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<span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leftist_Kuomintang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leftist_Kuomintang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leftist Kuomintang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leftist_Kuomintang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leftist Kuomintang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leftist_Kuomintang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_with_Sun_Yat-sen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_with_Sun_Yat-sen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marriage with Sun Yat-sen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_with_Sun_Yat-sen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1916-1922:_Guangzhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916-1922:_Guangzhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1916-1922: Guangzhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916-1922:_Guangzhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1923-1927:_First_United_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1923-1927:_First_United_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>1923-1927: First United Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1923-1927:_First_United_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuomintang-Communist_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuomintang-Communist_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kuomintang-Communist split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuomintang-Communist_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1927-1928:_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1927-1928:_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>1927-1928: Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1927-1928:_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1928-1931:_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928-1931:_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>1928-1931: Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928-1931:_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1931-1937:_Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931-1937:_Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>1931-1937: Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931-1937:_Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_United_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_United_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second United Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_United_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1938-1940:_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1938-1940:_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>1938-1940: Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1938-1940:_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940-1945:_Chongqing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940-1945:_Chongqing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>1940-1945: Chongqing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940-1945:_Chongqing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Communist revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People's Republic of China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coalition_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coalition government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vice-presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950-1966:_Communist_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950-1966:_Communist_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>1950-1966: Communist government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950-1966:_Communist_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1966-1976:_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966-1976:_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>1966-1976: Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966-1976:_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976-1981:_Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976-1981:_Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>1976-1981: Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976-1981:_Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and funeral subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Honorary presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>State funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resting_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resting_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Resting place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resting_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Former residence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charitable_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charitable_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Charitable organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charitable_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Honorary titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soong Ching-ling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="سونغ تشينغ لينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سونغ تشينغ لينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_Kh%C3%A8ng-l%C3%AAng" title="Sòng Khèng-lêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sòng Khèng-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сун Цынлінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сун Цынлінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_%C4%8Cching-ling" title="Sung Čching-ling – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sung Čching-ling" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA-%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σοόνγκ Τσινγκ-λινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοόνγκ Τσινγκ-λινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_%C4%88ing-ling" title="Soong Ĉing-ling – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soong Ĉing-ling" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سونگ چینگ لینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونگ چینگ لینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%91%B9%EC%B9%AD%EB%A7%81" title="쑹칭링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쑹칭링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Սուն Ցինլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուն Ցինլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="סונג צ'ינג-לינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סונג צ'ינג-לינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სონგ ცინგ ლინგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სონგ ცინგ ლინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_%C4%8Cing-ling" title="Soong Čing-ling – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Soong Čing-ling" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szung_Csing-ling" title="Szung Csing-ling – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szung Csing-ling" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="സൂങ് ചിങ് ലിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂങ് ചിങ് ലിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="سونج تشينج لينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سونج تشينج لينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сун Чинлин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сун Чинлин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆွန်ချင်လင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆွန်ချင်လင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="सुङ चिङ लिङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुङ चिङ लिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A2" title="宋慶齢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宋慶齢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Ching-ling" title="Sung Ching-ling – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sung Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сун Цинлин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сун Цинлин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سوونگ چینگ لینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوونگ چینگ لینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Soong Ching-ling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ซ่ง ชิ่งหลิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซ่ง ชิ่งหลิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Qingling" title="Song Qingling – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Song Qingling" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Сун Цинлин – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сун Цинлин" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Сун Цінлін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сун Цінлін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سونگ چنگ لنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونگ چنگ لنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%91ng_Kh%C3%A1nh_Linh" title="Tống Khánh Linh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tống Khánh Linh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A1" title="宋慶齡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宋慶齡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84" title="宋庆龄 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宋庆龄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A1" title="宋慶齡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宋慶齡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84" title="宋庆龄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宋庆龄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="View the content page 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese political figure and third wife of Sun Yat-sen (1893–1981)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Song Qingling" redirects here. For the field hockey player, see <a href="/wiki/Song_Qingling_(field_hockey)" title="Song Qingling (field hockey)">Song Qingling (field hockey)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Song_(Chinese_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song (Chinese name)">Soong</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Madam" title="Madam">Madame</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Rosamond Soong Ch'ing-ling</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Propitious_Clouds" title="Order of Propitious Clouds">OPC</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Order of Cambodia">KGC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">宋庆龄</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Soong Ching-ling in Beijing, 1956</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">Honorary Chairman of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 May 1981 – 29 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">the Standing Committee of the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th National People's Congress</a> on 16 May 1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice Chairman of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 April 1959 – 17 January 1975<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a><br /><i>Vacant</i> (after 1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (1983)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chairman of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 October 1968 – 24 February 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Shaoqi (as Chairman)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Dong Biwu (as Acting Chairman)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 January 1975 – 29 May 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhu De<br /><i>Vacant</i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Acting"><a href="#endnote_Acting">[nb]</a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 September 1954 – 28 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Liu Shaoqi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 December 1954 – 29 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhou Enlai</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Vice Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Central People's Government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Mao Zedong</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-01-27</span>)</span>27 January 1893<br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1981<span style="display:none">(1981-05-29)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Soong_Ching_Ling" title="Mausoleum of Soong Ching Ling">Mausoleum of Soong Ching Ling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (1981)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (1919–1947)<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (1930s–1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a> (1948–1981)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 October 1915">1915</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 March 1925">1925</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Soong" title="Charlie Soong">Charlie Soong</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ni_Kwei-tseng" title="Ni Kwei-tseng">Ni Kwei-tseng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soong_sisters" title="Soong sisters">Soong family</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chiang_family" title="Chiang family">Chiang family</a> (by marriage)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kung_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung family">Kung family</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McTyeire_School_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="McTyeire School for Girls">McTyeire School for Girls</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Soong_Ching-ling,_February_8,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soong Ching-ling's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Signature_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_February_8%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">宋慶齡</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">宋庆龄</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sòng Qìnglíng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sonq Chinqling</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sung<sup>4</sup> Ch'ing<sup>4</sup>-ling<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[sʊ̂ŋ tɕʰîŋ.lǐŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sung Hing-lìhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Sung<sup>3</sup> Hing<sup>3</sup>-ling<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">n.b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Acting"><b><a href="#ref_Acting">^</a></b> Between 1976 and 1978, Soong presided over the meeting of the National People's Congress Standing Committee and performed its powers as head of state in her capacity as the NPCSC First Vice Chairperson.</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Soong Ch'ing-ling</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (27 January 1893 – 29 May 1981), Christian name <b>Rosamonde</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Rosamond</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Chinese political figure. She was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, therefore known by <b>Madame Sun Yat-sen<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> and the "mother of modern China."