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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Risk factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_Manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Common Manifestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_Diagnoses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_Diagnoses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related Diagnoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_Diagnoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Factitious disorder imposed on self</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="متلازمة مونخهاوزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متلازمة مونخهاوزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Синдром на Мюнхаузен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдром на Мюнхаузен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Síndrome de Münchhausen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Síndrome de Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen%C5%AFv_syndrom" title="Münchhausenův syndrom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Münchhausenův syndrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen-syndromet" title="Münchhausen-syndromet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Münchhausen-syndromet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen-Syndrom" title="Münchhausen-Syndrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Münchhausen-Syndrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Síndrome de Münchhausen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Síndrome de Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausenen_sindrome" title="Münchhausenen sindrome – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Münchhausenen sindrome" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="سندرم مونشهاوزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندرم مونشهاوزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_de_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Syndrome de Münchhausen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndrome de Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siondr%C3%B3m_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Siondróm Münchhausen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siondróm Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AE%8C%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%A0_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="뮌하우젠 증후군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뮌하우젠 증후군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7" title="Մյունխհաուզենի համախտանիշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մյունխհաուզենի համախտանիշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Sindrom Münchhausen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindrom Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen-heilkenni" title="Münchausen-heilkenni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Münchausen-heilkenni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrome_di_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Sindrome di Münchhausen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindrome di Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="תסמונת מינכהאוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תסמונת מינכהאוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მიუნჰაუზენის სინდრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიუნჰაუზენის სინდრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen-szindr%C3%B3ma" title="Münchhausen-szindróma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Münchhausen-szindróma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Минхаузенов синдром – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минхаузенов синдром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndroom_van_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Syndroom van Münchhausen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syndroom van Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%92%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="ミュンヒハウゼン症候群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミュンヒハウゼン症候群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="କୃତ୍ରିମ ସ୍ୱୟଂକୃତ ଶାରୀରିକ ରୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୃତ୍ରିମ ସ୍ୱୟଂକୃତ ଶାରୀରିକ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_M%C3%BCnchhausena" title="Zespół Münchhausena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zespół Münchhausena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_de_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Síndrome de Münchhausen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síndrome de Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindromul_M%C3%BCnchhausen" title="Sindromul Münchhausen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sindromul Münchhausen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Синдром Мюнхгаузена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдром Мюнхгаузена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen_syndrome" title="Münchausen syndrome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Münchausen syndrome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausnov_sindrom" title="Münchhausnov sindrom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Münchhausnov sindrom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86" title="حاڵەتی مونچاوزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حاڵەتی مونچاوزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Минхаузенов синдром – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минхаузенов синдром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausenin_oireyhtym%C3%A4" title="Münchhausenin oireyhtymä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Münchhausenin oireyhtymä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausens_syndrom" title="Münchhausens syndrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Münchhausens syndrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchausen_sendromu" title="Münchausen sendromu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Münchausen sendromu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Синдром Мюнхгаузена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синдром Мюнхгаузена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_Munchausen" title="Hội chứng Munchausen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội chứng Munchausen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Psychiatric factitious disorder</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For cases of feigned illness not driven by a psychiatric disorder, see <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">Malingering</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Factitious disorder imposed on self</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Munchausen syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Factitious disorder imposed on self</b> (FDIS), sometimes referred to as <b>Munchausen syndrome</b>, is a complex <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> where individuals play the role of a sick patient to receive some form of psychological validation, such as attention, sympathy, or physical care.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with FDIS intentionally falsify or induce signs and symptoms of illness, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a>, or abuse to assume this role.