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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="yFPlT1E9l5KbSV4CRbzwalH6PACOjWynlcXto-Mh0bplcPHXRSXINmx2WtuR3DN6NoSYNRfkeJi9shkEGI37aQ" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dracos Vassalos" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/81358916/eSAFE_cruise_ship_survivability_in_waves" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/81358916/eSAFE_cruise_ship_survivability_in_waves" /> <meta property="og:title" content="eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos" /> <meta name="description" content="Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather" /> <title>(PDF) eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/81358916/eSAFE_cruise_ship_survivability_in_waves" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739843016000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739843016000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather neglected. In a regulatory context, cruise ships are currently grouped with RoPax and other passenger ships and this can be misleading. Moreover, it is well known that cruise ships vary significantly in their behavior post-flooding incidents in comparison to RoPax ships. This problem has been acknowledged by the Cruise Ship Safety Forum Steering Committee who consequently funded the Joint Industry Project eSAFE to undertake cruise ship-focused research on damage stability. This entails analysis of pertinent simplifications embedded in SOLAS, the development of a methodology to combine consequences from collision and grounding accidents, the establishment of new survival criteria for cruise ships and finally the development of guidelines to us...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dracos Vassalos","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-06-13","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87428937/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Computer Science","Marine 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{"work":{"id":81358916,"created_at":"2022-06-13T00:52:47.959-07:00","from_world_paper_id":208175556,"updated_at":"2024-03-31T17:16:25.950-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather neglected. In a regulatory context, cruise ships are currently grouped with RoPax and other passenger ships and this can be misleading. Moreover, it is well known that cruise ships vary significantly in their behavior post-flooding incidents in comparison to RoPax ships. This problem has been acknowledged by the Cruise Ship Safety Forum Steering Committee who consequently funded the Joint Industry Project eSAFE to undertake cruise ship-focused research on damage stability. This entails analysis of pertinent simplifications embedded in SOLAS, the development of a methodology to combine consequences from collision and grounding accidents, the establishment of new survival criteria for cruise ships and finally the development of guidelines to us...","publication_date":"2019,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34245936]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":87428937,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/87428937/mini_magick20220613-10899-1cimn61.png?1655106935" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">eSAFE - cruise ship survivability in waves</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos"><img alt="Profile image of Dracos Vassalos" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Dracos Vassalos</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 81358916; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=81358916"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Recent developments in damage stability legislation have been drawn from ships with simple internal watertight architecture such as RoPax and cargo ships. However, ships with complex internal architecture, such as cruise ships, have been rather neglected. In a regulatory context, cruise ships are currently grouped with RoPax and other passenger ships and this can be misleading. Moreover, it is well known that cruise ships vary significantly in their behavior post-flooding incidents in comparison to RoPax ships. This problem has been acknowledged by the Cruise Ship Safety Forum Steering Committee who consequently funded the Joint Industry Project eSAFE to undertake cruise ship-focused research on damage stability. This entails analysis of pertinent simplifications embedded in SOLAS, the development of a methodology to combine consequences from collision and grounding accidents, the establishment of new survival criteria for cruise ships and finally the development of guidelines to us...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":87428937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81358916/eSAFE_cruise_ship_survivability_in_waves"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":87428937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81358916/eSAFE_cruise_ship_survivability_in_waves"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The Concordia accident, like many others before it, has shaken the maritime profession once again with many questions being asked without being able to provide credible answers. Old ships have been designed to lower standards (it is common knowledge that new ships are safer than old ships, with the latter comprising the majority of the population), new standards are holistic and goal-based offering knowledge of the standard these ships are designed to, which is not true for old ships, emergency response is an altogether different science in modern ships and many others. Notwithstanding this state of affairs, there is another more fundamental weakness in the regulations for damage stability, perhaps at the heart of most problems with cruise ships safety, old and new. A critical review into damage stability legislation, as it applies to passenger ships, offers compelling evidence that cruise ship characteristics and behaviour have not been accounted for in the derivation of relevant damage stability rules. As a result, the regulatory instruments for damage stability currently in place do not provide the right measure of damage stability for cruise ships and, even more worryingly, the right guidance for design improvement. This leads to a precarious situation where cruise ships are underrated when it comes to assigning a damage stability standard whilst depriving designers of appropriate legislative instruments to nurture continuous improvement. Documented evidence is being presented and the ensuing results and impact discussed. Recommendations are given for a way forward.