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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Churchill" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Churchill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Churchill (disambiguation)">Churchill (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Winston Churchill (disambiguation)">Winston Churchill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> from 1940 to 1945 (<a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">during the Second World War</a>) and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from 1922 to 1924, he was a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">constituencies</a>. Ideologically an adherent to <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, he was for most of his career a member of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> from 1904 to 1924. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Winston Churchill</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Decoration" title="Territorial Decoration">TD</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">RA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Churchill, 67, wearing a suit, standing and holding into the back of a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/220px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/330px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/440px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="7504"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Lion" title="The Roaring Lion">The Roaring Lion</a>, 1941</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 26 October 1951 – 5 April 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anthony Eden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George VI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee (de facto; 1942–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Senior political offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(United_Kingdom)" title="Father of the House (United Kingdom)">Father of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 October 1959 – 25 September 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Grenfell" title="David Grenfell">David Grenfell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 26 July 1945 – 26 October 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 October 1940 – 6 April 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Neville Chamberlain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Anthony Eden </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Ministerial offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>1939‍–‍1952 </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 October 1951 – 1 March 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Alexander">Harold Alexander</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernle Chatfield">Ernle Chatfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Coordination of Defence</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Clement Attlee</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 September 1939 – 11 May 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Neville Chamberlain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="A. V. Alexander">A. V. Alexander</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Ministerial offices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">1908‍–‍1929 </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 6 November 1924 – 4 June 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Philip Snowden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 February 1921 – 19 October 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Cavendish">Victor Cavendish</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 January 1919 – 13 February 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Weir,_1st_Viscount_Weir" title="William Weir, 1st Viscount Weir">William Weir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Guest" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Guest">Frederick Guest</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 January 1919 – 13 February 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Milner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laming_Worthington-Evans" title="Laming Worthington-Evans">Laming Worthington-Evans</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 July 1917 – 10 January 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Addison">Christopher Addison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Weir,_1st_Baron_Inverforth" title="Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth">Andrew Weir</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 May 1915 – 25 November 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Lord of the Admiralty</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 October 1911 – 25 May 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">H. H. Asquith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 February 1910 – 24 October 1911</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">H. H. Asquith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Reginald McKenna</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 April 1908 – 14 February 1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">H. H. Asquith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Buxton">Sydney Buxton</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Woodford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)">Woodford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 July 1945 – 25 September 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 October 1924 – 15 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Lyle">Leonard Lyle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leah_Manning" title="Leah Manning">Leah Manning</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 May 1908 – 26 October 1922<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilkie" title="Alexander Wilkie">Alexander Wilkie</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Robertson,_1st_Baron_Lochee" title="Edmund Robertson, 1st Baron Lochee">Edmund Robertson</a></li> <li>Alexander Wilkie</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Scrymgeour" title="Edwin Scrymgeour">Edwin Scrymgeour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Morel" title="E. D. Morel">E. D. Morel</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Manchester_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester North West (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester North West</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 February 1906 – 12 April 1908</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joynson-Hicks">William Joynson-Hicks</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Oldham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)">Oldham</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 October 1900 – 8 February 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Bright" title="John Albert Bright">John Albert Bright</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill</div> (1874-11-30)30 November 1874 <a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_Oxfordshire" title="Blenheim, Oxfordshire">Blenheim, Oxfordshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1965(1965-01-24) (aged 90) <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a>, Oxfordshire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (1900–1904, 1924–1964)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> (1904–1924)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Hozier">Clementine Hozier</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1908)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennie Jerome">Jennie Jerome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Historian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">painter</a></li><li>politician</li><li>military officer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">writer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of Winston Churchill">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winston Churchill's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_signature.svg/128px-Winston_Churchill_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_signature.svg/192px-Winston_Churchill_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Winston_Churchill_signature.svg/256px-Winston_Churchill_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="132"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> (from 1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1893–1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Winston_Churchill#Military_ranks_and_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of Winston Churchill">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="4th Queen's Own Hussars">4th Queen's Own Hussars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand#Malakand_Field_Force" title="Siege of Malakand">Malakand Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Lancers" title="21st Lancers">21st Lancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Light_Horse" title="South African Light Horse">South African Light Horse</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Oxfordshire_Hussars" title="Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars">Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">6th bn, Royal Scots Fusiliers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Winston_Churchill#Orders,_decorations_and_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of Winston Churchill">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg" title="File:Winston Churchill - Be Ye Men of Valour.ogg">Winston Churchill's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="611" data-mwtitle="Winston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Winston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Winston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg/Winston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWinston_Churchill_-_Be_Ye_Men_of_Valour.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div> <div class="description">Churchill's "<a href="/wiki/Be_ye_men_of_valour" title="Be ye men of valour">Be ye men of valour</a>" speech Recorded 19 May 1940</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Of mixed English and American parentage, Churchill was born in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> into the wealthy, aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Spencer_family" title="Spencer family">Spencer family</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in 1895 and saw action in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, gaining fame as a <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> and writing books about his campaigns. Elected a Conservative MP in 1900, he defected to the Liberals in 1904. In <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1905%E2%80%931915" title="Liberal government, 1905–1915">Liberal government</a>, Churchill was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">president of the Board of Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, championing prison reform and workers' social security. As <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> during the First World War, he oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>, but after it proved a disaster, was demoted to <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>. He resigned in November 1915 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> for six months. In 1917, he returned to government under <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and served successively as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="British foreign policy in the Middle East">British foreign policy in the Middle East</a>. After two years out of Parliament, he was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_Baldwin_ministry" title="Second Baldwin ministry">Conservative government</a>, returning sterling in 1925 to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, depressing the UK economy. Out of government during his so-called "<a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_%22Wilderness%22_years,_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">wilderness years</a>" in the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in calling for rearmament to counter the threat of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. At the outbreak of the Second World War he was re-appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. In May 1940, he became prime minister, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>. Churchill formed a <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">national government</a> and oversaw British involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">victory in 1945</a>. After the Conservatives' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>, he became <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. Amid the developing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, he publicly warned of an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron curtain">iron curtain</a>" of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. Between his terms, he wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">several books</a> recounting his experience during the war. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1953. He lost the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 election</a> but was returned to office <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">in 1951</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">second term</a> was preoccupied with foreign affairs, especially <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Anglo-American relations</a> and preservation of what remained of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, with India no longer a part of it. Domestically, his government's priority was their extensive housebuilding programme, in which they were successful. In declining health, Churchill resigned in 1955, remaining an MP <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">until 1964</a>. Upon his death in 1965, he was given <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">a state funeral</a>. One of the 20th century's most significant figures, Churchill remains popular in the UK and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>. He is generally viewed as a victorious wartime leader who played an integral role in defending <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> against the spread of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. He has sometimes been criticised for his imperialism and <a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Racial views of Winston Churchill">certain comments on race</a>, in addition to some wartime decisions such as area bombing, but historians nevertheless rank Churchill as one of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">greatest British prime ministers</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Childhood_and_schooling:_1874%E2%80%931895">1.1 Childhood and schooling: 1874–1895</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cuba,_India,_and_Sudan:_1895%E2%80%931899">1.2 Cuba, India, and Sudan: 1895–1899</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Politics_and_South_Africa:_1899%E2%80%931901">1.3 Politics and South Africa: 1899–1901</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conservative_MP:_1901%E2%80%931904">1.4 Conservative MP: 1901–1904</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Liberal_MP:_1904%E2%80%931908">2 Liberal MP: 1904–1908</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Asquith_government:_1908%E2%80%931915">3 Asquith government: 1908–1915</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908%E2%80%931910">3.1 President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Home_Secretary:_1910%E2%80%931911">3.2 Home Secretary: 1910–1911</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty">3.3 First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Military_service,_1915%E2%80%931916">4 Military service, 1915–1916</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Lloyd_George_government:_1916%E2%80%931922">5 Lloyd George government: 1916–1922</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Minister_of_Munitions:_1917%E2%80%931919">5.1 Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919%E2%80%931921">5.2 Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921%E2%80%931922">5.3 Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Out_of_Parliament:_1922%E2%80%931924">6 Out of Parliament: 1922–1924</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer:_1924%E2%80%931929">7 Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924–1929</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#The_%22Wilderness_Years%22:_1929%E2%80%931939">8 The "Wilderness Years": 1929–1939</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Marlborough_and_the_India_Question:_1929%E2%80%931932">8.1 Marlborough and the India Question: 1929–1932</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Warnings_about_Germany_and_the_abdication_crisis:_1933%E2%80%931936">8.2 Warnings about Germany and the abdication crisis: 1933–1936</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Anti-appeasement:_1937%E2%80%931939">8.3 Anti-appeasement: 1937–1939</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty:_September_1939_to_May_1940">9 First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Phoney_War_and_the_Norwegian_Campaign">9.1 Phoney War and the Norwegian Campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Norway_Debate_and_Chamberlain's_resignation">9.2 Norway Debate and Chamberlain's resignation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Prime_Minister:_1940%E2%80%9345">10 Prime Minister: 1940–45</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Dunkirk_to_Pearl_Harbor:_May_1940_to_December_1941">10.1 Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#War_ministry_created">10.1.1 War ministry created</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Resolve_to_fight_on">10.1.2 Resolve to fight on</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Operation_Dynamo_and_the_Battle_of_France">10.1.3 Operation Dynamo and the Battle of France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Battle_of_Britain_and_the_Blitz">10.1.4 Battle of Britain and the Blitz</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Lend-Lease">10.1.5 Lend-Lease</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Operation_Barbarossa">10.1.6 Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Atlantic_Charter">10.1.7 Atlantic Charter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Pearl_Harbor_to_D-Day:_December_1941_to_June_1944">10.2 Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Pearl_Harbor_and_United_States_entry_into_the_war">10.2.1 Pearl Harbor and United States entry into the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Fall_of_Singapore_and_loss_of_Burma">10.2.2 Fall of Singapore and loss of Burma</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#The_Bengal_Famine">10.2.3 The Bengal Famine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#International_conferences_in_1942">10.2.4 International conferences in 1942</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#El_Alamein_and_Stalingrad">10.2.5 El Alamein and Stalingrad</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#International_conferences_in_1943">10.2.6 International conferences in 1943</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Invasions_of_Sicily_and_Italy">10.2.7 Invasions of Sicily and Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Preparations_for_D-Day">10.2.8 Preparations for D-Day</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Need_for_post-war_reform">10.2.9 Need for post-war reform</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Defeat_of_Germany:_June_1944_to_May_1945">10.3 Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#D-Day:_Allied_invasion_of_Normandy">10.3.1 D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Quebec_Conference,_September_1944">10.3.2 Quebec Conference, September 1944</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Moscow_Conference,_October_1944">10.3.3 Moscow Conference, October 1944</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Yalta_Conference,_February_1945">10.3.4 Yalta Conference, February 1945</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Area_bombing_controversy">10.3.5 Area bombing controversy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#VE_Day_(Victory_in_Europe_Day)">10.3.6 VE Day (Victory in Europe Day)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Operation_Unthinkable">10.3.7 Operation Unthinkable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Caretaker_government:_May_1945_to_July_1945">10.4 Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Potsdam_Conference">10.4.1 Potsdam Conference</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#General_election,_July_1945">10.4.2 General election, July 1945</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition:_1945%E2%80%931951">11 Leader of the Opposition: 1945–1951</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#%22Iron_Curtain%22_speech">11.1 "Iron Curtain" speech</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#European_politics">11.2 European politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Ireland">11.3 Ireland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#1950_and_1951_Elections">11.4 1950 and 1951 Elections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#Prime_Minister:_1951%E2%80%931955">12 Prime Minister: 1951–1955</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Election_result_and_cabinet_appointments">12.1 Election result and cabinet appointments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Health_issues_to_eventual_resignation">12.2 Health issues to eventual resignation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Foreign_affairs">12.3 Foreign affairs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Later_life:_1955%E2%80%931965">13 Later life: 1955–1965</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-65"><a href="#Retirement:_1955%E2%80%931964">13.1 Retirement: 1955–1964</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#Death,_funeral_and_memorials">13.2 Death, funeral and memorials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#Artist,_historian,_and_writer">14 Artist, historian, and writer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="#Legacy_and_assessments">15 Legacy and assessments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-69"><a href="#%22A_man_of_destiny%22">15.1 "A man of destiny"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-70"><a href="#Political_ideology">15.2 Political ideology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="#Imperialism_and_racial_views">15.3 Imperialism and racial views</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-72"><a href="#Cultural_depictions">16 Cultural depictions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-73"><a href="#Family">17 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-74"><a href="#See_also">18 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-75"><a href="#Notes">19 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-76"><a href="#References">20 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-77"><a href="#Citations">20.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-78"><a href="#Print_sources">20.2 Print sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-79"><a href="#Primary_sources">20.2.1 Primary sources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="#External_links">21 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Early life of Winston Churchill">Early life of Winston Churchill</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_schooling:_1874–1895">Childhood and schooling: 1874–1895</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg/220px-Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="2054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg/220px-Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg/330px-Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg/440px-Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie Spencer Churchill</a> with her two sons, <a href="/wiki/John_Strange_Spencer-Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strange Spencer-Churchill">Jack</a> (left) and Winston (right) in 1889</figcaption></figure> Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at his family's ancestral home, <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> in Oxfordshire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20015-3">[2]</a> On his father's side, he was a member of the aristocracy as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Jenkins20013,_5-4">[3]</a> His father, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, had been elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)">Woodstock</a> in February 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Best20013Jenkins20017Robbins20142-5">[4]</a> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie</a>, was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jerome" title="Leonard Jerome">Leonard Jerome</a>, an American businessman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest20014Jenkins20015%E2%80%936Addison20057-6">[5]</a> In 1876, Churchill's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Ireland">Viceroy of Ireland</a>. Randolph became his private secretary and the family relocated to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Addison20059-7">[6]</a> Winston's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Strange_Spencer-Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strange Spencer-Churchill">Jack</a>, was born there in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912Jenkins20017Addison200510-8">[7]</a> For much of the 1880s, Randolph and Jennie were effectively estranged,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20018-9">[8]</a> and the brothers cared for by their nanny, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Everest" title="Elizabeth Everest">Elizabeth Everest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912%E2%80%933Jenkins200110ReaglesLarsen20138-10">[9]</a> When she died in 1895, Churchill wrote "she had been my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest20016-11">[10]</a> Churchill began <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_School,_Ascot" title="St George's School, Ascot">St George's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ascot,_Berkshire" title="Ascot, Berkshire">Ascot, Berkshire</a>, aged 7, but he was not academic and his behaviour was poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19913%E2%80%935Haffner200312Addison200510-12">[11]</a> In 1884, he transferred to <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Brunswick_School" title="Stoke Brunswick School">Brunswick School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a>, where his academic performance improved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19916%E2%80%938Haffner200312%E2%80%9313-13">[12]</a> In April 1888, aged 13, he passed the entrance exam for <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199117%E2%80%9319-14">[13]</a> His father wanted him to prepare for a military career, so his last three years at Harrow were in the army form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199122Jenkins200119-15">[14]</a> After two unsuccessful attempts to gain admittance to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, he succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199132%E2%80%9333,_37Jenkins200120Haffner200315-16">[15]</a> He was accepted as a <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, starting in September 1893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199137Jenkins200120%E2%80%9321-17">[16]</a> His father died in January 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199148%E2%80%9349Jenkins200121Haffner200332-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba,_India,_and_Sudan:_1895–1899">Cuba, India, and Sudan: 1895–1899</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/180px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/180px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/270px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/360px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill in the military dress uniform of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="4th Queen's Own Hussars">4th Queen's Own Hussars</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a> in 1895<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner200318-19">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> In February 1895, Churchill was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="4th Queen's Own Hussars">4th Queen's Own Hussars</a> regiment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199151Jenkins200121-20">[19]</a> Eager to witness military action, he used his mother's influence to get posted to a war zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199162Jenkins200128-21">[20]</a> In the autumn, he and friend <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Barnes" title="Reginald Barnes">Reggie Barnes</a>, went to observe the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> and became involved in skirmishes after joining Spanish troops attempting to suppress independence fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199156,_58%E2%80%9360Jenkins200128%E2%80%9329Robbins201414%E2%80%9315-22">[21]</a> Churchill sent reports to the <a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">Daily Graphic</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> He proceeded to New York and wrote to his mother about "what an extraordinary people the Americans are!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199157-24">[23]</a> With the Hussars, he went to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> in October 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200122-25">[24]</a> Based in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, he was in India for 19 months, visiting <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and joining expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">North West Frontier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200123%E2%80%9324-26">[25]</a> In India, Churchill began a self-education project,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200123%E2%80%9324Haffner200319-27">[26]</a> reading widely including <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199167%E2%80%9368Jenkins200124%E2%80%9325Haffner200319-28">[27]</a> The books were sent by his mother, with whom he shared frequent correspondence. To learn about politics, he asked her to send him copies of <a href="/wiki/The_Annual_Register" title="The Annual Register">The Annual Register</a>, the political almanack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts201852-29">[28]</a> In an 1898 letter, he referred to his beliefs, saying: "I do not accept the Christian or any other form of religious belief".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199192-30">[29]</a> Churchill had been <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">christened</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReaglesLarsen20138-31">[30]</a> but underwent a virulently anti-Christian phase in his youth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198029ReaglesLarsen20139-32">[31]</a> and as an adult was an agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner200332ReaglesLarsen20138-33">[32]</a> In another letter to a cousin, he referred to religion as "a delicious narcotic" and expressed a preference for <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> because he felt it "a step nearer Reason".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991102-34">[33]</a> Interested in parliamentary affairs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200126-35">[34]</a> he declared himself "a Liberal in all but name", adding he could never endorse the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>'s support for <a href="/wiki/Irish_home_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish home rule">Irish home rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169Jenkins200127-36">[35]</a> Instead, he allied himself to the <a href="/wiki/Tory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory democracy">Tory democracy</a> wing of the Conservatives and on a visit home, gave his first speech for the party's <a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a> at <a href="/wiki/Claverton_Down" title="Claverton Down">Claverton Down</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169,_71Jenkins200127-37">[36]</a> Mixing reformist and conservative perspectives, he supported the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular, non-denominational education</a> while opposing <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199170-38">[37]</a> Churchill volunteered to join <a href="/wiki/Bindon_Blood" title="Bindon Blood">Bindon Blood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Malakand_Field_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Malakand Field Force">Malakand Field Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%9398" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–98">its campaign against Mohmand rebels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swat_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat Valley">Swat Valley</a> of north-west India. Blood accepted on condition he was assigned as a journalist, the beginning of Churchill's writing career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199172,_75Jenkins200129%E2%80%9331-39">[38]</a> He returned to Bangalore in October 1897 and wrote his first book, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Malakand_Field_Force" title="The Story of the Malakand Field Force">The Story of the Malakand Field Force</a>, which received positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199179,_81%E2%80%9382Jenkins200131%E2%80%9332Haffner200321%E2%80%9322-40">[39]</a> He wrote his only work of fiction, <a href="/wiki/Savrola" title="Savrola">Savrola</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ruritanian_romance" title="Ruritanian romance">Ruritanian romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198031Gilbert199181Jenkins200132%E2%80%9334-41">[40]</a> To keep occupied, Churchill embraced writing as what <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> calls his "whole habit", especially through his career when he was out of office. Writing was his safeguard against recurring <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, which he referred to as his "black dog".