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Soong_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Soong family">Soong family</a>, she and her family played a significant role in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>. As a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), she founded the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the KMT</a>. She entered the Communist government in 1949, and was the only <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chinese_government" title="Women in Chinese government">female</a>, non-Communist <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">head of state of the People's Republic of China</a>. She was named Honorary President of the People's Republic of China and admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), a few weeks before her death in 1981. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and educated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, she married Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> and the KMT, as his third wife in 1915 and became a strong advocate for <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">Sun's KMT-CCP coalition</a>, opposing <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">split with the CCP</a> in 1927. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945), she joined <a href="/wiki/Soong_sisters" title="Soong sisters">her sisters</a> in China's wartime capital <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> to demonstrate national unity and support for the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">KMT-CCP alliance</a>. However, during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1945-1949), she continued her support to the CCP, leading to a break in ties with her family. After the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) in 1949, she held several prominent positions in the Communist government, including <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice Chairman of the PRC</a> (1949–1954; 1959–1975) and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> (1954–1959; 1975–1981). She travelled abroad during the early 1950s, representing China at a number of international events. </p><p>Following the purge of President <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> in 1968, she and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> as Vice Presidents became <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Heads of State of China</a> until 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Dong was appointed Acting President. During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Soong was protected from being purged, as the top name on <i><a href="/wiki/A_List_of_Cadres_to_Be_Protected" title="A List of Cadres to Be Protected">A List of Cadres to Be Protected</a></i> created by Zhou Enlai. Despite this, her Beijing home was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>, and her parents' tombs in Shanghai were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550–551_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550–551-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soong survived the political turmoil of the Cultural Revolution but appeared less frequently after 1976. As the acting <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National People's Congress">Chairwoman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> from 1976 to 1978, Soong was again the acting Head of State, as the office of President had been abolished. During her final illness in May 1981, she was given the special title of "<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_titles">Names and titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the Chinese naming tradition, Soong was the family name, Ching-ling was the first name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein19951_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein19951-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her name is also rendered as Song Qingling in Pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some early literature, she was referred to as Chung-ling Song,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name she used during her time at Wesleyan.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying there, she adopted the Christian name "Rosamonde" or "Rosamond."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling was named after Rosamonde Ricaud, the daughter of the Methodist minister who baptised her father in the United States in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among her close friends at Wesleyan, however, she was more commonly known as Suzie or Suzi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein19951_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein19951-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After marrying Sun Yat-sen in 1925, she became known as Madame Sun Yat-sen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her daughter-in-law and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Suk-ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Suk-ying (page does not exist)">Chen Suk-ying</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%B7%91%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:陳淑英">zh</a>]</span>, preferred to be called Mrs Sun, rather than Madame Sun, to avoid confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the wife and widow of the founder of the Chinese Republic, she was honoured as the "mother of modern China,"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by both major political parties in China, KMT and CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT, which hailed Sun Yat-sen as the "father of the nation," extended this honour to her as "the mother of the nation."<b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> The CCP also occasionally used this title to refer to her. However, she was not Sun's only wife. <a href="/wiki/Lu_Muzhen" title="Lu Muzhen">Lu Muzhen</a> was also sometimes described with the same term.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> in 1949, she assumed a largely symbolic role in the Communist government in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> revered her as "the treasure of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded the title of the "Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China" in 1981 before her death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soong Ching-ling was born in Shanghai, China on 27 January 1893, though the exact location of her birth remains debated.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, Charlie Soong, was a businessman and missionary originally from <a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chuansha_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansha-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by his uncle, who ran a grocery store in the United States, Charlie became enamoured with America when he was young.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was converted into Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in November 1880 and returned to China for missionary works in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother, Ni Kwei-tseng, was born in Shanghai to a missionary family originally from <a href="/wiki/Yuyao" title="Yuyao">Yuyao</a>, Zhejiang, which upheld a Christian tradition dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. She was educated at a high school run by American missionaries in Shanghai, where she met Charlie Soong.<sup id="cite_ref-'倪桂珍余姚_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'倪桂珍余姚-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Married in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the couple initially engaged in missionary work and business in <a href="/wiki/Kunshan" title="Kunshan">Kunshan</a>, later continuing their missionary efforts in <a href="/wiki/Chuansha_County" title="Chuansha County">Chuansha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-'倪桂珍余姚_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'倪桂珍余姚-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charlie was deeply committed to education in the United States for his daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted them to receive a Methodist education, so he enrolled them at McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn194135_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn194135-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Ching-ling studied from 1904 to 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting on the advice of his missionary friend William Burke, who had ties to the Mulberry Street United Methodist Church in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>, Charlie sent his eldest daughter Ai-ling to <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ching-ling was among the first government-funded female Chinese students to study in the United States. The group, consisting of ten male and four female students, departed from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> on 1 August 1907 and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> on 28 August, under the escort of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Bingzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Bingzhong (page does not exist)">Wen Bingzhong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E7%A7%89%E5%BF%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:溫秉忠">zh</a>]</span>, the director of the Foreign Office of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Viceroy of Liangjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling first attended school in <a href="/wiki/Summit,_New_Jersey" title="Summit, New Jersey">Summit</a>, New Jersey, to study <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> to fulfil Wesleyan's entrance requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She joined Ai-ling as a full-time college student at Wesleyan in the autumn of 1908, with their youngest sister Mei-ling accompanying them despite being only ten years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Soong sisters spent most of their time on campus, they also travelled across the United States, navigating the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">anti-Chinese sentiments</a> of the time. They were warmly received by local communities in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>. In the summer of 1910, Ching-ling and Mei-ling attended summer school together at <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_College" title="Fairmount College">Fairmount College</a>. In the summer of 1912, they participated in a church-sponsored <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> conference in <a href="/wiki/Montreat,_North_Carolina" title="Montreat, North Carolina">Montreat</a>, North Carolina. During several Christmas holidays, they visited <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where they were hosted as guests of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of China to the United States">Chinese ambassador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leftist_Kuomintang">Leftist Kuomintang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leftist Kuomintang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_with_Sun_Yat-sen">Marriage with Sun Yat-sen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage with Sun Yat-sen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg/220px-Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg/330px-Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg/440px-Sun-Soong_wedding_photo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ch'ing-ling wedding photo (1915)</figcaption></figure><p>After graduating, Ching-ling's elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling" title="Soong Ai-ling">Ai-ling</a>, returned to Shanghai in 1908 and became the secretary to Sun Yat-sen.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun became fascinated with Ai-ling, constantly gazing at her, although Ai-ling did not reciprocate his feelings in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201953–54_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201953–54-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling graduated from Wesleyan in 1913, and returned to China via <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan, where she met Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ai-ling resigned in 1914 to marry <a href="/wiki/H._H._Kung" title="H. H. Kung">H. H. Kung</a>, passing the position on to Ching-ling,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who admired Sun as the hero who founded the Chinese Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201966_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201966-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1915, Ching-ling returned to Shanghai, asking her parents for their permission to marry Sun, which shocked the family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201968_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201968-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling was confined at home in Shanghai, during which Sun divorced with his wife <a href="/wiki/Lu_Muzhen" title="Lu Muzhen">Lu Mu-zhen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201969_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201969-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg/220px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg/330px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg/440px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Soong_Ching-ling%27s_marriage_oath_19151026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling's marriage oath (1915)</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite objections from her father,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling married Sun Yat-sen on 25 October 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were limited witnesses in their wedding ceremony in Tokyo, which included Wada Mizu, who provided his home for the wedding, <a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao Zhong-kai</a> and Liao's 11-year-old daughter Cynthia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201969_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201969-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soong family chased Ching-ling to Tokyo, attempting to dissuade her from the marriage, with her father Charlie even appealing to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> to denounce Sun. Additionally, many of Sun’s colleagues did not acknowledge Ching-ling as his wife, referring to her as Miss Soong rather than Mrs Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201970_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201970-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ching-ling could only speak <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a> and English, her husband had to talk with her in English rather than Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1916-1922:_Guangzhou">1916-1922: Guangzhou</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1916-1922: Guangzhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_in_Guangzhou" title="Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou">Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou</a></div> <p>Sun's political rival, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, stepped down in 1916 following his short-lived attempt to restore the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201971_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201971-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of the same year, Sun and Ching-ling returned to Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, Sun travelled to Guangzhou to establish a rival government opposing <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>'s Beijing government, while Ching-ling stayed behind in Shanghai. However, Sun’s strong-handed policies alienated the new government in Guangzhou, leading to his expulsion and subsequent departure from the city. The couple began to live together in a large European-styled mansion in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201975–76_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201975–76-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1920, Sun returned to Guangzhou with the support of local military leader <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Chen Jiongming</a> to establish a new government. On 7 April 1921, he assumed the title of Grand President of the Republic of China, setting up a breakaway regime to oppose the internationally recognised government in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201978_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201978-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, on 16 June 1922, Chen Jiongming rebelled. During the uprising, Ching-ling chose to stay behind to cover Sun's escape, declaring, "China can do without me; it cannot do without you."