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions are performed consciously, though the patient may be unaware of the motivations driving their behaviors. There are several risk factors and signs associated with this illness and treatment is usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> but may depend on the specific situation,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is further discussed in the sections below. Diagnosis is usually determined by meeting specific <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> criteria after ruling out true illness as described below. </p><p>Factitious disorder imposed on self is related to <a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" title="Factitious disorder imposed on another">factitious disorder imposed on another</a>, which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">abuse</a> of another person in order to seek attention or sympathy for the abuser. This is considered "Munchausen by proxy", and the drive to create symptoms for the victim can result in unnecessary and costly diagnostic or corrective procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar and often confused syndromes/diagnoses are discussed in the "Related Diagnoses" section. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tales_From_Munchausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tales_From_Munchausen.jpg/220px-Tales_From_Munchausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Tales_From_Munchausen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Tales from the fictional German character Freiherr Von Munchausen.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Munchausen syndrome" derives from <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a>, a literary character loosely based on the German nobleman Hieronymus Karl Friedrich Freiherr von Münchhausen (1720–1797).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical baron became a well-known storyteller in the late 18th century for entertaining dinner guests with tales about his adventures during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)">Russo-Turkish War</a>. In 1785, German-born writer and con artist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a> anonymously published a book in which a heavily fictionalized version of "Baron Munchausen" tells many fantastic and impossible stories about himself. Raspe's Munchausen became a sensation, establishing a literary exemplar of a bombastic liar or exaggerator.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That patients can exaggerate or inflict symptoms on themselves has been recognized since antiquity, with the second century manuscript attributed to <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> titled <i>On Feigned Diseases and the Detection of Them</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savino_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savino_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, Scots physician <a href="/wiki/Hector_Gavin" title="Hector Gavin">Hector Gavin</a> invented the term "factitious disease" to describe persons who faked medical symptoms for sympathy, attention or "some inexplicable cause”.<sup id="cite_ref-Savino_2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savino_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Menninger" title="Karl Menninger">Karl Menninger</a> noted some patients compulsively insisted on medically unnecessary surgeries, often seeking out a physician with a powerful or dynamic personality.<sup id="cite_ref-Savino_2006_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savino_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Asher" title="Richard Asher">Richard Asher</a> coined the term "Munchausen syndrome" to describe a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>, wherein individuals fabricated histories, signs, and symptoms of illness. Remembering Baron Munchausen, Asher's article was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> in February 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asher's nomenclature sparked some controversy, with medical authorities debating the appropriateness of the name for about fifty years. While Asher was praised for bringing cases of factitious disorder to light, participants in the debate objected variously that a literary allusion was inappropriate given the seriousness of the disease; and that the name's connection to works of humor and fantasy, and to the essentially ridiculous character of the fictional Baron Munchausen, was disrespectful to patients with the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Investigating2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigating2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some healthcare providers avoid this term because it downplays the complexity of the illness and devalues the patient experience. The term "factitious disorder imposed on self" provides a more accurate and encompassing description of this mental disorder; however, both terms may still be used interchangeably in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact cause of this illness is unknown due to limited research but is likely the result from multiple psychosocial factors. Specific risk factors have been associated with developing FDIS, specifically a history of childhood trauma, abandonment, having a serious childhood illness, and certain <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients are more likely to be female, middle aged, and work in the healthcare industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Munchausen_Syndrome_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munchausen_Syndrome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with this disorder may also have a history of recurrent hospitalizations and frequent visits to multiple different physicians (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Doctor_shopping" title="Doctor shopping">doctor shopping</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also more likely to have underlying depression, though it is unclear if it is a cause or symptom of this illness.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In factitious disorder imposed on self, the affected person <a href="/wiki/Exaggerates" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggerates">exaggerates</a> or creates physical or psychological <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illnesses</a> in themselves to gain examination, treatment, attention, sympathy or comfort from medical personnel. Because these symptoms can vary depending on how patients induce these symptoms, there is no consistent symptom specific for this illness. However, there are several common themes that may raise suspicion for FDIS. Some of these common themes include: </p> <ul><li>Prolonged, repeated hospital stays<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frequent visits to multiple different physicians<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Opting for unnecessary operations or procedures where the results are generally normal or inconclusive<sup id="cite_ref-:04_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inconsistencies in past medical history, where illness/procedural history stated by patient is different than their documented history<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vague, nonspecific pain unresponsive to normal treatment options<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Common examples of commonly induced physical symptoms include intentionally infecting a wound with debris or unsanitary material, taking laxatives to induce diarrhea, and ingesting thyroid hormone replacement medication to simulate a hyperactive thyroid or <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the behaviors involved, diagnosing factitious disorder is very difficult. Because induced symptoms may mimic those of a real disease or disorder, physicians must first rule out genuine disease. Therefore, FDIS is usually a <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_exclusion" title="Diagnosis of exclusion">diagnosis of exclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To rule out genuine illness, lab tests may be required, including complete <a href="/wiki/Blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood count">blood count</a> (CBC), urine <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, drug tests, blood <a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">cultures</a> to rule out infection, coagulation tests, assays for <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> function, or DNA typing, depending on the mimicked disease. In some cases <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, psychological testing, <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">electrocardiography</a> may be required. A more extensive list of how organic illness is differentiated from FDIS is provided below.