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage survivability of cruise ships – Evidence and conjecture","attachmentId":76643476,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64754935/Damage_survivability_of_cruise_ships_Evidence_and_conjecture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64754935/Damage_survivability_of_cruise_ships_Evidence_and_conjecture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54777707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54777707/Damage_Survivability_of_Passenger_Ships_Re_Engineering_the_Safety_Factor">Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Safety, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents a brief summary of the work carried out by SSRC and Brookes Bell Safety at Sea within the EC-funded project GOALDS on the development of a new formulation for assessing the survivability of damaged ships in waves. The proposed formula is meant to be an alternative or replacement to the s-factor in use within the current SOLAS regulations for probabilistic damage stability. The authors briefly discuss concerns related to the current survivability model and present the process of development that led to the re-engineered formulation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor","attachmentId":70977563,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54777707/Damage_Survivability_of_Passenger_Ships_Re_Engineering_the_Safety_Factor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54777707/Damage_Survivability_of_Passenger_Ships_Re_Engineering_the_Safety_Factor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="113436861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436861/Regulatory_design_operational_and_emergency_response_measures_for_improving_the_damage_survivability_of_existing_passenger_ships">Regulatory, design, operational and emergency response measures for improving the damage survivability of existing passenger ships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper describes the background and provides the rationale and the framework to embrace the whole spectrum of measures (regulatory, design, operational and emergency response) for improving the damage survivability of existing RoRo Passenger vessels. The damage stability workshop elaborated here is the first step of a process initiated by INTERFERRY Europe to assess impact on/options for existing ships of increasing the required subdivision index R should IMO decide to apply new damage stability requirements retrospectively. This, in turn, would provide the motivation for instigating and establishing a framework and propose an approach for alternative compliance to account for the contribution made to damage survivability by operational and active damage control measures that could be undertaken in case of a flooding accident. This represents a step change both in the mind-set of naval architects and in safety legislation but the impact will be immense and mostly positive.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Regulatory, design, operational and emergency response measures for improving the damage survivability of existing passenger ships","attachmentId":110395680,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113436861/Regulatory_design_operational_and_emergency_response_measures_for_improving_the_damage_survivability_of_existing_passenger_ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436861/Regulatory_design_operational_and_emergency_response_measures_for_improving_the_damage_survivability_of_existing_passenger_ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="86214799" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86214799/Damage_Stability_of_Cruise_Ships_Evidence_and_Conjecture">Damage Stability of Cruise Ships Evidence and Conjecture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">12th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles (STAB 2015), 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper delves into damage stability legislation as it applies to passenger ships. The Concordia accident, like many others before it, has shaken the maritime profession once again with many questions being asked without being able to provide credible answers. Old ships have been designed to lower standards (it is common knowledge that new ships are safer than old ships, with the latter comprising the majority of the population), new standards are holistic and goal-based offering knowledge of the standard these ships are designed to, which is not true for old ships, emergency response is an altogether different science in modern ships and many others. Notwithstanding this state of affairs, there is another more fundamental weakness in the regulations for damage stability, perhaps at the heart of most problems with cruise ships safety, old and new. A critical review into damage stability legislation, as it applies to passenger ships, offers compelling evidence that cruise ship characteristics and behaviour have not been accounted for in the derivation of relevant damage stability rules. As a result, the regulatory instruments for damage stability currently in place do not provide the right measure of damage stability for cruise ships and, even more worryingly, the right guidance for design improvement. This leads to a precarious situation where cruise ships are underrated when it comes to assigning a damage stability standard whilst depriving designers of appropriate legislative instruments to nurture continuous improvement. Documented evidence is being presented and the ensuing results and impact discussed. Recommendations are given for a way forward.