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<span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_political,_diplomatic,_and_ministerial_positions_(1831–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_political,_diplomatic,_and_ministerial_positions_(1831–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First political, diplomatic, and ministerial positions (1831–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_political,_diplomatic,_and_ministerial_positions_(1831–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation_of_Bolivia's_education_system_(1845–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_of_Bolivia's_education_system_(1845–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reformation of Bolivia's education system (1845–1846)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_of_Bolivia's_education_system_(1845–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrations_of_Velasco,_Belzu,_and_Córdova_(1848–1857)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrations_of_Velasco,_Belzu,_and_Córdova_(1848–1857)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Administrations of Velasco, Belzu, and Córdova (1848–1857)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrations_of_Velasco,_Belzu,_and_Córdova_(1848–1857)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linares_administration_(1857–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linares_administration_(1857–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Linares administration (1857–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linares_administration_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achá,_Melgarejo,_and_Morales_administrations_(1864–1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achá,_Melgarejo,_and_Morales_administrations_(1864–1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Achá, Melgarejo, and Morales administrations (1864–1872)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achá,_Melgarejo,_and_Morales_administrations_(1864–1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Closure_of_the_National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure_of_the_National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Closure of the National Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure_of_the_National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_President_Morales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_President_Morales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Assassination of President Morales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_President_Morales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President of Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_Bolivia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle President of Bolivia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(1872–1873)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1872–1873)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First term (1872–1873)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1872–1873)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1873_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1873_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1873 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1873_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1874–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1874–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second term (1874–1876)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1874–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_government_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_government_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Challenges to government legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_government_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1874_National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874_National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1874 National Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874_National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_over_constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Debate over constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Ex-entailment_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Ex-entailment_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Land Ex-entailment Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Ex-entailment_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madeira-Mamoré_Railway_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madeira-Mamoré_Railway_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Madeira-Mamoré Railway Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madeira-Mamoré_Railway_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corral_Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corral_Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Corral Plot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corral_Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1874_Boundary_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1874_Boundary_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1874 Boundary Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1874_Boundary_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_conflict_between_Bolivia_and_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_conflict_between_Bolivia_and_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Border conflict between Bolivia and Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_conflict_between_Bolivia_and_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chincha_Islands_War_and_the_1866_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chincha_Islands_War_and_the_1866_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Chincha Islands War and the 1866 Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chincha_Islands_War_and_the_1866_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreement_and_ratification_of_the_1874_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreement_and_ratification_of_the_1874_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Agreement and ratification of the 1874 Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreement_and_ratification_of_the_1874_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quevedo's_Revolution_(1874–1875)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quevedo's_Revolution_(1874–1875)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Quevedo's Revolution (1874–1875)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quevedo's_Revolution_(1874–1875)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutiny_of_the_third_battalion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutiny_of_the_third_battalion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Mutiny of the third battalion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutiny_of_the_third_battalion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_spreads_to_La_Paz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_spreads_to_La_Paz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Revolution spreads to La Paz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_spreads_to_La_Paz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chacoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chacoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Battle of Chacoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chacoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_Cobija_and_continued_dissidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_Cobija_and_continued_dissidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Revolution of Cobija and continued dissidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_Cobija_and_continued_dissidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daza's_coup_(1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daza's_coup_(1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Daza's coup (1876)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daza's_coup_(1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile,_death,_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile,_death,_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exile, death, and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile,_death,_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exile, death, and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exile,_death,_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_and_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_and_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Post-presidency and last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_and_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Memorialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomás Frías</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="توماس فرياس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس فرياس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Tomás Frías – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Tomás Frías" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ფრიას ამეტლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას ფრიას ამეტლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="توماس فریاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس فریاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Фриас Аметльер, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фриас Аметльер, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%94%D1%80" title="Томас Фріас Аметлєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Фріас Аметлєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller" title="Tomás Frías Ametller – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tomás Frías Ametller" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·弗里亚斯·阿梅特列尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·弗里亚斯·阿梅特列尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q886958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">17th President of Bolivia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tomás Frías (disambiguation)">Tomás Frías (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Frías</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Ametller</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Tomás Frías</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg/220px-Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg/330px-Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_-_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 February 1874 – 4 May 1876<br />Acting: 31 January 1874 – 14 February 1874</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a> (provisional)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 November 1872 – 9 May 1873</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; background:lavender;text-align:center;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other offices</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 June 1871 – 12 September 1871</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Manuel de la Lastra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 December 1857 – 10 November 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 December 1847 – 2 January 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Mar%C3%ADa_Torrico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés María Torrico (page does not exist)">Andrés María Torrico</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 March 1844 – 17 August 1844</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Molina_Gorriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Molina Gorriti">Manuel Molina Gorriti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 October 1841 – 27 December 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hilarión Fernandez</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 November 1858 – 14 January 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Juan José Ibargüen</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">Acting</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 November 1847 – 23 December 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Guerra" title="Pedro José de Guerra">Pedro José de Guerra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Cu%C3%A9llar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Cuéllar (page does not exist)">Basilio Cuéllar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Public Instruction<br />and Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 November 1844 – 23 December 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Cruz_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de la Cruz Méndez (page does not exist)">Manuel de la Cruz Méndez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Delgadillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo Delgadillo (page does not exist)">Domingo Delgadillo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Public Instruction</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 November 1839 – 16 November 1840</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Manuel Sánchez de Velasco </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Tomás Frías Ametller</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-12-21</span>)</span>21 December 1805<br /><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> (now Bolivia)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1884<span style="display:none">(1884-05-10)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Raimunda Ballivián Guerra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Carlos Frías Ballivián</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Manuel José María de la Santísima Trinidad Lorenzo Frías González<br />Francisca Alejandra Ametller Loma y Mendoza</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saint Francis Xavier">University of Saint Francis Xavier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_(1804-1884).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomás Frías's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg/128px-Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg/192px-Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg/256px-Signature_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Ametller_%281804-1884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="159" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tomás Frías Ametller</b> (21 December 1805<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 10 May 1884) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> twice nonconsecutively from 1872 to 1873 and from 1874 to 1876. Having graduated as a lawyer and worked as a merchant, he soon decided to enter the world of politics. His long political career began in 1831, when he was elected to represent <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. This was followed by his first diplomatic posting when he was sent to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in Bolivia's first ever foreign delegation. </p><p>Of his many ministerial positions, the first Frías held was that of Minister of Public Instruction. Throughout the tenure of this first position, Frías carried out wide and sweeping reforms in Bolivian education, establishing statutes and promulgating decrees that played a major role in the country for well over a century. In the following decades, he was to hold several more high positions, namely during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a>. It was during Linares' presidency that Frías worked to solve the anarchic state of Bolivia's fiscal framework. Having been exiled in 1849, he was again forced outside Bolivia when <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Mariano Melgarejo">Mariano Melgarejo</a> seized power in 1864. Several years later, in 1870, he moved to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, coincidentally around the same time the revolution that ousted Melgarejo erupted. After the <i>caudillo</i> was dethroned, Frías was elected to the National Assembly of 1871, witnessing the violent closure of said apparatus by President <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a> in 1872. </p><p>Only a few days after the forceful closure of the Assembly, Morales was assassinated. That day, Frías was appointed president of the Council of State. According to the Constitution, and with the approval of Congress, Frías became president, hastily calling elections and refusing to remain in power any longer than necessary. <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a> would win the 1873 general election, after which Frías resumed his position as President of the Council of State. </p><p>His first term was mostly devoted to the organization, supervision, and scrutiny of the general election of 1873. His brief first term saw few government acts, the Lindsay-Corral Agreement with Chile being one of few. After the death of President Ballivián on 14 February 1874, Frías was constitutionally obliged, in his role as President of the Council of State, to complete the remainder of the constitutional term. During his second term, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1874_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia</a> was signed, supposedly ending the border conflict between the two nations. The violation of the treaty in 1879 would have serious consequences for Bolivia, sparking the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>. </p><p>While his first term proved to be efficient and stable, though short, his second proved to be the opposite. Facing several military rebellions and conspiracies, the largest and most destabilizing one being led by General <a href="/wiki/Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo" title="Quintín Quevedo">Quintín Quevedo</a> and Casimiro Corral, he was unable to maintain stability. Weakened by the constant revolts, Frías was eventually ousted by his former Minister of War, <a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a>. The former president was to remain exiled for the rest of his life, spending his last years in France and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Considered a man of high integrity and a true servant of the state, Frías has been referred to as the "Bolivian Washington".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspinosa_y_Portal1924118_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspinosa_y_Portal1924118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortés1875188_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortés1875188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReyes1910136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyes1910136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEV19241278_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEV19241278-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESopena19531247_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESopena19531247-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tomás Frías was born to a wealthy land-owning family in Potosí on 21 December 1805. He was raised on the family hacienda in Tarapaya, municipality of Mondragón (36 km from Potosí). He was the son of Don José María Frías and Doña Alejandra Ametller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965201_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was in Chile, he married Raimunda Ballivián Guerra—a niece of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Guerra" title="Pedro José de Guerra">Pedro José de Guerra</a>—on 10 November 1849 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>. The couple had three children, although only their eldest son, Carlos Frías Ballivián, survived childhood. Raimunda died on 7 September 1853 while they were in Bolivia. Frías never remarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965209_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_political,_diplomatic,_and_ministerial_positions_(1831–1848)"><span id="First_political.2C_diplomatic.2C_and_ministerial_positions_.281831.E2.80.931848.29"></span>First political, diplomatic, and ministerial positions (1831–1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First political, diplomatic, and ministerial positions (1831–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He became lawyer on 13 July 1826, graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_Xavier" title="University of San Francisco Xavier">University of San Francisco Xavier</a>. However, Frías dedicated himself to commerce, establishing a route from Potosí to <a href="/wiki/Cobija,_Chile" title="Cobija, Chile">Cobija</a>. For two years, he occupied himself with his enterprise until the mutiny against <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> on 18 April 1828. Frías would accompany the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho during the latter's custody, earning the appreciation of the President. When Sucre left the country, it was the liberator himself that advised Frías to leave his commercial enterprise and enter the world of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213–14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213–14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965205_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965205-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing Potosí. This was the first of many political positions that Frías would hold throughout his long career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965206_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965206-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1837, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a> assigned Frías as an official to the first foreign delegation in Bolivia's history, which was sent to France. However, in 1841, he became gravely ill, afflicted with a liver condition, and was permitted to take leave in Europe to receive treatment. Finally, in 1843, Frías returned and was named Minister of Public Instruction and Foreign Affairs by President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformation_of_Bolivia's_education_system_(1845–1846)"><span id="Reformation_of_Bolivia.27s_education_system_.281845.E2.80.931846.29"></span>Reformation of Bolivia's education system (1845–1846)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformation of Bolivia's education system (1845–1846)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballivian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ballivian.png/162px-Ballivian.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ballivian.png/243px-Ballivian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ballivian.png/324px-Ballivian.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>During the administration of Ballivián, Frías carried out extensive reforms in Bolivia's education system.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decrees promulgated by Ballivián, drafted by Frías, constitute one of the most important body of laws regarding <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivian education</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Zapata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Zapata (page does not exist)">Roberto Zapata</a>, a bolivian educator, remarks on this, stating: "There were no methods or plans in education. The best-oriented was Tomás Frías, who provided a true statute of instruction with the Organic Decree of the Universities, proposing the division of the Republic into three university districts, with the authority to direct and inspect education at all its levels".