<sup id="cite_ref-journals.sagepub.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the healthcare provider finds no physical reason for the symptoms, they may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist (mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses). Psychiatrists and psychologists use thorough history, physical examinations, laboratory tests, imagery, and psychological testing to evaluate a person for physical and mental conditions and to distinguish between feinged versus real illness. Once the person's history has been thoroughly evaluated, diagnosing factitious disorder imposed on self requires a clinical assessment, typically performed by a psychiatrist.<sup id="cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicine.medscape.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a person to be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on self, they must meet the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The patient presents as sick or injured motivated by a <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_gain" title="Primary and secondary gain">primary gain</a>, or internal reward of validation/attention as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_gain" title="Primary and secondary gain">secondary gain</a>, which usually involves external benefits.</li> <li>There is evidence that the patient is inducing or falsifying their symptoms</li> <li>There is no alternative explanation, mental disorder, or illness to explain the patient's symptoms</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_Manifestations">Common Manifestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common Manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are common methods for inducing certain symptoms and mimicking specific diseases. As mentioned earlier, it is important to first rule out true disease. Physicians usually must have a high suspicion for FDIS to pursue it as a likely diagnosis based on abnormal patient behaviors and medical history. Some examples of these are listed in the table below, along with how to differentiate them from real versus mimicked disease using medical laboratory tests or imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Disease Mimicked </th> <th scope="col">Method of Imitation </th> <th scope="col">Laboratory/diagnostic confirmation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bartter_syndrome" title="Bartter syndrome">Bartter syndrome</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Taking <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a> to urinate excessivly or self-induced vomiting</li> <li>Termed "pseudo-Bartter syndrome"</li> <li>Creates an electrolyte imbalance in the body</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Measure blood or urine diuretic levels to detect medication as the cause</li> <li>Urinary chloride levels will be high in true Bartter syndrome vs. low in pseudo-Bartter syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-journals.sagepub.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">Catecholamine</a>-secreting tumor (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid tumor</a>) </td> <td> <ul><li>Injection of <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> into urine or blood stream</li> <li>Causes diarrhea, facial flushing, wheezing, <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">heart palpitations</a>, weight loss<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Chromogranin A, a tumor marker for Carcinoid tumor, blood levels will be increased for a tumor and normal in those with FDIS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Secret steroid medication (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>) administration (note: patients admitting that they are prescribed steroids for another medical condition will experience this, but this would not be considered FDIS since the patient is not deceitful or withholding information or intending to have Cushing's syndrome)</li> <li>Over time, patients will experience weight gain, easy bruising, rounding of the face, increase in blood pressure, and increase in infections<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Urine test to detect use of steroids<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperthyroid">Hyperthyroidism</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Secret thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, administration (note: patients may be prescribed this medication for low thyroid levels)</li> <li>Produces symptoms of heart palpitations, weight loss, hot flashes, diarrhea, and abnormal <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Low radioactive iodine thyroid uptake, which would be elevated in true hyperthyroidism</li> <li>Low thyroglobulin levels, which should be elevated in true hyperthyroidism<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycaemia">Hypoglycaemia</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Secretly using more <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> than prescribed and acting as though they are not</li> <li>Produces symptoms of low blood sugar, including shaking, sweating, dizziness, confusion, and an irregular heartbeat<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-peptide" title="C-peptide">C-peptide</a>, a byproduct of normal insulin production in the human body, will be low in patients with FDIS</li> <li>C-peptide is not found in medical insulin but is found in the body, as it is produced at the same time as insulin<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Chronic diarrhea</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Excessive intake of laxatives to produce diarrhea and acting like it's from an unknown cause</li> <li>Produces electrolyte imbalances in the body and dehydration</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Stool analysis to detect laxative use</li> <li>Stool <a href="/wiki/Osmolality" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolality">osmolality</a> >600 mOsm/kg or <290 mOsm/kg may indicated FDIS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a> may show brown discoloration of the colon, called melanosis coli, often seen in laxative abuse<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haematuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematuria">Haematuria (bloody urine)</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Deliberately contaminating urine sample with blood</li> <li>Intentionally causing trauma to the urethra</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Imaging to rule out insertion of a foreign body</li> <li>monitor sample collection</li> <li>analysis of red blood cell shape in samples, which will show excessively destroyed red blood cells in FDIS<sup id="cite_ref-journals.sagepub.com_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Munchausen by Internet is a term describing the pattern of behavior in factitious disorder imposed on self, wherein those affected feign illnesses in online venues to gain sympathy from online supporters. It has been described in medical literature as a manifestation of factitious disorder imposed on self.