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001819-42">[41]</a> Using London contacts, Churchill got attached to General <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a>'s campaign in the Sudan as a <a href="/wiki/21st_Lancers" title="21st Lancers">21st Lancers</a> subaltern while, working as a journalist for <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199189%E2%80%9390Jenkins200135,_38%E2%80%9339Haffner200321-43">[42]</a> After fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a> in September 1898, the 21st Lancers were stood down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199191%E2%80%9398Jenkins200139%E2%80%9341-44">[43]</a> In October, Churchill returned to England and began writing <a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War</a>, about the campaign published in 1899. He decided to leave the army<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200134,_41,_50Haffner200322-45">[44]</a> as he was critical of Kitchener's actions, particularly the unmerciful treatment of enemy wounded and his desecration of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>'s tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198032Gilbert199198%E2%80%9399Jenkins200141-46">[45]</a> On 2 December 1898, Churchill embarked for India to settle his military business and complete his resignation. He spent much time playing <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, the only ball sport in which he was ever interested. Having left the Hussars, he sailed from Bombay on 20 March 1899, determined to launch a career in politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200141%E2%80%9344-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_South_Africa:_1899–1901">Politics and South Africa: 1899–1901</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg/180px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2146"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg/180px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg/270px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg/360px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_Q113382.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill in 1900 around the time of his first election to Parliament<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner2003x-48">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> Churchill spoke at Conservative meetings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200142-49">[48]</a> and was selected as one of the party's two candidates for the June <a href="/wiki/1899_Oldham_by-election" title="1899 Oldham by-election">1899 Oldham by-election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991103%E2%80%93104Jenkins200145%E2%80%9346Haffner200323-50">[49]</a> While campaigning, Churchill referred to himself as "a Conservative and a Tory Democrat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991104-51">[50]</a> Although the seats had been held by the Conservatives, the result was a narrow Liberal victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991105Jenkins200147-52">[51]</a> Anticipating the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> between Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Boer_republics" title="Boer republics">Boer republics</a>, Churchill sailed to South Africa as a journalist for the Morning Post.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991105%E2%80%93106Jenkins200150-54">[53]</a> In October, he travelled to the conflict zone near <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal">Ladysmith</a>, then besieged by <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> troops, before heading for <a href="/wiki/Colenso,_KwaZulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Colenso, KwaZulu-Natal">Colenso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991107%E2%80%93110-55">[54]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chieveley" title="Battle of Chieveley">Battle of Chieveley</a>, his train was derailed by Boer artillery shelling, he was captured as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW) and interned in a <a href="/wiki/POW_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="POW camp">POW camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991111%E2%80%93113Jenkins200152%E2%80%9353Haffner200325-56">[55]</a> In December, Churchill escaped and evaded his captors by stowing aboard freight trains and hiding in a mine. He made it to safety in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Africa">Portuguese East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991115%E2%80%93120Jenkins200155%E2%80%9362-57">[56]</a> His escape attracted much publicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991121Jenkins200161-58">[57]</a> In January 1900, he briefly rejoined the army as a lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Light_Horse" title="South African Light Horse">South African Light Horse</a> regiment, joining <a href="/wiki/Redvers_Buller" title="Redvers Buller">Redvers Buller</a>'s fight to relieve the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Siege of Ladysmith</a> and take Pretoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991121%E2%80%93122Jenkins200161%E2%80%9362-59">[58]</a> He was among the first British troops into both places. He and cousin, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer-Churchill,_9th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough">Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough</a>, demanded and received the surrender of 52 Boer prison camp guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991123%E2%80%93124,_126%E2%80%93129Jenkins200162-60">[59]</a> Throughout the war, he publicly chastised anti-Boer prejudices, calling for them to be treated with "generosity and tolerance",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991125-61">[60]</a> and afterwards urged the British to be magnanimous in victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200163-62">[61]</a> In July, having resigned his lieutenancy, he returned to Britain. His Morning Post despatches had been published as <a href="/wiki/London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria">London to Ladysmith via Pretoria</a> and sold well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991128%E2%80%93131-63">[62]</a> Churchill rented a flat in London's <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, using it as his base for six years. He stood again as a Conservative candidate at Oldham in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">October 1900 general election</a>, securing a narrow victory to become a Member of Parliament aged 25.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991135%E2%80%93136-64">[63]</a> In the same month, he published Ian Hamilton's March, a book about his South African experiences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991136-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200165-66">[65]</a> which became the focus of a lecture tour in November through Britain, America and Canada. Members of Parliament were unpaid and the tour was a financial necessity. In America, Churchill met <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_McKinley" class="mw-redirect" title="President McKinley">President McKinley</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who he did not get on with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991136%E2%80%93138Jenkins200168%E2%80%9370-67">[66]</a> In spring 1901, he gave lectures in Paris, Madrid and Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991141-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_MP:_1901–1904">Conservative MP: 1901–1904</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/170px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/170px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/255px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg/340px-Churchill_1904_Q_42037.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill in 1904 when he "<a href="/wiki/Crossed_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed the floor">crossed the floor</a>"</figcaption></figure> In February 1901, Churchill took his seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, where his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> gained widespread coverage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991139Jenkins200171%E2%80%9373-69">[68]</a> He associated with a group of Conservatives known as the <a href="/wiki/Hughligans" title="Hughligans">Hughligans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197016Jenkins200176%E2%80%9377-70">[69]</a> but was critical of the Conservative government on various issues, especially increases in army funding. He believed additional military expenditure should go to the navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991141%E2%80%93144Jenkins200174%E2%80%9375-71">[70]</a> This upset the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Front_bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Front bench">front bench</a> but was supported by Liberals, with whom he increasingly socialised, particularly <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Imperialists" title="Liberal Imperialists">Liberal Imperialists</a> like <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991144-72">[71]</a> Churchill later wrote that he "drifted steadily to the left".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991145-73">[72]</a> He privately considered "the gradual creation by an evolutionary process of a Democratic or Progressive wing to the Conservative Party",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991150-74">[73]</a> or alternately a "Central Party" to unite the Conservatives and Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991151%E2%80%93152-75">[74]</a> By 1903, there was division between Churchill and the Conservatives, largely because he opposed their promotion of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trader</a>, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/Free_Food_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Food League">Free Food League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> Churchill sensed that the animosity of party members would prevent him gaining a Cabinet position under a Conservative government. The Liberal Party was attracting growing support, and so his defection in 1904 may have been influenced by ambition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197022-76">[75]</a> He increasingly voted with the Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991162-77">[76]</a> For example, he opposed an increase in military expenditure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991153-78">[77]</a> supported a Liberal bill to restore legal rights to trade unions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991162-77">[76]</a> and opposed the introduction of import tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991152,_154-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>'s government announced protectionist legislation in October 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991157-80">[79]</a> Two months later, incensed by Churchill's criticism of the government, the Oldham Conservative Association informed him it would not support his candidature at the next election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991160Jenkins200184-81">[80]</a> In May 1904, Churchill opposed the government's proposed Aliens Bill, designed to curb Jewish immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991165-82">[81]</a> He stated that the bill would "appeal to insular prejudice against foreigners, to racial prejudice against Jews, and to labour prejudice against competition" and expressed himself in favour of "the old tolerant and generous practice of free entry and asylum to which this country has so long adhered and from which it has so greatly gained".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991165-82">[81]</a> On 31 May 1904, he <a href="/wiki/Crossed_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossed the floor">crossed the floor</a> to sit as a member of the Liberal Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991165Jenkins200188-83">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Liberal_MP:_1904–1908">Liberal MP: 1904–1908</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/220px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="2784"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/220px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/330px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg/440px-Churchill_und_Wilhelm_II._%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill and German Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> during a military manoeuvre near <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, Silesia, in 1906</figcaption></figure> As a Liberal, Churchill attacked government policy and gained a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Radicalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalisation">radical</a> under the influences of <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> In December 1905, Balfour resigned as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> invited the Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991173%E2%80%93174Jenkins2001103-84">[83]</a> Hoping to secure a <a href="/wiki/Working_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Working majority">working majority</a>, Campbell-Bannerman called a <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> in January 1906, which the Liberals won in a massive landslide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174,_176-85">[84]</a> Churchill won the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester North West">Manchester North West</a> seat<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991175Jenkins2001109-86">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)">his biography of his father</a> was published;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197016Gilbert1991175-87">[86]</a> he received <a href="/wiki/Advance_payment" title="Advance payment">advance payment</a> of £8,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991171Jenkins2001100-88">[87]</a> It was generally well received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001102%E2%80%93103-89">[88]</a> The first biography of Churchill himself, written by the Liberal <a href="/wiki/MacCallum_Scott" title="MacCallum Scott">MacCallum Scott</a>, was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991172-90">[89]</a> In the new government, Churchill became <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State">Under-Secretary of State</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Junior_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior minister">junior ministerial</a> position he had requested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197023Gilbert1991174Jenkins2001104-91">[90]</a> He worked beneath the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001104%E2%80%93105-92">[91]</a> and took <a href="/wiki/Edward_Marsh_(polymath)" title="Edward Marsh (polymath)">Edward Marsh</a> as his secretary; Marsh remained his secretary for 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991174Jenkins2001105-93">[92]</a> Churchill's first task was helping to draft a constitution for the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991176Jenkins2001113%E2%80%93115,_120-94">[93]</a> and he helped oversee the formation of a government in the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991182-95">[94]</a> In dealing with southern Africa, he sought to ensure equality between the British and Boers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177-96">[95]</a> He announced a gradual phasing out of the use of Chinese indentured labourers in South Africa; he and the government decided a sudden ban would cause too much upset and might damage the colony's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991177Jenkins2001111%E2%80%93113-97">[96]</a> He expressed concerns about the relations between European settlers and the black African population; after the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> launched their <a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, Churchill complained about the "disgusting butchery of the natives" by Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991183-98">[97]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Asquith_government:_1908–1915">Asquith government: 1908–1915</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_Board_of_Trade:_1908–1910">President of the Board of Trade: 1908–1910</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_(1874-1965)_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_(1885-1977)_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/200px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/200px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg/300px-Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Winston_Churchill_%281874-1965%29_with_fianc%C3%A9e_Clementine_Hozier_%281885-1977%29_shortly_before_their_marriage_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill and his fiancée <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Hozier">Clementine Hozier</a> shortly before their marriage in 1908</figcaption></figure> With Campbell-Bannerman terminally ill, Asquith became prime minister in April 1908. He appointed Churchill as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197033Gilbert1991194Jenkins2001129-99">[98]</a> Aged 33, Churchill was the youngest <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> member since 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001129-100">[99]</a> Newly appointed Cabinet ministers were legally obliged to seek re-election at a by-election. On 24 April, Churchill lost the <a href="/wiki/1908_Manchester_North_West_by-election" title="1908 Manchester North West by-election">Manchester North West by-election</a> to the Conservative candidate by 429 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991194%E2%80%93195Jenkins2001130-101">[100]</a> On 9 May, the Liberals stood him in the safe seat of <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/1908_Dundee_by-election" title="1908 Dundee by-election">won comfortably</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991195Jenkins2001130%E2%80%93131-102">[101]</a> Churchill proposed marriage to <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine Hozier">Clementine Hozier</a>; they were married on 12 September 1908 at <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a> and honeymooned in <a href="/wiki/Baveno" title="Baveno">Baveno</a>, Venice, and <a href="/wiki/Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_Castle" title="Veveří Castle">Veveří Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991198%E2%80%93200-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001139%E2%80%93142-104">[103]</a> They lived at 33 <a href="/wiki/Eccleston_Square" title="Eccleston Square">Eccleston Square</a>, London, and their first daughter, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a>, was born in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991204%E2%80%93205-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001203-106">[105]</a> The success of their marriage was important to Churchill's career as Clementine's unbroken affection provided him with a secure and happy background.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> One of Churchill's first tasks as a minister was to arbitrate in an industrial dispute among ship-workers and employers, on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991195-107">[106]</a> He afterwards established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with industrial disputes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991199-108">[107]</a> establishing a reputation as a conciliator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200-109">[108]</a> He worked with Lloyd George to champion <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">social reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001143-110">[109]</a> He promoted what he called a "network of State intervention and regulation" akin to that in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991193%E2%80%93194-111">[110]</a> Continuing Lloyd George's work,<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> Churchill introduced the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Regulation_Act_1908" title="Coal Mines Regulation Act 1908">Mines Eight Hours Bill</a>, which prohibited miners from working more than an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991196-112">[111]</a> In 1909, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Boards_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Boards Bill">Trade Boards Bill</a>, creating Trade Boards which could prosecute exploitative employers. Passing with a large majority, it established the principle of a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and the right to have meal breaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991203%E2%80%93204Jenkins2001150-113">[112]</a> In May 1909, he proposed the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Exchanges_Act_1909" title="Labour Exchanges Act 1909">Labour Exchanges Bill</a> to establish over 200 Labour Exchanges through which the unemployed would be assisted in finding employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991204Jenkins2001150%E2%80%93151-114">[113]</a> He promoted the idea of an unemployment insurance scheme, which would be part-funded by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991201Jenkins2001151-115">[114]</a> To ensure funding for their reforms, Lloyd George and Churchill denounced <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a>'s policy of naval expansion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001154%E2%80%93157Toye200754%E2%80%9355-116">[115]</a> refusing to believe war with Germany was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991198%E2%80%93199Jenkins2001154%E2%80%93155-117">[116]</a> As Chancellor, Lloyd George presented his "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>" on 29 April 1909, calling it a war budget to eliminate poverty. With Churchill as his closest ally,<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> Lloyd George proposed unprecedented taxes on the rich to fund Liberal welfare programmes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001157%E2%80%93159-118">[117]</a> The budget was vetoed by the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">peers</a> who dominated the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205,_210Jenkins2001164-119">[118]</a> His social reforms under threat, Churchill became president of the <a href="/wiki/Budget_League" title="Budget League">Budget League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> and warned that upper-class obstruction could anger working-class Britons and lead to class war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991206-120">[119]</a> The government called the <a href="/wiki/January_1910_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1910 general election">January 1910 general election</a>, which resulted in a Liberal victory; Churchill retained his seat at Dundee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991211Jenkins2001167-121">[120]</a> He proposed abolition of the House of Lords in a cabinet memo, suggesting it be succeeded by a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> system, or smaller second chamber that lacked an in-built advantage for the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001167%E2%80%93168-122">[121]</a> In April, the Lords relented and the People's Budget passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991216%E2%80%93217-123">[122]</a> Churchill continued to campaign against the House of Lords and assisted passage of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> which reduced and restricted its powers.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_Secretary:_1910–1911">Home Secretary: 1910–1911</h3></div> In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, giving him control over the police and prison services;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958429Gilbert1991211Jenkins2001169-124">[123]</a> he implemented a prison reform programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958428%E2%80%93429Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001179-125">[124]</a> Measures included a distinction between criminal and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, with rules for the latter being relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958434Gilbert1991212-126">[125]</a> There were educational innovations like the establishment of libraries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-127">[126]</a> and a requirement to stage entertainments four times a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958434Gilbert1991215-128">[127]</a> The rules on <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> were relaxed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958434Gilbert1991212Jenkins2001181-129">[128]</a> and Churchill proposed abolition of automatic imprisonment of those who failed to pay fines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991213-130">[129]</a> Imprisonment of people aged between 16 and 21 was abolished except for the most serious offences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958433Gilbert1991213%E2%80%93214-131">[130]</a> Churchill reduced (<a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">"commuted"</a>) 21 of the 43 death (<a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">"capital"</a>) sentences passed while he was Home Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001183-132">[131]</a> A major domestic issue was women's suffrage. Churchill supported giving women the vote, but would only back a bill to that effect if it had majority support from the (male) electorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221%E2%80%93222-133">[132]</a> His proposed solution was a referendum, but this found no favour with Asquith and women's suffrage remained unresolved until 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186-134">[133]</a> Many suffragettes believed Churchill was a committed opponent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-135">[134]</a> and targeted his meetings for protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001186-134">[133]</a> In November 1910, the suffragist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Franklin_(suffragist)" title="Hugh Franklin (suffragist)">Hugh Franklin</a> attacked Churchill with a whip; Franklin was imprisoned for six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-135">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Sidney_Street_%E2%80%93_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill (second left) photographed at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a></figcaption></figure> In November 1910, Churchill had to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy riots</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Coal_miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miners">coal miners</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> Valley violently protested against working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001198-136">[135]</a> The Chief Constable of Glamorgan requested troops to help police quell the rioting. Churchill, learning that the troops were already travelling, allowed them to go as far as <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, but blocked their deployment; he was concerned their use lead to bloodshed. Instead he sent 270 London police, who were not equipped with firearms, to assist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991219Jenkins2001198-136">[135]</a> As the riots continued, he offered the protesters an interview with the government's chief industrial arbitrator, which they accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991220-137">[136]</a> Privately, Churchill regarded the mine owners and striking miners as "very unreasonable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991221-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and other media outlets accused him of being soft on the rioters;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001199-138">[137]</a> in contrast, many in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which was linked to the trade unions, regarded him as too heavy-handed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197038-139">[138]</a> Churchill incurred the long-term suspicion of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> Asquith called a <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">general election in December 1910</a>, and the Liberals were re-elected with Churchill secure in Dundee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001190%E2%80%93191,_193-140">[139]</a> In January 1911, Churchill became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a>; three Latvian burglars had killed police officers and hidden in a house in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>, surrounded by police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991222Jenkins2001194-141">[140]</a> Churchill stood with the police though he did not direct their operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195-142">[141]</a> After the house caught fire, he told the fire brigade not to proceed into the house because of the threat posed by the armed men. Afterwards, two of the burglars were found dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224Jenkins2001195-142">[141]</a> Although he faced criticism for his decision, he said he "thought it better to let the house burn down rather than spend good British lives in rescuing those ferocious rascals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991224-143">[142]</a> In March 1911, Churchill introduced the second reading of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Act_1911" title="Coal Mines Act 1911">Coal Mines Bill</a>; when implemented, it imposed stricter safety standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001177%E2%80%93178-144">[143]</a> He formulated the <a href="/wiki/Shops_Act_1911" title="Shops Act 1911">Shops Bill</a> to improve working conditions of shop workers; it faced opposition from shop owners and only passed in a much emasculated form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178-145">[144]</a> In April, Lloyd George introduced the first health and unemployment insurance legislation, the <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Act_1911" title="National Insurance Act 1911">National Insurance Act 1911</a>, which Churchill had been instrumental in drafting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991226Jenkins2001178-145">[144]</a> In May, Clementine gave birth to their second child, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph</a>, named after Winston's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991227Jenkins2001203-146">[145]</a> In response to escalating civil strife in 1911, Churchill sent troops into Liverpool to <a href="/wiki/1911_Liverpool_general_transport_strike" title="1911 Liverpool general transport strike">quell protesting dockers</a> and rallied against <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_strike_of_1911" title="National Railway strike of 1911">a national railway strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991230%E2%80%93233Jenkins2001200%E2%80%93201-147">[146]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> of April 1911, when there was a threat of war between France and Germany, Churchill suggested an alliance with France and Russia to safeguard the independence of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands to counter possible German expansionism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991235-148">[147]</a> The Crisis had a profound effect on Churchill and he altered his views about the need for naval expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001202-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/220px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/220px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/330px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg/440px-Admiralty_House_-_Music_Room.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>As First Lord of the Admiralty, Churchill's London residency was Admiralty House.