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201980_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201980-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her own flight, Ching-ling suffered a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> and was later informed that she would never be able to <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conceive</a> again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201982_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201982-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling, thereafter, became respected as Madame Sun Yat-sen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201983_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201983-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/220px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/330px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg/440px-KMT_3rd_Plenary_Session_of_2nd_Central_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Third Plenary Session of the KMT Second Central Committee in Wuhan, March 1927. Soong Ching-ling is in the front next to her brother, <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rosamonde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Rosamonde.jpg/220px-The_Rosamonde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Rosamonde.jpg/330px-The_Rosamonde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Rosamonde.jpg/440px-The_Rosamonde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Mme. Soong Qingling and Dr. Sun Yat-sen seen here with the <a href="/wiki/Sen_Yet_Young" title="Sen Yet Young"><i>Rosamonde</i> biplane</a>; the first indigenously designed aircraft in China in which Mme. Soong would fly as a passenger with pilot <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%85%89%E9%94%90" class="extiw" title="cmn:黄光锐"><i>Huang Guangrui</i></a> at the controls.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1923-1927:_First_United_Front">1923-1927: First United Front</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1923-1927: First United Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></div> <p>Ching-ling made her way to Shanghai after Sun's escape, where the couple reunited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn1941102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn1941102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met Soviet envoy <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joffe" title="Adolph Joffe">Adolph Joffe</a>, who had arrived in Shanghai in January 1923. Together, Sun and Joffe issued a joint declaration in which Joffe affirmed that communism or Soviet-style governance would not be imposed on China. Additionally, the Soviet Union pledged to relinquish the special privileges in China that had been inherited from Tsarist Russia. With renewed support in Guangzhou, Sun returned to establish his base once more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn1941103–104_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn1941103–104-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like her husband, Ching-ling never publicly accepted communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn1941108_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn1941108-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a visit to Sun's residence in Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek encountered Ching-ling's younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Mei-ling</a>, for the first time and became enamoured with her. Subsequently, Chiang divorced his wife in <a href="/wiki/Fenghua,_Ningbo" title="Fenghua, Ningbo">Fenghua</a> and sought Sun's counsel on pursuing Mei-ling. When Sun consulted Ching-ling on the matter, she expressed her strong disapproval. Sun then advised Chiang to wait, and Chiang obeyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn1941105_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn1941105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>, Sun and Ching-ling travelled to Beijing to negotiate a peace deal with the Beijing government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHahn1941108_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn1941108-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Yat-sen fell gravely ill after arriving in Beijing on 31 December 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201992_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201992-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final days, he recognised that Ching-ling no longer loved him, though she wept uncontrollably and insisted that she still loved him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201992_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201992-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February 1925, Wang Jingwei, who was widely considered Sun’s political heir, announced that all of Sun’s belongings would be entrusted to Ching-ling and reaffirmed his commitment to the policies advocated by Soviet advisor Mikhail Borodin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201993_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last moments, Sun called out “darling,” prompting Ching-ling to cry so bitterly that she fainted. Ching-ling harboured distrust toward Wang Jingwei. Shortly after, her sisters arrived from Shanghai to offer her moral support and safeguard her interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang201992_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang201992-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Sun's death in 1925, Ching-ling was elected to the KMT Central Executive Committee. In June 1925, she actively supported the <a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a>, stating, "Follow the views of Dr. Sun and act according to his actions. If he knew about this, he would be pleased." She attended key meetings of the Kuomintang, including the Third Plenum in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, Mei-ling married Chiang, who was about to launch a purge against the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuomintang-Communist_split">Kuomintang-Communist split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kuomintang-Communist split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 July 1927, following Chiang Kai-shek and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>’s announcements severing ties with the CCP, Soong Ching-ling issued a statement condemning the KMT-CCP split. She declared her intention to withdraw from politics until the KMT adopted a "wiser policy." Ching-ling viewed the alliance between the KMT and CCP as a cornerstone of her late husband’s vision, and its dissolution as a betrayal. Nevertheless, she harboured concerns about the Communist influence within the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1927-1928:_Moscow">1927-1928: Moscow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1927-1928: Moscow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg/220px-1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg/330px-1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg/440px-1927%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E9%99%88%E5%8F%8B%E4%BB%81%E5%9C%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling with <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Chen" title="Eugene Chen">Eugene Chen</a> in Moscow, 1927.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ching-ling initially travelled from Wuhan to Shanghai, uncertain about whether to leave China. On the advice of Eugene Chen, she departed for Moscow in late August, intending to persuade the Soviet leadership to reaffirm their support for the KMT within the United Front. However, upon her arrival, they were caught in the conflict between Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>. Stalin opposed efforts to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek, while Trotsky criticised the KMT as reflecting <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty bourgeois</a> values that undermined the prospects for land reform. Soong Ching-ling found herself unable to fully align with either side.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spring 1928, Soong Ching-ling and Eugene Chen visited Stalin at Kremlin. During the meeting, Stalin stated that they should return to China, leading the revolution, at which Ching-ling was disappointed, as she realised that Stalin was not interested in overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1928-1931:_Berlin">1928-1931: Berlin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1928-1931: Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ching-ling arrived in Berlin on 1 May 1928, with assistance from the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. She was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yanda" title="Deng Yanda">Deng Yanda</a>, a leftist leader of the Kuomintang, and cared for by Zhang Ke, a researcher from the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 March 1929, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="3rd National Congress of the Kuomintang">3rd National Congress of the KMT</a> passed a resolution inviting Soong Ching-ling to Nanjing for Sun Yat-sen's burial. She departed Berlin on 6 May, travelling via Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> on 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling played a significant role in his funeral arrangements, escorting the coffin of her husband Sun Yat-sen to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Mausoleum" title="Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum">Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum</a> in Nanjing.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 September 1929, she departed China by ship and returned to Berlin in mid-November. While in Berlin, she witnessed widespread unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a>. She avoided contact with representatives of the KMT-led government, instead engaging with European labour movements and maintaining ties with major Communist organisations, despite the rising influence of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a>. However, she was displeased by rumours spread about her by local Chinese students.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late April 1931, she received a telegram from home informing her of her mother's illness. Initially sceptical, she suspected it might be a ploy by the KMT to lure her back for their political purposes. To confirm the news, she wrote to a friend in China. She departed Berlin on 31 July 1931 to attend her mother’s funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1931-1937:_Shanghai">1931-1937: Shanghai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1931-1937: Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, Ching-ling returned to China from Germany, for her mother's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She delivered the offer from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to exchange <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, the son of Chiang Kai-shek, for the arrested Soviet intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Rudnik" title="Jakob Rudnik">Jakob Rudnik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiang Kai-shek turned down this offer, although his wife Mei-ling wanted to agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ching-ling hereafter began working for <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1933, Ching-ling contacted <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a> on behalf of Comintern to request intelligence from the CCP. In 1934, a memo of Commintern suggests that the local Soviet representative believed it was a mistake to admit her into the Communist Party, which made her lose her unique value.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With financial backing from the Comintern, Ching-ling maintained contact with Moscow through <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Smedley" title="Agnes Smedley">Agnes Smedley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Weiss_(journalist)" title="Ruth Weiss (journalist)">Ruth Weiss</a>. She played a key role in rescuing Communist leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Chen_Geng" title="Chen Geng">Chen Geng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>, and communicated with the CCP viaher secretary Li Yun. She also provided <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jianwu" title="Dong Jianwu">Dong Jianwu</a> with a special passport signed by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a>, enabling him to link Communist organisations in Shanghai and Shaanxi. At Mao Zedong's request, she sent doctor <a href="/wiki/Ma_Haide" title="Ma Haide">Ma Haide</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an Soviet</a>. Few were aware that she was secretly acting as a Communist agent.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_United_Front">Second United Front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second United Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1938-1940:_Hong_Kong">1938-1940: Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1938-1940: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities;_Sun_Yat-Sen,_Madame_IB3459C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg/220px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg/330px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg/440px-Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Sun_Yat-Sen%2C_Madame_IB3459C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="3673" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling in wartime capital Chongqing</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 December 1937, to evade Japanese aggression, Ching-ling moved from Shanghai to Hong Kong with her secretary Li Yun.