<sup id="cite_ref-feldman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports of users who deceive internet forum participants by portraying themselves as gravely ill or as victims of violence first appeared in the 1990s due to the relative newness of Internet communications. The specific internet pattern was named "Münchausen by Internet" in 1998 by psychiatrist Marc Feldman.<sup id="cite_ref-feldman_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feldman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Zealand PC World Magazine</i> called Munchausen by Internet "cybermunch", and those who posed online "cybermunchers".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, online forums such as <a href="/wiki/Snark_subreddits" title="Snark subreddits">snark subreddits</a> have labelled these individuals as "illness fakers", or "munchies".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, an increasing amount of <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> users, primarily teenage girls,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to present with <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a> and vocalizations similar to those associated with <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lack of congruent family history and other diagnostic criteria led some experts to interpret this phenomenon as <a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">mass psychogenic illness</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass psychogenic illness is described as requiring physical proximity to spread,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence technologically-facilitated conversion is differentiated under the label "Mass Social Media-Induced Illness" (MSMI).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conditions feigned as a result of MSMI include <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism spectrum disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When confronted with this diagnosis, patients often refuse to accept it and will continue their behaviors seeking healthcare at different institutions or physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicine.medscape.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who accept the diagnosis benefit most from <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> delivered by a skilled <a href="/wiki/Therapist" title="Therapist">therapist</a> or psychiatrist. In doing so, patients can learn the underlying subconscious motivations that drive their conscious behaviors in order to develop a sense of awareness the prevents them from continuing these harmful behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munchausen_Syndrome_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munchausen_Syndrome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a person is considered to be at risk of harming themself or others, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitalization</a> may be initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific forms of therapy may be tailored to underlying personality disorders contributing to their behaviors. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)</a> can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications may be necessary to treat an underlying <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a>, as many patients with this disorder may have underlying depression.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with underlying depression and/or anxiety are typically responsive to <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, a form of psychotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_Diagnoses">Related Diagnoses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related Diagnoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This disorder can sometimes be diifficult to distinguish from several related diagnoses, but they differ in their motivational gains and control over symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Gain" is a Freudian psychoanalytic term that is used to describe the psychological benefits that drive certain illnesses and their behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Primary_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary gain">primary gain</a> refers to internal benefits from a symptom or illness, like feeling a decrease in emotional or psychological stress. A <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_gain" title="Primary and secondary gain">secondary gain</a> refers to the external benefits from a symptom or illness, like receiving financial benefits or avoiding a stressful activity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factitious disorder is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">malingering</a> in that people with factitious disorder do not fabricate symptoms for material gain such as financial compensation, absence from work, or access to drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatiform disorders</a> include a range of illnesses where physical symptoms result from psychological stressors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most common subtype, <a href="/wiki/Functional_neurologic_disorder" title="Functional neurologic disorder">Functional Neurologic Disorder</a> is characterized by psychological distress resulting from neurologic symptoms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, loss of vision) that typically coincide with periods of psychological stress and are not due to an underlying neurologic condition.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a table outlining the differences between these related diagnoses.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diagnosis </th> <th>Production of Symptoms </th> <th>Motivation for Symptoms </th> <th>Control Over Symptoms </th> <th>Gain </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self </td> <td>Conscious </td> <td>Unconscious </td> <td>Voluntary </td> <td>Primary </td> <td>Taking laxatives to present as having chronic diarrhea from an unknown origin in order to receive attention/sympathy from playing the sick role </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malingering </td> <td>Conscious </td> <td>Conscious </td> <td>Voluntary </td> <td>Secondary </td> <td>Faking cold-like symptoms to intentionally avoid going into work. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatiform Disorders</a> </td> <td>Unconscious </td> <td>Unconscious </td> <td>Involuntary </td> <td>Primary </td> <td>Experiencing vision loss in one eye after being fired despite having normal eye functions on physical exam </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" title="Factitious disorder imposed on another">Factitious disorder imposed on another</a>, also referred to as Munchausen's by proxy, occurs when an individual induces symptoms or feigns illness in someone else to receive some form of psychological satisfaction for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been documented in the parent or guardian of a child or the owner of a pet animal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult ensures that their child will experience some medical condition, therefore compelling the child to suffer through treatments and spend a significant portion during youth in hospitals. Furthermore, a disease may actually be initiated in the child by the parent or guardian. This condition is considered distinct from Munchausen syndrome. There is growing consensus in the <a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">pediatric</a> community that this disorder should be renamed "medical abuse" to highlight the harm caused by the deception and to make it less likely that the sufferer can use a psychiatric defense when harm is done.