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frías's decrees designed the entire School System of Bolivia in three stages: <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> education, schools of sciences and arts (secondary), and <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a>. In addition to these stages, Frías considered private teaching lyceums for certain branches of sciences and arts and also envisioned the foundation of state-sponsored schools, which remained only on paper. Frías's decrees brought unity to Bolivia's educational action through the three established stages, including university. These decrees placed great importance on <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and compliance with laws, which condition justice and good citizen conduct. The so-called <i>Plan Frías</i> distinguished and separated the professional function of university faculties from the humanistic cultural function of colleges or secondary education, which had previously been mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103–104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103–104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Organic Decree of Universities, dated 25 August 1845, aimed to remedy the "chaos and contradictions in the legal norms" and established the following provisions: Article 1— The universities are responsible for the direction and supervision of the general education of the country. Article 2— The university is the assembly or corporation of professors, directors, and officials dedicated to teaching in the faculties, colleges, lyceums, institutions, boarding schools, and public or private schools of the district. Article 3— Bolivia is divided into three districts corresponding to the three Universities: Sucre, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Department of Chuquisaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a>, and the Province of Litoral. La Paz, corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a>. Article 8— The University will consist of five faculties: <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sciences" title="Mathematical sciences">mathematical sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to the Statute of the Base of Education, part of the decree of 25 August 1845, Frías promulgated the following: Article 33— All classes of all grades will have as their basis: the precepts of the Catholic Religion; fidelity to the Republic and its Constitution, which preserves the unity of Bolivia and the guiding principles of social order; obedience to the statutes of the University and the laws governing Public Instruction. Article 45— The University Council is composed of ten members, selected from the heads of colleges, deans, and professors of the faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104–105_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104–105-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree issued on 15 October 1845, titled "Method of Teaching," organized secondary schools. Among the bases of the decree, it is established that instruction in higher professional studies should be separated from the subjects taught in secondary schools, following the decree of 25 August of the same year, because the school teaches preparatory subjects for professions. The decree stated the following:</p><blockquote><p>Article 19: The teaching in the schools will include: Spanish, Latin, and French; English and German languages; Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and rectilinear trigonometry; Geography and history; Elements of natural history and physics; Religion. Philosophy and ancillary subjects: drawing, singing, music, according to available resources. The teaching of the Spanish and Latin languages and religion will be as extensive as possible, while the other subjects will be only elementary. According to Article 2, there will be six courses for the study of these subjects; the content will be expanded in higher-level courses, and students will be required to carry out exercises and analyses.—Article 15: The teachers will meet once a week at the home of the rector to report on their observations and the state of the classes, improvements possible in teaching methods and procedures, and the measures to be adopted for discipline. The agreements and results will be recorded in the book kept by the rector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970105–106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970105–106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrations_of_Velasco,_Belzu,_and_Córdova_(1848–1857)"><span id="Administrations_of_Velasco.2C_Belzu.2C_and_C.C3.B3rdova_.281848.E2.80.931857.29"></span>Administrations of Velasco, Belzu, and Córdova (1848–1857)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administrations of Velasco, Belzu, and Córdova (1848–1857)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His work in the Ministry of Public Instruction had profound effects in the country, making his most important reforms in 1845 and 1846. When <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> seized power in 1848, Frías retired to private life, and was later exiled, in 1849, by the government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Manuel Isidoro Belzu">Manuel Isidoro Belzu</a> because he refused to collaborate with his government. Although allowed to return, Belzu distanced Frías from La Paz. For years, Frías would live in <a href="/wiki/Coro_Coro,_Bolivia" title="Coro Coro, Bolivia">Corocoro</a>, where he dedicated himself to mining and began developing plans as to how best exploit and channel Bolivia's mineral-rich lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, Frías was targeted by the <i>belcista</i> newspapers because of his past refusal to collaborate with Belzu. As such, although not officially exiled, he left the country yet again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Belzu administration, Frías would constantly clash with the President and his supporters. This did not mean Frías was critical of the regime but. Rather, he formed part of a moderate opposition that included <i>linaristas</i> and <i>ballivianistas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, he supported Belzu in 1853, when tensions with Peru were high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011261_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011261-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, he returned to the country after the election of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Jorge Córdova">Jorge Córdova</a>, being appointed as a magistrate of the Supreme Court of Justice. In that capacity, he was part of the council which articulated the Civil Code of 1855. Moreover, Córdova appointed him Prefect of Potosí, however, only temporarily since the country was engulfed in a political crisis as a result of the controversial general election of 1855. Under the command of General <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Bilbao_la_Vieja" title="Dámaso Bilbao la Vieja">Dámaso Bilbao la Vieja</a>, the troops of the rebellious General Gregorio Pérez were crushed, securing Córdova's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011195_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011195-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linares_administration_(1857–1861)"><span id="Linares_administration_.281857.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Linares administration (1857–1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linares administration (1857–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg/192px-President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg/288px-President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg/384px-President_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Linares declared himself Dictator of Bolivia, galvanizing the opposition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only two years later, José María Linares overthrew General Córdova, and Frías would be appointed Minister of Finance. Under Linares' administration, a group of constitutionalist civilians, referred to as the <i>rojos</i>, surfaced. This faction involved figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a> and Adolfo Ballivián, both of whom would go on to preside over the country as presidents. Ballivián would assume leadership of the <i>Partido Rojo</i> (Red Party) in the 1870s. Positions in prefectures and key administrative and judicial roles were filled by individuals who embraced Linares' "regenerative" ideology, believing that the nation required a substantial overhaul to overcome the perceived chaos. Frías, as a member of Linares' cabinet, was influential in the creation of the financial framework of Bolivia's economy. During this tenure, he was very clear and restrictive regarding the administration of the national budget, mainly with regard to the salaries and expenses of officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014133_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nation's financial situation, in a state of disarray, experienced a rapid turnaround due to the stringent <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures implemented to control expenditures. Various measures were taken to boost economic stability, including the reduction of tariffs on imported foreign fabrics through <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Cobija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to enforce this, he created the Central Fund for Payments, which centralized and organized the national economy after more than twenty years of administrative anarchy. It also created a budget dedicated solely and exclusively to education with which it was possible to buy books, pay salaries and rents and even grant credits and subsidies to schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864237_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864237-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero_Mesa196815_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero_Mesa196815-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, the national credit improved from its previously deplorable condition. Despite facing a significant deficit of 115,417 pesos in the 1860 expenditure budget, which totaled 2,339,704 pesos, Frías successfully balanced expenses and revenues in a short period. To curb spending, the army underwent a reduction from 5,000 active personnel to just 1,500. Efforts were made to address the internal <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">public debt</a>, which had been overlooked until then. Frías played a crucial role in this by allowing the free export of gold and other metals, along with drafting a mining code for the country. The <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">quina</a> bank was abolished, facilitating open and easy export of <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864186_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864186-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frías also promoted the liberalization of other sectors of the national economy such as textiles and minerals (with the exception of silver).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997334_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997334-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He strove to normalize Bolivian monetary policy by refinancing the foreign debt on the one hand and on the other by reminting silver coins in Potosí.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil197425_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil197425-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins were introduced into circulation to address the issues caused by the circulation of a weak currency, and these coins were named <i>pesos-Frías</i> in honor of the minister who designed them. This was part of his plan to improve the feeble currency of the time, and was issued along with the introduction of the pieces of 8 reales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014135_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014135-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulations for joint-stock companies were established, and plans were set in motion to secure a one-million-pound sterling loan in Europe. This loan, negotiated by Frías, aimed at funding the canalization of the <a href="/wiki/Desaguadero_River_(Bolivia_and_Peru)" title="Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru)">Desaguadero</a> and the construction of a road connecting this point to the Bolivian coast, thus bringing the cities of La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí within reach of the sea. Linares' downfall prevented the realization of the loan, even though the negotiations were nearly concluded at that point. Frías was also the promoter of laws such as the Invention Rights Law of 1858 or Corporations Law of 1860. Furthermore, he spearheaded the movement to create the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bolivia" title="Central Bank of Bolivia">Central Bank of Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1974152_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil1974152-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the many uprisings which Linares faced throughput his term, Frías would remain loyal to the Dictator until the latter's overthrow on 14 January 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190214–15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190214–15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014138_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014138-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achá,_Melgarejo,_and_Morales_administrations_(1864–1872)"><span id="Ach.C3.A1.2C_Melgarejo.2C_and_Morales_administrations_.281864.E2.80.931872.29"></span>Achá, Melgarejo, and Morales administrations (1864–1872)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Achá, Melgarejo, and Morales administrations (1864–1872)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frías served as a deputy during the National Assembly of 1861, contributing much to the crafting of the Constitution promulgated that year. A year later, during the general election of 1862, Frías participated as a candidate only to withdraw shortly thereafter and declare his support for General Gregorio Pérez.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997315_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997315-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="José María de Achá">José María de Achá</a>, the provisional President of Bolivia since the overthrow of Linares, won the elections. However, Achá’s tenure was unstable and faced constant rebellions. On 28 December 1864, Mariano Melgarejo led a successful coup against Achá, leading to Frías' exilement to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190216–18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190216–18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, Frías returned to Bolivia, hoping to establish himself in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> and withdraw to private life. However, on 24 November, a revolution against Melgarejo was ignited. Frías' home was surrounded by his neighbors, calling him to assume the Prefecture of La Paz. On 25 November, Colonel Agustín Morales approached the city and had a private meeting with Frías. In said meeting, Frías professed his plans regarding the direction of the revolution, only to be met with disdain from the Colonel. As such, he renounced the Prefecture and continued his support for the revolution until it triumphed on 15 January 1871, when the forces of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n" title="José María Calderón">José María Calderón</a> were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940721_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940721-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the National Assembly which met that year, Frías was present when President Morales sent forces inside the Government Palace to forcefully shut it down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190218–19_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190218–19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closure_of_the_National_Assembly">Closure of the National Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Closure of the National Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/180px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/270px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg/360px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3435" /></a><figcaption>Agustín Morales had a tense relationship with the National Assembly.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 November 1872, with the purpose of celebrating the second anniversary of the triumphant revolution against Melgarejo, the citizens of La Paz crowded the streets, blocking all roads throughout the city. There were bands playing in the main square, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Murillo" title="Plaza Murillo">Plaza Murillo</a>, with fireworks and gunshots accompanying the cheering crowd and fanfare. Suddenly, one of the music bands moved to the front of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Quemado" title="Palacio Quemado">Government Palace</a>, singing chants which were intended to disrupt the deliberations of the National Assembly, which was in session that night with most of the country's elite politicians, including Frías. Minutes later, a military band entered the Palace and stormed the room where the Assembly met, hurling insults and threats to the politicians who were congregated there. The Palace guard had been overrun by the mob, having resisted the attack but to no avail. Panic filled the room; deputies fleeing the building through any available exit, fearing to be killed. One deputy, Jacinto Villamil, fractured his foot jumping out of a window. The President of the National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque" title="Juan de Dios Bosque">Juan de Dios Bosque</a>, Napoleón Dalence, and Frías were among the few that did not flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198031_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198031-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898216–217_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898216–217-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 25 November, several deputies wrote to Morales, demanding that the situation be amended. The effort was spearheaded by Frías, who presented the following demands to Morales and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Cabinet of Agustín Morales">cabinet</a>: an apology from the President to the members of the National Assembly for the events that took place the previous night; the trial and punishment of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a> and Captain Luis Eguino, who had led the charge into the Palace; the promotion of Manuel Lavadenz, who had "bravely" stood his ground against the military band; and the discussion of the Aullagas Question, a controversy involving extraordinary expenditures by the President and his cabinet. The President took this as a challenge, interpreting the demands to be humiliating. As such, he became determined to shut down the Assembly himself. At 15:00, Morales met his ministers and aides-de-camp, announcing the following: "I shall close Congress. Whoever wants to follow me, follow me; whoever does not, do not". The Bolivian Army, stationed in front of the Government Palace, saluted Morales when he entered, singing the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Bolivia" title="National anthem of Bolivia">Bolivian National Anthem</a>. The President entered the legislative salon alongside his ministers, General <a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Sanjin%C3%A9s" title="Ildefonso Sanjinés">Ildefonso Sanjinés</a>, and several other military officers. Morales entered the empty room and gave a lengthy and passionate speech against the deputies that had supported Frías' efforts:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898217–218_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898217–218-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>People! As the first magistrate of Bolivia, I have come to close this Assembly, whose benches today are deserted by a group of treacherous, infamous, and perfidious men, who, far from fulfilling their mission, have abused their power and authority to disrupt and hinder the progress of the government, attempting to make me seem a felon. They are the ones who cause the misfortunes of our country, a nation that had been destined to be great and today finds itself in poverty, covered with rags and misery. But, gentlemen, what could be expected from men who have come to occupy these benches for their own interest; of men without work, who have nothing else to eat but the sweat of the poor? Which of them has a position? Parasitic plants! You know them, and you know well that there are not even six of them that are not hungry for power… You know that I have been accused of being a thief! Me! Me! By those ruffians that have wanted to usurp your rights. You know me well; I am proud to have been born among you and under this sky. Taking the leadership of this country after our great revolution, I have wanted nothing more than justice and I have had no other intention than that in my conscience. I, gentlemen, have not stolen… the chief magistrate of the nation is poor like the people, and he has not been a Balthasar: he barely has enough to live in misery… By getting rid of these perfidious traitors, who have no conscience nor dignity, I have enthroned justice and liberty. That very freedom which is so great and so beautiful that it is the very happiness of the peoples; that freedom and that justice that these men do not know.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198032_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198032-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898218–220_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898218–220-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_of_President_Morales">Assassination of President Morales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Assassination of President Morales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the speech concluded, Morales invested himself with dictatorial powers, which was met with opposition from his own ministers. On 26 November, his entire cabinet resigned. Casimiro Corral, a member of the cabinet, had a turbulent meeting with Morales that culminated with the President throwing himself onto his minister. Morales was only stopped by those present at the meeting, which included José Morales, his son, General Sanjinés, Julio La Faye, Colonel Daza, and Fernando Valverde. That night, Corral fled to the safety of the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States in Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Markbreit" title="Leopold Markbreit">Leopold Markbreit</a>. Morales, afraid of a revolution, placed General Sanjinés in charge of all the ministries, convinced that Corral would lead an insurrection against the government. The President is said to have been neurotic and incoherent, sitting on the benches outside the Government Palace and muttering about his two greatest concerns: the closure of the National Assembly and the conspiracies which were unfolding. At 21:45, Morales called one of his aides-de-camp into his office, immediately attacking him. Federico La Faye, aide-de-camp and nephew to the President, tried to calm his uncle down. Then, the President summoned Colonel Nicanor Lavadenz. Punching Colonel Lavadenz twice, Morales said: "Colonel, I hear that you are among those who ruthlessly conspire against me. Go ahead, start a revolution. I authorize you!". Lavadenz replied: "My general, how could I start a revolution against you?"; Morales struck Lavadenz yet again. Then, La Faye, begging his uncle to stop, was struck. Outraged, La Faye asked: "Uncle, how could you disrespect me too!"; he is struck again by the irate President, who retired to his desk. Indignant, La Faye stated: "No one disrespects me"; then, he proceeded to shoot his uncle once. After receiving the first shot, Morales uttered: "You to me, Federico?"; his nephew replied: "Yes, me to you", shooting him five more times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1929217_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1929217-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898220–224_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898220–224-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the dramatic events that unfolded on the night of 27 November, Frías was named President by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198033_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198033-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Bolivia">President of Bolivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: President of Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(1872–1873)"><span id="First_term_.281872.E2.80.931873.29"></span>First term (1872–1873)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First term (1872–1873)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg/195px-Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg/293px-Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg/390px-Juan_de_Dios_Bosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Juan de Dios Bosque held the executive power for less than a day, transferring his position to Frías on 28 November.