small fungal genus comprising 14 species that all cause galls on roots of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Although this genus was established 130 years ago, crucial questions on the phylogenetic relationships and biology of this enigmatic taxon are still unanswered. In order to infer a robust hypothesis about the phylogenetic position of Entorrhiza and to evaluate evolutionary trends, multiple gene sequences and morphological characteristics of Entorrhiza were analyzed and compared with respective findings in Fungi. In our comprehensive five-gene analyses Entorrhiza appeared as a highly supported monophyletic lineage representing the sister group to the rest of the Dikarya, a phylogenetic placement that received but moderate maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony bootstrap support. An alternative maximum likelihood tree with the constraint that Entorrhiza forms a monophyletic group with Basidiomycota could not be rejected. According to the first phylogenetic hypothesis, the teliospore tetrads of Entorrhiza represent the prototype of the dikaryan meiosporangium. The alternative hypothesis is supported by similarities in septal pore structure, cell wall and spindle pole bodies. Based on the isolated phylogenetic position of Entorrhiza and its peculiar combination of features related to ultrastructure and reproduction mode, we propose a new phylum Entorrhizomycota, for the genus Entorrhiza, which represents an apparently widespread group of inconspicuous fungi. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/4e54442d3264/pone.0128183.g001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="781" data-image-height="890" data-image-alt="Fig 1" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g001"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/c95d589c3e6a/pone.0128183.g001.gif" alt="Fig 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="781"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="890"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 1. Portion of a tussock of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 1. Portion of a tussock of <i> Juncus articulatus </i> with root galls caused by <i> Entorrhiza… </i> </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 1. Portion of a tussock of <i>Juncus articulatus</i> with root galls caused by <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i> (arrows). </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Note that the older segments of the galls are brown-colored while younger parts are whitish (tips).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/516e6322020f/pone.0128183.g002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="669" data-image-height="750" data-image-alt="Fig 2" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g002"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/0d289baa17c5/pone.0128183.g002.gif" alt="Fig 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="669"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 2. Maximum likelihood tree showing the… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 2. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic position of the genus <i> Entorrhiza </i> within the… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 2. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic position of the genus <i>Entorrhiza</i> within the kingdom Fungi derived from a combined dataset of rDNA (18S, 5.8S and 28S) and amino acid (RPB1 and RPB2) sequences. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Branch support is given as maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage (1,000 replicates) / Bayesian posterior probability (consensus of two independent MCMC processes, each with four chains over five million generations) / maximum parsimony bootstrap (1,000 replicates). Values of 100% are designated with bullets, values below 50% are omitted or designated by <. Grey sectors in the clock symbols illustrate internode confidence values (ICA [30]) of the supporting branch; counterclockwise orientation designates a negative ICA value, i.e., an instance where a conflicting bipartition occurs more frequently in the bootstrap trees than the bipartition defined by this branch. The tree was rooted with the Metazoa branch. The <i>Encephalitozoon</i> branch was scaled with a factor of 0.5 for graphical reasons. For GenBank accession numbers see Table 1.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/019cef650221/pone.0128183.g003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="770" data-image-height="948" data-image-alt="Fig 3" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g003"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/c377e048e762/pone.0128183.g003.gif" alt="Fig 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="770"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="948"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 3. Soral hyphae of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana… </i> </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 3. Soral hyphae of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana </i> in root galls of <i> Juncus articulatus </i> , as… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 3. Soral hyphae of <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i> in root galls of <i>Juncus articulatus</i>, as seen by TEM. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a)</b> Section through an intercellular hypha surrounded by plant cells. <b>(b)</b> Section through an intercellular hypha extended into a cortical cell. Note that the intracellular part of the hypha is surrounded by the host plasma membrane. <b>(c)</b> Section through two hyphal coils in neighbouring cortical cells of <i>J</i>. <i>articulatus</i>. One host nucleus is visible at N, and a hyphal septum is visible at the arrow. <b>(d)</b> Section through a hyphal septum showing a dolipore without membranous caps (arrow). Note the basidiomycetous tripartite profile of the septum wall. Scale bar is 1 μm in (a-b), 2 μm in (c), and 0.1 μm in (d).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/3a4ae61550a7/pone.0128183.g004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="682" data-image-height="370" data-image-alt="Fig 4" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g004"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/4ac0608dcbf8/pone.0128183.g004.gif" alt="Fig 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="682"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="370"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4. Sections through galls of <i> Entorrhiza… </i> </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 4. Sections through galls of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana </i> on <i> Juncus articulatus </i> , as seen by… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 4. Sections through galls of <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i> on <i>Juncus articulatus</i>, as seen by SEM. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a)</b> Section showing intracellular teliospore packets (one is indicated by an arrow). <b>(b)</b> Teliospore packet in detail, showing teliospores and hyphal spirals (one is indicated by an arrow). Scale bar is 1 mm in (a) and 20 μm in (b).