</figcaption></figure> In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991239Jenkins2001205Bell2011335-150">[149]</a> and he took up official residence at <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_House,_London" title="Admiralty House, London">Admiralty House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991249Jenkins2001207-151">[150]</a> He created a naval war staff<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> and, over the next two and a half years, focused on naval preparation, visiting naval stations and dockyards, seeking to improve morale, and scrutinising German naval developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199123-152">[151]</a> After Germany passed its <a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">1912 Naval Law</a> to increase warship production, Churchill vowed that for every new German battleship, Britain would build two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243Bell2011336-153">[152]</a> He invited Germany to engage in a mutual de-escalation, but this was refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991243%E2%80%93245-154">[153]</a> Churchill pushed for higher pay and greater recreational facilities for naval staff,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991247-155">[154]</a> more submarines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991242Bell2011249%E2%80%93251-156">[155]</a> and a renewed focus on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a>, encouraging them to experiment with how aircraft could be used for military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991240-157">[156]</a> He coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a>" and ordered 100 to be constructed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991251-158">[157]</a> Some Liberals objected to his level of naval expenditure; in December 1913 he threatened to resign if his proposal for 4 new battleships in 1914–15 was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991253%E2%80%93254Bell2011342%E2%80%93343-159">[158]</a> In June 1914, he convinced the House of Commons to authorise the government purchase of a 51% share in the profits of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>, to secure oil access for the navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991260%E2%80%93261-160">[159]</a> The central issue in Britain was <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> and, in 1912, Asquith's government introduced the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule Bill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991256Jenkins2001233-161">[160]</a> Churchill supported it and urged <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Ulster Unionists</a> to accept it as he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197044%E2%80%9345Gilbert1991249%E2%80%93250Jenkins2001233%E2%80%93234-162">[161]</a> Concerning the possibility of partition, Churchill stated: "Whatever Ulster's right may be, she cannot stand in the way of the whole of the rest of Ireland. Half a province cannot impose a permanent veto on the nation. Half a province cannot obstruct forever the reconciliation between the British and Irish democracies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198968-163">[162]</a> Speaking in the House of Commons on 16 February 1922, Churchill said: "What Irishmen all over the world most desire is not hostility against this country, but the unity of their own".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien198968-163">[162]</a> Following a Cabinet decision, he boosted the naval presence in Ireland to deal with any Unionist uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197047%E2%80%9349Gilbert1991256%E2%80%93257-164">[163]</a> Seeking a compromise, Churchill suggested Ireland remain part of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> UK, but this angered Liberals and Irish nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991257%E2%80%93258-165">[164]</a> As First Lord, Churchill was tasked with overseeing Britain's naval effort when the First World War began in August 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277-166">[165]</a> The navy transported 120,000 troops to France and began a blockade of Germany's <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> ports. Churchill sent submarines to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> and sent the Marine Brigade to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, forcing a reallocation of German troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991277%E2%80%93279-167">[166]</a> In September, Churchill assumed full responsibility for Britain's aerial defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991279-168">[167]</a> On 7 October, Clementine gave birth to their 3rd child, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991285-169">[168]</a> In October, Churchill visited <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> to observe <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Belgian defences against the besieging Germans</a> and promised reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991282%E2%80%93285Jenkins2001249-170">[169]</a> Soon afterwards, Antwerp fell to the Germans and Churchill was criticised in the press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062Gilbert1991286Jenkins2001250%E2%80%93251-171">[170]</a> He maintained that his actions had prolonged resistance and enabled the Allies to secure <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197062-172">[171]</a> In November, Asquith called a War Council including Churchill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991289-173">[172]</a> Churchill set the development of the <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Landship_Committee" title="Landship Committee">right track</a> and financed its creation with Admiralty funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991293,_298%E2%80%9399-174">[173]</a> Churchill was interested in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a>, and wanted to relieve pressure on the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a> by staging attacks against Turkey in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. He hoped that the British could even seize <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197064%E2%80%9367Gilbert1991291%E2%80%93292Jenkins2001255,_261-175">[174]</a> Approval was given and, in March 1915, an Anglo-French task force attempted a naval bombardment of Turkish defences. In April, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Expeditionary_Force" title="Mediterranean Expeditionary Force">Mediterranean Expeditionary Force</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC), began its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">assault at Gallipoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197072%E2%80%9374Gilbert1991304,_310-176">[175]</a> Both campaigns failed and Churchill was held by many MPs, particularly Conservatives, to be responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197078Gilbert1991309-177">[176]</a> In May, Asquith agreed under parliamentary pressure to form an all-party <a href="/wiki/Asquith_coalition_ministry" title="Asquith coalition ministry">coalition government</a>, but the Conservatives' condition of entry was that Churchill must be removed from the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197079Gilbert1991316%E2%80%93316Jenkins2001273%E2%80%93274-178">[177]</a> Churchill pleaded his case with Asquith and Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> but had to accept demotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991319%E2%80%93320Jenkins2001276-179">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Military_service,_1915–1916">Military service, 1915–1916</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/220px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1453"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/220px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/330px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif/440px-WinstonChurchill1916Army.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill commanding the 6th Battalion, the Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916.</figcaption></figure> On 25 November 1915, Churchill resigned from the government, although he remained an MP. Asquith rejected his request to be appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Kenya" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Kenya">Governor-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991328-180">[179]</a> Churchill decided to return to active service with the Army and was attached to the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991329%E2%80%93332-181">[180]</a> In January 1916, he was temporarily promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">lieutenant-colonel</a> and given command of the 6th <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">Royal Scots Fusiliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991340%E2%80%93341-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The battalion was moved to a sector of the Belgian Front near <a href="/wiki/Ploegsteert" title="Ploegsteert">Ploegsteert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991342%E2%80%93245-184">[183]</a> For three months, they faced continual shelling, though no German offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991346-185">[184]</a> Churchill narrowly escaped death when, during a visit by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer-Churchill,_9th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough">Marlborough</a>, a large piece of <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> fell between them.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In May, the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers were merged into the 15th Division. Churchill did not request a new command, instead securing permission to leave active service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360-187">[186]</a> His temporary promotion ended on 16 May 1916, when he returned to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Back in the House of Commons, Churchill spoke out on war issues, calling for conscription to be extended to the Irish, greater recognition of soldiers' bravery, and for the introduction of steel helmets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364%E2%80%93365-189">[188]</a> It was in November 1916 that he penned "The greater application of mechanical power to the prosecution of an offensive on land", but it fell on deaf ears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1927-190">[189]</a> He was frustrated at being out of office, but was repeatedly blamed for the Gallipoli disaster by the pro-Conservative press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367-191">[190]</a> Churchill argued his case before the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Commission" title="Dardanelles Commission">Dardanelles Commission</a>, whose report placed no blame on him personally for the campaign's failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197089Gilbert1991366,_370-192">[191]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Lloyd_George_government:_1916–1922">Lloyd George government: 1916–1922</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Munitions:_1917–1919">Minister of Munitions: 1917–1919</h3></div> In October 1916, Asquith resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by Lloyd George who, in May 1917, sent Churchill to inspect the French war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991373-193">[192]</a> In July, Churchill was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197090Gilbert1991374-194">[193]</a> He negotiated an end to a strike in munitions factories along the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde</a> and increased munitions production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991376,_377-195">[194]</a> In his October 1917 letter to his Cabinet colleagues, he penned the plan of attack for the next year, that would bring final victory to the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1927-190">[189]</a> He ended a second strike, in June 1918, by threatening to conscript strikers into the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991392%E2%80%93393-196">[195]</a> In the House of Commons, Churchill voted in support of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, which gave some women the right to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991379%E2%80%93380-197">[196]</a> In November 1918, four days after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a>, Churchill's fourth child, Marigold, was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_Air:_1919–1921">Secretary of State for War and Air: 1919–1921</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/220px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/220px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/330px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg/440px-War_Industry_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War_Q84077.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill meets female workers at Georgetown's filling works near <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in October 1918.</figcaption></figure> Lloyd George called a <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> for 14 December 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197091Gilbert1991403-199">[198]</a> During the campaign, Churchill called for nationalisation of the railways, a control on monopolies, tax reform, and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to prevent wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-200">[199]</a> He was returned as MP for Dundee and, though the Conservatives won a majority, Lloyd George was retained as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991404-200">[199]</a> In January 1919, Lloyd George moved Churchill to the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> as both <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970100Gilbert1991404%E2%80%93405-201">[200]</a> Churchill was responsible for demobilising the army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970101Gilbert1991406-202">[201]</a> though he convinced Lloyd George to keep a million men conscripted for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991406%E2%80%93407-203">[202]</a> Churchill was one of the few government figures who opposed harsh measures against Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-198">[197]</a> and he cautioned against demobilising the German Army, warning they might be needed as a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991401-204">[203]</a> He was outspoken against <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> government in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970105%E2%80%93106Gilbert1991411-205">[204]</a> He initially supported using British troops to assist the anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/White_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="White forces">White forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970102,_104Gilbert1991405-206">[205]</a> but soon recognised the people's desire to bring them home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991411%E2%80%93412-207">[206]</a> After the Soviets won the civil war, Churchill proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a> around the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970123Gilbert1991420-208">[207]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, he supported the use of the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a> to combat Irish revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970126%E2%80%93127Gilbert1991422,_425Jordan199570%E2%80%9375-209">[208]</a> After British troops in Iraq clashed with <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> rebels, Churchill authorised two squadrons to the area, proposing they be equipped with "poison gas" to <a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas in Mesopotamia">be used</a> to "inflict punishment upon recalcitrant natives without inflicting grave injury upon them", although this was never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991424%E2%80%93425Douglas2009861-210">[209]</a> He saw the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">occupation of Iraq</a> as a drain on Britain and proposed, unsuccessfully, that the government should hand control back to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991428-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies:_1921–1922">Secretary of State for the Colonies: 1921–1922</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Churchill as Secretary of State for the Colonies during his visit to Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1921." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="746"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg" data-alt="Churchill as Secretary of State for the Colonies during his visit to Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1921." data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill as Secretary of State for the Colonies during his visit to Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1921</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartwell02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/220px-Chartwell02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/220px-Chartwell02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/330px-Chartwell02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chartwell02.JPG/440px-Chartwell02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill's main home was <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a> in Kent.</figcaption></figure> Churchill became Secretary of State for the Colonies in February 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-212">[211]</a> The following month, the first exhibit of his paintings took place in Paris, with Churchill exhibiting under a pseudonym.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-212">[211]</a> In May, his mother died, followed in August by his daughter Marigold, from <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991438,_439-213">[212]</a> Churchill was haunted by Marigold's death for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Churchill was involved in negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> leaders and helped draft the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991441-215">[214]</a> He was responsible for reducing the cost of occupying the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991431-212">[211]</a> and was involved in the installations of <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I of Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970133Gilbert1991432%E2%80%93434-216">[215]</a> Churchill travelled to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> where, as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, he refused an Arab Palestinian petition to prohibit Jewish migration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991435-217">[216]</a> He did allow temporary restrictions following the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991437-218">[217]</a> In September 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> erupted as Turkish forces threatened to occupy the Dardanelles neutral zone, which was policed by the British army based in <a href="/wiki/Chanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak">Chanak</a>. Churchill and Lloyd George favoured military resistance to any Turkish advance but the majority Conservatives in the coalition government opposed it. A political debacle ensued which resulted in the Conservative withdrawal from the government, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">November 1922 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> Also in September, Churchill's fifth and last child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Churchill">Mary</a>, was born, and in the same month he purchased <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a>, in Kent, which became his family home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991450-219">[218]</a> In October 1922, he underwent an <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">appendectomy</a>. While he was in hospital, Lloyd George's coalition was dissolved. In the general election, Churchill <a href="/wiki/Dundee_in_the_1922_general_election" title="Dundee in the 1922 general election">lost his Dundee seat</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991456-220">[219]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Scrymgeour" title="Edwin Scrymgeour">Edwin Scrymgeour</a>, a prohibitionist candidate. Later, he wrote that he was "without an office, without a seat, without a party, and without an appendix".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001376-221">[220]</a> He was elevated as one of 50 members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the Companions of Honour</a>, as named in Lloyd George's <a href="/wiki/1922_Dissolution_Honours" title="1922 Dissolution Honours">1922 Dissolution Honours</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Out_of_Parliament:_1922–1924">Out of Parliament: 1922–1924</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/220px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/220px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/330px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg/440px-Churchill_with_children_Randolph_and_Diana.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill with children <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana</a> in 1923</figcaption></figure> Churchill spent much of the next six months at the Villa Rêve d'Or near <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, where he devoted himself to painting and writing his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991457-223">[222]</a> He wrote an autobiographical history of the war, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis</a>. The first volume was published in April 1923 and the rest over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991456-220">[219]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 general election</a> was called, seven Liberal associations asked Churchill to stand as their candidate, and he selected <a href="/wiki/Leicester_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Leicester West">Leicester West</a>, but did not win.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970150%E2%80%93151Gilbert1991459Jenkins2001382%E2%80%93384-224">[223]</a> A Labour government led by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> took power. Churchill had hoped they would be defeated by a Conservative-Liberal coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991460-225">[224]</a> He strongly opposed the MacDonald government's decision to loan money to Soviet Russia and feared the signing of an Anglo-Soviet Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991462%E2%80%93463-226">[225]</a> In March 1924, alienated by Liberal support for Labour, Churchill stood as an independent anti-socialist candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Westminster_Abbey_by-election" title="1924 Westminster Abbey by-election">Westminster Abbey by-election</a> but was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970151%E2%80%93153Gilbert1991460%E2%80%93461-227">[226]</a> In May, he addressed a Conservative meeting in Liverpool and declared there was no longer a place for the Liberal Party in politics. He said that Liberals must back the Conservatives to stop Labour and ensure "the successful defeat of socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462-228">[227]</a> In July, he agreed with Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> that he would be selected as a Conservative candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">next general election</a>, which was held on 29 October. Churchill stood at <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a>, but described himself as a "<a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_(UK)" title="Constitutionalist (UK)">Constitutionalist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970154Gilbert1991462%E2%80%93463Ball2001311-229">[228]</a> The Conservatives were victorious, and Baldwin formed the new government. Although Churchill had no background in finance or economics, Baldwin appointed him as Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970155,_158Gilbert1991465-230">[229]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer:_1924–1929">Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1924–1929</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Chancellorship of Winston Churchill">Chancellorship of Winston Churchill</a></div> Becoming Chancellor on 6 November 1924, Churchill formally rejoined the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991467-231">[230]</a> As Chancellor, he intended to pursue his free trade principles in the form of laissez-faire economics, as under the Liberal social reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991467-231">[230]</a> In April 1925, he controversially, albeit reluctantly, restored the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> in his first budget, at its 1914 parity, against the advice of leading economists including <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991469-232">[231]</a> The return to gold is held to have caused <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> and resultant unemployment with a devastating impact on the coal industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001404-233">[232]</a> Churchill presented five budgets in all to April 1929. Among his measures were reduction of the state pension age from 70 to 65; immediate provision of <a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_pension" title="Widow's pension">widow's pensions</a>; reduction of military expenditure; <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> reductions and imposition of taxes on luxury items.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991468%E2%80%93489-234">[233]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/General_Strike_of_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="General Strike of 1926">General Strike of 1926</a>, Churchill edited the <a href="/wiki/British_Gazette" title="British Gazette">British Gazette</a>, the government's anti-strike propaganda newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970169%E2%80%93174Gilbert1991475%E2%80%93476-235">[234]</a> After the strike ended, he acted as an intermediary between striking miners and their employers. He called for the introduction of a legally binding minimum wage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991477%E2%80%93479-236">[235]</a> In a House of Commons speech in 1926 Churchill made his feelings on the issue of Irish unity clear. He stated that Ireland should be united within itself but also "united to the British Empire."<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> In early 1927, Churchill visited Rome where he met <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>, whom he praised for his stand against <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991480-238">[237]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id='The_"Wilderness_Years":_1929–1939'>The "Wilderness Years": 1929–1939</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_%22Wilderness%22_years,_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marlborough_and_the_India_Question:_1929–1932">Marlborough and the India Question: 1929–1932</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg/220px-ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg/220px-ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg/330px-ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg/440px-ChurchillChaplin0001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill meeting with film star <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> in 1929</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 general election</a>, Churchill retained his Epping seat, but the Conservatives were defeated, and MacDonald formed his second Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970183Gilbert1991489-239">[238]</a> Out of office, Churchill was prone to depression (his "black dog") but addressed this by writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001466,_819-240">[239]</a> He began work on <a href="/wiki/Marlborough:_His_Life_and_Times" title="Marlborough: His Life and Times">Marlborough: His Life and Times</a>, a biography of his ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991491-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001421%E2%80%93423-242">[241]</a> He had developed a reputation for being a heavy drinker, although Jenkins believes that was often exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200151-243">[242]</a> Hoping that the Labour government could be ousted, he gained Baldwin's approval to work towards establishing a Conservative-Liberal coalition, although many Liberals were reluctant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991491-241">[240]</a> In October 1930, after his return from a trip to North America, Churchill published his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/My_Early_Life" title="My Early Life">My Early Life</a>, which sold well and was translated into multiple languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991496-244">[243]</a> In January 1931, Churchill resigned from the Conservative Shadow Cabinet because Baldwin supported the government's decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> Status to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001434-245">[244]</a> Churchill believed that enhanced home rule status would hasten calls for full independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495-246">[245]</a> He was particularly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, whom he considered "a seditious <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> lawyer, now posing as a <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991499%E2%80%93500-247">[246]</a> His views enraged Labour and Liberal opinion, though he was supported by many grassroot Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991500-248">[247]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">October 1931 general election</a> was a landslide victory for the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001443-249">[248]</a> Churchill nearly doubled his majority in Epping, but was not given a ministerial position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991502%E2%80%93503-250">[249]</a> The Commons debated Dominion Status for India on 3 December and Churchill insisted on dividing the House, but this backfired as only 43 MPs supported him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991503-251">[250]</a> He embarked on a lecture tour of North America, hoping to recoup financial losses sustained in the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash">Wall Street Crash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001443-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991503-251">[250]</a> On 13 December, he was crossing <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> in New York when he was knocked down by a car, suffering a head wound from which he developed <a href="/wiki/Neuritis" title="Neuritis">neuritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001443%E2%80%93444-252">[251]</a> To further his convalescence, he and Clementine took ship to <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> for three weeks, but Churchill became depressed about his financial and political losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001444-253">[252]</a> He returned to America in late January 1932 and completed most of his lectures before arriving home on 18 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001444-253">[252]</a> Having worked on Marlborough for much of 1932, Churchill in August decided to visit his ancestor's battlefields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001445-254">[253]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a>, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, who was then rising in prominence. Hanfstaengl tried to arrange a meeting between Churchill and Hitler, but Hitler was unenthusiastic: "What on earth would I talk to him about?"<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Soon after visiting <a href="/wiki/Blindheim" title="Blindheim">Blenheim</a>, Churchill was affected by <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">paratyphoid fever</a> and spent two weeks at a sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001445%E2%80%93446-256">[255]</a> He returned to Chartwell on 25 September, still working on Marlborough. Two days later, he collapsed after a recurrence of paratyphoid which caused an ulcer to haemorrhage. He was taken to a London nursing home and remained there until late October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991508%E2%80%93509-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warnings_about_Germany_and_the_abdication_crisis:_1933–1936">Warnings about Germany and the abdication crisis: 1933–1936</h3></div> After Hitler came to power in January 1933, Churchill was quick to recognise the menace of such a regime, and expressed alarm that the British government had reduced air force spending, and warned that Germany would soon overtake Britain in air force production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001470-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991513%E2%80%93515,_530%E2%80%93531-259">[258]</a> Armed with data provided clandestinely by senior civil servants, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morton_(civil_servant)" title="Desmond Morton (civil servant)">Desmond Morton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wigram" title="Ralph Wigram">Ralph Wigram</a>, Churchill was able to speak with authority about what was happening in Germany, especially the development of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001479%E2%80%93480-260">[259]</a> He spoke of his concerns in a radio broadcast in November 1934,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991533-261">[260]</a> having denounced the intolerance and militarism of Nazism in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> While Churchill regarded Mussolini's regime as a bulwark against the threat of communist revolution, he opposed the Italian invasion of Ethiopia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991544-263">[262]</a> despite describing the country as a primitive, uncivilised nation.