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Morales was assassinated in 1872, deputies gathered in the city of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, formed a Council of State and appointed Frías as president so as not to leave the government headless while the political uproar settled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014150_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014150-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965197_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965197-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, on 28 November 1872, he assumed the presidency, immediately calling for elections. Instead of forming a new cabinet, he chose to maintain his predecessor's cabinet. Article 70 of the Constitution dictated that if, in the middle of a presidential term, the president resigned or was dismissed, disabled, absent or dead, the president of the Council of State would be called to carry out the executive power until the end of the constitutional term. Frías refused to finish the remainder of Morales' term, calling for elections. Accepting the President's compromise, the National Assembly proposed that Article 70 be changed. As per the proposal, the president of the Council of State would still be called to carry out the executive power, however, within thirty days would have to set a date for elections, convening the Assembly for three months after this decree had been promulgated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190221–23_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190221–23-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965198_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965198-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf/page1-156px-Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf/page1-235px-Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf/page1-313px-Acuerdo_Corral-Lindsay_de_5_de_diciembre_de_1872.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption>The Lindsay-Corral Agreement, signed on 5 December 1872.</figcaption></figure><p> One of the first administrative acts of the newly formed government was to conclude a diplomatic agreement that was signed on 5 December between the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Casimiro Corral, and the Minister Plenipotentiary of Chile, Santiago Lindsay. The purpose of the agreement was to settle any issues which had arisen during the negotiations of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1866_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia">boundary treaty of 1866</a>. Corral had already announced, in his memorandum to the Assembly of 1872, that negotiations were under way to smooth out these difficulties. However, two stipulations were contested vehemently by the Assembly. The first was the division of the guano deposits and profits between the two nations; the second regarded the export rights of the metals extracted from the territory between the parallels 23º and 25º. These issues would not cease to be a hotbed of tension for the two nations in the future. Corral reported he had reached an agreement with Chile and was ordered to submit a transcript of the negotiations, to be presented for discussion for the next extraordinary Assembly, to be convened on 23 April 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190223–24_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190223–24-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965199_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965199-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign relations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were also a matter of importance during Frías' first term. Upon the death of Morales and the inauguration of Frías, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> wrote the following message to the new administration:</p><blockquote><p>Great and Good Friend:— I have had the honor to receive the letter which Your Excellency addressed to me on the 1st of December 1872, announcing your accession, under the Constitution of your Country, to the Chief Magistracy of Bolivia, left vacant by the sudden and melancholy death of General Morales. Permit me to wish you every success in discharging the duties of the high trust which has devolved upon you, and to express the hope that the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">relations between the United States and Bolivia</a> may be no less amicable during your administration than they have happily been in the past.— Your Good Friend,— U.S. Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200043_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200043-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>A major controversy during his first term was the López Gama affair. The affair started when the entrepreneur Pedro López Gama sued the government for the loss of 200,000 tons of guano, amounting to 2,000,000 pesos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190227_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190227-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> López won the lawsuit against the Bolivian government, the court ruling that a 1,000,000 peso compensation was in order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910305–309_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910305–309-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to pay such a figure, the State was forced to auction off the estaca-mines of Aullagas to the highest bidder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910319–329_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910319–329-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> López, who purchased the majority of said mines, would end up the sole remaining owner of the Bolivian mining interests in the Atacama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910330–334_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States1910330–334-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantos_Ossa1871132_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantos_Ossa1871132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Gama1871100–105_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Gama1871100–105-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg/236px-Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg/354px-Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg/472px-Ruinas_de_Aullagas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Aullagas mine.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1873_general_election">1873 general election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1873 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date for the general election was set to be on the first Sunday of March, 1873, by a supreme decree issued on 13 December 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the general election of 1873, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a>, Casimiro Corral and <a href="/wiki/Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo" title="Quintín Quevedo">Quintín Quevedo</a> were the most prominent candidates. While the first two candidates represented their own constitutional factions, Quevedo represented the remnants of the old <i>melgarejista</i> party. This faction hoped to retake the lands which had been repatriated to its previous owners, seized by the government of Melgarejo and bestowed to his loyal allies during the regime of the <i>caudillo.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190228_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190228-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top three candidates of the election were Ballivián, Corral, and Quevedo, receiving 6,442; 5,352; and 3,313 votes respectively. There was a total of 16,674 votes, and none of the candidates achieved the majority necessary as stipulated by the Constitution, meaning that the National Assembly was now tasked to choose among the three candidates with the most votes. The first round concluded with 31 votes for Ballivián, 20 for Corral, and 6 for Quevedo. The second round, contested between Ballivián and Corral, finalized with the former obtaining 41 votes and the latter 19. Thus, Ballivián defeated both Corral and Quevedo and was proclaimed President of Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190292_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190292-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Corral and Quevedo, as they had promised prior to their respective candidatures, accepted and acknowledged the victor of the elections as the legitimate successor to Frías.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardé2004143_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardé2004143-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190294_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190294-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entirety of this short first term was dedicated to presiding over these elections in the most transparent way possible. Through intense scrutiny, Frías conducted, by far, the cleanest elections in 19th century Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado2003115_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado2003115-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_(1874–1876)"><span id="Second_term_.281874.E2.80.931876.29"></span>Second term (1874–1876)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second term (1874–1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAMPERO(1874)_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg/180px-CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg/270px-CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg/361px-CAMPERO%281874%29_pg340_Adolfo_BALLIVIAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Ballivián's death brought Frías back to the presidency.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 February 1874, Ballivián died. Frías had been exercising the executive power, as acting president, since 31 January, when Ballivián no longer had the strength to continue with his administrative roles. The entire ministerial cabinet which had served under Ballivián offered its resignation, however, Frías opted to maintain the same ministers as he had done after the death of Morales. It was no surprise to the general public that Frías found himself as President yet again. It was known for some months that Ballivián was severely ill. Although at first there were no challenges to the new administration, soon discontent spread throughout the nation. Especially in the Departments of La Paz and Cochabamba, a robust opposition against Frías formed, questioning the legitimacy of his accession to the Presidency. Paradoxically, during the administration of Ballivián, Frías was believed to have been the rightful and truly constitutional successor of Morales. Now that Ballivián was dead, his legitimacy was vehemently questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902105–109_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902105–109-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014152_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014152-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965200_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965200-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges_to_government_legitimacy">Challenges to government legitimacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Challenges to government legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first act of his second administration was a supreme decree issued on 2 March. The decree stipulated the reduction of funding for municipalities, which had been far too burdensome, and at the expense of the government and the Ministry of Public Instruction. This new law also outlined that municipalities had to account for their expenditures, requiring them to report and seek the approval of the National Assembly for any extraordinary expense. This was met with resistance from the municipal governments, namely that of La Paz, which claimed the new law to be unconstitutional and a violation of the autonomy that had been granted to municipalities for decades. The municipal authorities of the city of Cochabamba protested against this law as well. After the complaints issued from several municipalities, a council of ministers deemed it to be an adequate law and promulgated it, being officially made legislation on 8 April, regardless of all the resistance the decree had met. Newspapers in La Paz condemned the government, inciting further dissidence and encouraging the rebelliousness of General Daza. In order to pacify the young General, Frías called Daza to Sucre. When he refused, the President headed to Oruro to offer him the Ministry of War. Although Daza had turned down the offer, Frías returned to Sucre and passed a supreme decree on 13 May, making Daza his Minister of War. By doing so, the President hoped to pacify the country and prevent a civil war, one which Daza might have sparked. Many criticized the President for this action, since it gave power and legitimacy to a man that had tirelessly conspired against the government. However, Frías saw this as his only option, separating Daza from his center of power and taking him far away to Sucre. Nonetheless, this appointment had serious implications for the future, ominously setting the stage for the final rebellion which dethroned Frías in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvo18822–4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvo18822–4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902109–115_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902109–115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1874_National_Assembly">1874 National Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1874 National Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> As per the Constitution, legislative elections were to be held that year. In La Paz, out of the four possible deputies, not a single ally of the current administration had won. In fact, all the winners belonged to the opposition and included Casimiro Corral. In Cochabamba, three out of four winners were from the opposition, including General Quevedo. The general opposition against Frías began to rise, with many newspapers throughout the country publishing anti-government propaganda. Nonetheless, Frías and his government called the Assembly to meet, eager to discuss issues concerning the national budget, with the President determined to carry out a General Audit in said upcoming session. The discussion about the economic condition of the country began with the burdensome Valdeavellano loan, an agreement made during the administration of President Morales. 500,000 pesos were borrowed, with an interest rate of 8% per annum, at an initial rate of 5%. The loan could only be cancelled six months after the initial agreement and was renewable for three months after its termination, considering that the lender be paid with the same percentage of interest for every semester thereafter. By 1874, the debt had increased to 673,000 pesos, requiring 90,000 pesos annually at an interest rate of 18% per annum, causing a massive burden on the national economy. On 24 July, the Assembly decided to pay the entirety of the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902119–122_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902119–122-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalence18785–6_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalence18785–6-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg/206px-Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg/310px-Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Casimiro_Corral.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Casimiro Corral, a staunch adversary of Frías.</figcaption></figure><p>On 10 August, the Assembly met to discuss two proposals which the President wanted to introduce for debate. After his introductory speech, Frías presented them. In summary, his proposals were the introduction of an organic law of military conscription and a municipal reform. His proposal for military conscription was based on his belief that Bolivia had found itself in constant anarchy since its birth because of the army; that because the army had not been constitutionally conscripted, anarchic and revolutionary ideals arbitrarily abounded in the army. He added that the arbitrary recruitment of soldiers, a practice that had dominated the country since independence, had been unconstitutional and therefore had to be amended. After all, it was the Bolivian Army that was in charge of defending the laws and the constitution which dictated them; that was their purpose, defend democracy and liberty, not work for their own personal gain. Regarding municipalities, Frías believed that each municipality had to submit their deliberations which were to be examined and discussed by the National Assembly. Without much debate, the Assembly agreed with this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902122–127_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902122–127-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1874236–237_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1874236–237-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz1912458_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz1912458-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg/170px-Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg/255px-Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg/340px-Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence" title="Pantaleón Dalence">Pantaleón Dalence</a>, Minister of Finance between 1873 and 1875.</figcaption></figure> <p>The continued resistance from the municipalities was deemed unconstitutional and resulted in a council of ministers having to officially approve the law and enforce it. As a result of this bureaucratic insubordination, Frías ordered each ministry to present their official reports for the year 1873. The Ministry of Finance presented that the government had, in the previous year, a total income of 3,447,785.88 pesos; total expenditures of 3,660,679.69 pesos; and a déficit of 212,993.81 pesos. The Ministry of Public Instruction presented evidence of its strict adherence to the Law of Free Teaching, enacted on 22 November 1872. This law stipulated the following principles: the promotion public instruction; the practice free teaching at the municipal level; and the acknowledgement of instructors as the representatives of their communities. The Ministry of War assured the Assembly of the army's continued support for the current administration. Moreover, it presented to the Assembly that there was 1,789 active military personnel in the country. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented that an agreement had been finally reached with Chile regarding the border conflict; that Chile and Bolivia had finally reached the conclusion of the unfinished treaty signed in 1866 under Melgarejo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902127–130_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902127–130-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the time to discuss the most important concern in the minds of the anxious deputies had come. The questioned legality of the Frías administration was put to discussion, and it was agreed by the majority, and a revision committee, that the President was indeed serving constitutionally. Even some of his own detractors, such as General Quevedo and his party, accepted the legality of Frías' accession; however, Corral and his partisans vehemently rejected it. The <i>corralistas</i> argued that, Frías, having renounced the Presidency in 1873, had also renounced the Presidency of the Council of State and, thus, could not possibly be considered the legal successor of the deceased Ballivián.