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/df5a4bc72a9e/pone.0128183.g005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="702" data-image-height="526" data-image-alt="Fig 5" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g005"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/c6bde749aecc/pone.0128183.g005.gif" alt="Fig 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="702"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="526"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 5. Line drawings of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana… </i> </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 5. Line drawings of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana </i> . </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (a-g) </b> Intracellular more or less coiled hyphae and…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 5. Line drawings of <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i>. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a-g)</b> Intracellular more or less coiled hyphae and teliospores in different developing stages (host cells not drawn). <b>(h-k)</b> Germinating teliospores in different developing stages. Note the sigmoid shape of the propagules. Scale bar is 20 μm in (a-g, j-k) and 10 μm in (h).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/3b00f538e74f/pone.0128183.g006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="766" data-image-height="988" data-image-alt="Fig 6" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g006"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/0c2c3b62dbb7/pone.0128183.g006.gif" alt="Fig 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="766"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="988"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 6. Teliospore formation and germination of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 6. Teliospore formation and germination of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana </i> , as seen by TEM (a-c)… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 6. Teliospore formation and germination of <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i>, as seen by TEM (a-c) or LM (d). </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a)</b> Section through an intracellular hyphal coil showing a terminal teliospore initial with two nuclei (n). <b>(b)</b> Section through a teliospore tetrad showing the cruciform septation. <b>(c)</b> Section through a teliospore tetrad showing the germination of one of the four teliospore compartments. One nucleus is visible at the arrow, probably migrating into the germination hypha. <b>(d)</b> Light microscopic micrograph of a germinating teliospore illustrated to show the synchronous development of the germination hyphae and the terminal sigmoid propagules (one is indicated by an arrow). Scale bar is 2 μm in (a-b), 3 μm in (c), and 40 μm in (d).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="fig-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/396cf7265d56/pone.0128183.g007.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="761" data-image-height="717" data-image-alt="Fig 7" data-pmc-id="PMC4511587" data-figure-id="pone.0128183.g007"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/20e1/4511587/929e2369bc1a/pone.0128183.g007.gif" alt="Fig 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="761"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="717"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 7. Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig 7. Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of <i> Entorrhiza casparyana </i> , as seen by TEM. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (a) </b> Median…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig 7. Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of <i>Entorrhiza casparyana</i>, as seen by TEM. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a)</b> Median section through a postmitotic / early interphasic SPB showing the original hemispherical SPB with an internal electron-opaque layer (arrowhead) and an additional bar (arrowhead) next to the nuclear envelope. <b>(b)</b> Longitudinal section through a mid-interphasic SPB. The double structure of the SPB has begun to reconstitute by growth of SPB elements (arrowheads) at the ends of the electron-opaque bar (arrow). <b>(c)</b> Section through an intracellular hyphal coil showing one nucleus with a longitudinally sectioned premitotic SPB (arrow). <b>(d)</b> Detail of (c) illustrated to show the two enlarged SPB elements (arrowheads) connected by an elongated middle piece (arrow). Note the internal layering of the SPB elements. n, nucleus. Scale bar is 0.2 μm in (a-b), 1 μm in (c), and 0.1 μm in (d).</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (7) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26203418/" ref="article_id=26203418&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="26203418" data-ga-label=""> Identification of a new order of root-colonising fungi in the Entorrhizomycota: Talbotiomycetales ord. nov. on eudicotyledons. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Riess K, Bauer R, Kellner R, Kemler M, Piątek M, Vánky K, Begerow D.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Riess K, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">IMA Fungus. 2015 Jun;6(1):129-33. doi: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.07. 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Epub 2020 Mar 26.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Fungal Syst Evol. 2020.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">32904025</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=26200112" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all "Cited by" articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="references" id="references"> <h2 class="title"> References </h2> <div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container"> <div class="refs-list"> <ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list"> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Weber C (1884) Über den Pilz der Wurzelanschwellungen von Juncus bufonius . Botanische Zeitung 42: 369–379. </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Vánky K (2012) Smut Fungi of the World. St. Paul: APS. </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Fineran JM (1980) The structure of galls induced by Entorrhiza C. Weber (Ustilaginales) on roots of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Nova Hedwigia 32: 265–284. </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Deml G, Oberwinkler F (1981) Investigations on Entorrhiza casparyana by light and electron microscopy. Mycologia 73: 392–398. </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Fineran JM (1978) A taxonomic revision of the genus Entorrhiza C. Weber (Ustilaginales). Nova Hedwigia 30: 1–67. </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/26200112/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 50 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, Non-U.S. 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Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi - PubMed