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> He admired the exiled king of Spain <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a> and feared Communism was making inroads during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. He referred to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s army as the "anti-red movement", but later became critical of Franco as too close to Mussolini and Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970408-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Between October 1933 and September 1938, the four volumes of Marlborough: His Life and Times were published and sold well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991522,_533,_563,_594-267">[266]</a> In December 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">India Bill</a> entered Parliament and was passed in February 1935. Churchill and 83 other Conservative MPs voted against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991538%E2%80%93539-268">[267]</a> In June 1935, MacDonald resigned and was succeeded as prime minister by Baldwin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991544-263">[262]</a> Baldwin then led the Conservatives to victory in the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935 general election</a>; Churchill retained his seat, but was again left out of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991547-269">[268]</a> In January 1936, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, as monarch. His desire to marry an American divorcee, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, caused the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication crisis">abdication crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991568%E2%80%93569-270">[269]</a> Churchill supported Edward and clashed with Baldwin on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991569-271">[270]</a> Afterwards, although Churchill immediately pledged loyalty to <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, he wrote that the abdication was "premature and probably quite unnecessary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991570-272">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-appeasement:_1937–1939">Anti-appeasement: 1937–1939</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg/220px-Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg/220px-Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg/330px-Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg/440px-Churchill_and_Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, the chief proponent of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1937, Baldwin resigned and was succeeded as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>. At first, Churchill welcomed Chamberlain's appointment but, in February 1938, matters came to a head after Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> resigned over Chamberlain's <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of Mussolini,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001514%E2%80%93515-273">[272]</a> a policy which Chamberlain was extending towards Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991576%E2%80%93577-274">[273]</a> In 1938, Churchill warned the government against appeasement and called for collective action to deter German aggression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001516-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991588-276">[275]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, Churchill spoke in the House of Commons: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A country like ours, possessed of immense territory and wealth, whose defence has been neglected, cannot avoid war by dilating upon its horrors, or even by a continuous display of pacific qualities, or by ignoring the fate of the victims of aggression elsewhere. War will be avoided, in present circumstances, only by the accumulation of deterrents against the aggressor.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2008193-277">[276]</a></cite></div></blockquote> He began calling for a mutual defence pact among European states threatened by German expansionism, arguing this was the only way to halt Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991590%E2%80%93591-278">[277]</a> In September, Germany mobilised to invade the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991594-279">[278]</a> Churchill visited Chamberlain and urged him to tell Germany that Britain would declare war if the Germans invaded Czechoslovak territory; Chamberlain was unwilling to do this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991595-280">[279]</a> On 30 September, Chamberlain signed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, agreeing to allow German annexation of the Sudetenland. Speaking in the House of Commons on 5 October, Churchill called the agreement "<a href="/wiki/A_total_and_unmitigated_defeat" title="A total and unmitigated defeat">a total and unmitigated defeat</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991598-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001527-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> Following the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Churchill and his supporters called for the foundation of a national coalition. His popularity increased as a result.<a href="#cite_note-HGN-23">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty:_September_1939_to_May_1940">First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">Winston Churchill in the Second World War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoney_War_and_the_Norwegian_Campaign">Phoney War and the Norwegian Campaign</h3></div> On 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Chamberlain reappointed Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty and he joined <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_war_ministry" title="Chamberlain war ministry">Chamberlain's war cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1967b7-284">[283]</a> Churchill was a highest-profile minister during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>". Churchill was ebullient after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a> on 13 December 1939 and welcomed home the crews, congratulating them on "a brilliant sea fight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991634-285">[284]</a> On 16 February 1940, Churchill ordered Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Vian" title="Philip Vian">Philip Vian</a> of the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cossack_(F03)" title="HMS Cossack (F03)">HMS Cossack</a> to board the German supply ship <a href="/wiki/German_tanker_Altmark" title="German tanker Altmark">Altmark</a> in Norwegian waters freeing 299 British merchant seamen who had been captured by the <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee" title="German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee">Admiral Graf Spee</a>. These actions, and his speeches, enhanced Churchill's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991634-285">[284]</a> He was concerned about German naval activity in the Baltic and wanted to send a naval force, but this was soon changed to a plan, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">Operation Wilfred</a>, to mine Norwegian waters and stop iron ore shipments from <a href="/wiki/Narvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narvik">Narvik</a> to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare201730-286">[285]</a> Due to disagreements, Wilfred was delayed until 8 April 1940, the day before the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">German invasion of Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001573%E2%80%93574-287">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway_Debate_and_Chamberlain's_resignation">Norway Debate and Chamberlain's resignation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/220px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="455"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/220px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/330px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg/440px-0929_fc-churchill-halifax.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Allies failed to prevent</a> the German occupation of Norway, the Commons held a debate from 7 to 9 May on the government's conduct of the war. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a>, one of the most significant events in parliamentary history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001576%E2%80%93577-288">[287]</a> On the second day, the Labour opposition called for a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">division</a> which was in effect a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in Chamberlain's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001579-289">[288]</a> Churchill was called upon to wind up the debate, which placed him in the difficult position of having to defend the government without damaging his prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare2017299%E2%80%93300-290">[289]</a> Although the government won the vote, its majority was drastically reduced amid calls for a national government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001582-291">[290]</a> Early on 10 May, German forces invaded Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as a prelude to their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">assault on France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001583-292">[291]</a> Since the division vote, Chamberlain had been trying to form a coalition, but Labour declared on the Friday they would not serve under his leadership, although they would accept another Conservative. The only two candidates were Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, the Foreign Secretary. The matter had already been discussed at a meeting on the 9th between Chamberlain, Halifax, Churchill, and <a href="/wiki/David_Margesson" class="mw-redirect" title="David Margesson">David Margesson</a>, the government <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001583-292">[291]</a> Halifax admitted he could not govern effectively as a member of the House of Lords, so Chamberlain advised the King to send for Churchill, who became prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001586-293">[292]</a> Churchill later wrote of a profound sense of relief, as he now had authority over the whole scene. He believed his life so far had been "a preparation for this hour and for this trial".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArthur2015170-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001592-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1967b243-296">[295]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Prime_Minister:_1940–45">Prime Minister: 1940–45</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">Winston Churchill in the Second World War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Winston_Churchill%27s_first_premiership" title="Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership">Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunkirk_to_Pearl_Harbor:_May_1940_to_December_1941">Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-45_H10688.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill takes aim with a <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> sub-machine gun in June 1941.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_ministry_created">War ministry created</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry</a></div> In May, Churchill was still unpopular with many Conservatives and most of the Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001590-297">[296]</a> Chamberlain remained Conservative Party leader until October. By that time, Churchill had won over his doubters and his succession was a formality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeLouis1993249,_252%E2%80%93255-298">[297]</a> He began his premiership by forming a <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">war cabinet</a>: Chamberlain as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a>), Halifax as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> and Labour's <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">minister without portfolio</a>. In practice, these five were augmented by the service chiefs and ministers who attended most meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001587%E2%80%93588-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston201626%E2%80%9329-300">[299]</a> The cabinet changed in size and membership as the war progressed, a key appointment being the leading <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trades unionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001714%E2%80%93715-301">[300]</a> In response to criticisms, Churchill created and assumed the position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a>, making him the most powerful wartime prime minister in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeLouis1993264,_270%E2%80%93271-302">[301]</a> He drafted outside experts into government to fulfil vital functions, especially on the Home Front. These included friends like <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a>, who became the government's scientific advisor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston201641-303">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolve_to_fight_on">Resolve to fight on</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></div> At the end of May, with the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> in retreat to Dunkirk and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a> imminent, Halifax proposed the government should explore a peace settlement using the still-neutral Mussolini as an intermediary. There were high-level meetings from 26 to 28 May, including with the French premier <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001599-304">[303]</a> Churchill's resolve was to fight on, even if France capitulated, but his position remained precarious until Chamberlain resolved to support him. Churchill had the full support of the two Labour members but knew he could not survive as prime minister if both Chamberlain and Halifax were against him. By gaining the support of his outer cabinet, Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax and won Chamberlain over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001602%E2%80%93603-305">[304]</a> Churchill succeeded as an orator despite being handicapped from childhood with a speech impediment. He had a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral lisp">lateral lisp</a> and was unable to pronounce the letter s, verbalising it with a slur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199165-306">[305]</a> He worked on his pronunciation by repeating phrases designed to cure his problem with the sibilant "s". He was ultimately successful, turning the impediment into an asset, as when he called Hitler a "Nar-zee" (rhymes with "<a href="/wiki/Khazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazi">khazi</a>"; emphasis on the "z"), rather than a Nazi ("ts").<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> His first speech as prime minister, delivered to the Commons on 13 May, was the "<a href="/wiki/Blood,_toil,_tears_and_sweat" title="Blood, toil, tears and sweat">blood, toil, tears and sweat</a>" speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001591-308">[307]</a> Churchill made it plain to the nation that a long road lay ahead and that victory was the final goal:<a href="#cite_note-BTTS-309">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-H360:1501-310">[309]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I would say to the House... that I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: it is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: it is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.</blockquote> Churchill's use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution – Jenkins says Churchill's speeches were "an inspiration for the nation, and a <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> for Churchill himself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001611%E2%80%93612-311">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Dynamo_and_the_Battle_of_France">Operation Dynamo and the Battle of France</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> of 338,226 Allied servicemen, ended on 4 June when the French rearguard surrendered. The total was far in excess of expectations and gave rise to a popular view Dunkirk had been a miracle, even a victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001597-312">[311]</a> Churchill himself referred to "a miracle of deliverance" in his "<a href="/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">we shall fight on the beaches</a>" speech to the Commons that afternoon. The speech ended on a note of defiance, with a clear appeal to the United States:<a href="#cite_note-WSFB-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-H361:791-314">[313]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.</blockquote> Germany initiated <a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">Fall Rot</a>, in France, the following day, and Italy entered the war on the 10th.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200944%E2%80%9345-315">[314]</a> The Wehrmacht occupied Paris on the 14th and completed their conquest of France on 25 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings200951%E2%80%9353-316">[315]</a> It was now inevitable that Hitler would attack and probably try to invade Great Britain. Faced with this, Churchill addressed the Commons on 18 June with one of his <a href="/wiki/This_was_their_finest_hour" title="This was their finest hour">most famous speeches</a>, ending with this peroration:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001621-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-H362:61-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-TFH-319">[318]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What General Weygand called the "Battle of France" is over. I expect that the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> is about to begin. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty and so bear ourselves that if the British Commonwealth and Empire lasts for a thousand years, men will still say: "This was their finest hour".</blockquote> Churchill ordered the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Western Desert campaign</a> on 11 June, a response to the Italian declaration of war. This went well at first while Italy was the sole opposition and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a> was a success. In early 1941, however, Mussolini requested German support. Hitler sent the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> under <a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>, who arrived not long after Churchill had halted Compass so he could reassign forces to Greece where the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans campaign</a> was entering a critical phase.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> In other initiatives through June and July 1940, Churchill ordered the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) and <a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">Commandos</a>. The SOE was ordered to promote and execute subversive activity in Nazi-occupied Europe, while the Commandos were charged with raids on military targets there. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Minister of Economic Warfare">Minister of Economic Warfare</a>, took political responsibility for the SOE and recorded that Churchill told him: "And now go and set Europe ablaze".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton198662-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Britain_and_the_Blitz">Battle of Britain and the Blitz</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4159" data-file-height="3666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_at_Coventry_Cathedral_cph.3a18421.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill walks through the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> On 20 August 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Churchill addressed the Commons to outline the situation. In the middle of it, he made a statement that created <a href="/wiki/The_Few" title="The Few">a famous nickname</a> for the RAF fighter pilots involved in the battle:<a href="#cite_note-The_Few-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-H364:1167-323">[322]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.</blockquote> The Luftwaffe altered its strategy from 7 September 1940 and began <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, which was intensive through October and November. Churchill's morale was high and told his private secretary <a href="/wiki/Jock_Colville" title="Jock Colville">John Colville</a>, in November, he thought the threat of invasion was past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001640-324">[323]</a> He was confident Great Britain could hold its own, given the increase in output, but was realistic about its chances of winning the war without American intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001641-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</h4></div> In September 1940, the British and American governments concluded the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">destroyers-for-bases deal</a>, by which 50 American <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> were transferred to the Royal Navy in exchange for free US base rights in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. An added advantage for Britain was that its military assets in those bases could be redeployed elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg2004118-119-326">[325]</a> Churchill's good relations with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> helped secure vital food, oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">re-elected in 1940</a>. Roosevelt set about implementing a new method of providing necessities to Great Britain, without the need for monetary payment. He persuaded Congress that repayment for this costly service would take the form of defending the US. The policy was known as <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> and was formally enacted on 11 March 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001614%E2%80%93615-328">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference,_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1887"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/President_Roosevelt_and_Winston_Churchill_seated_on_the_quarterdeck_of_HMS_PRINCE_OF_WALES_for_a_Sunday_service_during_the_Atlantic_Conference%2C_10_August_1941._A4815.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill and Roosevelt seated on the quarterdeck of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a> for a Sunday service during the Atlantic Conference, 10 August 1941</figcaption></figure> Hitler launched his <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941. Churchill had known since April, from <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma decrypts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, that the attack was imminent. He had tried to warn <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> via the ambassador to Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>, but Stalin did not trust Churchill. The night before the attack, already intending to address the nation, Churchill alluded to his hitherto anti-communist views by saying to Colville: "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001658%E2%80%93659-329">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic_Charter">Atlantic Charter</h4></div> In August 1941, Churchill made his first transatlantic crossing of the war on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a> and met Roosevelt in <a href="/wiki/Placentia_Bay" title="Placentia Bay">Placentia Bay</a>, Newfoundland. On 14 August, they issued the joint statement known as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001665%E2%80%93666-330">[329]</a> This outlined the goals of both countries for the future of the world and is seen as the inspiration for the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>, itself the basis of the UN, founded in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearl_Harbor_to_D-Day:_December_1941_to_June_1944">Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pearl_Harbor_and_United_States_entry_into_the_war">Pearl Harbor and United States entry into the war</h4></div> In December 1941, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> was followed by their <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Malaya">invasion of Malaya</a> and, on the 8th, Churchill declared war on Japan. With the hope of using Irish ports for counter-submarine operations, Churchill sent a telegram to Irish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> in which he obliquely offers Irish unity: "Now is your chance. Now or never! A nation once again! I will meet you wherever you wish." No meeting took place and there is no record of a response.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> Churchill went to Washington to meet Roosevelt for the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a>. This was important for "<a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a>", the decision to prioritise victory in Europe over victory in the Pacific, taken by Roosevelt while Churchill was still in the mid-Atlantic. The Americans agreed with Churchill that Hitler was the main enemy and defeat of Germany was key to Allied success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001670-333">[332]</a> It was also agreed that the first joint Anglo-American strike would be <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>. Originally planned for the spring 1942, it was launched in November 1942 when the crucial Second Battle of El Alamein was underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001677%E2%80%93678-334">[333]</a> On 26 December, Churchill addressed a joint meeting of the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> but, that night, suffered a heart attack diagnosed by his physician, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Moran" title="Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran">Sir Charles Wilson</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary deficiency</a> needing several weeks' bed rest. Churchill insisted he did not need bed rest and journeyed to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a> that included the "some chicken, some neck" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that "Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001674-335">[334]</a> He arrived home mid-January, having flown from Bermuda to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> in the first transatlantic air crossing by a head of government, to find there was a crisis of confidence in his government and him;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001679-336">[335]</a> he decided to face a vote of confidence in the Commons, which he won easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001682-337">[336]</a> While he was away, the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a>, having relieved the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>, had pursued <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> against Rommel's forces in Libya, successfully driving them back to a defensive position at <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. On 21 January 1942, however, Rommel launched a surprise counter-attack which drove the Allies back to <a href="/wiki/Gazala" title="Gazala">Gazala</a>. Elsewhere, British success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> was compromised by the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>'s introduction of its <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma#M4_(German_Navy_4-rotor_Enigma)" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">M4 4-rotor Enigma</a>, whose signals could not be deciphered by Bletchley Park for nearly a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001680-338">[337]</a> At a press conference in Washington, Churchill had to play down his increasing doubts about the security of Singapore, given Japanese advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001675,_678-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Singapore_and_loss_of_Burma">Fall of Singapore and loss of Burma</h4></div> Churchill already had grave concerns about the quality of British troops after the defeats in Norway, France, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001681-340">[339]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">fall of Singapore</a> to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, he felt his misgivings were confirmed and said: "(this is) the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British military history".<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> On 11 February the Kriegsmarine pulled off its audacious "<a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a>", a massive blow to British naval prestige. The combined effect of these events was to sink Churchill's morale to its lowest point of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001681-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bengal_Famine">The Bengal Famine</h4></div> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese had occupied most of Burma</a> by the end of April 1942. Counter-offensives were hampered by the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">monsoon season</a> and disordered conditions in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/1940s_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_seasons#October_1942_Bengal_cyclone" title="1940s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons">severe cyclone</a> which devastated the region in October 1942. A combination of factors, including the curtailment of essential rice imports from Burma, poor administration, wartime inflation and large-scale natural disasters such as flooding and crop disease led to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2005251%E2%80%93253-342">[341]</a> in which an estimated 2.1–3.8 million people died.<a href="#cite_note-TET-343">[342]</a> From December 1942, food shortages had prompted senior officials to ask London for grain imports, although the colonial authorities failed to recognise the seriousness of the famine and responded ineptly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen197752%E2%80%9355-344">[343]</a> Churchill's government was criticised for refusing to approve more imports, a policy it ascribed to an acute shortage of shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen197752-345">[344]</a> When the British realised the full extent of the famine in September 1943, Churchill ordered the transportation of 130,000 tons of grain and the cabinet agreed to send 200,000 tons by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALH-347">[346]</a> During the last quarter of 1943, 100,000 tons of rice and 176,000 tons of wheat were imported, compared to averages of 55,000 and 54,000 tons respectively earlier in the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen197740-348">[347]</a> In October, Churchill wrote to the Viceroy of India, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Wavell">Lord Wavell</a>, charging him with the responsibility of ending the famine.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-346">[345]</a> In February 1944, as preparation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> placed greater demands on Allied shipping, Churchill cabled Wavell saying: "I will certainly help you all I can, but you must not ask the impossible".<a href="#cite_note-ALH-347">[346]</a> Grain shipment requests continued to be turned down by the government throughout 1944, and Wavell complained to Churchill in October that "the vital problems of India are being treated by His Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contempt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen197752-345">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2015213-349">[348]</a> The impact of British policies on the famine death toll <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">remains controversial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_conferences_in_1942">International conferences in 1942</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress,_Brisbane_City_Hall,_October_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_2_108020_Guests_seated_on_stage_in_front_of_a_backdrop_of_giant_posters_at_the_Aid_to_Soviet_Congress%2C_Brisbane_City_Hall%2C_October_1941.