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She published influential articles, such as <i>China Unconquerable</i>, and penned letters appealing for global solidarity. In 1938, she founded the China Defence League in Hong Kong, aiming to garner international support for China’s war effort. The organisation mobilised resources, provided humanitarian aid, and published newsletters to raise awareness globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940-1945:_Chongqing">1940-1945: Chongqing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1940-1945: Chongqing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/220px-Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/330px-Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/440px-Soong_sisters_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Soong sisters and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> in Chongqing (1942)</figcaption></figure> <p>The three Soong sisters made public appearances in Hong Kong in favour of relief work until 1940, when the Japanese radio stated that they would evacuate rather than join the Chinese government in Chongqing to endure the war conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, they left for Chongqing, where they continued to appear to boost public morale touring hospitals, air-raid shelter systems and bomb sites during the war. They founded the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives" title="Chinese Industrial Cooperatives">Indusco organization</a> to protect Chinese industry during wartime conditions, an organization in which Soong Ai-ling was most active of the sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.se_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.se-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_revolution">Communist revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Communist revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a></div> <p>In September 1945, Soong Ching-ling met <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Chongqing.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December, she had left Chongqing for Shanghai, where she restructured the China Defence League into the <a href="/wiki/China_Welfare_Institute" title="China Welfare Institute">China Welfare Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation continued its support for Communist groups and their army while also engaging in charitable activities for children and social welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993437_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993437-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 July 1946, Ching-ling issued an open letter in Shanghai, advocating for a coalition government between the KMT and the CCP and calling for the cessation of American aid to the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, she was named honorary chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the KMT, a left-wing splinter group claiming to uphold Sun Yat-sen’s legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Soong_and_Li_in_the_Founding_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling and <a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a> at the Founding Ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/PRC" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC">PRC</a> (1949)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_government">Coalition government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coalition government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="1st National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">1st National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div> <p>With the collapse of the Nationalist government and the Communist victory in the civil war, she left Shanghai in September 1949 to attend the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC), convened in Beijing by the Chinese Communist Party to establish a new Central People's Government. On 1 October, she was a guest at the ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> marking the birth of the new People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government issued an order for her arrest,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was soon blocked by the swift military victory of the Communists. The KMT fled from mainland China to Taiwan soon after this. Soong was the third person in the new government mentioned by Mao in the founding <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a>. </p><p>Soong was held in great esteem by the victorious Communists, who reckoned her as a link between their movement and Sun's earlier movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the formal establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, she became one of six vice chairpeople of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Central People's Government</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of several vice-chairpeople of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Soong became chairwoman of the Chinese People's Relief Administration, which combined several organizations dealing with welfare and relief issues. Her China Welfare Fund was reorganized as the China Welfare Institute and began publishing the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/China_Reconstructs" class="mw-redirect" title="China Reconstructs">China Reconstructs</a></i>, now published as <i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a>.</i> In 1953, a collection of her writings, <i>Struggle for New China</i>, was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1951, it was announced that she had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a> for 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She donated her Stalin Award to China Welfare Institute, which was then used to establish <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Peace_Maternity_And_Child_Health_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Peace Maternity And Child Health Hospital (page does not exist)">International Peace Maternity And Child Health Hospital</a> in Shanghai in 1952. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice-presidency">Vice-presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vice-presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao,_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg/220px-Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg/330px-Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg/440px-Mao%2C_Soong_and_Deng_at_International_Meetings_of_Communist_and_Workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, Soong Ching-ling and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1957_International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties" title="1957 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties">1957 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950-1966:_Communist_government">1950-1966: Communist government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1950-1966: Communist government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1953 Soong served on the committees preparing for elections to the new <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> and the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 constitution</a>. Soong was elected a Shanghai deputy to the first NPC, which adopted the constitution at its first meeting in September 1954. She was elected one of 14 vice-chairpeople of the NPC's standing committee, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>. In December of the same year, she was elected a vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC, which became a consultative body, and replaced Liu Shaoqi as chairperson of the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association. During this period, Soong traveled abroad several times, visiting Austria, India, Burma, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Her trips included a January 1953 visit to the Soviet Union, where she was received by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> shortly before his death. She visited Moscow again in 1957 with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s delegation to the 40th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/220px-Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/330px-Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg/440px-Soong_Ching-ling_and_Kim_Il-sung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg/220px-1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg/330px-1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg/440px-1965-5_1965%E5%B9%B4_%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%8E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%A4%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B1%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling with <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a> (1965)</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1959, Soong again served as a Shanghai deputy at the <a href="/wiki/2nd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2nd National People's Congress">2nd National People's Congress</a>. At this Congress, Mao Zedong and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> stepped down as President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China. Liu Shaoqi was elected State Chairman (President), and Soong Ching-ling and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a>, a senior Communist Party 'elder', were elected <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice President of China</a>. Soong resigned at this time from her positions as vice-chairwoman of the CPPCC National Committee and the NPC Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was re-elected to the post of Vice-chairperson of the PRC at the Third National People's Congress in 1965, and appeared frequently in the early 1960s on ceremonial occasions, often greeting important visitors from abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1966-1976:_Cultural_Revolution">1966-1976: Cultural Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1966-1976: Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Soong was heavily criticized by <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guard</a> factions, and in one incident, the marker of her parents' grave was toppled and their bodies exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995551_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995551-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this incident Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> recommended that Soong Ching-ling be put on a "List of Cadres to be protected." Zhou's recommendation was approved by Mao Zedong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao Zedong sent his wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, to visit Soong and explain the purpose of the "Cultural Revolution." In response, Soong remarked that it should, above all, avoid harming the innocent, which embarrassed Jiang.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Soong’s support of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a>, she was skeptical of some radical actions such as the purging of capitalists and party moderates such as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soong wrote seven letters to criticize the Cultural Revolution Campaign and objected to the excessive violence against her colleagues and other moderates within the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her letters with friends, Soong called Jiang a "queen" and "shameless bitch."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the Cultural Revolution, during the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="4th National People's Congress">4th NPC</a> which approved the <a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975 Constitution</a> in January 1975, Soong's term as Vice President of China ended with the abolishment of that post, after which she was again appointed one of the vice-chairwomen of the NPC Standing Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1976-1981:_Final_years">1976-1981: Final years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1976-1981: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soong Ching-ling moved to her Shichahai residence in Beijing, where she penned several articles commemorating late Chinese leaders Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. In November 1980, she wrote to the CCP Central Committee, urging the Party to reflect on the suffering it had inflicted on the people during past political movements. She also requested that her name not be equated with the Father of the Nation Sun Yat-sen, expressing her belief that she was unworthy of such an honour.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1981, Soong Ching-ling was diagnosed with leukaemia.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her last public appearance was on 8 May 1981, when she appeared in a wheelchair at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> to accept an honorary <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a>. A few days later she began running a high fever and was unable to rise again.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_presidency">Honorary presidency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honorary presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soong Ching-ling had wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party as early as 1957. However, when she asked <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> for permission to join the party, the request was turned down because "it was thought better for the revolution that she not join formally, but that she would thenceforth be informed, and her opinion sought, concerning all important inner-Party events matters, not only those involving the government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993491_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993491-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When she fell in 1981, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, visited her and later approached <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> to ask if Soong could be admitted to the CCP. Hu agreed to consider the case, and Wang returned to Soong's residence to confirm her interest in joining the CCP. Soong nodded in affirmation. Wang then relayed Soong’s wishes to Hu Yaobang.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May 1981, she was admitted to the CCP and named Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China. She is the only person to ever hold this title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993616–617_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993616–617-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a> visited Soong in the hospital and informed her of the Politburo's decision, first in Chinese and then in English for confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before her death, more than 50 party and state leaders, along with relatives from overseas and close friends, gathered at her bedside to pay their final respects.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family sent a telegram to Mei-ling, hoping for a reunion. Mei-ling responded, suggesting that Ching-ling be sent to New York, United States instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>, Soong Ching-ling died from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">chronic lymphocytic leukaemia</a> at 8:18 p.m. on 29 May 1981 in Beijing. Xinhua described her death as "a great loss to the country and the people."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite invitations, Mei-ling chose to remain at home in Taiwan, reportedly due to political sensitivities. A potential family reunion in Beijing was seen as a threat to the legitimacy of her stepson, Taiwanese President <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>. Xinhua noted that other family members were present at the time of Soong's passing.