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902131–133_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902131–133-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedina_Guerrero1991102_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedina_Guerrero1991102-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September, the Assembly discussed the municipalities crisis which emerged from the so-called "law of 2 March", placing municipalities under the scrutiny of the government. This had caused the insubordination of several municipal councils and had led to resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuijarro187529–41_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuijarro187529–41-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passionate and lengthy discussion ensued, ending indecisively and failing to solve the issue at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902139–161_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902139–161-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_over_constitutional_reform">Debate over constitutional reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Debate over constitutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the question of legitimacy solved, the most important concern now was Article 70 of the Constitution and whether it should be changed or not. As had been proposed earlier, when a succession crisis occurs, the president of the Council of State was to assume the interim presidency and call for elections. During the session of the 22 and 24 of August, the Assembly presented a report which rejected the proposed reform. Those who opposed the government, claiming that popular democracy had not been at play when Frías assumed the Presidency, believed that a Vice President should be the heir in case of an emergency. Nonetheless, the reform of Article 70 of the Constitution was rejected after General Quevedo declared himself against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1874172–173_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1874172–173-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussion moved to the reform of Article 62, which required any government official to have been born in Bolivia. It was proposed that this only apply to the position of President and deputy. This proposal was rejected, and no further discussion was held on the matter. Another proposed reform involved Article 40, which stipulated that the National Assembly was to meet every 6 August in the capital. The proposal stated that the President be able to choose another city in case of extraordinary circumstances. Some proposed that a capital finally be chosen, since, for decades, the Assembly had met in many different cities. This reform was rejected as well. The reform of Article 12, which stipulated that a debtor could not be imprisoned, was also discussed; it was proposed that this Article be changed. The reasons stated generally pointed to the harm the Article had caused to the economy, the mining industry, and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDardé2004144–145_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardé2004144–145-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reform led to a long and arduous discussion which was finalized on 2 September, with the majority failing to achieve the two thirds necessary for a constitutional reform to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902134–139_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902134–139-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_Ex-entailment_Law">Land Ex-entailment Law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Land Ex-entailment Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of Peru</a> by the Spanish, the indigenous inhabitants had been in charge of their communal lands. A fact which was changed when Melgarejo seized these lands and redistributed them. This was reverted in 1871, but had not materialized yet, leaving it up to the National Assembly of 1874 to solve the issue at hand. On 5 October, the Land Ex-entailment Law was decreed, which indicated the right of ownership of the lands inherited by the ancestors to the indigenous people and for whose legalization only the possession of the title is needed, which was issued at the cost of 10 cts. and gave absolute rights and legal certainty to the indigenous over their properties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902162–171_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902162–171-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997398_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997398-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic187412_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic187412-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madeira-Mamoré_Railway_Company"><span id="Madeira-Mamor.C3.A9_Railway_Company"></span>Madeira-Mamoré Railway Company</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Madeira-Mamoré Railway Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frías, who was hoping to expand Bolivia's economic horizons with foreign enterprises, held several sessions exclusively for the <a href="/wiki/Madeira-Mamor%C3%A9_Railroad" title="Madeira-Mamoré Railroad">Madeira-Mamoré Railway Company</a>. The Minister of Finance, <a href="/wiki/Pantale%C3%B3n_Dalence" title="Pantaleón Dalence">Pantaleón Dalence</a>, reported in a memorandum that the company had been paralyzed after it ceased construction due to a lawsuit. Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Earl_Church" title="George Earl Church">George Earl Church</a>, an engineer hired for this enterprise, appealed to British tribunals in hopes of resuming the construction, hoping to also obtain aid from British investors with shares in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch1877102_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch1877102-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was barely debated during the November sessions of the National Assembly, with only a single deputy denouncing the irregularities of the company. However, to the majority it seemed clear that the potential benefits of this enterprise were far too great to abandon. As such, the majority voted in favor of the company, and on 25 November, the Assembly passed a law with the following provisions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEV.A.187317–153_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV.A.187317–153-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the funds withheld in the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, 83% of the loan contracted by Colonel Church, on behalf of the Republic of Bolivia, will continue to be applied exclusively to the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway; after the construction of the railway is completed, the shipping company will be required to pay the additional capital needed for the completion of the work, with negotiated funds from its account; the government will lend all its support to the company, ensuring its success; the formation of a special commission to settle the pending lawsuits before the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery of England</a> and to reconstitute the contract, granting new deeds, in which the guarantees that must be provided by the navigation company, or by any new ones, will be recorded; the recruitment of contractors for the construction of the railway. Furthermore, negotiations will take place to determine the manner in which the loan should be served; the liability of the companies in case the work is not carried out; the term in which the work of the railway must begin and end, and the way in which the companies must communicate with the government during the operations of the company; and finally the mortgage of the proceeds of the railway and of the shipping company for the amortization of the loan. In case the company cannot continue construction due to lack of additional capital or the guarantees that the new contractors must provide, the former executive will be subject to the law issued on 5 November 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902191–193_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902191–193-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corral_Plot">Corral Plot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Corral Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the Army had been stationed in La Paz toward the end of Ballivián's term. Severino Zapata had been named commander of the army present there and the prefecture of La Paz was left to José Iriondo, while Belisario Salinas was in Sucre exercising his duties as deputy. Casimiro Corral, who had left Bolivia earlier, had been inciting rebellion from Peru, and returned after he was elected deputy during the legislative election of May 1874. Corral's return to La Paz was worrisome for the government since his very home had become a place of daily anti-government meetings. This greatly troubled the public, which feared that a conspiracy was unfolding. The night of 7 September, the Prefect of La Paz ordered the conspirators at Corral's house to disperse. Corral followed the instruction, however, the following morning an even larger number of plotters met at his house. A mob began forming in the streets of La Paz, being serenaded by Corral from one of his windows. At 8:00, the Prefect sent the police to disperse the crowd. Refusing the Prefect's demand to disperse and give up weapon, Corral's denial was followed by a loud applause from the crowd. Then, the chief of police, Espectador Rivas, ordered Corral's house to be surrounded. Corral shut his door, however, it was forcefully opened by the police, who captured him and 26 other conspirators. This controversy created a nationwide debate on whether Corral should be tried for treason or not. Nonetheless, on 23 October, Frías decreed a general amnesty to the conspirators involved in Corral's plot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1875201_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1875201-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902163–166_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902163–166-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1874_Boundary_Treaty">1874 Boundary Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1874 Boundary Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_conflict_between_Bolivia_and_Chile">Border conflict between Bolivia and Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Border conflict between Bolivia and Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_1879.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/220px-South_America_1879.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/330px-South_America_1879.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/South_America_1879.png/440px-South_America_1879.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A map of South America depicting the disputed Atacama desert coast between Bolivia and Chile.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, the Atacama Province, known as Litoral during the Republican era of Bolivia, had been a part of their vast empire. Even once the Spanish colonized the region, the 25° parallel was recognized as the southernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peruvian Viceroyalty</a>. This fact was evident in the capitulations celebrated between the Crown of Spain and the conquistadores <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> had been made captain-general of what became Chile, the range of the territory was to be between the 27° and 41° parallels. Centuries later, the Royal Ordinance of Intendants of 1782, decreed by the metropole, announced the Atacama Province was invariably and permanently attached to the Province of Potosí. On 10 October 1803, the Spanish Crown affirmed that the Viceroyalty of Peru was the rightful owner of the Atacama Province as far as the <a href="/wiki/Paposo" title="Paposo">Paposo River</a>, which has since dried out. When guano was discovered in the Litoral during the republican era, foreign companies were invited to exploit the deposits. These companies were assigned the area between the <a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Loa</a> and Paposo rivers by minister Hilarión Fernández and Frías on 28 March 1842. The illegal exploitation of guano was prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Bolivia">Supreme Court of Bolivia</a>, and even by British tribunals. On 31 October of that same year, Chile declared its ownership of all the guano deposits in the Atacama Province. A year later, the Chilean government officially created the Province of Atacama. <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Casimiro Olañeta">Casimiro Olañeta</a> and Frías were sent to negotiate with Chile, however, negotiations never took place. In 1847, Chilean <i>guaneros</i> penetrated Bolivian territory as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Mejillones" title="Mejillones">Mejillones Bay</a>, even building a fort there and placing the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chile" title="Flag of Chile">Chilean flag</a> on top. The Prefect of Cobija destroyed the fort and dispersed the <i>guaneros</i>, maintaining sovereignty for a decade until it was challenged again. In 1857, José Goñi Prieto, at the helm of the <i>Esmeralda</i>, seized the Mejillones Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamanca196234–39_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca196234–39-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were opened between the two governments, ending on 2 September 1861, with no results. Retaking Mejillones became a priority of the government, such that the National Assembly which met in Oruro in 1863 authorized the declaration of war with Chile if negotiations reached a dead end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902172–176_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902172–176-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez_Bustamante197960–70_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez_Bustamante197960–70-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chincha_Islands_War_and_the_1866_Treaty">Chincha Islands War and the 1866 Treaty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chincha Islands War and the 1866 Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG/170px-Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG/256px-Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG/341px-Aniceto_Vergara_y_Albano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Vergara negotiated the boundary treaty of 1866 with President Melgarejo in hopes of ending Bolivian neutrality.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 April 1864, the Chincha Islands, off the coast of Peru, were occupied by Spanish sailors. The Spanish Crown claimed that, since it had not recognized the independence of Peru, only a truce had stopped hostilities for the past decades. These guano-rich islands were coveted by the Spanish government, and their occupation led to a temporary ceasefire in the hostilities between Chile and Bolivia. Peru and Chile proclaimed an alliance against the Spanish invaders, known as the American Union, which Frías supported. This conflict against their former overlords became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a>. President Achá had been reluctant to join, since Spain had recognized Bolivian independence and the two countries had good relations ever since. However, his stance was not seen favorably by the public, which embraced Frías' criticisms of the government's inaction. However, Achá's reluctance was also based on the major disadvantages the allies would face against Spain. The war would be a maritime one and, with the inferiority of the allied navy, the Spanish could only be defeated if they were starved and had no port to refuel and equip themselves. Bolivian neutrality provided the Spanish with said ports, threatening the American Union. As such, in 1866, the Chilean government sent Aniceto Vergara Albano to negotiate with Melgarejo. Reaching and agreement with Vergara, Melgarejo scrapped the casus belli against Chile, issued in 1863 by the National Assembly, and signed a treaty in March of that year. On 10 August, Juan Ramón Muñoz, Bolivian Minister Plenipotentiary to Chile, consolidated the agreement with the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Covarrubias" title="Álvaro Covarrubias">Álvaro Covarrubias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESotomayor_Valdés187242–47_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESotomayor_Valdés187242–47-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1866_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia</a> was concluded, yet never ratified. The treaty stipulated that the 24° parallel would serve as the border between the two nations; the territory between the 23° and 25° parallels would be mutually exploited and profits divided between the two countries; and the right to export the minerals found in the same condominial territory. Bolivia was obligated to open a customs office in Mejillones, and it was to be the only fiscal office which could deal with the production of guano and the exportation rights of the metals in the condominial territory. Between the 24° and 25° parallels, Chile had complete sovereignty and all the rights to import and export without having to declare through customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrissot191937–44_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrissot191937–44-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChile189810–12_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChile189810–12-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902177–180_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902177–180-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agreement_and_ratification_of_the_1874_Treaty">Agreement and ratification of the 1874 Treaty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agreement and ratification of the 1874 Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governments that followed Melgarejo also acknowledged the treaty, yet it was not put into effect even then. It was only, as aforementioned, on 5 December 1872, that an agreement was reached between the two nation's ministers of the exterior, known as the Lindsay-Corral Agreement. After much delay, the treaty was finally signed on 6 August 1874 in Sucre, sealed by the foreign ministers of each nation, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Walker_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Carlos Walker Martínez">Carlos Walker Martínez</a>. The treaty stipulated that the official border between the two countries was the 24° parallel, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes cordillera</a>. Between the 23° and 24° parallels, the profits from the exploitation of already existing <i>guanerias</i>, and any further guano to be discovered in the future, were to be divided in half by the two countries. The rights to exploit minerals in the condominial territory was not to increase the quota on what was already being charged at the time. Furthermore, Chilean people and industries could not be levied any further taxes for 25 years after the signing of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Valdés197088–95_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Valdés197088–95-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic187685–87_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic187685–87-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any Chilean imports entering the Bolivian Litoral through the condominial territory would not be subject to duties nor tariffs. This would apply for Bolivia in the territory between the 24° and 25° parallels. Finally, Chile officially renounced its rights to Mejillones and <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, for which Bolivia had to provide monetary compensation. The treaty and its stipulations were presented by Frías to the National Assembly, which had met on 21 August. A debate ensued and engulfed Bolivian politics for months to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas_Valdés1970100_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas_Valdés1970100-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, on 5 November, a proposal to renegotiate was presented and, on 9 November, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1874_between_Chile_and_Bolivia" title="Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia">Boundary Treaty of 1874</a> was approved and promulgated with the proposed modifications made by the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902181–190_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902181–190-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESotomayor_Valdés18795–12_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESotomayor_Valdés18795–12-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frías was aware that the clause on mineral rights was considered unjust, as such, he created the Mining Code which emphasized the adjudication of inorganic or nonmetallic substances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress194767_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress194767-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violation of this treaty by General Daza, in 1879, resulted in the occupation of Antofagasta by the Chilean Army and the subsequent declaration of war by the Bolivian National Assembly. Thus, igniting the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quevedo's_Revolution_(1874–1875)"><span id="Quevedo.27s_Revolution_.281874.E2.80.931875.29"></span>Quevedo's Revolution (1874–1875)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Quevedo's Revolution (1874–1875)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutiny_of_the_third_battalion">Mutiny of the third battalion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mutiny of the third battalion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Bolivian Army</a> rebelled against its leaders on 30 November 1874, embarking upon a disorganized march toward the city of Cochabamba. At 18:30, the authorities of the city, who were celebrating some sort of feast in <a href="/wiki/Qala_Qala" title="Qala Qala">Calacala</a>, formed a column and began marching. Quickly realizing they could not fight the rebels with such a diminutive force, they retreated to <a href="/wiki/Quillacollo" title="Quillacollo">Quillacollo</a>. The column was exiting the city, marching on Juan de Dios Street, when the battalion encountered them and fired. Carlos Villegas, the commander general of Cochabamba, tried to suppress the rebels but was captured and incarcerated. General Quevedo, who was on his way back from fulfilling his duties as a deputy in Sucre, negotiated with the insurgents and obtained the release of Villegas. Although pacified, the battalion demanded that their wages, not paid for over five months, be paid in full. On 1 December, the municipal bank loaned 4,000 pesos to the authorities, who used the money to pay the battalion's arrears. At 10:30, on 2 December, the same battalion declared itself in mutiny, yet again, and proclaimed General Daza as president. Quevedo again pacified the battalion, proclaiming himself superior military chief and commander of the Department of Cochabamba until a commission could decide how to best amend the situation. Thus, by 4 December, Quevedo was officially in charge of the Department and had named Miguel Aguirre as Prefect. After Quevedo appointed sub-prefects, he led the battalion out of Cochabamba on 7 December. When Frías became aware of the mutiny, he sent Daza and the first battalion to deal with the situation. On 9 December, the President passed a supreme decree which ordered the circulation of the powers which had been granted to the government by virtue of Article 20 of the Constitution. This Article gave the government emergency powers whenever facing a major rebellion and suspended some liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December, with the news of Daza's approach, the third battalion was completely dispersed. The following day, he entered Cochabamba and found the revolution completely extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902199–203_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902199–203-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution_spreads_to_La_Paz">Revolution spreads to La Paz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Revolution spreads to La Paz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg/196px-Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg/294px-Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg/393px-Quint%C3%ADn_Quevedo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>General Quevedo tirelessly conspired against President Frías.