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Huge portraits of Churchill and Stalin, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia, 31 October 1941</figcaption></figure> On 20 May 1942, the Soviet Foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, arrived in London to sign a treaty of friendship. Molotov wanted it done on the basis of territorial concessions regarding Poland and the Baltic countries. Churchill and Eden worked for a compromise and a twenty-year treaty was formalised, with the question of frontiers placed on hold. Molotov also sought a Second Front in Europe; Churchill confirmed preparations were in progress and made no promises on a date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001688%E2%80%93690-351">[350]</a> Churchill felt pleased with these negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001690-352">[351]</a> However, Rommel had launched his counter-offensive, Operation Venice, to begin the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> on 26 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001690-352">[351]</a> The Allies were driven out of Libya and suffered a defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tobruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Tobruk">fall of Tobruk</a> on 21 June. Churchill was with Roosevelt when the news reached him, and was shocked by the surrender of 35,000 troops which was, apart from Singapore, "the heaviest blow" he received in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001692-353">[352]</a> The Axis advance was halted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a> in July and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Battle of Alam el Halfa</a> in September. Both sides were exhausted and in need of reinforcements and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1978376%E2%80%93377-354">[353]</a> Churchill <a href="/wiki/Washington_Conference_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Conference (1942)">returned to Washington</a> on 17 June. He and Roosevelt agreed on the implementation of Operation Torch as the necessary precursor to an invasion of Europe. Roosevelt had appointed General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> as commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army" title="European Theater of Operations, United States Army">European Theater of Operations, United States Army</a> (ETOUSA). Having received the news from North Africa, Churchill obtained shipment from America to the Eighth Army of 300 Sherman tanks and 100 howitzers. He returned to Britain on 25 June and had to face another motion of no confidence, this time in his direction of the war, but again he won easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001692%E2%80%93698-355">[354]</a> In August, despite health concerns, Churchill visited British forces in North Africa, raising morale, en route to Moscow for <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">his first meeting with Stalin</a>. He was accompanied by Roosevelt's special envoy <a href="/wiki/Averell_Harriman" class="mw-redirect" title="Averell Harriman">Averell Harriman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001698-356">[355]</a> He was in Moscow 12–16 August and had lengthy meetings with Stalin. Though they got along well personally, there was little chance of real progress given the state of the war. Stalin was desperate for the Allies to open the Second Front in Europe, as Churchill had discussed with Molotov in May, and the answer was the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001699%E2%80%93701-357">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Alamein_and_Stalingrad">El Alamein and Stalingrad</h4></div> While he was in Cairo in August, Churchill appointed <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Field Marshal Alexander</a> as <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_Auchinleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal Auchinleck">Field Marshal Auchinleck</a>'s successor as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East Theatre. Command of the Eighth Army was given to General <a href="/wiki/William_Gott" title="William Gott">William Gott</a> but he was shot down and killed while flying to Cairo, and <a href="/wiki/General_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="General Montgomery">General Montgomery</a> succeeded him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001702-358">[357]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg/220px-Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg/220px-Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg/330px-Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg/440px-Farouk_and_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill meeting <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> in Cairo in December 1942</figcaption></figure> As 1942 drew to a close, the tide of war began to turn with Allied victories in <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Until November, the Allies had been on the defensive, but afterwards, the Germans were. Churchill ordered church bells to be rung throughout Great Britain for the first time since 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001702-358">[357]</a> On 10 November, knowing El Alamein was a victory, he delivered one of his most memorable speeches at <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a> in London: "This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001702-358">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_conferences_in_1943">International conferences in 1943</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/220px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5680" data-file-height="4544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/220px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/330px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Teheran_conference-1943.jpg/440px-Teheran_conference-1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> In January 1943, Churchill met Roosevelt at the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>. It was attended by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a>. Stalin had hoped to attend but declined because of Stalingrad. Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing "<a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001705%E2%80%93706-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> From Morocco, Churchill went to Cairo, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Cairo again and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. He arrived home on 7 February having been out of the country for a month. He addressed the Commons on the 11th and became seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> the following day, necessitating more than a month of convalescence: he moved to <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a>. He returned to work in London on 15 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001705%E2%80%93707-361">[360]</a> Churchill made two transatlantic crossings during the year, meeting Roosevelt at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Washington_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Washington Conference">third Washington Conference</a> in May and the <a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">first Quebec Conference</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001707%E2%80%93711-362">[361]</a> In November, Churchill and Roosevelt met Chinese Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001719%E2%80%93720-363">[362]</a> The most important conference of the year was 28 November to 1 December at <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a>, where Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin in the first of the "Big Three" meetings, preceding those at <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam</a>. Roosevelt and Stalin co-operated in persuading Churchill to commit to opening of second front in western Europe and it was agreed Germany would be divided after the war, but no decisions were made about how.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> On their way back, Churchill and Roosevelt held a <a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> with Turkish president <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a>, but were unable to gain commitment from Turkey to join the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001725-365">[364]</a> Churchill went to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, arriving on 10 December, initially as Eisenhower's guest (soon afterwards, Eisenhower took over as Supreme Allied Commander of the new <a href="/wiki/SHAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAEF">SHAEF</a>). Churchill became seriously ill with <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> and was forced to remain in Tunis, until after Christmas while specialists were drafted in to ensure recovery. Clementine and Colville arrived to keep him company; Colville had just returned to Downing Street after two years in the RAF. On 27 December, the party went on to <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> for convalescence. Feeling much better, Churchill flew to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> on 14 January 1944 and sailed home on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_King_George_V_(41)" title="HMS King George V (41)">King George V</a>. He was back in London on 18 January and surprised MPs by attending <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a> in the Commons. Since 12 January 1943, when he set off for Casablanca, Churchill had been abroad or seriously ill for 203 of the 371 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001726%E2%80%93728-366">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasions_of_Sicily_and_Italy">Invasions of Sicily and Italy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage,_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Carthage%2C_1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill in the Carthage theatre, near the ancient Carthage Amphitheatre, to address 3,000 British and American troops, June 1943</figcaption></figure> In the autumn of 1942, after Churchill's meeting with Stalin, he was approached by Eisenhower, commanding the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Theater of Operations">North African Theater of Operations</a>, US Army (NATOUSA), and his aides on the subject of where the Western Allies should launch their first strike in Europe. According to General <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a>, the Americans admitted a cross-Channel operation in the near future was "utterly impossible". As an alternative, Churchill recommended "slit(ting) the soft belly of the Mediterranean" and persuaded them to invade Sicily and then mainland Italy, after they had defeated the Afrika Korps. After the war, Clark still agreed Churchill's analysis was correct, but added that, when the Allies <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy#Salerno_landings" title="Allied invasion of Italy">landed at Salerno</a>, they found Italy was "a tough old gut".<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The invasion of Sicily began on 9 July and was completed by 17 August. Churchill was not keen on Overlord as he feared an Anglo-American army in France might not be a match for the fighting efficiency of the Wehrmacht. He preferred peripheral operations, including a plan called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(Norway)" title="Operation Jupiter (Norway)">Operation Jupiter</a> for an invasion of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001713%E2%80%93714-368">[367]</a> Events in Sicily had an unexpected impact in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">King Victor Emmanuel</a> sacked Mussolini on 25 July and appointed <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Marshal Badoglio</a> as prime minister. Badoglio opened negotiations with the Allies which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> on 3 September. In response, the Germans activated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">Operation Achse</a> and took control of most of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001713-369">[368]</a> Although he still preferred Italy to Normandy as the Allies' main route into the Third Reich, Churchill was concerned about the strong German resistance at Salerno and, after the Allies successfully gained their bridgehead at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a> but still failed to break the stalemate, he caustically said that instead of "hurling a wildcat onto the shore", the Allied force had become a "stranded whale".<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001720,_729-371">[370]</a> The big obstacle was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> and it was not until May 1944 when it was finally overcome, enabling the Allies to advance on Rome, which was taken on 4 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001730-372">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparations_for_D-Day">Preparations for D-Day</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_at_a_conference_in_Quebec_-_NARA_-_197118.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill is greeted by a crowd in <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec City">Québec City</a>, Canada, 1943</figcaption></figure> The difficulties in Italy caused Churchill to change heart about strategy; when the Anzio stalemate developed after his return to England from North Africa, he threw himself into the planning of Overlord and set up meetings with SHAEF and the British Chiefs of Staff. These were attended by Eisenhower or his chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>. Churchill was especially taken by the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a>, but was keen to make the most of Allied airpower which by 1944, had become overwhelming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001730-372">[371]</a> Churchill never lost his apprehension about the invasion, and underwent mood fluctuation as D-Day approached. Jenkins says he faced potential victory with much less buoyancy than when he defiantly faced the prospect of defeat four years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001737-373">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Need_for_post-war_reform">Need for post-war reform</h4></div> Churchill could not ignore the need for post-war reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> with its five "Giant Evils" was published in November 1942 and assumed great importance amid popular acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Even so, Churchill spent most of his focus on the war, and saw reform in terms of tidying up. His attitude was demonstrated in a radio broadcast on 26 March 1944. He was obliged to devote most of it to reform and showed a distinct lack of interest. Colville said Churchill had broadcast "indifferently" and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as "a worn and petulant old man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001733-375">[374]</a> In the end, however, it was demand for reform that decided the 1945 general election. Labour was perceived as the party that would deliver Beveridge. Attlee, Bevin and Labour's other coalition ministers, were seen as working towards reform and earned the trust of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch20081%E2%80%934-376">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr20095%E2%80%936-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_Germany:_June_1944_to_May_1945">Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine,_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_Crosses_the_River_Rhine%2C_Germany_1945_BU2248.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill's crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river in Germany, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a> on 25 March 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D-Day:_Allied_invasion_of_Normandy">D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy</h4></div> Churchill was determined to be actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy invasion">Normandy invasion</a> and hoped to cross the Channel on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> (6 June 1944) or at least D-Day+1. His desire caused unnecessary consternation at SHAEF, until he was effectively vetoed by the King. Churchill expected an Allied death toll of 20,000 on D-Day but fewer than 8,000 died in all of June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001744%E2%80%93745-378">[377]</a> He made his first visit to Normandy on 12 June to visit Montgomery, whose HQ was five miles inland. That evening, as he was returning to London, the first <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a> were launched. On 22–23 July, Churchill went to <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arromanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arromanches">Arromanches</a> where he saw the Mulberry Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001746-379">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_Conference,_September_1944">Quebec Conference, September 1944</h4></div> Churchill met Roosevelt at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> in September 1944. They reached agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> for the Allied occupation of Germany, the intention of which was not only to demilitarise, but de-industrialise. Eden opposed it and was able to persuade Churchill to disown it. US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> opposed it and convinced Roosevelt it was infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001754-380">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moscow_Conference,_October_1944">Moscow Conference, October 1944</h4></div> At the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">fourth Moscow conference</a> in October 1944, Churchill and Eden met Stalin and Molotov. This conference has gained notoriety for the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a>" in which Churchill and Stalin effectively agreed the post-war fate of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResis1978-381">[380]</a> By then, the Soviet armies were in Rumania and Bulgaria. Churchill suggested a scale of predominance throughout the whole region so as not to, as he put it, "get at cross-purposes in small ways".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001759-382">[381]</a> He wrote down some suggested percentages of influence per country and gave it to Stalin who ticked it. The agreement was that Russia would have 90% control of Romania and 75% control of Bulgaria. The United Kingdom and United States would have 90% control of Greece. Hungary and Yugoslavia would be 50% each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001760-383">[382]</a> In 1958, five years after the account of this meeting was published (in <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(Churchill)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War (Churchill)">The Second World War</a>), Soviet authorities denied Stalin had accepted such an "imperialist proposal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResis1978-381">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yalta_Conference,_February_1945">Yalta Conference, February 1945</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, February 1945</figcaption></figure> From 30 January to 2 February 1945, Churchill and Roosevelt met for their <a href="/wiki/Malta_Conference_(1945)" title="Malta Conference (1945)">Malta Conference</a> ahead of the second "Big Three" event at <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> from 4 to 11 February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001773-384">[383]</a> Yalta had massive implications for the post-war world. There were two predominant issues: the question of setting up the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organisation">United Nations Organisation</a>, on which much progress was made; and the more vexed question of Poland's post-war status, which Churchill saw as a test case for Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001778%E2%80%93779-385">[384]</a> Churchill faced criticism for the agreement on Poland. For example, 27 Tory MPs voted against him when the matter was debated in the Commons at the end of the month. Jenkins, however, maintains that Churchill did as well as possible in difficult circumstances, not least the fact that Roosevelt was seriously ill and could not provide Churchill with meaningful support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001779-386">[385]</a> Another outcome of Yalta was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>. The Western Allies agreed to the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens in the Allied zones, including <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">prisoners of war</a>, to the Soviet Union and the policy was later extended to all Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, many of whom were anti-Communist. Keelhaul was implemented between August 1946 and May 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1978360-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Area_bombing_controversy">Area bombing controversy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Bombing of Dresden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07,_Dresden,_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-041-07%2C_Dresden%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Stadtzentrum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The destruction of Dresden, February 1945</figcaption></figure> On the nights of 13–15 February 1945, 1,200 British and US bombers attacked <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, which was crowded with wounded and refugees from the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001777%E2%80%93778-389">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2005262%E2%80%93264-390">[389]</a> The attacks were part of an <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Area bombing">area bombing</a> campaign initiated by Churchill in January with the intention of shortening the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001777-391">[390]</a> Churchill came to regret the bombing because initial reports suggested an excessive number of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a> close to the end of the war, though an independent commission in 2010 confirmed a death toll of about 24,000.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> On 28 March, he decided to restrict area bombing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001778-393">[392]</a> and sent a memo to <a href="/wiki/General_Ismay" class="mw-redirect" title="General Ismay">General Ismay</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2005430%E2%80%93431-394">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2009423%E2%80%93424-395">[394]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing.... I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectives.... rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive.</blockquote> Historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_(historian)" title="Frederick Taylor (historian)">Frederick Taylor</a> has pointed out that the number of Soviets who died from German bombing was roughly equivalent to the number of Germans who died from Allied raids.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> Jenkins asks if Churchill was moved more by foreboding than by regret but admits it is easy to criticise with the hindsight of victory. He adds that the area bombing campaign was no more reprehensible than <a href="/wiki/President_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="President Truman">President Truman</a>'s use of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">second atomic bomb on Nagasaki</a> six months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001778-393">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Andrew Marr</a>, quoting <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a>, says that Churchill's memo was a "calculated political attempt...to distance himself...from the rising controversy surrounding the area offensive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2009423%E2%80%93424-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="VE_Day_(Victory_in_Europe_Day)">VE Day (Victory in Europe Day)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day,_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_waves_to_crowds_in_Whitehall_in_London_as_they_celebrate_VE_Day%2C_8_May_1945._H41849.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill waving the <a href="/wiki/Victory_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory sign">Victory sign</a> to the crowd in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> on the day he broadcast to the nation that the war with Germany had been won, 8 May 1945.</figcaption></figure> On 7 May 1945 at the SHAEF headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">the Allies accepted Germany's surrender</a>. The next day was <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> (VE Day) when Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final ceasefire would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016353%E2%80%93354-397">[396]</a> Churchill went to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> where he appeared on the balcony with the Royal Family before a huge crowd of celebrating citizens. He went from the palace to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> where he addressed another large crowd: "God bless you all. This is your victory. In our long history, we have never seen a greater day than this. Everyone, man or woman, has done their best".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016355-398">[397]</a> He asked Bevin to come forward and share the applause. Bevin said: "No, Winston, this is your day", and proceeded to conduct the people in the singing of "<a href="/wiki/For_He%27s_a_Jolly_Good_Fellow" title="For He's a Jolly Good Fellow">For He's a Jolly Good Fellow</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016355-398">[397]</a> In the evening, Churchill made another broadcast correctly asserting that the defeat of Japan would follow in the coming months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016356-399">[398]</a> Later in the month France attempted to put down a nationalist uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Churchill intervened and on 31 May gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist, but this was ignored. In what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a>, British forces from <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> were mobilised to restore order. The French, outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. De Gaulle felt humiliated, and a diplomatic row broke out - Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenby201142%E2%80%9347-400">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></div> In May 1945, Winston Churchill commissioned the Chiefs of Staff Committee to provide its thoughts on a possible military campaign against the USSR, code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> One plan involved a surprise attack on Soviet troops stationed in Germany to impose "the will of the United States and the British Empire" on the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-NationalArchives_Op_Unthinkable-402">[401]</a> The hypothetical start date for the Allied invasion of Soviet-held Europe was set for 1 July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-NationalArchives_Op_Unthinkable-402">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caretaker_government:_May_1945_to_July_1945">Caretaker government: May 1945 to July 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill caretaker ministry</a></div> With a general election looming, and with Labour ministers refusing to continue the coalition, Churchill resigned as prime minister on 23 May 1945. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)#the_caretaker_government_of_1945" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a> but sometimes called the caretaker ministry. It contained Conservatives, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberals</a> and a few non-party figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Anderson">Sir John Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Woolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Woolton">Lord Woolton</a>, but not Labour or <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Sinclair">Archibald Sinclair</a>'s Official Liberals. Churchill was formally reappointed on 28 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016360-403">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert198822%E2%80%9323,_27-404">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potsdam_Conference">Potsdam Conference</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Truman_(center)_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_(at_left)_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg/220px-President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="2332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg/220px-President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg/330px-President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg/440px-President_Truman_%28center%29_speaks_with_Soviet_Prime_Minister_Josef_Stalin_%28at_left%29_and_British_Prime_Minister_Winston..._-_NARA_-_198775.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and Stalin at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, July 1945</figcaption></figure> Churchill was Great Britain's representative at the Potsdam Conference when it opened on 17 July and was accompanied at its sessions by Eden and Attlee. They attended nine sessions in nine days before returning to England for their election counts. After the landslide Labour victory, Attlee returned with Bevin as the new Foreign Secretary and there were five days of discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001795%E2%80%93796-405">[404]</a> Potsdam went badly for Churchill. Eden later described his performance as "appalling", saying he was unprepared and verbose. Churchill upset the Chinese, exasperated the Americans and was easily led by Stalin, whom he was supposed to be resisting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001796-406">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_election,_July_1945">General election, July 1945</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 United Kingdom general election</a></div> Churchill mishandled the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">election campaign</a> by resorting to party politics and trying to denigrate Labour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001791%E2%80%93795-407">[406]</a> On 4 June, he committed a serious gaffe by saying in a radio broadcast that a Labour government would require "some form of Gestapo" to enforce its agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001792-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> It backfired and Attlee made political capital by saying in his reply broadcast next day: "The voice we heard last night was that of Mr Churchill, but the mind was that of Lord Beaverbrook". Jenkins says that this broadcast was "the making of Attlee".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001793-410">[409]</a> Although polling day was 5 July, the results did not become known until 26 July, owing to the need to collect votes of those serving overseas. Clementine and daughter Mary had been at the count in <a href="/wiki/Woodford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)">Woodford</a>, Churchill's new constituency, and had returned to Downing Street to meet him for lunch. Churchill was unopposed by the major parties in Woodford, but his majority over a sole independent candidate was much less than expected. He anticipated defeat by Labour and Mary later described the lunch as "an occasion of Stygian gloom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001798-411">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988108-412">[411]</a> To Clementine's suggestion that defeat might be "a blessing in disguise", Churchill retorted: "At the moment it seems very effectively disguised".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001798-411">[410]</a> That afternoon Churchill's doctor Lord Moran commiserated with him on the "ingratitude" of the public, to which Churchill replied: "I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988108-412">[411]</a> Having lost, despite enjoying personal support amongst the population, he resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by Attlee who formed the first majority Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert198857,_107%E2%80%93109-413">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991855-414">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston2016366%E2%80%93367-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001798%E2%80%93799-416">[415]</a> Many reasons have been given for Churchill's defeat, key being a widespread desire for reform and that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead in peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001789%E2%80%93794-417">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling1980-418">[417]</a> Although the Conservative Party was unpopular, many electors appear to have wanted Churchill to continue as prime minister whatever the outcome, or to have wrongly believed this would be possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988113-419">[418]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition:_1945–1951">Leader of the Opposition: 1945–1951</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life of Winston Churchill</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Iron_Curtain"_speech'>"Iron Curtain" speech</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="757"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_1949.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill in 1949</figcaption></figure> Churchill continued to lead the Conservative Party and served as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. In 1946, he was in America from early January to late March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001807-420">[419]</a> It was on this trip he gave his "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" speech about the USSR and its creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> Speaking on 5 March 1946 in the company of President Truman at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster College, Missouri">Westminster College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a>, Churchill declared:<a href="#cite_note-Fulton-422">[421]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">From <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> in the Baltic to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere.</blockquote> His view was that, though the Soviet Union did not want war with the western Allies, its entrenched position in Eastern Europe had made it impossible for the three great powers to provide the world with a "triangular leadership". Churchill's desire was much closer collaboration between Britain and America. Within the same speech, he called for "a <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">special relationship</a> between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States",<a href="#cite_note-Fulton-422">[421]</a> but emphasised the need for co-operation within the framework of the United Nations Charter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001810-423">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_politics">European politics</h3></div> Churchill was an early proponent of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Europeanism">pan-Europeanism</a>, having called for a "<a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>" in a 1930 article. He supported the creations of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1949 and the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in 1951, but his support was always with the firm proviso that Britain must not actually join any federal grouping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970220-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988265%E2%80%93266,_321-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995246%E2%80%93249,_298-426">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> Having lived in Ireland as a child, Churchill always opposed its partition. As a minister in 1913 and again in 1921, he suggested that Ulster should be part of a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>, but with a degree of autonomy from an independent Irish government. He was always opposed on this by Ulster Unionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991250,_441-427">[426]</a> While he was Leader of the Opposition, he told <a href="/wiki/John_Dulanty" title="John Dulanty">John Dulanty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Boland" title="Frederick Boland">Frederick Boland</a>, successive Irish ambassadors to London, that he still hoped for reunification.