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after her passing, world leaders expressed their condolences. United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> extended "the sympathy of the American people and my personal condolences," highlighting Soong Ching-ling's significant contributions as Sun Yat-sen's private secretary, political advisor, and wife, as well as their early life in the United States. Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> offered "profound condolences," a term stronger than that used upon <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong's death</a>, acknowledging her role as honorary chair of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Friendship_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Soviet Friendship Association">Sino-Soviet Friendship Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_funeral">State funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese government declared three days of mourning, ordered flags to be lowered at Chinese embassies worldwide, and held a state funeral for Miss Soong on 3 June.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, the funeral services extended an invitation to Soong Ching-ling’s family to attend the ceremony in Beijing. Although Mei-ling mourned her sister privately, she wrote to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, stating that despite their familial bond, she had decided not to travel to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hosted by Hu Yaobang, who was widely expected to become the next chairman of the CCP, the televised mourning ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> in central Beijing drew over 10,000 attendees. Notable participants included <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>. In his eulogy, Deng Xiaoping mentioned that Soong, the aunt of then-President of Taiwan <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>, had expressed hope for reunification talks between the governments of Beijing and Taipei in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resting_place">Resting place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Resting place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Soong_Ching-ling" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Soong Ching-ling">Tomb of Soong Ching-ling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Qingling_Cemetery,_2020-10-17_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg/220px-Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg/330px-Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg/440px-Song_Qingling_Cemetery%2C_2020-10-17_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Soong family tomb in Shanghai</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with her wishes, Soong Ching-ling's cremated remains were interred alongside her parents in the restored Soong family burial plot at Shanghai's International Cemetery, later renamed the Soong Ching Ling Mausoleum in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was laid to rest beside her parents, Charlie Soong and Ni Kwei-tseng, with the names of their children—<a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T.V. Soong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T.L._Soong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T.L. Soong (page does not exist)">T.L. Soong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T.A._Soong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T.A. Soong (page does not exist)">T.A. Soong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling" title="Soong Ai-ling">Ai-ling Soong</a>, Ching-ling Soong, and <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Mei-ling Soong</a>—engraved on the tombstone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Public image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to French historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brizay" title="Bernard Brizay">Bernard Brizay</a>, Soong Ching-ling stood out from the traditional female archetype. Despite her youthful, gentle, and kind appearance, she was remarkably strong-willed, which inspired Sun Yat-sen during his lowest moments. When asked if she loved her husband, she famously replied that her love was for the Chinese revolution. After her husband's death, she could have withdrawn from politics, yet she steadfastly committed herself to fulfilling his revolutionary ideals, even in the face of death threats.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-sjsu.edu_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjsu.edu-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claim descent from Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is viewed as a proto-communist,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the economic element of Sun's ideology was <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sjsu.edu_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjsu.edu-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brizay noted that Soong Ching-ling did not like Mao Zedong but maintained a good relationship with Zhou Enlai. During Mao's era, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> envied Soong's greater popularity among the people, but Soong remained silent in the face of Mao's tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her death, the Communist government praised her as "a great patriotic, democratic, internationalist and Communist fighter and an outstanding state leader of China,”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also "a seasoned pioneer in the defence of world peace, and an exemplary member of the Communist Party of China.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"<sup id="cite_ref-:18_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Taiwan, it was until 1965 when there was the first biography in Taiwan to mention Soong Ching-ling as the wife of Sun Yat-sen.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of people, except for those who had <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">fled from the mainland</a>, were unaware of Soong Ching-ling until the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law</a> in 1987, despite the widespread <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> surrounding Sun Yat-sen. During the period of time, textbooks in Taiwan referred to Sun’s wife as <a href="/wiki/Lu_Muzhen" title="Lu Muzhen">Lu Muzhen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soong Mei-ling criticised her sister Ching-ling for "being disloyal to her country, lacking benevolence to the people, failing to fulfil <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> to her parents, showing infidelity in her marriage, neglecting righteousness to her relatives and friends, disregarding greater justice, showing no reverence for heaven and earth, offering no remonstrance to tyrants, and failing to pacify citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_residence">Former residence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Former residence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling,_Beijing_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg/220px-Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg/330px-Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg/440px-Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling%2C_Beijing_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling in Beijing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg/220px-20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg/330px-20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg/440px-20191027_Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_in_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence in Shanghai</figcaption></figure> <p>Several of Soong Ch'ing-ling's former residences have also been transformed into museums: </p> <ul><li>In 1918, Soong and her husband Sun Yat-sen lived in a house in the <a href="/wiki/French_Concession" class="mw-redirect" title="French Concession">French Concession</a> of Shanghai. After her husband's death, Soong continued to reside there until 1937. The house has now been converted into a museum dedicated called the <a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Sun_Yat-Sen_(Shanghai)" title="Former Residence of Sun Yat-Sen (Shanghai)">Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen</a>. Though dedicated primarily to Sun, it also contains some of Soong's artefacts during their life together.</li> <li>From 1948 to 1963 Soong Ching-ling lived in the western end of the French Concession in Shanghai. This building is now the <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling_Memorial_Residence_(Shanghai)" title="Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence (Shanghai)">Soong Ching-ling Memorial Residence</a>. A memorial hall containing some of her belongings and photographs stands near the entrance. The main building and gardens are preserved in near original state with original furnishings throughout. In the garage are two large cars: one Chinese built <a href="/wiki/Hongqi_(marque)" title="Hongqi (marque)">Red Flag</a> limousine and another Russian car presented to Soong by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.</li> <li>Soong Ching-ling obtained a mansion in Beijing in 1963 where she lived and worked for the rest of her life and received many dignitaries. After her death the site was converted into the <a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing)">Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling</a> as a museum and memorial. The rooms and furniture have been kept as she had used them, and memorabilia are displayed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable_organisations">Charitable organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Charitable organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China_Soong_Ching_Ling_Foundation" title="China Soong Ching Ling Foundation">China Soong Ching Ling Foundation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_(20241120161913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg/220px-Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg/330px-Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg/440px-Soong_Ching-Ling_Science_and_Technology_Museum_for_Children_%2820241120161913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>Soong Ching-Ling Science and Technology Museum for Children</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, the Chinese government founded the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation, to unite charitable organisations under Soong across China.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soong's charitable foundation in Hong Kong is known as Hong Kong Rosamond Foundation. </p><p>In 2008, the China Welfare Institute founded Soong Ching Ling School in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg/50px-TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg/75px-TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg/100px-TWN_Order_of_Propitious_Clouds_1Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> First Class <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Propitious_Clouds" title="Order of Propitious Clouds">Order of Propitious Clouds</a> (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png/50px-China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png/75px-China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/China_War_Memorial_Medal_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_War_Memorial_Medal" title="China War Memorial Medal">China War Memorial Medal</a> (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/50px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/75px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg/100px-KHM_Ordre_Royal_du_Cambodge_-_Grand_Croix_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Cambodia" title="Royal Order of Cambodia">Knight Grand Cross</a> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peace_Prize" title="Lenin Peace Prize">International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples</a> (1950)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_titles">Honorary titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Honorary titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Comintern_Logo.svg/15px-Comintern_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Comintern_Logo.svg/23px-Comintern_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Comintern_Logo.svg/30px-Comintern_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> <ul><li>Honorary Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/League_Against_Imperialism_and_Colonial_Oppression" title="League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression">League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression</a> (1927 in Belgium, 1929 in Germany)<sup id="cite_ref-:21_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li>Honorary Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a> (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-:21_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation" title="All-China Women's Federation">All-China Women's Federation</a> (1949, 1953, 1957, 1975)<sup id="cite_ref-:21_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">Honorary Chairman of the People's Republic of China</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_College" title="Wesleyan College">Wesleyan College</a> (1943)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-:21_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">LL.D.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-:20_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five years after her death, the Honorary President of the People's Republic of China was depicted in the film <a href="/wiki/Dr._Sun_Yat-sen_(film)" title="Dr. Sun Yat-sen (film)">Dr. Sun Yat-sen</a>. Soong is played by <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cheung" title="Maggie Cheung">Maggie Cheung</a> in the 1997 Hong Kong movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Soong_Sisters_(film)" title="The Soong Sisters (film)">The Soong Sisters</a></i>. Since the turn of the Millennium, she has been portrayed by various actresses in several <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a> movies. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Film </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Actress</th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>Zhang Yan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr._Sun_Yat-sen_(film)" title="Dr. Sun Yat-sen (film)">Dr. Sun Yat-sen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cheung" title="Maggie Cheung">Maggie Cheung</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Soong_Sisters_(film)" title="The Soong Sisters (film)">The Soong Sisters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qing" title="Xu Qing">Xu Qing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic" title="The Founding of a Republic">The Founding of a Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dong_Jie" title="Dong Jie">Dong Jie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Party" title="The Founding of a Party">The Founding of a Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Wenli" title="Jiang Wenli">Jiang Wenli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1911_(film)" title="1911 (film)">1911</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>Luo Yang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Back_to_1942" title="Back to 1942">Back to 1942</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joan_Chen" title="Joan Chen">Joan Chen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_(film)" title="Cairo Declaration (film)">Cairo Declaration</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_Jia_(actress,_born_1980)" title="Song Jia (actress, born 1980)">Song Jia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_an_Army" title="The Founding of an Army">The Founding of an Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qin_Lan" title="Qin Lan">Qin Lan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_1949" title="Mao Zedong 1949">Mao Zedong 1949</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shishi" title="Liu Shishi">Liu Shishi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1921_(2021_film)" title="1921 (2021 film)">1921</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soong is a main character in <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ruo" title="Huang Ruo"> Huang Ruo's</a> 2011 <a href="/wiki/Chinese-language_western-style_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-language western-style opera">Chinese-language western-style opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Sun_Yat-sen_(opera)" title="Dr. Sun Yat-sen (opera)">Dr. Sun Yat-sen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soong_sisters" title="Soong sisters">Soong sisters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Four big families of the Republic of China">Four big families of the Republic of China</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Special:EditPage/Soong Ching-ling">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Soong" title="Charlie Soong">Charlie Soong</a><br /><small>1863–1918</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ni Kwei-Tseng<br /><small>1869–1931</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink"><b><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling" title="Soong Ai-ling">Soong Ai-ling</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Kung" title="H. H. Kung">H. H. Kung</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo-Yi_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo-Yi Chang (page does not exist)">Lo-Yi Chang</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink"><b><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Zi-liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soong Zi-liang (page does not exist)">Soong Zi-liang</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Zi-on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soong Zi-on (page does not exist)">Soong Zi-on</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink">胡其瑛</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemond_Kung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosemond Kung (page does not exist)">Rosemond Kung</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue">孔令侃</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink">孔令伟</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue">孔令杰</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink">宋琼颐</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink">宋曼颐</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:pink">宋瑞颐</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue">宋伯熊</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:lightblue">宋仲虎</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao Zhongkai</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_sisters" title="Soong sisters">Soong sisters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ai-ling" title="Soong Ai-ling">Soong Ai-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling_Children%27s_Literature_Prize" title="Soong Ching-ling Children's Literature Prize">Soong Ching-ling Children's Literature Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chinese_government" title="Women in Chinese government">Women in Chinese government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宋庆龄</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">宋慶齡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sòng Qìnglíng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">sung<sup>4</sup> ch'ing<sup>4</sup> ling<sup>2</sup></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">孙夫人</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">孫夫人</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sūn Fūrén</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">sunfu jên<sup>2</sup></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">国母</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">國母</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">guó mǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">kuo<sup>2</sup> mu<sup>3</sup></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1985, Ni Jishi, a cousin of Soong, led a group of researchers to the Soong family residence at 628C Youheng Road in Hongkou, claiming it to be her birthplace, despite the building being constructed in 1912. Her sister Meiling also suggested that Hongkou was the likely location, though their parents had never explicitly told her. Soong had once told her live-in nannies that she was born on Nanshi Tiangua Street. However, the nannies were unable to locate this place in Nanshi. The Cultural Bureau of Chuansha County suggested that the confusion arose because her nannies misunderstood Soong's Shanghainese accent. They proposed that Soong was actually referring to Nanshidi Guo Street in Chuansha.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chuansha_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chuansha-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">宋庆龄是爱国主义、民主主义、国际主义和共产主义的伟大战士，杰出的国际社会活动家，保卫世界和平久经考验的前驱，中国共产党的优秀党员。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">二姐生性好强，一生每逢大事必糊涂，最终于国未尽忠，于民不称仁，于父母未尽孝，于夫妻未尽节，于亲朋未尽义，于大义未尽思，于天地无一敬，于暴君未尽谏，于凶民未尽抚。可不悲哉！</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibition.hkrf.org.hk/en/exhibition-content-ii-en/">"Part 2: Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong – "Dr Sun Yat-sen, Madam Soong Ching-ling and Hong Kong" Photos Exhibition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+2%3A+Dr+Sun+Yat-sen%2C+Madam+Soong+Ching-ling+and+Hong+Kong+%E2%80%93+%22Dr+Sun+Yat-sen%2C+Madam+Soong+Ching-ling+and+Hong+Kong%22+Photos+Exhibition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibition.hkrf.org.hk%2Fen%2Fexhibition-content-ii-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyancollege.edu/about/history/soongsisters.cfm">"The Soong sisters"</a>. <i>www.wesleyancollege.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wesleyancollege.edu&rft.atitle=The+Soong+sisters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyancollege.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fsoongsisters.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2015" class="citation web cs1">Montefiore, Clarissa Sebag (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151223-soon-qingling-the-mother-of-modern-china">"Soong Qingling: 'The mother of modern China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0798-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Women&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0798-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Lily+Xiao+Hong&rft.au=Stefanowska%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Wiles%2C+Sue&rft.au=Ho%2C+Clara+Wing-chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOGdnCPJSOMC%26q%3Dailing%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993437-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993437_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1993">Epstein 1993</a>, p. 437.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEpstein1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/554623/Song-Qingling">Song Qingling</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060327/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420589781.html?dids=420589781:420589781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+09,+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Mme.+Sun+Yat-Sen+Ordered+Arrested&pqatl=google">"Mme. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420589781.html?dids=420589781:420589781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Oct+09%2C+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Mme.+Sun+Yat-Sen+Ordered+Arrested&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mme.+Sun+Yat-Sen+Ordered+Arrested&rft.date=1949-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F420589781.html%3Fdids%3D420589781%3A420589781%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DOct%2B09%252C%2B1949%26author%3D%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DMme.%2BSun%2BYat-Sen%2BOrdered%2BArrested%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971785_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinClark1971">Klein & Clark 1971</a>, p. 785.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinClark1971786_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinClark1971">Klein & Clark 1971</a>, p. 786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995551-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995551_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1995">Epstein 1995</a>, p. 551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1995550_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1995">Epstein 1995</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2002-03-21/1451517869.html?from=wap">"《南方周末》：宋庆龄曾经怒骂江青"无耻婊子"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>news.sina.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sina.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%AB%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%9B%BE%E7%BB%8F%E6%80%92%E9%AA%82%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%22%E6%97%A0%E8%80%BB%E5%A9%8A%E5%AD%90%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fc%2F2002-03-21%2F1451517869.html%3Ffrom%3Dwap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsycjw.gov.cn/a/1zAqWJVMwo">"宋庆龄晚年七次书信毛泽东表示反感"文革"_盐城市纪委监委"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%99%9A%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%8F%8D%E6%84%9F%22%E6%96%87%E9%9D%A9%22_%E7%9B%90%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BA%AA%E5%A7%94%E7%9B%91%E5%A7%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsycjw.gov.cn%2Fa%2F1zAqWJVMwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheng, Yonghua. 《宋庆龄年表》<i>[A Chronology of Song Qingling]</i>. Guangdong People's Press, 2006, 2: 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waou.com.mo/2016/05/28/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%8D%E8%AD%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A1%E5%85%A5%E9%BB%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%B2%E6%8A%98%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B/">"國家名譽主席宋慶齡入黨的曲折歷程"</a>. <i>Jornal San Wa Ou</i>. 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jornal+San+Wa+Ou&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%90%8D%E8%AD%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%AE%8B%E6%85%B6%E9%BD%A1%E5%85%A5%E9%BB%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%B2%E6%8A%98%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waou.com.mo%2F2016%2F05%2F28%2F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%2590%258D%25E8%25AD%25BD%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E5%25B8%25AD%25E5%25AE%258B%25E6%2585%25B6%25E9%25BD%25A1%25E5%2585%25A5%25E9%25BB%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%259B%25B2%25E6%258A%2598%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E7%25A8%258B%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/50years/1981-23.pdf">"Eternal Glory to Soong Ching Ling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Review" title="Beijing Review">Beijing Review</a></i> (23). 8 June 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Review&rft.atitle=Eternal+Glory+to+Soong+Ching+Ling&rft.issue=23&rft.date=1981-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beijingreview.com.cn%2F50years%2F1981-23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993491-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993491_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1993">Epstein 1993</a>, p. 491.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEpstein1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993616–617-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1993616–617_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1993">Epstein 1993</a>, pp. 616–617.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEpstein1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF宋任穷1996" class="citation book cs1">宋任穷 (1996). <i>宋任穷回忆录（续集）</i>. 解放军出版社. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%BB%E7%A9%B7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95%EF%BC%88%E7%BB%AD%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1996&rft.au=%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%BB%E7%A9%B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press1981" class="citation news cs1">The Associated Press (30 May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/30/obituaries/soong-ching-ling-dies-in-peking-widow-of-sun-yat-sen-was-90.html">"Soong Ching-ling dies in Peking; Widow of Sun Yat-sen was 90"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soong+Ching-ling+dies+in+Peking%3B+Widow+of+Sun+Yat-sen+was+90&rft.date=1981-05-30&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F05%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Fsoong-ching-ling-dies-in-peking-widow-of-sun-yat-sen-was-90.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2013/01-28/4525599.shtml">"宋庆龄晚年思念宋美龄：不断假设其回国接待程序-中新网"</a>. <i>www.chinanews.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinanews.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%99%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%80%9D%E5%BF%B5%E5%AE%8B%E7%BE%8E%E9%BE%84%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%AD%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%E5%85%B6%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8E%A5%E5%BE%85%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F-%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinanews.com.cn%2Fcul%2F2013%2F01-28%2F4525599.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/05/29/Soong-Ching-Ling-honorary-president-of-China-and-widow/1280359956800/">"Soong Ching Ling, honorary president of China and widow... - UPI Archives"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Soong+Ching+Ling%2C+honorary+president+of+China+and+widow...+-+UPI+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F05%2F29%2FSoong-Ching-Ling-honorary-president-of-China-and-widow%2F1280359956800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/05/29/Soong-Ching-Ling-honorary-president-of-China-and-the/7106359956800/">"Soong Ching Ling, honorary president of China and the... - UPI Archives"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sswgw.org.cn&rft.atitle=1944%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8E%88%E4%BA%88%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%89%E5%8D%BF%E4%BA%91%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsswgw.org.cn%2Fwwdc%2Fsqlww%2F7906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sswgw.org.cn/wwdc/sqlww/5871.htm">"1945年国民政府授予宋庆龄的抗战胜利勋章"</a>. <i>sswgw.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sswgw.org.cn&rft.atitle=1945%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8E%88%E4%BA%88%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%97%E6%88%98%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsswgw.org.cn%2Fwwdc%2Fsqlww%2F5871.