</figcaption></figure><p>In La Paz, news of the mutiny in Cochabamba gave the <i>quevedistas</i> and <i>corralistas</i> an opportunity to spread revolutionary ideas against the government. On 23 December, at 11:00, the second battalion, which was stationed in La Paz, mutinied. The signal was given by a sentinel who fired a shot and shouted: "Long live Quevedo!"; 25 minutes later, the battalion had seized the city. Although Quevedo had been defeated in the elections of 1873, he had not surrendered his aspirations of occupying the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Quemado" title="Palacio Quemado">Palacio Quemado</a> and had continued conspiring to take power by any means. An hour after the second battalion had seized the city, a representative of Quevedo entered the city and accepted the revolution in the name of the General. On 24 December, Generals Gregorio Pérez and Gonzalo Lanza declared themselves for the revolution, promising to maintain order in La Paz after the city witnessed three days of chaos that had left many dead. As promised, on the 25 and 26 of December, the revolutionary cuirassiers cleaned the city of looters and murderers. On 5 January 1875, Quevedo entered the city, paradoxically only months after he had voted in favor of Frías at the National Assembly, helping the President to solve the question of legitimacy with his vote. Although Quevedo had resources, he did not have the approval of the masses and lacked popularity, an issue which he had to solve in order to carry out his revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902203–207_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902203–207-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912394–395_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912394–395-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casimiro Corral had been living in Puno for the past months when the revolutions of Cochabamba and La Paz took place. Regardless of his opposition to Frías, on 1 January, he declared himself in favour of the government in a lengthy manifesto, where he decried the violence committed in La Paz by the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales1925367–368_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales1925367–368-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Corral's declaration carried no weight, as he truly intended to take over the revolution instead of preventing the fall of the government. As such, on 5 January, Corral and Quevedo met, and the two caudillos came to an agreement which was published on 9 January as a revolutionary manifesto. Corral, who had earned his popularity by rebelling against Melgarejo and playing a leading role the revolution that ousted him. However, he was now allied to one of the most prominent <i>melgarejistas</i> left in the country; the right-hand man of Melgarejo. Joining his contender, Corral, Quevedo would organize an army of 1,200 men, and had left La Paz on the morning of 10 January. The President, having heard of the revolution in Cochabamba, was head toward that city and was at the center of the government forces, personally leading his troops. Frías would camp in <a href="/wiki/Calamarca" title="Calamarca">Calamarca</a>, and departed in pursuit of Quevedo's army on 14 January at the head of an army of 600 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902217–218_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902217–218-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902207–211_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902207–211-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Chacoma">Battle of Chacoma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Battle of Chacoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quevedo stationed his army at the ranch of Chacoma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912395–396_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912395–396-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a place that was dominated by a gentle slope from the East, which was exactly where Frías was coming from. On 18 January, the government forces arrived and, catching the rebels by surprise, attacked. At first, there was heavy fire from rebel machine guns, their smoke darkening the atmosphere for a moment. Their projectiles fell two meters away from the government army's line, which, throwing a general hurrah, continued marching forward. Colonel Ramon González advanced with his company, fighting with "recklessness and courage"; Colonel Juan Granier entered the fight on foot at the head of his company. Even President Frias participated in the early stages of the battle. He remained in the action even after the combat began to grow more ferocious and, with his ministers <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a> and Daniel Calvo, refused to withdraw to the reserves. His son, Carlos Frías, tried to stop him, warning his father that he could get killed. The 70-year-old President replied: "What does it matter?". He then signalled his troops ahead in the midst of a barrage of bullets. The impetuous and aggressive advance of the government forces on enemy lines was firm and organized. Frías'charge was so forceful that, after sustaining a 25-minute fire, it was able to break the enemy line, only to find the rebel forces completely dispersed and defeated. Very few casualties were inflicted on the government forces. Among the dead were: Colonel Jacinto Matos, who was in the vanguard as captain, and two soldiers from the first battalion; Casto Eizaguirre, of the same company, and Lieutenant Colonel Rudesindo Niño de Guzmán: and 8 soldiers. Quevedo's troops suffered 100 casualties, and only 583 prisoners, out of the thousands of rebel soldiers present at the battle, were taken since many of them had fled at the beginning of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902219–220_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902219–220-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940630–631_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940630–631-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_of_Cobija_and_continued_dissidence">Revolution of Cobija and continued dissidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Revolution of Cobija and continued dissidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On 16 January, a rebellion broke out in <a href="/wiki/Cobija,_Chile" title="Cobija, Chile">Cobija</a>, proclaiming Quevedo as the supreme leader of Bolivia. The Prefect of Cobija, Emilio Fernández Costas, was replaced by the collaborator Raimundo Taborga. Fernández sent orders to his men to be stationed near La Chimba, and on 27 January, the rebels occupied the main plaza of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>. Juan de Dios Ribera had put himself at the head of the revolution in Cobija after the government authorities were completely expelled from the region. However, when they learned of Quevedo's defeat at Chacoma on 18 January, they submitted themselves to the government and requested guarantees. The government agreed and allowed them leave the country. By 3 February, the ring leaders had fled to <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, with General Daza finding the Litoral completely pacified by the time he arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902225–227_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902225–227-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Public_square,_La_Paz,_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The_Public_square%2C_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia_LCCN93517183.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>The Government Palace of La Paz in the 1860s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The uprising in La Paz, staged by Quevedo's allies, was also quelled. Miguel Aguirre and Belisario Antezana rose in revolt soon after and recruited the leader of the <i>Montoneros</i>, Rufino Carrasco. They occupied Cochabamba with ease, leading to mass defections by the garrison of that city. Ultimately, Aguirre and Antezana counted with 500 men. They, however, lacked equipment and planned to sack the municipal branch of the <i>Banco Nacional</i> in Cochabamba, taking as much as 40,000 pesos. In Oruro, the revolution had been ended by <a href="/wiki/Eliodoro_Camacho" title="Eliodoro Camacho">Eliodoro Camacho</a>, leading to Frías' decision to march on Cochabamba regardless of his inferior numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007228_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007228-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during his march to Cochabamba that yet another revolution exploded in La Paz, where Ministers Calvo and Baptista, alongside Colonel Juan Granier, had been left in charge. An attack on the Government Palace of La Paz was expected, leading to the fortification of the building by government forces. On 20 March, at 10:00, revolutionaries gathered in the remote outskirts of the city, and began to march upon the main plaza. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nu%C3%B1ez_del_Prado" title="Daniel Nuñez del Prado">Daniel Nuñez del Prado</a>, head of the police at the time, gathered some men to defend the San Francisco square, suffering a total and complete defeat. Led by Colonels Carlos Resini and Modesto Moscoso, a massive mob fought ferociously for eight hours against the government forces barricaded in the Palace. By midnight, Colonel Manuel Othón Jofré attempted to break the siege, however, the charge failed and ended with the Colonel seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902228–232_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902228–232-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007229_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007229-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At 14:00, part of the police defected to the revolutionaries, allowing for the rebels to advance toward the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Peace,_La_Paz" title="Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace</a> and closer to the palace. Hoping to smoke out the entrenched defenders, Colonel Resini attempted to burn the palace eight times. Although the first seven times failed to set the building on fire, the eighth attempt sparked a fire which burnt the wooden beams underneath the roof tiles, causing a massive fire. By 15:00, the third floor was completely engulfed in flames; by 17:00, the second floor was consumed by the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984169_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984169-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hours earlier, Colonel Granier had been informed of the assault, and had begun his march on the city. Around 18:00, Granier's troops had entered La Paz, at which time Calvo and Baptista had chosen to arm themselves and, alongside a small group, opened the gates and fire upon the enemies. The small group made its way to the Monastery of the Concepcionistas, seeking refuge, sustaining heavy fire and losing a few men. Rushing into the main plaza, the revolutionaries claimed victory, only to be surprised by Granier and his men. The rebels were defeated, bringing an end to the bloody and ferocious combat which had ensued for hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007225_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007225-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, 130 bodies were recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233–237_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233–237-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burning of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Quemado" title="Palacio Quemado">Government Palace</a> of La Paz gave it its current name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997337–349_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997337–349-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984173_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984173-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912396–401_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912396–401-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter which confirms the events of that day was sent from Colonel Resini to the Bishop of La Paz, Juan de Dios Bosque, and it reads as follows:</p><blockquote><p>Illustrious Bishop. — There is a deep commotion in the city. The prelate cannot be indifferent to such a horrible manifestation. Your evangelical mission is to intervene and to put an end to so many deaths. It has been decided to burn down the palace; the situation demands it. A note from you, forcing the resisting troops in the palace to surrender, will end the chaos. To work for charity. Your attentive S. S. — Carlos Resini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Frías continued his march on Cochabamba, sieging and attacking the enemy barricades outside the city. The following day, the rebel forces, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Lanza" title="Gonzalo García Lanza">Gonzalo García Lanza</a> and Gregorio Pérez, attempted to break the siege by taking Frías by surprise and engage in direct combat. However, they were repelled, defeated, and completely dispersed. The President then entered the city triumphantly and declared the victory of the constitutionalist cause. In order to ensure the end of the revolution, Frías marched to Oruro to put down the last revolt, ending Quevedo's revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902241–250_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902241–250-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984156_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984156-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daza's_coup_(1876)"><span id="Daza.27s_coup_.281876.29"></span>Daza's coup (1876)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Daza's coup (1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg/220px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg/330px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg/440px-Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>General Hilarión Daza in full presidential regalia.</figcaption></figure> <p>With elections in the horizon, politicians began preparing for their respective campaign trails. Among the most prominent candidates were General <a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Salinas" title="Belisario Salinas">Belisario Salinas</a>. Daza had assumed that the government would support his candidature, and if not, then that of Salinas. He was mistaken, as Frías refused to endorse any candidate. Daza was irate, not only because of the aforementioned fact, but also because he had been replaced as Minister of War by <a href="/wiki/Eliodoro_Camacho" title="Eliodoro Camacho">Eliodoro Camacho</a>. Nonetheless, Daza controlled the army and his support grew exponentially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902254–256_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902254–256-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were numerous rumors of a conspiracy which was unfolding against the government, and the administration was well aware. Fearing the worst, Frías sent a memorandum to the garrisons throughout the country ensuring their loyalty and securing equipment in case Daza did launch a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940631_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940631-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorandum was intercepted by Daza, who was furious after reading the contents. Regardless of this incident, Daza pledged his allegiance to the government, referring to Frías as his "father".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902258_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902258-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg/220px-Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg/330px-Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg/440px-Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_on_his_deathbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Tomás Frías on his deathbed in Florence, Italy (May 1884).</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 May 1876, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Oblitas" title="Jorge Oblitas">Jorge Oblitas</a>, a candidate in the elections, renounced his candidature, hastily meeting with Daza in his home, declaring he would support a coup against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcázar196363_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar196363-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the revolution started, with the government either frozen or impartial about the events. With the threat of an attack on the Government Palace in Sucre, Frías and his ministers were determined to remain inside and stand their ground. At 11:30, military trumpets and drums began to play outside the Palace, with sentinels being sent to block every exit. All of this for the imprisonment of four unarmed civilians. Frías tried to exit the building, only to be stopped by a sentinel. When stopped, Frías uttered the words: "I know you for some time now; you have known me; I am the president". After a long silence, a group of soldiers began to chant: "Long live the President of the Republic!", to which Frías replied: "That is me!". Immediately after this, an even louder cheer came from outside: "Long live General Daza!". Then, the sentinels at the door crossed their bayonets on Frías' chest, after which the president withdrew to his desk. Eventually, all ministers and the President were separated and guarded individually for the rest of the night. The next day, 5 May, all ministers were released except for Daniel Calvo and Mariano Baptista. Agustín Aspiazu, who had been appointed by Frías as Minister of War only recently, was allowed to leave since he was allied to Daza and had participated in the coup. Frías was then relocated to the Recoleta Convent, where President <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Blanco_Soto" title="Pedro Blanco Soto">Pedro Blanco</a> had been murdered decades earlier during a coup. After the seizure of power was complete, Frías was allowed to leave in exile, heading to <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. There, he planned revolts in Cobija and Cochabamba. However, Daza had consolidated his power, forcing Frías to accept defeat and flee to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902259–262_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902259–262-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940220–221_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940220–221-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile,_death,_and_legacy"><span id="Exile.2C_death.2C_and_legacy"></span>Exile, death, and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Exile, death, and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-presidency_and_last_years">Post-presidency and last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Post-presidency and last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomasfriasestatua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomasfriasestatua.jpg/240px-Tomasfriasestatua.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomasfriasestatua.jpg/360px-Tomasfriasestatua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tomasfriasestatua.jpg/480px-Tomasfriasestatua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Statue erected in memory of Frías in front of the Tomás Frías Autonomous University.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the War of the Pacific began, Frías offered his services and was given the position of Minister Plenipotentiary to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Once in Paris, he asked for a wage cut in order to support the war effort. Once his services had concluded, he retired to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and spent the rest of his days there. It is said that, sensing his death, he asked the manager of the hotel he lived in to prepare a warm bath for him. After washing, he is said to have uttered: "Now let us wait for death". He died on 10 May 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965211_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965211-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days after his death, his remains were transported back to Bolivia and were buried in his native Potosí.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902262–264_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902262–264-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorialization">Memorialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Memorialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frías had a strong impact in Bolivian history and, for his important role in the development of Bolivia's education system, the <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Autonomous_University" title="Tomás Frías Autonomous University">Tomás Frías Autonomous University</a> is named after him. Officially created by the Supreme Decree issued on 15 October 1892, it was initially known as the University of Potosí. However, where the university stood, a Free Faculty of Law had already been operating in 1876, subordinated to the Chancellery of Chuquisaca. On 30 November 1892, a regulatory decree was issued providing that the departments of Potosí and Oruro were independent of the Chancellery of Chuquisaca and La Paz respectively. On 3 February 1893, the University Council of Potosi was installed, under the leadership of chancellor and president Nicanor Careaga. By an act issued on 29 November 1924 (enacted on 2 December 1924) by President <a href="/wiki/Bautista_Saavedra" title="Bautista Saavedra">Bautista Saavedra</a>, the University of Potosí changed its name to "bear the name of an eminent intellectual born in Potosí, Dr. Tomás Frías Ametller", recognizing his contribution to the organization of Bolivian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelleria-Geiger1997218–221_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelleria-Geiger1997218–221-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez2004161_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez2004161-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 October 1895, Presidente Mariano Baptista honored Frías by naming the <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_Province" title="Tomás Frías Province">Tomás Frías Province</a> after him. In the law issued that date, Baptista refers to Frías as "an illustrious statesman".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_I" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías I">Cabinet of Tomás Frías I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_II" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías II">Cabinet of Tomás Frías II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tomás Frías">Tomás Frías</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is agreed by legal records and scholarly sources that Agustín Morales died on 27 November and Tomás Frías assumed office on 28 November. However, some texts in the list of presidents of Bolivia include <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque" title="Juan de Dios Bosque">Juan de Dios Bosque</a> as acting president from the night of the 27th to the 28th. Why some sources include Bosque and others omit him is unclear, though it is possibly due to the fact that executive power was transferred to him automatically and not through any formal processes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007213311/https://www.eldiario.net/noticias/2016/2016_04/nt160426/nuevoshorizontes.php?n=93&">"Provincia Larecaja: Obispo Juan de Dios Bosque"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Diario_(La_Paz)" title="El Diario (La Paz)">El Diario</a></i>. 2016-04-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.net/noticias/2016/2016_04/nt160426/nuevoshorizontes.php?n=93&">the original</a> on 2021-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Diario&rft.atitle=Provincia+Larecaja%3A+Obispo+Juan+de+Dios+Bosque&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.net%2Fnoticias%2F2016%2F2016_04%2Fnt160426%2Fnuevoshorizontes.php%3Fn%3D93%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilgus1941482_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilgus1941">Wilgus 1941</a>, pp. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspinosa_y_Portal1924118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspinosa_y_Portal1924118_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinosa_y_Portal1924">Espinosa y Portal 1924</a>, pp. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortés1875188-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortés1875188_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCortés1875">Cortés 1875</a>, pp. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyes1910136-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReyes1910136_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReyes1910">Reyes 1910</a>, pp. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEV19241278-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEV19241278_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEV1924">EV 1924</a>, pp. 1278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESopena19531247-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESopena19531247_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSopena1953">Sopena 1953</a>, pp. 1247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965201-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965201_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1965">Ayala 1965</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965209-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965209_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1965">Ayala 1965</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213–14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190213–14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965205-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965205_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1965">Ayala 1965</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965206-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965206_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1965">Ayala 1965</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970">Suárez Arnez 1970</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103–104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970103–104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970">Suárez Arnez 1970</a>, p. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970">Suárez Arnez 1970</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104–105-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970104–105_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970">Suárez Arnez 1970</a>, p. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970105–106-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuárez_Arnez1970105–106_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970">Suárez Arnez 1970</a>, p. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011112-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011112_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShchelchkov2011">Shchelchkov 2011</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011270_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShchelchkov2011">Shchelchkov 2011</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011261-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011261_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShchelchkov2011">Shchelchkov 2011</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011195-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShchelchkov2011195_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShchelchkov2011">Shchelchkov 2011</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014133-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014133_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntezana_Ergueta2014">Antezana Ergueta 2014</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntezana_Ergueta2014">Antezana Ergueta 2014</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864237-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864237_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolivian_Republic1864">Bolivian Republic 1864</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero_Mesa196815-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero_Mesa196815_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuintero_Mesa1968">Quintero Mesa 1968</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864186-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolivian_Republic1864186_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolivian_Republic1864">Bolivian Republic 1864</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997334-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997334_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesa1997">Mesa 1997</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil197425-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil197425_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeil1974">Weil 1974</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014135-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014135_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntezana_Ergueta2014">Antezana Ergueta 2014</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil1974152-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil1974152_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeil1974">Weil 1974</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190214–15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190214–15_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014138-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntezana_Ergueta2014138_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntezana_Ergueta2014">Antezana Ergueta 2014</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997315-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997315_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesa1997">Mesa 1997</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190216–18-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190216–18_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940721-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940721_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1940">Díaz Arguedas 1940</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés190218–19-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés190218–19_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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<span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcázar1980">Alcázar 1980</a>, pp. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898218–220-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898218–220_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1898">Sanjinés 1898</a>, pp. 218–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1929217-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1929217_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1929">Díaz Arguedas 1929</a>, pp. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898220–224-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1898220–224_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1898">Sanjinés 1898</a>, pp. 220–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar198033-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912394–395-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912394–395_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdóñez_López1912">Ordóñez López 1912</a>, p. 394–395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales1925367–368-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales1925367–368_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorales1925">Morales 1925</a>, pp. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902217–218-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902217–218_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902207–211-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902207–211_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 207–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912395–396-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912395–396_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdóñez_López1912">Ordóñez López 1912</a>, pp. 395–396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902219–220-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902219–220_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940630–631-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940630–631_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1940">Díaz Arguedas 1940</a>, p. 630–631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984147_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptista_Gumucio1984">Baptista Gumucio 1984</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902225–227-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902225–227_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 225–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007228-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007228_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaz_Soldán2007">Paz Soldán 2007</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902228–232-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902228–232_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 228–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007229-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007229_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaz_Soldán2007">Paz Soldán 2007</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984169-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984169_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptista_Gumucio1984">Baptista Gumucio 1984</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007225-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaz_Soldán2007225_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaz_Soldán2007">Paz Soldán 2007</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233–237-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233–237_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 233–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesa1997337–349-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesa1997337–349_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMesa1997">Mesa 1997</a>, pp. 337–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984173-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984173_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptista_Gumucio1984">Baptista Gumucio 1984</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912396–401-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrdóñez_López1912396–401_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrdóñez_López1912">Ordóñez López 1912</a>, pp. 396–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902233_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902241–250-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902241–250_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 241–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984156-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaptista_Gumucio1984156_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaptista_Gumucio1984">Baptista Gumucio 1984</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902254–256-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902254–256_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 254–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940631-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940631_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1940">Díaz Arguedas 1940</a>, p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902258-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902258_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcázar196363-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcázar196363_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcázar1963">Alcázar 1963</a>, pp. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902259–262-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902259–262_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, p. 259–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940220–221-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDíaz_Arguedas1940220–221_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1940">Díaz Arguedas 1940</a>, p. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyala1965211-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyala1965211_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyala1965">Ayala 1965</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902262–264-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjinés1902262–264_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjinés1902">Sanjinés 1902</a>, pp. 262–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETelleria-Geiger1997218–221-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETelleria-Geiger1997218–221_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTelleria-Geiger1997">Telleria-Geiger 1997</a>, p. 218–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez2004161-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez2004161_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez2004">López 2004</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-L-18951004-1.xhtml#norm">"Bolivia: Ley de 4 de octubre de 1895"</a>. <i>www.lexivox.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lexivox.org&rft.atitle=Bolivia%3A+Ley+de+4+de+octubre+de+1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexivox.org%2Fnorms%2FBO-L-18951004-1.xhtml%23norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcázar1980" class="citation book cs1">Alcázar, Moisés (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IAPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Drama y comedia en el Congreso</i></a>. 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Plural. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-556-3"><bdi>978-99954-1-556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+econ%C3%B3mica+de+Bolivia+de+Tupac+Katari+a+Evo+Morales%3A+crisis+y+decadencia&rft.pub=Plural&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-99954-1-556-3&rft.aulast=Antezana+Ergueta&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPBrrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyala1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayala, Alfredo (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrl7AAAAMAAJ"><i>Historia general y de Bolivia</i></a> (in Spanish). Gisbert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+y+de+Bolivia&rft.pub=Gisbert&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ayala&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrl7AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptista_Gumucio1984" class="citation book cs1">Baptista Gumucio, Mariano (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpRxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biografía del Palacio Quemado</i></a>. Empresa Editora Siglo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biograf%C3%ADa+del+Palacio+Quemado&rft.pub=Empresa+Editora+Siglo&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Baptista+Gumucio&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpRxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolivian_Republic1864" class="citation book cs1">Bolivian Republic (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuNCAQAAMAAJ"><i>Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas</i></a>. Imprenta Hernandez.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+de+Leyes+Y+Disposiciones+Supremas&rft.pub=Imprenta+Hernandez&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Bolivian+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuNCAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolivian_Republic1874" class="citation book cs1">Bolivian Republic (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuJCAQAAMAAJ"><i>Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas</i></a>. Imprenta de la Union Americana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+de+Leyes+Y+Disposiciones+Supremas&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Union+Americana&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Bolivian+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuJCAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolivian_Republic1875" class="citation book cs1">Bolivian Republic (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NssFAAAAYAAJ"><i>Anuario de Leyes Y Disposiciones Supremas</i></a>. Imprenta de la Union Americana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+de+Leyes+Y+Disposiciones+Supremas&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Union+Americana&rft.date=1875&rft.au=Bolivian+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNssFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolivian_Republic1876" class="citation book cs1">Bolivian Republic (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_u7AAAAIAAJ"><i>Anuario de Leyes y Supremas Disposiciones</i></a>. Imprenta de la Union Americana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anuario+de+Leyes+y+Supremas+Disposiciones&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Union+Americana&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Bolivian+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_u7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrissot1919" class="citation book cs1">Brissot (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wM5AQAAIAAJ"><i>Bolivia ante la Liga de las Naciones</i></a>. Gonzalez y Medina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+ante+la+Liga+de+las+Naciones&rft.pub=Gonzalez+y+Medina&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Brissot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wM5AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvo1882" class="citation book cs1">Calvo, Eduardo (1882). <i>Verdaderas causas del 4 de mayo de 1876</i>. Sucre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdaderas+causas+del+4+de+mayo+de+1876&rft.place=Sucre&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Calvo&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChile1898" class="citation book cs1">Chile (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLYMAAAAYAAJ"><i>Documentos oficiales relativos á los límites entre Chile, Bolivia i la República Arjentina en la rejión de Atacama [1866-1895]</i></a>. Imprenta Mejía.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentos+oficiales+relativos+%C3%A1+los+l%C3%ADmites+entre+Chile%2C+Bolivia+i+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Arjentina+en+la+reji%C3%B3n+de+Atacama+%5B1866-1895%5D&rft.pub=Imprenta+Mej%C3%ADa&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLYMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1877" class="citation book cs1">Church, George Earl (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQQHAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Route to Bolivia Via the River Amazon: A Report to the Governments of Bolivia and Brazil</i></a>. Waterlow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Route+to+Bolivia+Via+the+River+Amazon%3A+A+Report+to+the+Governments+of+Bolivia+and+Brazil&rft.pub=Waterlow&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=George+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQQHAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortés1875" class="citation book cs1">Cortés, José Domingo (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3FoAAAAcAAJ"><i>Dicionario biografico Americano. Este volumen contiene los nombres, con los datos biograficos i enumeracion de las obras de todas las personas que se han ilustrado en las letras, les armas ... en el continente Americano</i></a>. Lahure.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicionario+biografico+Americano.+Este+volumen+contiene+los+nombres%2C+con+los+datos+biograficos+i+enumeracion+de+las+obras+de+todas+las+personas+que+se+han+ilustrado+en+las+letras%2C+les+armas+...+en+el+continente+Americano&rft.pub=Lahure&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Cort%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Domingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3FoAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalence1878" class="citation book cs1">Dalence, Pantaleon (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJQNAAAAQAAJ"><i>La hacienda de Bolivia sus obligaciones y sus recursos [by P. Dalence]</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+hacienda+de+Bolivia+sus+obligaciones+y+sus+recursos+%5Bby+P.+Dalence%5D.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Dalence&rft.aufirst=Pantaleon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJQNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardé2004" class="citation book cs1">Dardé, Carlos (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7GZqlPypdIC"><i>Violencia y legitimidad: política y revoluciones en España y América Latina, 1840-1910</i></a>. Ed. Universidad de Cantabria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788481023763" title="Special:BookSources/9788481023763"><bdi>9788481023763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violencia+y+legitimidad%3A+pol%C3%ADtica+y+revoluciones+en+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina%2C+1840-1910&rft.pub=Ed.+Universidad+de+Cantabria&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788481023763&rft.aulast=Dard%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7GZqlPypdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2003" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, Guillermo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IIFv1TvglHoC"><i>Identidad, ciudadanía y participación popular desde la colonia al siglo XX</i></a>. Plural editores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990575125" title="Special:BookSources/9789990575125"><bdi>9789990575125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identidad%2C+ciudadan%C3%ADa+y+participaci%C3%B3n+popular+desde+la+colonia+al+siglo+XX&rft.pub=Plural+editores&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789990575125&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIIFv1TvglHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1940" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Díaz Arguedas, Julio (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAxwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Historia del Ejército de Bolivia, 1825-1932</i></a> (in Spanish). Imprenta Int. Central del Ejército.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+Ej%C3%A9rcito+de+Bolivia%2C+1825-1932&rft.pub=Imprenta+Int.+Central+del+Ej%C3%A9rcito&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Arguedas&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAxwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_Arguedas1929" class="citation book cs1">Díaz Arguedas, Julio (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq9lAAAAMAAJ"><i>Los generales de Bolivia (rasgos biográficos) 1825-1925: prólogo de Juan Francisco Bedregal</i></a>. Imp. Intendencia General de Guerra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+generales+de+Bolivia+%28rasgos+biogr%C3%A1ficos%29+1825-1925%3A+pr%C3%B3logo+de+Juan+Francisco+Bedregal&rft.pub=Imp.+Intendencia+General+de+Guerra&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Arguedas&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlq9lAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinosa_y_Portal1924" class="citation book cs1">Espinosa y Portal, Ismael (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WHjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chile Ante El Arbitro: Su Conducta Desde 1820</i></a>. Libreria e imprenta Gil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+Ante+El+Arbitro%3A+Su+Conducta+Desde+1820&rft.pub=Libreria+e+imprenta+Gil&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Espinosa+y+Portal&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WHjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEV1924" class="citation book cs1">EV, IV-A (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDQOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Enciclopedia vniversal ilvstrada evropeo-americana: etimologías sánscrito, hebreo, griego, latín, árabe, lenguas indígenas americanas, etc.; versiones de la mayoría de las voces en francés, italiano, inglés, alemán, portugués, catalán, esperanto ...</i></a> Espasa-Calpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+vniversal+ilvstrada+evropeo-americana%3A+etimolog%C3%ADas+s%C3%A1nscrito%2C+hebreo%2C+griego%2C+lat%C3%ADn%2C+%C3%A1rabe%2C+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+americanas%2C+etc.