<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_and_1951_Elections">1950 and 1951 Elections</h3></div> Labour won the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>, but with a much-reduced majority.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a> A fresh election was called the following year and the Conservatives won a majority. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Prime_Minister:_1951–1955">Prime Minister: 1951–1955</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_premiership_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Second premiership of Winston Churchill">Second premiership of Winston Churchill</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Third Churchill ministry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_result_and_cabinet_appointments">Election result and cabinet appointments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg/220px-Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="777"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg/220px-Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg/330px-Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg/440px-Churchill_queen_Elizabeth_1953.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne">Princess Anne</a>, 10 February 1953</figcaption></figure> Despite losing the popular vote, the Conservatives won a majority of 17 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">October 1951 general election</a> and Churchill became prime minister, remaining in office until his resignation on 5 April 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001842-430">[429]</a> Eden, his eventual successor, was restored to Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001844-431">[430]</a> Future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Housing and Local Government">Minister of Housing and Local Government</a> with a manifesto commitment to build 300,000 new houses per year, Churchill's only real domestic concern. He achieved the target and, in 1954, was promoted to Minister of Defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001844%E2%80%93845-432">[431]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues_to_eventual_resignation">Health issues to eventual resignation</h3></div> Churchill was nearly 77 when he took office and not in good health following minor strokes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001858-433">[432]</a> By December 1951, George VI had become concerned about Churchill's decline and intended asking him to stand down in favour of Eden, but the King had his own health issues and died on 6 February 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd2012260-434">[433]</a> Churchill developed a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and, in spring 1953, accepted the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> at her request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988911-435">[434]</a> He was knighted as Sir Winston on 24 April 1953.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> It was widely expected he would retire after <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">the Queen's Coronation</a> in June 1953 but, after Eden became seriously ill, Churchill increased his own responsibilities by taking over at the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995263%E2%80%93265-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001860-438">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988814%E2%80%93815,_817-439">[438]</a> Eden was incapacitated until the end of the year and never completely well again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001847-440">[439]</a> On the evening of 23 June 1953, Churchill suffered a serious stroke; the matter was kept secret and Churchill went to Chartwell to recuperate. He had recovered by November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988846%E2%80%93857-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995266-442">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001868%E2%80%93871-443">[442]</a> He retired in April 1955 and was succeeded by Eden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001896-444">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_giving_British_Prime_Minister_Winston_Churchill_a_photograph_taken_at_the_1945_Potsdam..._-_NARA_-_199024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, 5 January 1952</figcaption></figure> Churchill feared a <a href="/wiki/H-bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="H-bomb">global conflagration</a> and firmly believed the only way to preserve peace and freedom was friendship and co-operation between Britain and America. He made four official transatlantic visits from January 1952 to July 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001846%E2%80%93848-445">[444]</a> He enjoyed a good relationship with Truman, but difficulties arose over the planned <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a> (EDC), by which Truman hoped to reduce America's military presence in West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001847,_855-446">[445]</a> Churchill wanted US military support of British interests in Egypt and the Middle East, but while Truman expected British military involvement in <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korea</a>, he viewed any US commitment to the Middle East as maintaining British imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995255-447">[446]</a> The Americans recognised the British Empire was in terminal decline and had welcomed the Attlee government's policy of decolonisation. Churchill believed Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998339%E2%80%93340-448">[447]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="706"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg/330px-Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg/440px-Haile_Selassie_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill meeting <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Ethiopian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, 22 October 1954, one of the UK's African allies in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> Churchill had been obliged to recognise <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Nasser">Colonel Nasser</a>'s revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Egypt">government of Egypt</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">took power in 1952</a>. Much to Churchill's dismay, agreement was reached in October 1954 on the phased evacuation of British troops from their <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez</a> base. Britain agreed to terminate its rule in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> by 1956, though this was in return for Nasser's abandonment of Egyptian claims over the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995261,_277,_285-449">[448]</a> Elsewhere, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, a guerrilla war fought by Communist fighters against Commonwealth forces, had begun in 1948 and continued until 1960. Churchill's government maintained the military response to the crisis and adopted a similar strategy for the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British Kenya</a> (1952–1960).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumford201249-450">[449]</a> Churchill was uneasy about the election of Eisenhower as Truman's successor. After Stalin died in March 1953, Churchill sought a summit meeting with the Soviets, but Eisenhower refused out of fear the Soviets would use it for propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988805%E2%80%93806-451">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995263%E2%80%93265-437">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeLouis1993405-452">[451]</a> By July, Churchill was deeply regretting that the Democrats had not been returned. Churchill believed Eisenhower did not fully comprehend the danger posed by the H-bomb and he greatly distrusted Eisenhower's Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001848%E2%80%93849-453">[452]</a> Churchill hosted Eisenhower at the Three-Powers Bermuda Conference, with French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Joseph Laniel</a>, in December;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1988936%E2%80%93937-454">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991920%E2%80%93922-455">[454]</a> they met again in June/July 1954 at the White House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001880%E2%80%93881-456">[455]</a> In the end, the Soviets proposed a <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">four-power summit</a>, but it did not meet until July 1955, three months after Churchill's retirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19881009%E2%80%931017-457">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharmley1995289%E2%80%93291-458">[457]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Later_life:_1955–1965">Later life: 1955–1965</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life of Winston Churchill</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement:_1955–1964">Retirement: 1955–1964</h3></div> Elizabeth II offered to create Churchill <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of London">Duke of London</a>, but he declined because of the objections of Randolph, who would have inherited the title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasor2000205-459">[458]</a> Although publicly supportive, Churchill was privately scathing about Eden's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> and Clementine believed that many of his visits to the US in the following years were attempts to repair Anglo-American relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19881224%E2%80%931225-460">[459]</a> Churchill remained an MP until he stood down at the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 general election</a>, he seldom attended the House of Commons. Despite the Conservative landslide in 1959, his own majority fell by more than 1,000. He spent most of his retirement at Chartwell or at his London home in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Gate" title="Hyde Park Gate">Hyde Park Gate</a>, and became a habitué of high society at <a href="/wiki/La_Pausa" title="La Pausa">La Pausa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell2011486-462">[461]</a> In June 1962, aged 87, Churchill had a fall in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> and broke his hip. He was flown home to a London hospital where he remained for 3 weeks. Jenkins says Churchill was never the same after this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a> In 1963, US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, acting under authorisation granted by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a>, proclaimed him an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizen_of_the_United_States" title="Honorary citizen of the United States">honorary citizen of the United States</a>, but he was unable to attend the White House ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a> There has been speculation he became very depressed in his final years, but this has been emphatically denied by his secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Montague_Browne" title="Anthony Montague Browne">Anthony Montague Browne</a>, who was with him for his last 10 years. Montague Browne wrote that he never heard Churchill refer to depression and certainly did not suffer from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontague_Browne1995302%E2%80%93303-463">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death,_funeral_and_memorials">Death, funeral and memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchills_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Churchills_Grave.jpg/220px-Churchills_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Churchills_Grave.jpg/220px-Churchills_Grave.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Churchills_Grave.jpg/330px-Churchills_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Churchills_Grave.jpg/440px-Churchills_Grave.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Churchill's grave at <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a></figcaption></figure> Churchill suffered his final <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> on 10 January 1965 and died on 24 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991958-464">[463]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> in 1852 and <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> in 1898, Churchill was given a state funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a> His coffin lay in state at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> for three days. The funeral ceremony was at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> on 30 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001911-461">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991958-464">[463]</a> Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> to <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Station">Waterloo Station</a> and from there by a special train to the family plot at <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001912-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991958-464">[463]</a> Worldwide, numerous memorials have been dedicated to Churchill. His <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">statue in Parliament Square</a> was unveiled by his widow Clementine in 1973 and is one of only twelve in the square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasor2000300-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> Elsewhere in London, the Cabinet War Rooms have been renamed the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>, was established as a national memorial to Churchill. In a 2002 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> poll, attracting 447,423 votes, he was voted the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">greatest Briton of all time</a>, his nearest rival being <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> some 56,000 votes behind.<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> He is one of only 8 people to be granted honorary citizenship of the United States, and the first.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> honoured him in 1999 by naming a <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer" title="Arleigh Burke-class destroyer">Arleigh Burke-class destroyer</a> as the <a href="/wiki/USS_Winston_S._Churchill" title="USS Winston S. Churchill">USS Winston S. Churchill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> Other memorials in North America include the <a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> in Fulton, where he made the 1946 "Iron Curtain" speech; <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Square_(Edmonton)" title="Churchill Square (Edmonton)">Churchill Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Alberta; and the <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Range" title="Winston Churchill Range">Winston Churchill Range</a>, a mountain range northwest of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_(Alberta)" title="Lake Louise (Alberta)">Lake Louise</a>, also in Alberta, which was renamed after Churchill in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColombo1984-472">[471]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Artist,_historian,_and_writer">Artist, historian, and writer</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">Winston Churchill as a painter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">Winston Churchill as a writer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953 Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Relationship%3F_(geograph_4125450).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg/220px-Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5047" data-file-height="3756"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg/220px-Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg/330px-Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg/440px-Special_Relationship%3F_%28geograph_4125450%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Allies (1995) by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Holofcener" title="Lawrence Holofcener">Lawrence Holofcener</a>, a sculptural group depicting <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Churchill in <a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Churchill was a prolific writer. His output included a novel (<a href="/wiki/Savrola" title="Savrola">Savrola</a>), two biographies, memoirs, histories, and press articles. Two of his most famous works were his six-volume memoir, <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a>, and the four-volume <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001819%E2%80%93823-473">[472]</a> In recognition of his "mastery of historical and biographical description" and oratorial output, Churchill received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a> He used either "Winston S. Churchill" or "Winston Spencer Churchill" as his pen name to avoid confusion with the American novelist <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a>, whom he had a friendly correspondence with.<a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> For many years, he relied on his press articles to assuage his financial worries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001506%E2%80%93507-476">[475]</a> Churchill became an accomplished amateur artist beginning after his resignation from the Admiralty in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001279-477">[476]</a> Often using the pseudonym "Charles Morin",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnickerbocker1941140,_150,_178%E2%80%93179-478">[477]</a> he completed hundreds of paintings, many of which are on show in Chartwell and in private collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoames19901%E2%80%93224-479">[478]</a> Churchill was an amateur <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">bricklayer</a>, constructing buildings and garden walls at Chartwell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnickerbocker1941140,_150,_178%E2%80%93179-478">[477]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Union_of_Building_Trade_Workers" title="Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers">Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers</a>, but was expelled after he rejoined the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnickerbocker1941140,_150,_178%E2%80%93179-478">[477]</a> He bred butterflies.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> He was known for his love of animals and always had <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_pets" title="Winston Churchill's pets">several pets</a>, mainly cats but also dogs, pigs, lambs, <a href="/wiki/Bantam_(poultry)" title="Bantam (poultry)">bantams</a>, goats and fox cubs among others.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> Churchill has been quoted as saying that "Dogs look up to you, cats look down on you. Give me a pig! He looks you in the eye and treats you as an equal".<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessments">Legacy and assessments</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Political positions of Winston Churchill">Political positions of Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of Winston Churchill">List of honours of Winston Churchill</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"A_man_of_destiny"'>"A man of destiny"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square,_London_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="663"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">statue of Churchill</a> (1973) by <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Roberts-Jones" title="Ivor Roberts-Jones">Ivor Roberts-Jones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Jenkins concludes his biography of Churchill by comparing him favourably with <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> and summarising:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001912-465">[464]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I now put Churchill, with all his idiosyncrasies, his indulgences, his occasional childishness, but also his genius, his tenacity and his persistent ability, right or wrong, successful or unsuccessful, to be larger than life, as the greatest human being ever to occupy 10 Downing Street.</blockquote> Churchill always self-confidently believed himself to be "a man of destiny".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20013-483">[482]</a> Because of this he lacked restraint and could be reckless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198025,_29,_36-484">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20013,_22,_24,_60-485">[484]</a> His self-belief manifested in his "affinity with war" of which, according to <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner">Sebastian Haffner</a>, he exhibited "a profound and innate understanding".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner200319-486">[485]</a> Churchill considered himself a military genius, but that made him vulnerable to failure and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Paul Addison</a> says the Gallipoli disaster was "the greatest blow his self-image was ever to sustain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198036-487">[486]</a> Jenkins points out, that although Churchill was exhilarated by war, he was never indifferent to the suffering it causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001213-488">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> As a politician, Churchill was perceived by some to have been largely motivated by personal ambition rather than political principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James19706-489">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198023,_25-490">[489]</a> During his early career, he was often provocative and argumentative to an unusual degree;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001121,_245-491">[490]</a> and his barbed rhetorical style earned him enemies in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197020-492">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991168-493">[492]</a> On the other hand, he was deemed to be an honest politician who displayed particular loyalty to his family and close friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James19704,_19-494">[493]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Robert Rhodes James</a> said he "lacked any capacity for intrigue and was refreshingly innocent and straightforward".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197053-495">[494]</a> Until the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill's approach to politics generated widespread "mistrust and dislike",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970ix-496">[495]</a> largely on account of his two party defections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197031-497">[496]</a> His biographers have variously categorised him, in terms of political ideology, as "fundamentally conservative",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197031%E2%80%9333-498">[497]</a> "(always) liberal in outlook",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991xx-499">[498]</a> and "never circumscribed by party affiliation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermiston201619-500">[499]</a> He was nearly always opposed to socialism because of its propensity for state planning and his belief in free markets. The exception was during his wartime coalition when he was reliant upon the support of his Labour colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001601-501">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2001311,_330-502">[501]</a> Churchill had long been regarded as an enemy of the working class, and his response to the Rhondda Valley unrest and his anti-socialist rhetoric brought condemnation from socialists who saw him as a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198026-503">[502]</a> His role in opposing the General Strike earned the enmity of strikers and most members of the Labour movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970174-504">[503]</a> Paradoxically, Churchill was supportive of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a>, which he saw as the "antithesis of socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198042%E2%80%9343,_44-505">[504]</a> On the other hand, his detractors did not take Churchill's domestic reforms into account,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoritz1958428-506">[505]</a> for he was in many respects a radical and reformer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991xix-507">[506]</a> but always with the intention of preserving the existing social structure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197034-508">[507]</a> displaying what Addison calls the attitude of a "benevolent paternalist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198044-509">[508]</a> Jenkins, himself a senior Labour minister, remarked that Churchill had "a substantial record as a social reformer" for his work in his ministerial career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001152-510">[509]</a> Similarly, Rhodes James thought that Churchill's achievements were "considerable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197033-511">[510]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism_and_racial_views">Imperialism and racial views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Racial views of Winston Churchill">Racial views of Winston Churchill</a></div> Churchill was a staunch <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>, and consistently exhibited a "romanticised view" of the British Empire and reigning monarch, especially during his last term as premier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198038-512">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2001308-513">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200122-514">[513]</a> Churchill has been described as a "liberal imperialist"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2011253-515">[514]</a> who saw British imperialism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> that benefited its subject peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198032,_40%E2%80%9341-516">[515]</a> He advocated against black or indigenous self-rule in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, the Americas and India, believing the British Empire maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-346">[345]</a> According to Addison, Churchill was opposed to immigration from the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison2005233-517">[516]</a> Addison makes the point that Churchill opposed <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> (as in 1904, when he was critical of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Aliens_Act_1905" title="Aliens Act 1905">Aliens Bill</a>) and argues he would never have tried "to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198039-518">[517]</a> In the 1920s, Churchill supported Zionism but believed that <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> was the product of an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> Although this belief was not unique among politicians, few had his stature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrustein2003309-520">[519]</a> and the article he wrote on the subject was criticised by <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen201355%E2%80%9356-521">[520]</a> Churchill made disparaging remarks about non-white ethnicities throughout his life. Philip Murphy partly attributes the strength of this vitriol to an "almost childish desire to shock" his inner circle.<a href="#cite_note-Conversation_Murphy-522">[521]</a> Churchill's response to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a> was criticised by contemporaries as slow, a controversy later increased by the publication of private remarks made to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for India">Secretary for India</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>, in which Churchill allegedly said aid would be inadequate because "Indians [were] breeding like rabbits".<a href="#cite_note-Conversation_Murphy-522">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a> Philip Murphy says that, following the independence of India in 1947, Churchill adopted a pragmatic stance towards empire, although he continued to use imperial rhetoric. During his second term as prime minister, he was seen as a moderating influence on Britain's suppression of armed insurgencies in Malaya and Kenya; he argued that ruthless policies contradicted British values and international opinion.<a href="#cite_note-Conversation_Murphy-522">[521]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/440px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/440px-British_Empire_1921.png" data-width="440" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/660px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/880px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at its territorial peak in 1921</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill">Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill</a></div> While biographies by Addison, Gilbert, Jenkins and Rhodes James are among the most acclaimed works about Churchill, he has been the subject of numerous others. David Freeman counted 62 in English to the end of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> At a public ceremony in Westminster Hall on 30 November 1954, Churchill's 80th birthday, the joint Houses of Parliament presented him with a <a href="/wiki/Sutherland%27s_Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutherland's Portrait of Winston Churchill">full-length portrait of himself</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sutherland" title="Graham Sutherland">Graham Sutherland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrels1984190-525">[524]</a> Churchill and Clementine reportedly hated it and she had it destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001890-527">[526]</a> Biographical films include <a href="/wiki/Young_Winston" title="Young Winston">Young Winston</a> (1972), directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ward" title="Simon Ward">Simon Ward</a> in the title role; <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a> (1981), starring <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hardy" title="Robert Hardy">Robert Hardy</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(2002_film)" title="The Gathering Storm (2002 film)">The Gathering Storm</a> (2002), starring <a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> as Churchill; <a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a> (2009), starring <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Gleeson" title="Brendan Gleeson">Brendan Gleeson</a> as Churchill; <a href="/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(film)" title="Darkest Hour (film)">Darkest Hour</a> (2017), starring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a> as Churchill. <a href="/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow">John Lithgow</a> played Churchill in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> (2016–2019). Finney, Gleeson, Oldman and Lithgow all won awards for their performances.<a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[530]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Family of Winston Churchill">Family of Winston Churchill</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Winston_Churchill%27s_relatives_in_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Winston Churchill's relatives in politics">List of Winston Churchill's relatives in politics</a></div> Churchill married Clementine Hozier in September 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200Jenkins2001140-532">[531]</a> They remained married for 57 years until his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991199-108">[107]</a> Churchill was aware of the strain his career placed on their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991207-533">[532]</a> According to Colville, he had an affair in the 1930s with <a href="/wiki/Doris_Castlerosse" title="Doris Castlerosse">Doris Castlerosse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-534">[533]</a> although this is discounted by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018385%E2%80%93387-535">[534]</a> The Churchills' first child, Diana, was born in July 1909;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205Jenkins2001203-536">[535]</a> Randolph, in May 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991227Jenkins2001203-146">[145]</a> Sarah, was born in October 1914,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991285-169">[168]</a> and Marigold, in November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991403-198">[197]</a> Marigold died in August 1921, from <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoames201213-537">[536]</a> On 15 September 1922, the Churchills' last child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames,_Baroness_Soames" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Soames, Baroness Soames">Mary</a>, was born. Later that month, the Churchills bought Chartwell, which would be their home until Winston's death in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoames1998262-538">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001209-539">[538]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/48px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/64px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shall_We_All_Commit_Suicide%3F" title="Shall We All Commit Suicide?">Shall We All Commit Suicide?