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sswgw.org.cn/wwdc/sqlww/6487.htm">"1964年柬埔寨国家元首西哈努克亲王赠送给宋庆龄的"一级柬埔寨王家勋章"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>sswgw.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sswgw.org.cn&rft.atitle=1964%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%88%E5%8A%AA%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B%E8%B5%A0%E9%80%81%E7%BB%99%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E7%9A%84%22%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsswgw.org.cn%2Fwwdc%2Fsqlww%2F6487.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sswgw.org.cn/wwdc/sqlww/7169.htm">"宋庆龄接受"巩固国际和平"斯大林国际奖金时的留影"</a>. <i>sswgw.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sswgw.org.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%22%E5%B7%A9%E5%9B%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%22%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A5%96%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%95%99%E5%BD%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsswgw.org.cn%2Fwwdc%2Fsqlww%2F7169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdsclf.org/zoujin/SPJS/200709/137.html">"广东省宋庆龄基金会——宋庆龄大事年表"</a>. <i>www.gdsclf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gdsclf.org&rft.atitle=%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%AE%8B%E5%BA%86%E9%BE%84%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdsclf.org%2Fzoujin%2FSPJS%2F200709%2F137.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.sacu.org/archive/photo-cards/box-a/a05/1964364-0047-soong-ching-ling-honorary-chairman-of-peoples-republic-of-china-iback?">"0047 - Soong Ching Ling, Honorary Chairman Of People's Republic Of China"</a>. <i>Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding</i>. 11 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+Anglo-Chinese+Understanding&rft.atitle=0047+-+Soong+Ching+Ling%2C+Honorary+Chairman+Of+People%27s+Republic+Of+China&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.sacu.org%2Farchive%2Fphoto-cards%2Fbox-a%2Fa05%2F1964364-0047-soong-ching-ling-honorary-chairman-of-peoples-republic-of-china-iback%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPao2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pao, Chwen-Liang (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mjib.gov.tw/FileUploads/eBooks/4e3103b3b27641e9bf01e59851602e05/Section_file/595053e688d04cfab516cf89bb0b5d91.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Founding of a Republic"- the Memorial Current"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prospect & Exploration</i> (in Chinese). <b>7</b> (11). Taipei, Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau</a>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospect+%26+Exploration&rft.atitle=%22The+Founding+of+a+Republic%22-+the+Memorial+Current&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pao&rft.aufirst=Chwen-Liang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjib.gov.tw%2FFileUploads%2FeBooks%2F4e3103b3b27641e9bf01e59851602e05%2FSection_file%2F595053e688d04cfab516cf89bb0b5d91.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangHalliday1986" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (1986). <i>Madame Sun Yat-Sen: Soong Ching-Ling</i>. London, England: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008455-X"><bdi>0-14-008455-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Sun+Yat-Sen%3A+Soong+Ching-Ling&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-14-008455-X&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jung&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Epstein" title="Israel Epstein">Epstein, Israel</a> (1995). <i>Woman in World History: The Life and Times of Soong Ching-ling</i>. Beijing: New World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80005-283-4" title="Special:BookSources/7-80005-283-4"><bdi>7-80005-283-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+in+World+History%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Soong+Ching-ling&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=New+World+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7-80005-283-4&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Hahn" title="Emily Hahn">Hahn, Emily</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86636"><i>The Soong Sisters</i></a>. Reprinted in 2014 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. (e-book ed.). New York, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-1953-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-1953-1"><bdi>978-1-4976-1953-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soong+Sisters&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co.&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-1953-1&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.86636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinClark1971" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Donald W.; Clark, Anne B. (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0552141089"><i>Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-14108-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-14108-9"><bdi>0-552-14108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographic+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Communism%2C+1921%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-552-14108-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Anne+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0552141089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeagrave1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Seagrave" title="Sterling Seagrave">Seagrave, Sterling</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0552141089"><i>The Soong Dynasty</i></a></span>. London, England: Corgi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-14108-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-14108-9"><bdi>0-552-14108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soong+Dynasty&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-552-14108-9&rft.aulast=Seagrave&rft.aufirst=Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0552141089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Rong (2019). <i>Big sister, little sister, red sister: three women at the heart of twentieth-century China</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49351-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49351-4"><bdi>978-0-451-49351-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+sister%2C+little+sister%2C+red+sister%3A+three+women+at+the+heart+of+twentieth-century+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-451-49351-4&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Rong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoong+Ching-ling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soong_Ching-ling&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soong_Ching-ling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sclf.org/">Soong Ching-ling Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/31048.htm">Former Residence of Song Qingling, Beijing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsoong-chingling.com">Memorial Residence, Shanghai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715090714/http://www.shsoong-chingling.com/">Archived</a> 15 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice Chairperson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">Central People's Government</a> </b><br />1949–1954 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></div><i><b>as Vice Chairman of the PRC </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice Chairperson of the People's Republic of China</a> </b><br />1959–1975 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the PRC </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Acting Head of State of the People's Republic of China</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Co-Acting with <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> as Vice Chairpersons of the PRC</span> </b><br />1968–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></div><i><b>as Acting Chairman of the PRC </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the 4th NPCSC </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Acting Head of State of the People's Republic of China</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">As acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the 4th National People's Congress</span> </b><br />1976–1978 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the 5th NPCSC </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Honorary Chair of the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation" title="All-China Women's Federation">All-China Women's Federation</a> </b><br />1949–1981 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Honorary <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of the People's Republic of China</a> </b><br />1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a><br />(1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a><br />(1954–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Chairperson</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions<br />(1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Song Qingling</i></a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a><br />(1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a> (1949–54)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Co-serving: <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a> (1954–75)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd>Co-serving: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a> (1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanchao" title="Li Yuanchao">Li Yuanchao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Template talk:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Qingling</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang" title="Zhang Dejiang">Zhang Dejiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress1484" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NPCSC_vice-chairpersons" title="Template:NPCSC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NPCSC_vice-chairpersons" title="Template talk:NPCSC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NPCSC_vice-chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NPCSC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress1484" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1959) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a> (died 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a> (added 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2nd National People's Congress">2nd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1964) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama"><del>Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama</del></a> (fled 1959; dismissed 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama"><del>Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</del></a> (removed 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Feng_(politician)" title="Lin Feng (politician)">Lin Feng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="3rd National People's Congress">3rd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1964–1975) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Mingxuan" title="Yang Mingxuan">Yang Mingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Feng_(politician)" title="Lin Feng (politician)">Lin Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ningyi" title="Liu Ningyi">Liu Ningyi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhizhong" title="Zhang Zhizhong">Zhang Zhizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="4th National People's Congress">4th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1978) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng" title="Zhang Dingcheng">Zhang Dingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Suwen" title="Li Suwen">Li Suwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Lianwei" title="Yao Lianwei">Yao Lianwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a> (added 1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1983) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a> (died 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> (died 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng" title="Zhang Dingcheng">Zhang Dingcheng</a> (resigned 1980; died 1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>; resigned 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jinguang" title="Xiao Jinguang">Xiao Jinguang</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunshan" title="Zhu Yunshan">Zhu Yunshan</a> (added 1979; died 1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Yu" title="Su Yu">Su Yu</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> (added 1980; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a> (added 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a> (added 1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/6th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="6th National People's Congress">6th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1988) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Pixian" title="Chen Pixian">Chen Pixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Gucheng" title="Zhou Gucheng">Zhou Gucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jici" title="Yan Jici">Yan Jici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yuzhi" title="Hu Yuzhi">Hu Yuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hansheng" title="Liao Hansheng">Liao Hansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xianchu" title="Han Xianchu">Han Xianchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Tunan" title="Chu Tunan">Chu Tunan</a> (added 1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–1993) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Gucheng" title="Zhou Gucheng">Zhou Gucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jici" title="Yan Jici">Yan Jici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hansheng" title="Liao Hansheng">Liao Hansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Qimeng" title="Sun Qimeng">Sun Qimeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">8th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1998) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Qimeng" title="Sun Qimeng">Sun Qimeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhe_(politician)" title="Buhe (politician)">Buhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_Dawamat" title="Tömür Dawamat">Tömür Dawamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ku" title="Gan Ku">Gan Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peiyao" title="Li Peiyao">Li Peiyao</a> (murdered 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jieping" title="Wu Jieping">Wu Jieping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="9th National People's Congress">9th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhe_(politician)" title="Buhe (politician)">Buhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_Dawamat" title="Tömür Dawamat">Tömür Dawamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jieping" title="Wu Jieping">Wu Jieping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Peiyun" title="Peng Peiyun">Peng Peiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" title="Zhou Guangzhao">Zhou Guangzhao</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><del><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Kejie" title="Cheng Kejie">Cheng Kejie</a></del> (dismissed & executed 