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi_and_Caduceus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/28px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/42px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/56px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Psychiatry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munchausen_by_proxy_cases" title="List of Munchausen by proxy cases">List of Munchausen by proxy cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosomatic illness">Psychosomatic illness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRay2016" class="citation book cs1">Ray WJ (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9yqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT794"><i>Abnormal Psychology</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. PT794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-3337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-3337-3"><bdi>978-1-5063-3337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abnormal+Psychology&rft.pages=PT794&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-3337-3&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9yqDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayTasman2007" class="citation book cs1">Kay J, Tasman A, eds. (2007). <i>Essentials of psychiatry</i>. West Sussex, England Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03099-8"><bdi>978-0-470-03099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+psychiatry&rft.place=West+Sussex%2C+England+Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-03099-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2021" class="citation book cs1">Ray WJ (2021). <i>Abnormal psychology</i> (Third ed.). 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa_FilhoKanomataFeldmanMaluf_Neto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sousa Filho Dd, Kanomata EY, Feldman RJ, Maluf Neto A (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875173">"Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review"</a>. <i>Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)</i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">516–</span>521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1679-45082017MD3746">10.1590/S1679-45082017MD3746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2317-6385">2317-6385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29938745">29938745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Clinica+Terapeutica&rft.atitle=Munchausen+Syndrome+by+Proxy%3A+balancing+ethical+and+clinical+challenges+for+healthcare+professionals+Ethical+consideration+in+factitious+disorders&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee129+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee134%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1972-6007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29938745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7417%2FT.2018.2067&rft.aulast=Tozzo&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Picozzi%2C+M.&rft.au=Caenazzo%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29938745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HM Munro and MV Thrusfield 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PMID 11518417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stirling J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-0563">"Beyond Munchausen syndrome by proxy: identification and treatment of child abuse in a medical setting"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>119</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1026–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-0563">10.1542/peds.2007-0563</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17473106">17473106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Beyond+Munchausen+syndrome+by+proxy%3A+identification+and+treatment+of+child+abuse+in+a+medical+setting&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1026-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-0563&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17473106&rft.aulast=Stirling&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2007-0563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman,_Marc2004" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Marc (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingsickuntan00feld"><i>Playing sick?: untangling the web of Munchausen syndrome, Munchausen by proxy, malingering & factitious disorder</i></a>. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94934-7"><bdi>978-0-415-94934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+sick%3F%3A+untangling+the+web+of+Munchausen+syndrome%2C+Munchausen+by+proxy%2C+malingering+%26+factitious+disorder&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Brunner-Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94934-7&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingsickuntan00feld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher_JA2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher JA (2006). "Playing patient, playing doctor: Munchausen syndrome, clinical S/M, and ruptures of medical power". <i>The Journal of Medical Humanities</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10912-006-9014-9">10.1007/s10912-006-9014-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16817003">16817003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40739963">40739963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Medical+Humanities&rft.atitle=Playing+patient%2C+playing+doctor%3A+Munchausen+syndrome%2C+clinical+S%2FM%2C+and+ruptures+of+medical+power&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40739963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16817003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10912-006-9014-9&rft.au=Fisher+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher_JA2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher JA (2006). "Investigating the Barons: narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome". <i>Perspect. Biol. Med</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">250–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpbm.2006.0024">10.1353/pbm.2006.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16702708">16702708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12418075">12418075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspect.+Biol.+Med.&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Barons%3A+narrative+and+nomenclature+in+Munchausen+syndrome&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12418075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16702708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpbm.2006.0024&rft.au=Fisher+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedel,_Robert_O.,_MD2004" class="citation book cs1">Friedel, Robert O., MD (4 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlineperson00frie/page/9"><i>Borderline Personality Disorder Demystified</i></a>. Hachette Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlineperson00frie/page/9">9–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-456-2"><bdi>978-1-56924-456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borderline+Personality+Disorder+Demystified&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2004-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-56924-456-2&rft.au=Friedel%2C+Robert+O.%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborderlineperson00frie%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_G.2008" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, G., et al. (2008). <i>Abnormal Psychology - 3rd Canadian Edition</i>. Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84072-6"><bdi>978-0-470-84072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abnormal+Psychology+-+3rd+Canadian+Edition&rft.place=Mississauga&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Canada%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84072-6&rft.au=Davidson%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadOswald1985" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad A, Oswald AG (1985). "Munchausen's syndrome: an annotation". <i>Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica</i>. <b>72</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1985.tb02615.x">10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02615.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4072733">4072733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40707">40707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Psychiatrica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Munchausen%27s+syndrome%3A+an+annotation&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4072733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1985.tb02615.x&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Oswald%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeila_Schneps_and_Coralie_Colmez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leila_Schneps" title="Leila Schneps">Leila Schneps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coralie_Colmez" title="Coralie Colmez">Coralie Colmez</a> (2013). "[Chapter 1:] Math error number 1: multiplying non-independent probabilities. The case of <a href="/wiki/Sally_Clark" title="Sally Clark">Sally Clark</a>: motherhood under attack". <a href="/wiki/Math_on_Trial" title="Math on Trial"><i>Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03292-1"><bdi>978-0-465-03292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BChapter+1%3A%5D+Math+error+number+1%3A+multiplying+non-independent+probabilities.+The+case+of+Sally+Clark%3A+motherhood+under+attack&rft.btitle=Math+on+trial.+How+numbers+get+used+and+abused+in+the+courtroom&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03292-1&rft.au=Leila+Schneps+and+Coralie+Colmez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff,_Mayo_Clinic2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Mayo Clinic (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.mhn.com/web/public/default/Mayo/DS00965">"Munchausen syndrome"</a>. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munchausen+syndrome&rft.pub=Mayo+Foundation+for+Medical+Education+and+Research&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.au=Staff%2C+Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.mhn.com%2Fweb%2Fpublic%2Fdefault%2FMayo%2FDS00965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactitious+disorder+imposed+on+self" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/factitious disorder imposed on self">factitious disorder imposed on self</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1993/jul/thebaronstrikesa243">Article in Discover magazine, July 1993, by Abigail Zuger</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup 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ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642598" class="extiw" title="d:Q642598">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F68.1">F68.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=301.51">301.51</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009110">D009110</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb8459.htm">8459</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3543-overview">med/3543</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic322.htm#">emerg/322</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic830.htm#">emerg/830</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">Dissociative amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified">Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder" title="Other specified dissociative disorder">Other specified dissociative disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baron_Munchausen37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baron_Munchausen" title="Template:Baron Munchausen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baron_Munchausen" title="Template talk:Baron Munchausen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baron_Munchausen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baron Munchausen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baron_Munchausen37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen%27s_Narrative_of_His_Marvellous_Travels_and_Campaigns_in_Russia" title="Baron Munchausen's Narrative of His Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia">Baron Munchausen's Narrative of His Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a>, translated and expanded by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Gottfried August Bürger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen%27s_Dream" title="Baron Munchausen's Dream">Baron Munchausen's Dream</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Baron" title="Meet the Baron">Meet the Baron</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Pr%C3%A1%C5%A1il_(film)" title="Baron Prášil (film)">Baron Prášil</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_(1943_film)" title="Münchhausen (1943 film)">Münchhausen</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munchhausen_in_Africa" title="Munchhausen in Africa">Munchhausen in Africa</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Fabulous Baron Munchausen">The Fabulous Baron Munchausen</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Same_Munchhausen" title="The Very Same Munchhausen">The Very Same Munchhausen</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Selenites" title="The Secret of the Selenites">The Secret of the Selenites</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Baron_Munchausen" title="The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen">The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen</a></i> (game)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Munchausen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_another" title="Factitious disorder imposed on another">Munchausen syndrome by proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchausen_by_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen by Internet">Munchausen by Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_digit-to-digit_invariant" title="Perfect digit-to-digit invariant">Munchausen number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14014_M%C3%BCnchhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="14014 Münchhausen">14014 Münchhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1595" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1595" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642598#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1029139/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4199418-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93000061">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123507587">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123507587">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minhauzena sindroms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000334372&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007544382605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Münchhausen, Syndrome de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03248691X">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Syndrome de Münchhausen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/040743373">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&oldid=1275505032">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self&oldid=1275505032</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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