</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The surname is the <a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name#British_tradition" title="Double-barrelled name">double-barrelled</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Marlborough_(title)" title="Duke of Marlborough (title)">Spencer Churchill</a> (unhyphenated), but he is known by the surname Churchill. His father dropped the Spencer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200912-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice200912-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice200912_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2009">Price 2009</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20015-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins20015_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Jenkins20013,_5-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Jenkins20013,_5_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 3, 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Best20013Jenkins20017Robbins20142-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Best20013Jenkins20017Robbins20142_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFBest2001">Best 2001</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2014">Robbins 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest20014Jenkins20015–6Addison20057-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest20014Jenkins20015%E2%80%936Addison20057_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest2001">Best 2001</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 5–6; <a href="#CITEREFAddison2005">Addison 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Addison20059-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19911Addison20059_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFAddison2005">Addison 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912Jenkins20017Addison200510-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912Jenkins20017Addison200510_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFAddison2005">Addison 2005</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins20018-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins20018_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912–3Jenkins200110ReaglesLarsen20138-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19912%E2%80%933Jenkins200110ReaglesLarsen20138_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013">Reagles & Larsen 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest20016-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest20016_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest2001">Best 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19913–5Haffner200312Addison200510-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19913%E2%80%935Haffner200312Addison200510_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 3–5; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFAddison2005">Addison 2005</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert19916–8Haffner200312–13-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert19916%E2%80%938Haffner200312%E2%80%9313_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 6–8; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199117–19-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199117%E2%80%9319_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199122Jenkins200119-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199122Jenkins200119_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199132–33,_37Jenkins200120Haffner200315-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199132%E2%80%9333,_37Jenkins200120Haffner200315_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 32–33, 37; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199137Jenkins200120–21-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199137Jenkins200120%E2%80%9321_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199148–49Jenkins200121Haffner200332-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199148%E2%80%9349Jenkins200121Haffner200332_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 48–49; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner200318-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaffner200318_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199151Jenkins200121-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199151Jenkins200121_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199162Jenkins200128-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199162Jenkins200128_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199156,_58–60Jenkins200128–29Robbins201414–15-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199156,_58%E2%80%9360Jenkins200128%E2%80%9329Robbins201414%E2%80%9315_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 56, 58–60; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 28–29; <a href="#CITEREFRobbins2014">Robbins 2014</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-HGN-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HGN_23-11">l</a> Herbert G. Nicholas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/117269">Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199157-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199157_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200122-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200122_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200123–24-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199163Jenkins200123%E2%80%9324_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200123–24Haffner200319-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200123%E2%80%9324Haffner200319_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 23–24; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199167–68Jenkins200124–25Haffner200319-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199167%E2%80%9368Jenkins200124%E2%80%9325Haffner200319_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts201852-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts201852_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199192-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199192_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReaglesLarsen20138-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReaglesLarsen20138_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013">Reagles & Larsen 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198029ReaglesLarsen20139-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddison198029ReaglesLarsen20139_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddison1980">Addison 1980</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013">Reagles & Larsen 2013</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaffner200332ReaglesLarsen20138-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaffner200332ReaglesLarsen20138_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaffner2003">Haffner 2003</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013">Reagles & Larsen 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991102-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991102_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200126-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins200126_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169Jenkins200127-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169Jenkins200127_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169,_71Jenkins200127-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199169,_71Jenkins200127_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 69, 71; 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Guide to Blenheim Palace. Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire: The Blenheim Estate Office. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Blenheim+Palace&rft.place=Blenheim+Palace%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Blenheim+Estate+Office&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988">. The inscribed shrapnel piece was subsequently displayed at Blenheim Palace. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991360_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29753" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29753/supplement/9100">"No. 29753"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 16 September 1916. p. 9100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29753&rft.pages=9100&rft.date=1916-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29753%2Fsupplement%2F9100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364–365-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991361,_364%E2%80%93365_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 361, 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1927-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1927_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1927_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill1927">Churchill 1927</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James197086Gilbert1991361,_363,_367_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 86; 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International Churchill Society (ICS). London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925185352/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchills-speech-impediment-was-stuttering/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020. 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International Churchill Society (ICS). London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. 13 May 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/blood-toil-tears-and-sweat-2/">the original</a> on 19 May 2021. 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Westminster: House of Commons. 4 June 1940. pp. 1501–1525. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001930/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/may/13/his-majestys-government-1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. 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International Churchill Society (ICS). London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. 4 June 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514012817/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020. 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Westminster: House of Commons. 4 June 1940. p. 791. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206025900/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/jun/04/war-situation#column_791">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. 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Hansard. 5th. Vol. 362. Westminster: House of Commons. 18 June 1940. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190540/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/jun/18/war-situation#column_61">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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Emmy Awards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615105809/https://www.emmys.com/bios/albert-finney">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Finney&rft.pub=Emmy+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fbios%2Falbert-finney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/brendan-gleeson-wins-emmy-award-in-us-26567804.html">"Brendan Gleeson wins Emmy award in US"</a>. The Independent. 21 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731200709/https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/brendan-gleeson-wins-emmy-award-in-us-26567804.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2022. 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The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142508/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/17/16323768/john-lithgow-emmys-2017-supporting-actor-drama-series-winner">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=John+Lithgow+wins+the+Emmy+for+Supporting+Actor+in+a+Drama+Series&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F9%2F17%2F16323768%2Fjohn-lithgow-emmys-2017-supporting-actor-drama-series-winner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200Jenkins2001140-532"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991200Jenkins2001140_532-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 200; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991207-533"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991207_533-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoward2018" class="citation news cs1">Doward, Jamie (25 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/25/winston-churchill-secret-affair-socialite">"Revealed: secret affair with a socialite that nearly wrecked Churchill's career"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225021118/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/25/winston-churchill-secret-affair-socialite">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+secret+affair+with+a+socialite+that+nearly+wrecked+Churchill%27s+career&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fwinston-churchill-secret-affair-socialite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018385–387-535"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018385%E2%80%93387_535-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, pp. 385–387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205Jenkins2001203-536"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991205Jenkins2001203_536-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 205; <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoames201213-537"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoames201213_537-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoames2012">Soames 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoames1998262-538"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoames1998262_538-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoames1998">Soames 1998</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001209-539"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2001209_539-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins2001">Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 209. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Bibliography of Winston Churchill">Bibliography of Winston Churchill</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2011" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Edward (2011). Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill. Charlottesville: U of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-13931-45-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-13931-45-6"><bdi>978-08-13931-45-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Epic%3A+The+Victorian+Practice+of+History+from+Gibbon+to+Churchill&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=U+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-08-13931-45-6&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Addison, Paul</a> (1980). "The Political Beliefs of Winston Churchill". 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-99297-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-99297-43-6"><bdi>978-01-99297-43-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+The+Unexpected+Hero&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-01-99297-43-6&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchillunexpec0000addi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur" title="Max Arthur">Arthur, Max</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchilllifeaut0000arth/mode/2up">Churchill – The Life: An authorised pictorial biography</a>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-859-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84403-859-6"><bdi>978-1-84403-859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+%E2%80%93+The+Life%3A+An+authorised+pictorial+biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84403-859-6&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchilllifeaut0000arth%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ball" title="Stuart Ball">Ball, Stuart</a> (2001). "Churchill and the Conservative Party". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 307–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440101000160">10.1017/S0080440101000160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679426">3679426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153860359">153860359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Churchill+and+the+Conservative+Party&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=307-330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153860359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440101000160&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylyHarper2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, Christopher</a>; Harper, Tim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl/mode/2up">Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01748-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01748-X"><bdi>0-674-01748-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Armies%3A+Britain%27s+Asian+Empire+%26+the+War+with+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-674-01748-X&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Harper%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenarmiesf00bayl%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Christopher M. (2011). "Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914". War in History. 18 (3): 333–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344511401489">10.1177/0968344511401489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159573922">159573922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Fisher%27s+Naval+Revolution+Reconsidered%3A+Winston+Churchill+at+the+Admiralty%2C+1911%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-356&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344511401489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159573922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Best" title="Geoffrey Best">Best, Geoffrey</a> (2001). Churchill: A Study in Greatness. London and New York: Hambledon and Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-52852-53-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-52852-53-5"><bdi>978-18-52852-53-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Study+in+Greatness&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Hambledon+and+Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-18-52852-53-5&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeLouis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Blake, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis, Wm. Roger</a>, eds. (1993). Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-98203-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-98203-17-9"><bdi>978-01-98203-17-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30029512">30029512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Major+New+Reassessment+of+His+Life+in+Peace+and+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30029512&rft.isbn=978-01-98203-17-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_M._Brown" title="Judith M. Brown">Brown, Judith</a> (1998). The Twentieth Century. The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume IV. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-99246-79-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-99246-79-3"><bdi>978-01-99246-79-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century.+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-01-99246-79-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrustein2003" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William I. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA309">Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77478-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005002643/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA309">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Hate%3A+Anti-Semitism+in+Europe+Before+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77478-9&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc3HabBQsdsC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmley1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Charmley" title="John Charmley">Charmley, John</a> (1995). Churchill's Grand Alliance, 1940–1957. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-51275-81-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-51275-81-6"><bdi>978-01-51275-81-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247165348">247165348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Grand+Alliance%2C+1940%E2%80%931957&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247165348&rft.isbn=978-01-51275-81-6&rft.aulast=Charmley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQPaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Churchill and the Jews, 1900–1948</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31906-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31906-9"><bdi>978-1-135-31906-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005002642/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQPaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Jews%2C+1900%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-31906-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQPaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombo1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Colombo" title="John Robert Colombo">Colombo, John Robert</a> (1984). Canadian Literary Landmarks. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-88820-73-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-88820-73-0"><bdi>978-08-88820-73-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Literary+Landmarks&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-08-88820-73-0&rft.aulast=Colombo&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1978" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. Briarcliff Manor, New York: Stein and Day. pp. 376–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-12824-68-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-12824-68-1"><bdi>978-08-12824-68-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+Its+Political+and+Military+Failure&rft.place=Briarcliff+Manor%2C+New+York&rft.pages=376-377&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-08-12824-68-1&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, R. M. (2009). "Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?". The Journal of Modern History. 81 (4): 859–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F605488">10.1086/605488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154708409">154708409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Britain+Use+Chemical+Weapons+in+Mandatory+Iraq%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859-887&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F605488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154708409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2011" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2011). The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved. London: Simon & Schuster. pp. 42–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-47394-10-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-47394-10-1"><bdi>978-18-47394-10-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General%3A+Charles+de+Gaulle+and+the+France+he+saved&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42-47&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-18-47394-10-1&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchilllife0000gilb_y5x6/mode/2up">Churchill: A Life</a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0"><bdi>978-04-34291-83-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-04-34291-83-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchilllife0000gilb_y5x6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1988). Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill, 1945–1965. Trowbridge: Minerva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-49391-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-49391-04-1"><bdi>978-07-49391-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Despair%3A+Winston+S.+Churchill%2C+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Trowbridge&rft.pub=Minerva&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-07-49391-04-1&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Haffner" title="Sebastian Haffner">Haffner, Sebastian</a> (2003). Churchill. John Brownjohn (translator). London: Haus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19-04341-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-19-04341-07-9"><bdi>978-19-04341-07-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852530003">852530003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852530003&rft.isbn=978-19-04341-07-9&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2009). Finest Years. Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45. Hammersmith: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-00-07263-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-00-07263-67-7"><bdi>978-00-07263-67-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finest+Years.+Churchill+as+Warlord%2C+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Hammersmith&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-00-07263-67-7&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermiston2016" class="citation book cs1">Hermiston, Roger (2016). All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-81316-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-81316-64-1"><bdi>978-17-81316-64-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Behind+You%2C+Winston+%E2%80%93+Churchill%27s+Great+Coalition%2C+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-17-81316-64-1&rft.aulast=Hermiston&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchill0000jenk/mode/2up">Churchill</a>. London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-30488-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-30488-05-1"><bdi>978-03-30488-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-03-30488-05-1&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchill0000jenk%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988">, a major biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Jordan" title="Anthony J. Jordan">Jordan, Anthony J.</a> (1995). Churchill, A Founder of Modern Ireland. Westport, Mayo: Westport Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09-52444-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-09-52444-70-1"><bdi>978-09-52444-70-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+A+Founder+of+Modern+Ireland&rft.place=Westport%2C+Mayo&rft.pub=Westport+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-09-52444-70-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2012" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Dennis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgevi0000judd/page/260">George VI</a>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-80760-71-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-80760-71-1"><bdi>978-17-80760-71-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+VI&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-17-80760-71-1&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgevi0000judd%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Khan, Yasmin</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213">India at War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975349-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975349-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523003906/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+at+War%3A+The+Subcontinent+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975349-9&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZJcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnickerbocker1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Renfro_Knickerbocker" title="Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker">Knickerbocker, H. R.</a> (1941). Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-17992-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-17992-77-5"><bdi>978-14-17992-77-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Tomorrow+Hitler%27s%3F+200+Questions+on+the+Battle+of+Mankind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Reynal+%26+Hitchcock&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-14-17992-77-5&rft.aulast=Knickerbocker&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_S._Lovell" title="Mary S. Lovell">Lovell, Mary S.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5YlSoQqx9YC&pg=PT486">The Churchills</a>. London: Little Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-48117-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-48117-11-6"><bdi>978-07-48117-11-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523003858/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5YlSoQqx9YC&pg=PT486">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churchills&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-07-48117-11-6&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5YlSoQqx9YC%26pg%3DPT486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2008" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2008). "1. The Labour Party in Power, 1945–1951". Britain 1945–2007. Access to History. London: Hodder Headline. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-40965-95-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-40965-95-5"><bdi>978-03-40965-95-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+The+Labour+Party+in+Power%2C+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.btitle=Britain+1945%E2%80%932007&rft.place=London&rft.series=Access+to+History&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Hodder+Headline&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-03-40965-95-5&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Marr, Andrew</a> (2009). The Making of Modern Britain. London: Macmillan. pp. 423–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-30510-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-30510-99-8"><bdi>978-03-30510-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=423-424&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-03-30510-99-8&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz1958" class="citation journal cs1">Moritz, Edward Jr. (1958). "Winston Churchill – Prison Reformer". The Historian. 20 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: 428–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24437567">24437567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Winston+Churchill+%E2%80%93+Prison+Reformer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=428-440&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24437567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moritz&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2012" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Andrew (2012). The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-15667-45-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-15667-45-6"><bdi>978-04-15667-45-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Insurgency+Myth%3A+The+British+Experience+of+Irregular+Warfare&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-04-15667-45-6&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg" title="Michael S. Neiberg">Neiberg, Michael S.</a> (2004). Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present. London: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-15327-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-15327-19-0"><bdi>978-04-15327-19-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+Europe%3A+1898+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-04-15327-19-0&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Jack (1989). British Brutality in Ireland. Dublin: The Mercier Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85342-879-4"><bdi>978-0-85342-879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Brutality+in+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=The+Mercier+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85342-879-4&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelling" title="Henry Pelling">Pelling, Henry</a> (June 1980). "The 1945 General Election Reconsidered". The Historical Journal. 23 (2). Cambridge University Press: 399–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X0002433X">10.1017/S0018246X0002433X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638675">2638675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154658298">154658298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+1945+General+Election+Reconsidered&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=399-414&rft.date=1980-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154658298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638675%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X0002433X&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009" class="citation book cs1">Price, Bill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880409116">Winston Churchill : war leader</a> (International ed.). Harpenden: Pocket Essentials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-80155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-306-80155-3"><bdi>978-1-306-80155-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880409116">880409116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523003900/https://search.worldcat.org/title/880409116">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill+%3A+war+leader&rft.place=Harpenden&rft.edition=International&rft.pub=Pocket+Essentials&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880409116&rft.isbn=978-1-306-80155-3&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F880409116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasor2000" class="citation book cs1">Rasor, Eugene L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winstonschurchil00raso">Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-13305-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-13305-46-7"><bdi>978-03-13305-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+S.