2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Zhi_(politician)" title="Cao Zhi (politician)">Cao Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Shisun" title="Ding Shisun">Ding Shisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siwei" title="Cheng Siwei">Cheng Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jialu" title="Xu Jialu">Xu Jialu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhenghua" title="Jiang Zhenghua">Jiang Zhenghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">10th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Shisun" title="Ding Shisun">Ding Shisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siwei" title="Cheng Siwei">Cheng Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jialu" title="Xu Jialu">Xu Jialu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhenghua" title="Jiang Zhenghua">Jiang Zhenghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Xiulian" title="Gu Xiulian">Gu Xiulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raidi" title="Raidi">Raidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Huaren" title="Sheng Huaren">Sheng Huaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yongxiang_(engineer)" title="Lu Yongxiang (engineer)">Lu Yongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyunqimg" title="Uyunqimg">Uyunqimg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fu_Tieshan" title="Michael Fu Tieshan">Fu Tieshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">11th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yongxiang_(engineer)" title="Lu Yongxiang (engineer)">Lu Yongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyunqimg" title="Uyunqimg">Uyunqimg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Jianmin" title="Hua Jianmin">Hua Jianmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhili" title="Chen Zhili">Chen Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Tiliwaldi" title="Ismail Tiliwaldi">Ismail Tiliwaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shusheng" title="Jiang Shusheng">Jiang Shusheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Changzhi" title="Chen Changzhi">Chen Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Junqi" title="Yan Junqi">Yan Junqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Guowei" title="Sang Guowei">Sang Guowei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="12th National People's Congress">12th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2018) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shengjun" title="Wang Shengjun">Wang Shengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Changzhi" title="Chen Changzhi">Chen Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Junqi" title="Yan Junqi">Yan Junqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)" title="Wang Chen (politician)">Wang Chen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bingxuan" title="Ji Bingxuan">Ji Bingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ping_(politician)" title="Zhang Ping (politician)">Zhang Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangba_Puncog" title="Qiangba Puncog">Qiangba Puncog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arken_Imirbaki" title="Arken Imirbaki">Arken Imirbaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Exiang" title="Wan Exiang">Wan Exiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Baowen" title="Zhang Baowen">Zhang Baowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhu" title="Chen Zhu">Chen Zhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">13th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–2023) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)" title="Wang Chen (politician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Jianming" title="Cao Jianming">Cao Jianming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bingxuan" title="Ji Bingxuan">Ji Bingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arken_Imirbaki" title="Arken Imirbaki">Arken Imirbaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Exiang" title="Wan Exiang">Wan Exiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhu" title="Chen Zhu">Chen Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongming" title="Wang Dongming">Wang Dongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Choling" title="Padma Choling">Padma Choling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zhongli" title="Ding Zhongli">Ding Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Mingjin" title="Hao Mingjin">Hao Mingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Dafeng" title="Cai Dafeng">Cai Dafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Weihua" title="Wu Weihua">Wu Weihua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2028) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongming" title="Wang Dongming">Wang Dongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jie" title="Xiao Jie">Xiao Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jianbang" title="Zheng Jianbang">Zheng Jianbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zhongli" title="Ding Zhongli">Ding Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Mingjin" title="Hao Mingjin">Hao Mingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Dafeng" title="Cai Dafeng">Cai Dafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Wei" title="He Wei">He Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Weihua" title="Wu Weihua">Wu Weihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_Ning" title="Tie Ning">Tie Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Qinghua" title="Peng Qinghua">Peng Qinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingwei" title="Zhang Qingwei">Zhang Qingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losang_Jamcan" title="Losang Jamcan">Losang Jamcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shohrat_Zakir" title="Shohrat Zakir">Shohrat Zakir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference974" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPPCC_vice-chairpersons" title="Template:CPPCC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CPPCC_vice-chairpersons" title="Template talk:CPPCC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC_vice-chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC vice-chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference974" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1949–1954)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1959)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bojun" title="Zhang Bojun">Zhang Bojun</a></s> (removed 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1965)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></s> (removed 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a> (added 1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1978)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Bing_(politician)" title="Xu Bing (politician)">Xu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Chongmin" title="Gao Chongmin">Gao Chongmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Tingkai" title="Cai Tingkai">Cai Tingkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Juezai" title="Xie Juezai">Xie Juezai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xulun" title="Ma Xulun">Ma Xulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1983)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Qin" title="Ouyang Qin">Ouyang Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunshan" title="Zhu Yunshan">Zhu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shoudao" title="Wang Shoudao">Wang Shoudao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chong_(politician)" title="Zhang Chong (politician)">Zhang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Dizhou" title="Tong Dizhou">Tong Dizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a> (added; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yuzhi" title="Hu Yuzhi">Hu Yuzhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Changgong" title="He Changgong">He Changgong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Ke" title="Xiao Ke">Xiao Ke</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fei_(politician)" title="Liu Fei (politician)">Liu Fei</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1988)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhiyue" title="Tao Zhiyue">Tao Zhiyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Shutao" title="Zhou Shutao">Zhou Shutao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(general)" title="Xiao Hua (general)">Xiao Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zhengcao" title="Lü Zhengcao">Lü Zhengcao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shengtao" title="Ye Shengtao">Ye Shengtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yisheng" title="Mao Yisheng">Mao Yisheng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Luogeng" title="Hua Luogeng">Hua Luogeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Feng_(politician)" title="Wang Feng (politician)">Wang Feng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–1993)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiaocun" title="Sun Xiaocun">Sun Xiaocun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1998)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yinchu" title="Dong Yinchu">Dong Yinchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jinhua" title="Chen Jinhua">Chen Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Nanqi" title="Zhao Nanqi">Zhao Nanqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zhiyong" title="Mao Zhiyong">Mao Zhiyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Shuping" title="Jing Shuping">Jing Shuping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wenyuan" title="Wang Wenyuan">Wang Wenyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhongyu_(politician,_born_1933)" title="Wang Zhongyu (politician, born 1933)">Wang Zhongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu" title="Hao Jianxiu">Hao Jianxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Kuangdi" title="Xu Kuangdi">Xu Kuangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li>Wang Xuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Huaixi" title="Zhang Huaixi">Zhang Huaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Meng_(politician)" title="Li Meng (politician)">Li Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a> (added 2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jiazheng" title="Sun Jiazheng">Sun Jiazheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jinhua" title="Li Jinhua">Li Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Wantong" title="Zheng Wantong">Zheng Wantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wuwei" title="Li Wuwei">Li Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zongxing" title="Chen Zongxing">Chen Zongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhizhen" title="Wang Zhizhen">Wang Zhizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a> (added 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2018)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Ling_Jihua" title="Ling Jihua">Ling Jihua</a></s> (removed 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Haifeng" title="Li Haifeng">Li Haifeng</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Su_Rong" title="Su Rong">Su Rong</a></s> (removed 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuan" title="Zhou Xiaochuan">Zhou Xiaochuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiarui" title="Wang Jiarui">Wang Jiarui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xuchun" title="Qi Xuchun">Qi Xuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Peihua" title="Ma Peihua">Ma Peihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(politician)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (politician)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qinmin" title="Wang Qinmin">Wang Qinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a> (added 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–2023)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qibao" title="Liu Qibao">Liu Qibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chuantang" title="Yang Chuantang">Yang Chuantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bin_(politician)" title="Li Bin (politician)">Li Bin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yongqing" title="Wang Yongqing">Wang Yongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jianbang" title="Zheng Jianbang">Zheng Jianbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Shengzu" title="Gu Shengzu">Gu Shengzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xincheng" title="Liu Xincheng">Liu Xincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Wei" title="He Wei">He Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Qiang" title="Zhou Qiang">Zhou Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wu_(politician)" title="Chen Wu (politician)">Chen Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Hong" title="Mu Hong">Mu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_Hui" title="Xian Hui">Xian Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Xinzhi" title="Jiang Xinzhi">Jiang Xinzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zuojun" title="Jiang Zuojun">Jiang Zuojun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Baoxiang" title="He Baoxiang">He Baoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Guangqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Guangqian (page does not exist)">Wang Guangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_Boyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin Boyong (page does not exist)">Qin Boyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yongxin" title="Zhu Yongxin">Zhu Yongxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhen_(politician)" title="Yang Zhen (politician)">Yang Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17132#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17132#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12101049X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81060114">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14474562r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14474562r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00534318">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36731788">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=hka2016900345&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/112405">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072169648">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140310606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97007431">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000223094&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000692370">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202108694">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1357172mt7pkx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567728705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007300462305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000205531">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620277406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07852982?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1439607">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/12101049X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12101049X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085893420">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569968">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6446fj8">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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