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage Stability of Cruise Ships Evidence and Conjecture","attachmentId":90719629,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86214799/Damage_Stability_of_Cruise_Ships_Evidence_and_Conjecture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86214799/Damage_Stability_of_Cruise_Ships_Evidence_and_Conjecture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="113436822" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436822/The_role_of_damaged_ship_dynamics_in_addressing_the_risk_of_flooding">The role of damaged ship dynamics in addressing the risk of flooding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ships and Offshore Structures, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ship dynamics, in the form of ship hydrodynamics with application to seakeeping, manoeuvring, resistance and propulsion, is now almost a century old. Most of these subjects with the emergence and rapid development of Computational Fluid Dynamics are now relying almost in full on numerical tools. Intact stability and capsizing in waves have also been introduced some 60 years ago. However, the dynamics of damaged ships in waves has persistently repelled close attention until the early 1980s when researchers at Strathclyde University tried to wake up this hibernating subject, following ground shaking accidents (Herald of Free Enterprise, 1987 and Estonia, 1994), the latter being the largest modern disaster in the western world with 852 people lost. Of course, in third world countries, disasters with 4,400 people perishing goes almost unnoticed (Dona Paz, the same year as the Herald of Free Enterprise). Research at Strathclyde in this particular area continues four decades later unabated, in the knowledge that damage stability problems in ships continue to be responsible for 90% of deaths in the maritime industry. For many years, I struggled to understand the reason for this but with age comes wisdom and cynicism: safety, even in the most advanced maritime nations of modern society, and the most progressive ship owners (with the exception of a pitifully small number) is still being perceived as unnecessary burden, limitation and cost and, as such, it receives attention only as damage reducing exercise. However, this could not be further from the truth. As a system, ship resilience is defined by her residual functionality post accidents and profitability by her safety margins, inbuilt and in operation. Design for safety and risk-based design, an ongoing effort for over three decades (also being brewed at Strathclyde), has made tremendous inroads in delivering the message that due attention to safety over the life-cycle of the vessel provides the right platform for a cost-effective economic activity whilst serving the higher societal goals. This paper targets to reinforce this belief by providing a methodological treatment of damage ship dynamics from the beginning of such developments to date whilst addressing the ensuing risk of flooding and offering solutions that have found their way in the maritime industry. For more details on developments on the subject prior to 2009, the reader should refer to [Vassalos, D. (2014)].</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of damaged ship dynamics in addressing the risk of flooding","attachmentId":110395600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113436822/The_role_of_damaged_ship_dynamics_in_addressing_the_risk_of_flooding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436822/The_role_of_damaged_ship_dynamics_in_addressing_the_risk_of_flooding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="54259727" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships">Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45724502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PekkaRuponen">Pekka Ruponen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ship Technology Research</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A new approach for analysing the level of survivability for a passenger ship in the event of a collision damage is presented. Monte Carlo simulation is used for generating a large number of damage cases. The probability distributions for damage extent and location are based on the current SOLAS regulation. Each case is calculated with time-domain flooding simulation, assuming quasi-static motions and calm sea, thus enabling evaluation of the righting lever curve during the flooding process. The ship survivability is analysed based on requirements for a sufficient reserve stability. The proposed method is demonstrated with a large passenger ship design. Based on the detailed investigation of the results, the effects of various design changes are studied. Furthermore, the impact of waves on the flooding process is studied. The presented method for survivability assessment is robust and especially suitable for comparing design variations, or ships with similar main dimensions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships","attachmentId":70709316,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="54777732" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54777732/Reconfiguring_Passenger_Ship_Internal_Environment_for_Damage_Stability_Enhancement">Reconfiguring Passenger Ship Internal Environment for Damage Stability Enhancement</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The traditional risk control option adopted in naval architecture to meet safety-related objectives is by regulations, targeting damage limitation, nominally instigated in the wake of maritime accidents claiming heavy loss of life. These primarily concern the introduction of watertight bulkheads, i.e., permanent (passive) reconfiguration of the internal ship environment to enhance damage stability. This has been the most common measure, manifesting itself in the wake of every serious flooding accident since the beginning, back in the 19th century. However, traditional flooding protection through watertight subdivision, to an extent dictated by IMO regulations, has a physical limit which, if exceeded, a safety plateau is reached. This is currently the case and with damage stability standards progressively increasing, the safety gap between existing and new ships is dangerously widening and with design stability margins progressively eroding, stability management is unsustainable, lea...