+Churchill%2C+1874%E2%80%931965%3A+A+Comprehensive+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-03-13305-46-7&rft.aulast=Rasor&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinstonschurchil00raso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Reagles, David; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Larsen" title="Timothy Larsen">Larsen, Timothy</a> (2013). "Winston Churchill and Almighty God". Historically Speaking. 14 (5). Boston, Massachusetts: Johns Hopkins University Press: 8–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2013.0056">10.1353/hsp.2013.0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161952924">161952924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=Winston+Churchill+and+Almighty+God&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2013.0056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161952924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reagles&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResis1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Resis" title="Albert Resis">Resis, Albert</a> (April 1978). "The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 83 (2): 368–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1862322">10.2307/1862322</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1862322">1862322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Churchill-Stalin+Secret+%22Percentages%22+Agreement+on+the+Balkans%2C+Moscow%2C+October+1944&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=368-387&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1862322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1862322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Resis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes_James1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Rhodes James, Robert</a> (1970). Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02-97820-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-02-97820-15-4"><bdi>978-02-97820-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Study+in+Failure+1900%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-02-97820-15-4&rft.aulast=Rhodes+James&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Robbins" title="Keith Robbins">Robbins, Keith</a> (2014) [1992]. Churchill: Profiles in Power. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-13-17874-52-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-13-17874-52-2"><bdi>978-13-17874-52-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+Profiles+in+Power&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-13-17874-52-2&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-11-01980-99-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-11-01980-99-6"><bdi>978-11-01980-99-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+Walking+with+Destiny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-11-01980-99-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a> (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.cje.a035349">10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Starvation+and+exchange+entitlements%3A+a+general+approach+and+its+application+to+the+Great+Bengal+Famine&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-59&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.cje.a035349&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Shakespeare" title="Nicholas Shakespeare">Shakespeare, Nicholas</a> (2017). Six Minutes in May. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-17-84701-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-17-84701-00-0"><bdi>978-17-84701-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Minutes+in+May&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-17-84701-00-0&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoames1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Soames, Mary</a> (1990). Winston Churchill: His Life as a Painter. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-95563-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-95563-19-9"><bdi>978-03-95563-19-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%3A+His+Life+as+a+Painter&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-03-95563-19-9&rft.aulast=Soames&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrels1984" class="citation book cs1">Sorrels, Roy W. (1984). "10 People Who Hated Portraits of Themselves". In Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving; Wallace, Amy (eds.). The People's Almanac Book of Lists. New York City: William Morrow & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05-52123-71-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-05-52123-71-6"><bdi>978-05-52123-71-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10+People+Who+Hated+Portraits+of+Themselves&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Almanac+Book+of+Lists&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-05-52123-71-6&rft.aulast=Sorrels&rft.aufirst=Roy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_(historian)" title="Frederick Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Frederick</a> (2005). Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07-47570-84-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-07-47570-84-4"><bdi>978-07-47570-84-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dresden%3A+Tuesday%2C+13+February+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-07-47570-84-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tolstoy" title="Nikolai Tolstoy">Tolstoy, Nikolai</a> (1978). The Secret Betrayal. New York City: Scribner. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-84156-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-84156-35-4"><bdi>978-06-84156-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Betrayal&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-06-84156-35-4&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToye2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Toye" title="Richard Toye">Toye, Richard</a> (2007). Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-05048-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-05048-96-5"><bdi>978-14-05048-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George+and+Churchill%3A+Rivals+for+Greatness&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-14-05048-96-5&rft.aulast=Toye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1927" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Churchill, Winston</a> (1927). 1916–1918 (Parts I and II). The World Crisis. Vol. III. London: Thornton Butterworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1916%E2%80%931918+%28Parts+I+and+II%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+World+Crisis&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1967b" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Churchill, Winston</a> (1967b) [first published 1948]. The Twilight War: 3 September 1939 – 10 May 1940. The Second World War: The Gathering Storm. Vol. II (9th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell & Co. Ltd</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+War%3A+3+September+1939+%E2%80%93+10+May+1940&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Second+World+War%3A+The+Gathering+Storm&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton, Hugh</a> (1986). The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton 1940–45. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02-24020-65-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-02-24020-65-7"><bdi>978-02-24020-65-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+Diary+of+Hugh+Dalton+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-02-24020-65-7&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangworth2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Langworth" title="Richard M. Langworth">Langworth, Richard</a> (2008). Churchill by Himself. London: Ebury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+by+Himself&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Langworth&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague_Browne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Montague_Browne" title="Anthony Montague Browne">Montague Browne, Anthony</a> (1995). Long Sunset: Memoirs of Winston Churchill's Last Private Secretary. Ashford: Podkin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09-55948-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-09-55948-30-5"><bdi>978-09-55948-30-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Sunset%3A+Memoirs+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+Last+Private+Secretary&rft.place=Ashford&rft.pub=Podkin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-09-55948-30-5&rft.aulast=Montague+Browne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoames1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Soames, Mary</a> (1998). Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill. London: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03-85406-91-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-03-85406-91-8"><bdi>978-03-85406-91-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+for+Themselves%3A+The+Personal+Letters+of+Winston+and+Clementine+Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-03-85406-91-8&rft.aulast=Soames&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoames2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Soames, Mary</a> (2012). A Daughter's Tale: The Memoir of Winston and Clementine Churchill's Youngest Child. London: Transworld Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05-52770-92-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-05-52770-92-7"><bdi>978-05-52770-92-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Daughter%27s+Tale%3A+The+Memoir+of+Winston+and+Clementine+Churchill%27s+Youngest+Child&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-05-52770-92-7&rft.aulast=Soames&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(21)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-21 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-21"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Winston Churchill at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" class="extiw" title="c:Winston Churchill">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" class="extiw" title="q:Winston Churchill">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Winston_Leonard_Spencer_Churchill" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8016" class="extiw" title="d:Q8016">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/churchills-first-world-war">Churchill's First World War</a> from the Imperial War Museum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/624">Winston Churchill</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8016#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li></ul> Other references and online collections <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1601">Works by Winston Churchill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Churchill%2C%20Winston%20S.%20%28Spencer%29">Works by Winston S. (Spencer) Churchill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Churchill%2C%20Winston%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Winston%20Churchill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Churchill%2C%20Winston%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Winston%20Churchill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Churchill%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Winston%20Churchill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Churchill%2C%20Winston%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Winston%20Churchill%22%29%20OR%20%28%221874-1965%22%20AND%20Churchill%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/678">Works by Winston Churchill</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li></ul> Recordings <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthstation1.com/churchil.html">EarthStation1: Winston Churchill Speech Audio Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/fascinating-amateur-colour-footage-of-churchills-funeral">Amateur colour film footage of Churchill's funeral</a> from the Imperial War Museum.</li></ul> Museums, archives and libraries <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00879">Portraits of Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-winston-churchill">contributions in Parliament by Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256827">"Archival material relating to Winston Churchill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Winston+Churchill&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8016#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/">Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/">The International Churchill Society (ICS)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/">Imperial War Museum</a>: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a>. Comprising the original underground War Rooms preserved since 1945, including the Cabinet Room, the Map Room and Churchill's bedroom, and the new Museum dedicated to Churchill's life.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_1_transcript.pdf">War Cabinet Minutes (1942)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_2_transcript.pdf">(1942–43)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_3_transcript.pdf">(1945–46)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cab_195_4_transcript.pdf">(1946)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P5659">Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill</a> at the UK National Archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003274">Newspaper clippings about Winston Churchill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:churchill-winston-spencer-18741965">191 artworks by or after Winston Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Oldham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)">Oldham</a> <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a>–<a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Emmott" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Emmott">Alfred Emmott</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Bright" title="John Albert Bright">John Bright</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Manchester_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester North West">Manchester North West</a> <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>–<a href="/wiki/1908_Manchester_North_West_by-election" title="1908 Manchester North West by-election">1908</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joynson-Hicks">William Joynson-Hicks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Robertson,_1st_Baron_Lochee" title="Edmund Robertson, 1st Baron Lochee">Edmund Robertson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Dundee</a> <a href="/wiki/1908_Dundee_by-election" title="1908 Dundee by-election">1908</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dundee_in_the_1922_general_election" title="Dundee in the 1922 general election">1922</a> Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilkie" title="Alexander Wilkie">Alexander Wilkie</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Scrymgeour" title="Edwin Scrymgeour">Edwin Scrymgeour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Lyle">Leonard Lyle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping</a> <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a>–<a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leah_Manning" title="Leah Manning">Leah Manning</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New constituency </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Woodford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)">Woodford</a> <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Constituency abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Rhys_Grenfell" class="mw-redirect" title="David Rhys Grenfell">Dai Grenfell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(United_Kingdom)" title="Father of the House (United Kingdom)">Father of the House</a> 1959–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer-Churchill,_9th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Undersecretary of State for the Colonies</a> 1905–1908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Seely" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Seely">Jack Seely</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> 1908–1910 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Buxton">Sydney Buxton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> 1910–1911 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> 1911–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> 1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Addison">Christopher Addison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Munitions" title="Minister of Munitions">Minister of Munitions</a> 1917–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Weir,_1st_Baron_Inverforth" title="Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth">Andrew Weir</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Weir,_1st_Viscount_Weir" title="William Weir, 1st Viscount Weir">William Weir</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a> 1919–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Guest" title="Freddie Guest">Freddie Guest</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Viscount_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Milner">The Viscount Milner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> 1919–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laming_Worthington-Evans" title="Laming Worthington-Evans">Laming Worthington-Evans</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> 1921–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> 1924–1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> 1939–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="A. V. Alexander">A. V. Alexander</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> 1940–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 1940–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">The Lord Chatfield</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Coordination_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Coordination of Defence">Minister for Coordination of Defence</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a> 1940–1945 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a> 1945–1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 1951–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a> 1951–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Rector of the University of Aberdeen">Rector of the University of Aberdeen</a> 1914–1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">The Viscount Cowdray</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">John Gilmour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Rector of the University of Edinburgh">Rector of the University of Edinburgh</a> 1929–1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Standish_Monteith_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton">Ian Hamilton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">The Viscount Haldane</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Chancellor of the University of Bristol</a> 1929–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_10th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort">The Duke of Beaufort</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> 1940–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Marquess of Willingdon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> 1941–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Lowther,_1st_Viscount_Ullswater" title="James Lowther, 1st Viscount Ullswater">The Viscount Ullswater</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Senior Privy Counsellor 1949–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">The Earl of Swinton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature</a> 1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Logan_(British_politician)" title="David Logan (British politician)">Davie Logan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Records_of_members_of_parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom#List_of_oldest_sitting_MPs_since_1945" title="Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom">Oldest sitting Member of Parliament</a> 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill&oldid=1260393874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill&oldid=1260393874</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchill&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 November 2024, at 14:41 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%B8%E1%88%AD%E1%89%BD%E1%88%8D" title="ዊንስተን ቸርችል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዊንስተን ቸርችል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Черчилль, Уинстон – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Черчилль, Уинстон" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="ونستون تشرشل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ونستون تشرشل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Ուինսթըն Չըրչիլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուինսթըն Չըրչիլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Винстон Черчилл – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Винстон Черчилл" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinston_%C3%87%C3%B6r%C3%A7ill" title="Vinston Çörçill – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vinston Çörçill" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="وینستون چرچیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وینستون چرچیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="উইনস্টন চার্চিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইনস্টন চার্চিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уінстан Чэрчыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уінстан Чэрчыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ўінстан Чэрчыль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўінстан Чэрчыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विंस्टन चर्चिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विंस्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Уинстън Чърчил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уинстън Чърчил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝིན་སུ་ཏོན་ཆུར་ཆེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝིན་སུ་ཏོན་ཆུར་ཆེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%84" title="وينستون تشورتشل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="وينستون تشورتشل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Ουίνστον Τσώρτσιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίνστον Τσώρτσιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="وینستون چرچیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینستون چرچیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="邱吉爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="邱吉爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2" title="વિન્સ્ટન ચર્ચિલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિન્સ્ટન ચર્ચિલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EC%B2%98%EC%B9%A0" title="윈스턴 처칠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈스턴 처칠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Ուինսթոն Չերչիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուինսթոն Չերչիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्सटन चर्चिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विन्सटन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9C" title="וינסטון צ'רצ'יל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינסטון צ'רצ'יל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ವಿನ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್‌ ಚರ್ಚಿಲ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿನ್‌ಸ್ಟನ್‌ ಚರ್ಚಿಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Черчилль, Уинстон – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Черчилль, Уинстон" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უინსტონ ჩერჩილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უინსტონ ჩერჩილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinstons_%C4%8C%C4%93r%C4%8Dils" title="Vinstons Čērčils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vinstons Čērčils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Винстон Черчилль – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Винстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uinstyn._tcyrtcil." title=".uinstyn. tcyrtcil. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title=".uinstyn. tcyrtcil." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(minisztereln%C3%B6k)" title="Winston Churchill (miniszterelnök) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Winston Churchill (miniszterelnök)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Винстон Черчил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Винстон Черчил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="വിൻസ്റ്റൺ ചർച്ചിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൻസ്റ്റൺ ചർച്ചിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უინსტონ ჩერჩილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უინსტონ ჩერჩილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84" title="وينستون تشرشيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وينستون تشرشيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="چرچیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چرچیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="ဝင်စတန် ချာချီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝင်စတန် ချာချီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB" title="ウィンストン・チャーチル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィンストン・チャーチル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2_%DF%97%DF%90%DF%97%DF%8C%DF%9F" title="ߥߌ߲ߛߑߕߐ߲ ߗߐߗߌߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߥߌ߲ߛߑߕߐ߲ ߗߐߗߌߟ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Черчилль Уинстон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Черчилль Уинстон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਵਿੰਸਟਨ ਚਰਚਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿੰਸਟਨ ਚਰਚਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84" title="ونسٹن چرچل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ونسٹن چرچل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84" title="وېنسټون چرچل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېنسټون چرچل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="វីនស្តុន ឆឺឈីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វីនស្តុន ឆឺឈីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Вінстон Черчіл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вінстон Черчіл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Черчилль, Уинстон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черчилль, Уинстон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विन्स्टन चर्चिल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱨᱪᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="වින්ස්ටන් චර්චිල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වින්ස්ටන් චර්චිල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84" title="ونسٽن چرچل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ونسٽن چرچل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%86%DA%B5" title="وینستن چێرچڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وینستن چێرچڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Винстон Черчил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Винстон Черчил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வின்ஸ்டன் சர்ச்சில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வின்ஸ்டன் சர்ச்சில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Уинстон Черчилль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уинстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="วินสตัน เชอร์ชิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินสตัน เชอร์ชิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Уинстон Чирчил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уинстон Чирчил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вінстон Черчилль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вінстон Черчилль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%84" title="ونسٹن چرچل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ونسٹن چرچل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cer%C4%8Dill%27_Uinston" title="Čerčill' Uinston – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čerčill' Uinston" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchilli_Winston" title="Churchilli Winston – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Churchilli Winston" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="邱吉爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="邱吉爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="温斯顿·丘吉尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ווינסטאן טשערטשיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווינסטאן טשערטשיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B1%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="邱吉爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邱吉爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinstons_%C4%8Cer%C4%8D%C4%97lis" title="Vinstons Čerčėlis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vinstons Čerčėlis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="温斯顿·丘吉尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="温斯顿·丘吉尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Winston Churchill" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uinston_Cercill" title="Uinston Cercill – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Uinston Cercill" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 14:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2r22m","wgBackendResponseTime":371,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.541","walltime":"6.202","ppvisitednodes":{"value":107879,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1824169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":577654,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":941566,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4896.770 1 -total"," 34.91% 1709.464 5 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 23.66% 1158.409 85 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 19.85% 972.220 404 Template:Sfn"," 11.50% 562.977 2 Template:Reflist"," 7.89% 386.175 522 Template:Main_other"," 6.50% 318.269 50 Template:Cite_book"," 6.11% 299.041 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.69% 229.579 117 Template:Sfnm"," 3.73% 182.676 28 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.774","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30537041,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF88th_Congress_(1963–1964)1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbel-Smith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAddison1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAddison2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaylyHarper2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeLouis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrustein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharmley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1967b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColombo1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereux2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoward2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlueckstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlueckstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaffner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermiston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHummel1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnickerbocker1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiao2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimaye2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMather2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontague_Browne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoritz1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelling1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfairwith_Stitt_R.N.MolonyToomer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReaglesLarsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResis1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes_James1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgway1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsGebreyohanes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakespeare2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoames1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoames1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorrels1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolstoy1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkins1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToye2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainwright2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterfield2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1953 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Art UK bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"British Chancellors of the Exchequer\"] = 1,\n [\"Chamberlain War Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlemagne Prize recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Churchill\"] = 1,\n [\"Churchill Caretaker Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Churchill War Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 4,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 4,\n [\"Conservatism UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Winston\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Fathers of the House\"] = 1,\n [\"First Lords of 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1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 28,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 27,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 31,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"Secretary of State for Defence\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 404,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 117,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Third Churchill Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Toryism\"] = 1,\n [\"UK Conservative Party\"] = 1,\n [\"UK National Archives ID\"] = 1,\n [\"UKPrimeMinisters\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Winston Churchill sidebar\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n 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