%3B+versiones+de+la+mayor%C3%ADa+de+las+voces+en+franc%C3%A9s%2C+italiano%2C+ingl%C3%A9s%2C+alem%C3%A1n%2C+portugu%C3%A9s%2C+catal%C3%A1n%2C+esperanto+...&rft.pub=Espasa-Calpe&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=EV&rft.aufirst=IV-A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2000" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Ulysses S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDmqzAid0VUC"><i>The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: 1873</i></a>. SIU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2277-0"><bdi>978-0-8093-2277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant%3A+1873&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2277-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ulysses+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDmqzAid0VUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López, Juan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3NNAAAAMAAJ"><i>La enseñanza del derecho en América Latina y Bolivia</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Instituto de Investigación Jurídica, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99905-58-33-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99905-58-33-3"><bdi>978-99905-58-33-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+ense%C3%B1anza+del+derecho+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+Bolivia&rft.pub=Universidad+Privada+de+Santa+Cruz+de+la+Sierra%2C+Instituto+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n+Jur%C3%ADdica%2C+Facultad+de+Ciencias+Jur%C3%ADdicas+y+Sociales&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-99905-58-33-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3NNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress1947" class="citation book cs1">Library of Congress (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srAnAQAAMAAJ"><i>Latin American Series</i></a>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Series&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrAnAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Gama1871" class="citation book cs1">López Gama, Pedro (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1ExzwEACAAJ"><i>Memorandum: derechos de D. Pedro López Gama a los huanos de Mejillones de Bolivia o sea la indemnización pactada con el Gobierno Nacional</i></a>. imprenta de "El Progreso".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorandum%3A+derechos+de+D.+Pedro+L%C3%B3pez+Gama+a+los+huanos+de+Mejillones+de+Bolivia+o+sea+la+indemnizaci%C3%B3n+pactada+con+el+Gobierno+Nacional&rft.pub=imprenta+de+%22El+Progreso%22&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Gama&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1ExzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedina_Guerrero1991" class="citation book cs1">Medina Guerrero, Carlos (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v30aAAAAYAAJ"><i>Bolivia y sus presidentes: biografías</i></a>. Producciones Hepta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+y+sus+presidentes%3A+biograf%C3%ADas&rft.pub=Producciones+Hepta&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Medina+Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv30aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesa1997" class="citation book cs1">Mesa, Carlos (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GEaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Historia de Bolivia</i></a>. Librería Editorial "Juventud".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Bolivia&rft.pub=Librer%C3%ADa+Editorial+%22Juventud%22&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mesa&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GEaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales1925" class="citation book cs1">Morales, José Agustín (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Los primeros cien años de la republica de Bolivia ...: 1861-1890</i></a>. Bolivia [Empresa editora Veglia & Edelman].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+primeros+cien+a%C3%B1os+de+la+republica+de+Bolivia+...%3A+1861-1890&rft.pub=Bolivia+%5BEmpresa+editora+Veglia+%26+Edelman%5D&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Agust%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQZvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdóñez_López1912" class="citation book cs1">Ordóñez López, Manuel (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bosquejo de la historia de Bolivia</i></a>. Imprenta Boliviana, H. Heitmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosquejo+de+la+historia+de+Bolivia&rft.pub=Imprenta+Boliviana%2C+H.+Heitmann&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwFwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz1912" class="citation book cs1">Paz, Luis (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5spAQAAMAAJ"><i>Constitución política de la República de Bolivia, su texto, su historia comentario</i></a>. M. Pizarro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Bolivia%2C+su+texto%2C+su+historia+comentario&rft.pub=M.+Pizarro&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Paz&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5spAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz_Soldán2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paz Soldán, Edmundo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiToAAAAMAAJ"><i>Palacio Quemado</i></a> (in Spanish). Alfaguara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-204-7292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-204-7292-8"><bdi>978-84-204-7292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palacio+Quemado&rft.pub=Alfaguara&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-204-7292-8&rft.aulast=Paz+Sold%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Edmundo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiToAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuijarro1875" class="citation book cs1">Quijarro, Antonio (1875). <i>Algunos datos sobre la asamblea de 1874</i>. Sucre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algunos+datos+sobre+la+asamblea+de+1874&rft.place=Sucre&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Quijarro&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintero_Mesa1968" class="citation book cs1">Quintero Mesa, Rosa (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJTfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Latin American Serial Documents, a Holdings List: Bolivia</i></a>. University Microfilms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780835205191" title="Special:BookSources/9780835205191"><bdi>9780835205191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Serial+Documents%2C+a+Holdings+List%3A+Bolivia&rft.pub=University+Microfilms&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780835205191&rft.aulast=Quintero+Mesa&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJTfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1910" class="citation book cs1">Reyes, Rafael (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWVDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Nociones de historia del Salvador: precedidas de un resumen de historia universal</i></a>. Tall. Gráf. de José Casamajó.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nociones+de+historia+del+Salvador%3A+precedidas+de+un+resumen+de+historia+universal&rft.pub=Tall.+Gr%C3%A1f.+de+Jos%C3%A9+Casamaj%C3%B3&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWVDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas_Valdés1970" class="citation book cs1">Rojas Valdés, Ximena (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8er3-LsGzQC"><i>don adolfo ibanez</i></a>. Andres Bello.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=don+adolfo+ibanez&rft.pub=Andres+Bello&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rojas+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Ximena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8er3-LsGzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamanca1962" class="citation book cs1">Salamanca, Daniel (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75VuygAACAAJ"><i>Los Derechos de Bolivia al mar: antología de juicios eminentes</i></a>. Editorial "América Latina".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Derechos+de+Bolivia+al+mar%3A+antolog%C3%ADa+de+juicios+eminentes&rft.pub=Editorial+%22Am%C3%A9rica+Latina%22&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Salamanca&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75VuygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Bustamante1979" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez Bustamante, Daniel (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKZGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bolivia: Su Estructura Y Sus Derechos en El Pacífico</i></a>. Banco Central de Bolivia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia%3A+Su+Estructura+Y+Sus+Derechos+en+El+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.pub=Banco+Central+de+Bolivia&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Bustamante&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKZGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjinés1898" class="citation book cs1">Sanjinés, Jenaro (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTbuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Apuntes para la historia de Bolivia bajo la administración del jeneral D. Agustín Morales</i></a>. El ComercioImp. de "El Comercio".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+para+la+historia+de+Bolivia+bajo+la+administraci%C3%B3n+del+jeneral+D.+Agust%C3%ADn+Morales&rft.pub=El+ComercioImp.+de+%22El+Comercio%22&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Sanjin%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Jenaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTbuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjinés1902" class="citation book cs1">Sanjinés, Jenaro (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TJXb6bWATwC"><i>Apuntes para la historia de Bolivia bajo las administraciones de don Adolfo Ballivián I [i.e. y] don Tomás Frías</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+para+la+historia+de+Bolivia+bajo+las+administraciones+de+don+Adolfo+Ballivi%C3%A1n+I+%5Bi.e.+y%5D+don+Tom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Sanjin%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Jenaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TJXb6bWATwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos_Ossa1871" class="citation book cs1">Santos Ossa, José (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCIRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Copia de los documentos de Pedro Lopez Gama subdito del imperio del Brasil, La Paz, Febrero 16 de 1871, o sea su espediente sobre reclamacion al gobierno de Bolivia por el cumplimiento de las obligaciones contraidas a favor de aquel como contratista para la esplotacion y esportacion de huanos del litoral de Bolivia</i></a>. Impr. del Mercurio de Tornero y Letelier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copia+de+los+documentos+de+Pedro+Lopez+Gama+subdito+del+imperio+del+Brasil%2C+La+Paz%2C+Febrero+16+de+1871%2C+o+sea+su+espediente+sobre+reclamacion+al+gobierno+de+Bolivia+por+el+cumplimiento+de+las+obligaciones+contraidas+a+favor+de+aquel+como+contratista+para+la+esplotacion+y+esportacion+de+huanos+del+litoral+de+Bolivia&rft.pub=Impr.+del+Mercurio+de+Tornero+y+Letelier&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Santos+Ossa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCIRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShchelchkov2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shchelchkov, A. A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7Y4repIli4C"><i>La utopía social conservadora en Bolivia: el gobierno de Manuel Isidoro Belzu 1848-1855</i></a> (in Spanish). Plural editores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-99954-1-326-2"><bdi>978-99954-1-326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+utop%C3%ADa+social+conservadora+en+Bolivia%3A+el+gobierno+de+Manuel+Isidoro+Belzu+1848-1855&rft.pub=Plural+editores&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-99954-1-326-2&rft.aulast=Shchelchkov&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7Y4repIli4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopena1953" class="citation book cs1">Sopena, Ramón (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kM5nWp1__0C"><i>Nueva enciclopedia Sopena: diccionario ilustrado de la lengua española, Volume 2</i></a>. Editorial Exito; J. M. Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+enciclopedia+Sopena%3A+diccionario+ilustrado+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Editorial+Exito%3B+J.+M.+Jackson&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Sopena&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4kM5nWp1__0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotomayor_Valdés1872" class="citation book cs1">Sotomayor Valdés, Ramón (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NL5w30sh1mIC"><i>La legación de Chile en Bolivia desde setiembre de 1867 hasta principios de 1870</i></a>. Impr. Chilena.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+legaci%C3%B3n+de+Chile+en+Bolivia+desde+setiembre+de+1867+hasta+principios+de+1870&rft.pub=Impr.+Chilena&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Sotomayor+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNL5w30sh1mIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotomayor_Valdés1879" class="citation book cs1">Sotomayor Valdés, Ramón (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxxbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nueva cuestión de Chile con Bolivia: La infracción del Tratado de agosto de 1874</i></a>. Imprenta de la Patria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+cuesti%C3%B3n+de+Chile+con+Bolivia%3A+La+infracci%C3%B3n+del+Tratado+de+agosto+de+1874&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Patria&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Sotomayor+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxxbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez_Arnez1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suárez Arnez, Cristóbal (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic4QAAAAYAAJ"><i>Desarrollo de la educación boliviana: (historia)</i></a> (in Spanish). Empresa Editora Universo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desarrollo+de+la+educaci%C3%B3n+boliviana%3A+%28historia%29.&rft.pub=Empresa+Editora+Universo&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez+Arnez&rft.aufirst=Crist%C3%B3bal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dic4QAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelleria-Geiger1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Telleria-Geiger, José Luis (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L58QAAAAYAAJ"><i>Universidad, una historia sin límites</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial C.E.U.B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universidad%2C+una+historia+sin+l%C3%ADmites&rft.pub=Editorial+C.E.U.B.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Telleria-Geiger&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL58QAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States1910" class="citation book cs1">United States (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4cCAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Alsop Claim: Appendix of the Case of the United States of America for and in Behalf of the Original American Claimants in this Case Their Heirs, Assigns, Representatives, and Devisees Versus the Republic of Chile Before His Majesty George V, Under the Protocol of December 1, 1909</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alsop+Claim%3A+Appendix+of+the+Case+of+the+United+States+of+America+for+and+in+Behalf+of+the+Original+American+Claimants+in+this+Case+Their+Heirs%2C+Assigns%2C+Representatives%2C+and+Devisees+Versus+the+Republic+of+Chile+Before+His+Majesty+George+V%2C+Under+the+Protocol+of+December+1%2C+1909&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1910&rft.au=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4cCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.A.1873" class="citation book cs1">V.A. (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXxQAAAAYAAJ"><i>Papers and Documents Relating to the Bolivian Loan the National Bolivian Navigation Company, and the Madeira and Mamoré Railway Company, Limited</i></a>. Dunlop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+and+Documents+Relating+to+the+Bolivian+Loan+the+National+Bolivian+Navigation+Company%2C+and+the+Madeira+and+Mamor%C3%A9+Railway+Company%2C+Limited&rft.pub=Dunlop&rft.date=1873&rft.au=V.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXxQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil1974" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Thomas E. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0c9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Area Handbook for Bolivia</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Bolivia&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0c9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgus1941" class="citation book cs1">Wilgus, Alva Curtis (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnRnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Development of Hispanic America</i></a>. Farrar & Rinehart, Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Hispanic+America&rft.pub=Farrar+%26+Rinehart%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Wilgus&rft.aufirst=Alva+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATom%C3%A1s+Fr%C3%ADas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Template:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Bolivia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Bolivia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">Presidents of Bolivia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (1825)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a> (1825–1828)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urdininea" title="José María Pérez de Urdininea">José María Pérez de Urdininea</a> (1828)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_I" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco I">1828</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Blanco_Soto" title="Pedro Blanco Soto">Pedro Blanco Soto</a> (1828–1829)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco II (page does not exist)">1829</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Andrés de Santa Cruz (page does not exist)">1829–1839</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_III" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco III">1839–1841</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_%C3%81greda" title="Sebastián Ágreda">Sebastián Ágreda</a> (1841)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Enrique_Calvo" title="Mariano Enrique Calvo">Mariano Enrique Calvo</a> (1841)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Cabinet of José Ballivián">1841–1847</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Cabinet of Eusebio Guilarte">1847–1848</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco_IV" title="Cabinet of José Miguel de Velasco IV">1848</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Manuel Isidoro Belzu">Manuel Isidoro Belzu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Cabinet of Manuel Isidoro Belzu">1848–1855</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jorge_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Jorge Córdova">Jorge Córdova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jorge_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Cabinet of Jorge Córdova">1855–1857</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="Cabinet of José María Linares">1857–1861</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="José María de Achá">José María de Achá</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="Cabinet of José María de Achá">1861–1864</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Mariano Melgarejo">Mariano Melgarejo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mariano_Melgarejo" title="Cabinet of Mariano Melgarejo">1864–1871</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Cabinet of Agustín Morales">1871–1872</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_I" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías I">1872–1873</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Cabinet of Adolfo Ballivián">1873–1874</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas_II" title="Cabinet of Tomás Frías II">1874–1876</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Cabinet of Hilarión Daza">1876–1879</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Campero" title="Narciso Campero">Narciso Campero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Narciso_Campero" title="Cabinet of Narciso Campero">1880–1884</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#0F52BA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pacheco" title="Gregorio Pacheco">Gregorio Pacheco</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gregorio_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gregorio Pacheco (page does not exist)">1884–1888</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#0F52BA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Arce" title="Aniceto Arce">Aniceto Arce</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Aniceto_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Aniceto Arce (page does not exist)">1888–1892</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#0F52BA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Baptista" title="Mariano Baptista">Mariano Baptista</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Mariano_Baptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Mariano Baptista (page does not exist)">1892–1896</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#0F52BA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Severo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Severo Fernández">Severo Fernández</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Severo_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Severo Fernández (page does not exist)">1896–1899</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Pando" title="José Manuel Pando">José Manuel Pando</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Pando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Manuel Pando (page does not exist)">1899–1904</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Montes" title="Ismael Montes">Ismael Montes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ismael_Montes_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Ismael Montes I (page does not exist)">1904–1909</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Eliodoro_Villaz%C3%B3n" title="Eliodoro Villazón">Eliodoro Villazón</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Eliodoro_Villaz%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Eliodoro Villazón (page does not exist)">1909–1913</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Montes" title="Ismael Montes">Ismael Montes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ismael_Montes_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Ismael Montes II (page does not exist)">1913–1917</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Guerra" title="José Gutiérrez Guerra">José Gutiérrez Guerra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of José Gutiérrez Guerra (page does not exist)">1917–1920</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#3CB371;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bautista_Saavedra" title="Bautista Saavedra">Bautista Saavedra</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Bautista_Saavedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Bautista