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reconfiguring Passenger Ship Internal Environment for Damage Stability Enhancement","attachmentId":70977466,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54777732/Reconfiguring_Passenger_Ship_Internal_Environment_for_Damage_Stability_Enhancement","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54777732/Reconfiguring_Passenger_Ship_Internal_Environment_for_Damage_Stability_Enhancement"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="64755621" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment">Damage stability requirements for passenger ships : collision risk based cost benefit assessment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Currently built passenger ships have to comply with SOLAS 2009 probabilistic damage stability requirements. There are, however, serious concerns regarding the sufficiency of these requirements with respect to the Required Subdivision Index R, which should properly account for the risk of People On Board (POB) and ship’s inherent survivability in case of loss of her watertight integrity. In recent years extensive research on determining the appropriate level of R using risk-based methods has been carried out. The urgency of the matter was reinforced by the quite recent Costa Concordia (2012) accident, even though this accident was not related to a collision event. This paper outlines the objectives, the methodology of work and first results of the ongoing studies funded by EMSA (EMSA III project) focusing on risk-based damage stability requirements for passenger ships. In compliance with IMO Formal Safety Assessment process a collision risk model is further developed based on the res...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage stability requirements for passenger ships : collision risk based cost benefit assessment","attachmentId":76643664,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="11280305" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11280305/On_the_development_of_the_new_harmonised_damage_stability_regulations_for_dry_cargo_and_passenger_ships">On the development of the new harmonised damage stability regulations for dry cargo and passenger ships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou">Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27233116" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/ApostolosPapanikolaou">Apostolos Papanikolaou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper outlines the methodological background and presents a summary of the main results of a series of undertaken international, IMO-led studies, on the harmonisation of the new probabilistic, risk-based regulations with the currently in-force regulatory provisions for assessing the damage stability of dry cargo and passenger ships. It reviews the historical development of the new regulations, to be applied to all new buildings on January 1, 2009, and the anticipated impact of the new rules on the design and indirect operation of various subcategories of dry cargo and passenger ships. It identifies certain loopholes in the existing regulations that appear cured by the new ones, though certain compromises adopted in the development of the new regulations, particularly those related to large passenger ships' survivability, have left some open issues to be addressed in the near future. r</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the development of the new harmonised damage stability regulations for dry cargo and passenger ships","attachmentId":46773554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11280305/On_the_development_of_the_new_harmonised_damage_stability_regulations_for_dry_cargo_and_passenger_ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11280305/On_the_development_of_the_new_harmonised_damage_stability_regulations_for_dry_cargo_and_passenger_ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="111464797" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111464797/Warship_damage_stability_criteria_case_study">Warship damage stability criteria case study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50974870" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChemaRiola">Chema Riola</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Maritime Research Jmr, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">All navies struggle to achieve a balance between safety and military capability, ensuring that activities in peace time are undertaken with an acceptable level of risk. Despite the need for intrinsic differences in construction, increasingly, the acceptable level of safety for the navies is becoming equivalent to those of merchant vessels under civil law. Navies are resorting to Classification Societies for assistance in this matter. Rules and regulations of the Classification Societies for ships are set within the framework of international law overseen by International Maritime Organization (IMO), particularly the international convention for the safety of life at sea (SOLAS). These "IMO" agreements are not always appropriate for the majority of warships, so that the military mission demand solutions in the design and operation that are not fully compatible with the philosophy of the conventions "IMO" and prescriptive solutions. Separate rules of the Classification Societies of the conventions "IMO", to apply to ships of war, create a vacuum that can lead to confusion. This confusion can be misinterpreted and as a result there can be a drop in safety standards. Stability in case of collision is a critical theme to maintain buoyancy in ships. These aspects are even more critical given the increasing size of the boats and the growing number of passengers and crews onboard. Both experience and performed studies demonstrate that the most dangerous issue for the ships with closed deck is the impact of an accumulation of water on the deck. The studies have clearly shown that the residual freeboard of the ship and the height of the JOURNAL OF MARITIME RESEARCH 75</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Warship damage stability criteria case study","attachmentId":108997242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111464797/Warship_damage_stability_criteria_case_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111464797/Warship_damage_stability_criteria_case_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87428937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87428937,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_87428937" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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