Saavedra (page does not exist)">1921–1925</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#3CB371;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Segundo_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Felipe Segundo Guzmán">Felipe Segundo Guzmán</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Felipe_Segundo_Guzm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Felipe Segundo Guzmán (page does not exist)">1925–1926</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#191970;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Siles_Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando Siles Reyes">Hernando Siles Reyes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hernando_Siles_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernando Siles Reyes (page does not exist)">1926–1930</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blanco_Galindo" title="Carlos Blanco Galindo">Carlos Blanco Galindo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Carlos_Blanco_Galindo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Carlos Blanco Galindo (page does not exist)">1930–1931</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFA500;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salamanca" title="Daniel Salamanca">Daniel Salamanca</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Daniel_Salamanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Daniel Salamanca (page does not exist)">1931–1934</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FFD700;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Tejada_Sorzano" title="José Luis Tejada Sorzano">José Luis Tejada Sorzano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Tejada_Sorzano" title="Cabinet of José Luis Tejada Sorzano">1934–1936</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Toro" title="David Toro">David Toro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_David_Toro" title="Cabinet of David Toro">1936–1937</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Busch" title="Germán Busch">Germán Busch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germ%C3%A1n_Busch" title="Cabinet of Germán Busch">1937–1939</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Quintanilla" title="Carlos Quintanilla">Carlos Quintanilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Carlos_Quintanilla" title="Cabinet of Carlos Quintanilla">1939–1940</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#4E81BD;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Enrique Peñaranda">Enrique Peñaranda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Cabinet of Enrique Peñaranda">1940–1943</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gualberto_Villarroel" title="Gualberto Villarroel">Gualberto Villarroel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Gualberto_Villarroel" title="Cabinet of Gualberto Villarroel">1943–1946</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Néstor Guillén">Néstor Guillén</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_N%C3%A9stor_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Cabinet of Néstor Guillén">1946</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Monje" title="Tomás Monje">Tomás Monje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tom%C3%A1s_Monje" title="Cabinet of Tomás Monje">1946–1947</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FF0000;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Hertzog" title="Enrique Hertzog">Enrique Hertzog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Enrique_Hertzog" title="Cabinet of Enrique Hertzog">1947–1949</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FF0000;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mamerto_Urriolagoit%C3%ADa" title="Mamerto Urriolagoitía">Mamerto Urriolagoitía</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mamerto_Urriolagoit%C3%ADa" title="Cabinet of Mamerto Urriolagoitía">1949–1951</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Hugo Ballivián">Hugo Ballivián</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ballivi%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Ballivián (page does not exist)">1951–1952</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Víctor Paz Estenssoro I">1952–1956</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernán Siles Zuazo I (page does not exist)">1956–1960</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_ofV%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet ofVíctor Paz Estenssoro II (page does not exist)">1960–1964</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos" title="René Barrientos">René Barrientos</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_and_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1964–1966</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa" title="Alfredo Ovando Candía">Alfredo Ovando Candía</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_and_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1966</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#00CCCC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos" title="René Barrientos">René Barrientos</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of René Barrientos (page does not exist)">1966–1969</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#49796B;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Luis_Adolfo_Siles_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas">Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Luis_Adolfo_Siles_Salinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (page does not exist)">1969</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa" title="Alfredo Ovando Candía">Alfredo Ovando Candía</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Alfredo_Ovando_Cand%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Alfredo Ovando Candía (page does not exist)">1969–1970</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Cabinet of Juan José Torres">1970–1971</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Banzer_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Banzer I (page does not exist)">1971–1978</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pereda" title="Juan Pereda">Juan Pereda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Juan_Pereda" title="Cabinet of Juan Pereda">1978</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Padilla" title="David Padilla">David Padilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_David_Padilla" title="Cabinet of David Padilla">1978–1979</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#5A4FCF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A1lter_Guevara" title="Wálter Guevara">Wálter Guevara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_W%C3%A1lter_Guevara" title="Cabinet of Wálter Guevara">1979</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Natusch" title="Alberto Natusch">Alberto Natusch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alberto_Natusch" title="Cabinet of Alberto Natusch">1979</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#D62222;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lidia_Gueiler_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidia Gueiler Tejada">Lidia Gueiler Tejada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Lidia_Gueiler_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Lidia Gueiler Tejada">1979–1980</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza" title="Luis García Meza">Luis García Meza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza" title="Cabinet of Luis García Meza">1980–1981</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Celso_Torrelio" title="Celso Torrelio">Celso Torrelio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Celso_Torrelio" title="Cabinet of Celso Torrelio">1981–1982</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#C3B091;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guido_Vildoso" title="Guido Vildoso">Guido Vildoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Guido_Vildoso" title="Cabinet of Guido Vildoso">1982</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#E34234;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hernán Siles Zuazo II (page does not exist)">1982–1985</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Víctor Paz Estenssoro III (page does not exist)">1985–1989</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#FF8000;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Paz_Zamora" title="Jaime Paz Zamora">Jaime Paz Zamora</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jaime_Paz_Zamora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Jaime Paz Zamora (page does not exist)">1989–1993</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada I (page does not exist)">1993–1997</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#000000;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Hugo_Banzer_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Hugo Banzer II (page does not exist)">1997–2001</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#000000;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Quiroga" title="Jorge Quiroga">Jorge Quiroga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jorge_Quiroga" title="Cabinet of Jorge Quiroga">2001–2002</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#F19CBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada II (page does not exist)">2002–2003</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos Mesa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Carlos_Mesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Carlos Mesa (page does not exist)">2003–2005</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#DCDCDC;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Veltz%C3%A9" title="Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé">Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Veltz%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet of Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé (page does not exist)">2005–2006</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#143A83;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Evo_Morales" title="Cabinet of Evo Morales">2006–2019</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#4CBB17;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Jeanine Áñez">Jeanine Áñez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Cabinet of Jeanine Áñez">2019–2020</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="color:#143A83;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Luis_Arce" title="Cabinet of Luis Arce">2020–present</a>)</dd></dl></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/85px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/128px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/170px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Presidents of Bolivia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bolivia" title="List of presidents of Bolivia">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Office established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Public Instruction</a> </b><br />1839–1840 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Manuel Sánchez de Velasco</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Manuel Molina</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1844 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Cruz_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de la Cruz Méndez (page does not exist)">Manuel de la Cruz Méndez</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Public Instruction and Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1844–1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Delgadillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo Delgadillo (page does not exist)">Domingo Delgadillo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Guerra" title="Pedro José de Guerra">Pedro José de Guerra</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of the Interior</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span> </b><br />1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Cu%C3%A9llar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Cuéllar (page does not exist)">Basilio Cuéllar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1847–1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Mar%C3%ADa_Torrico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés María Torrico (page does not exist)">Andrés María Torrico</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1857–1858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1858–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b>Juan José Ibargüen </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b>Manuel de la Lastra </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1871 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Bosque" title="Juan de Dios Bosque">Juan de Dios Bosque</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> </b><br />1872–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Adolfo Ballivián">Adolfo Ballivián</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> </b><br />1874–1876 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hilari%C3%B3n_Daza" title="Hilarión Daza">Hilarión Daza</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Agustín_Morales_(1871–1872)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Morales_cabinet" title="Template:A Morales cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Morales_cabinet" title="Template talk:A Morales cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Morales_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:A Morales cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Agustín_Morales_(1871–1872)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Cabinet of Agustín Morales">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales" title="Agustín Morales">Agustín Morales</a> (1871–1872)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a> (1871–1873)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/100px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/150px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/200px-Agust%C3%ADn_Morales._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1871%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 2x" data-file-width="5995" data-file-height="9041" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Bolivia)">Minister of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Campero" title="Narciso Campero">Narciso Campero</a> (1871)</li> <li>Ildefonso Sanjinés (1871–1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a></i> (1871)</li> <li>Pedro García (1871–1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Institutional_Transparency_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and Institutional Transparency (Bolivia)">Minister of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Mendoza_de_la_Tapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Mendoza de la Tapia (page does not exist)">Lucas Mendoza de la Tapia</a> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a></i> (1871)</li> <li>Melchor Terrázas (1871–1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Instruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mariano Réyes Cardona (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casimiro_Corral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casimiro Corral (page does not exist)">Casimiro Corral</a></i> (1871)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_José_María_Linares_(1857–1861)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linares_cabinet" title="Template:Linares cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linares_cabinet" title="Template talk:Linares cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linares_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linares cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_José_María_Linares_(1857–1861)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="Cabinet of José María Linares">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a> (1857–1861)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruperto_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruperto Fernández (page does not exist)">Ruperto Fernández</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/100px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/150px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png/200px-Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares._de_La_Cruz_Tapia%2C_Juan._c._1860%2C_Legislative_Palace%2C_La_Paz.png 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="9201" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Bolivia)">Minister of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gregorio Pérez (1857–1858)</li> <li><i>Lorenzo Velasco Flor</i> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ach%C3%A1" title="José María de Achá">José María de Achá</a> (1858–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Development_Planning_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Development Planning (Bolivia)">Minister of Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Manuel Buitrago (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1857–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Instruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Mendoza_de_la_Tapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Mendoza de la Tapia (page does not exist)">Lucas Mendoza de la Tapia</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li>Evaristo Valle (1858–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Eusebio_Guilarte_(1847–1848)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guilarte_cabinet" title="Template:Guilarte cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guilarte_cabinet" title="Template talk:Guilarte cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guilarte_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guilarte cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Eusebio_Guilarte_(1847–1848)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Cabinet of Eusebio Guilarte">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (1847–1848)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilio_Cu%C3%A9llar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilio Cuéllar (page does not exist)">Basilio Cuéllar</a> (1847–1848)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/100px-Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/150px-Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/200px-Eusebio_Guilarte._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1847%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 2x" data-file-width="5890" data-file-height="9067" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Bolivia)">Minister of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (1847–1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1847–1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Instruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Delgadillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo Delgadillo (page does not exist)">Domingo Delgadillo</a> (1847–1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_José_Ballivián_(1841–1847)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J_Ballivi%C3%A1n_cabinet" title="Template:J Ballivián cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J_Ballivi%C3%A1n_cabinet" title="Template talk:J Ballivián cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J_Ballivi%C3%A1n_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J Ballivián cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_José_Ballivián_(1841–1847)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Cabinet of José Ballivián">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="José Ballivián">José Ballivián</a> (1841–1847)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Government_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Government (Bolivia)">Minister of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Urcullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel María Urcullu (page does not exist)">Manuel María Urcullu</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Ola%C3%B1eta" title="Casimiro Olañeta">Casimiro Olañeta</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_la_Cruz_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de la Cruz Méndez (page does not exist)">Manuel de la Cruz Méndez</a> (1842)</li> <li>Eusebio Gutierrez (1842–1843)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Buitrago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Buitrago (page does not exist)">Pedro Buitrago</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Jos%C3%A9_de_Guerra" title="Pedro José de Guerra">Pedro José de Guerra</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li>José Ugarte (1847)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/100px-Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/150px-Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png/200px-Jos%C3%A9_Ballivi%C3%A1n._Villavicencio%2C_Antonio._c._1841%2C_Museo_de_Charcas%2C_Sucre.png 2x" data-file-width="6122" data-file-height="9207" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Bolivia)">Minister of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urdininea" title="José María Pérez de Urdininea">José María Pérez de Urdininea</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (1842)</li> <li>Manuel Zagárnaga (1842–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez_de_Urdininea" title="José María Pérez de Urdininea">José María Pérez de Urdininea</a> (1843)</li> <li>José María Silva (1843–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Guilarte" title="Eusebio Guilarte">Eusebio Guilarte</a> (1847)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Public_Finance_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)">Minister of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1841)</li> <li>Hilarión Fernandez (1841–1843)</li> <li>Manuel Molina (1843–1844)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a> (1844–1847)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Instruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Manuel de la Cruz Méndez (1842–1844)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1844–1847)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_José_Miguel_de_Velasco_(1839–1841)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Velasco_III_cabinet" title="Template:Velasco III cabinet"><abbr title="View this 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of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Urcullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel María Urcullu (page does not exist)">Manuel María Urcullu</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Linares" title="José María Linares">José María Linares</a> (1839–1841)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/04d_-_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco.png/100px-04d_-_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/04d_-_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco.png/150px-04d_-_Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a> (1839)</li> <li>Gregorio Anibarro (1839)</li> <li>José María Dalence (1839)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel María de Aguirre (page does not exist)">Miguel María de Aguirre</a> (1839–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Bolivia)">Minister of Instruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomás Frías</a> (1839–1840)</li> <li>Manuel Sánchez de Velasco (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886958#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238145857108022922606">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV8QW6XMRGxfDCGhrXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1159603758">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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