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id="toc-The_Catholepistemiad_(1817–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years_(1837–1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_(1837–1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early years (1837–1851) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1837–1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851_to_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851_to_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1851 to 1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851_to_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_to_1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_to_1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1900 to 1950 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_to_1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1950 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Historical links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Campus_Historic_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Campus_Historic_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Central Campus Historic District </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Campus_Historic_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 North Campus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_Athletic_Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_Athletic_Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ross Athletic Campus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_Athletic_Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Student government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endowment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endowment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Endowment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endowment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Schools and colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undergraduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Undergraduate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Graduate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_admissions_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_admissions_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 History of admissions policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_admissions_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmative_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmative_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Affirmative action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmative_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undergraduate_graduation_and_retention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undergraduate_graduation_and_retention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Undergraduate graduation and retention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undergraduate_graduation_and_retention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majors_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majors_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Majors and programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majors_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Employability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Libraries and publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Reputation and rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 National rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 World rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discoveries_and_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_and_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Discoveries and innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_and_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Natural science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_&_applied_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_&_applied_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Computer & applied sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_&_applied_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Medical science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Social science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_infrastructures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_infrastructures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Research infrastructures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_infrastructures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborations_and_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborations_and_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Collaborations and networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborations_and_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Student body </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Residential life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Groups and activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fraternities_and_sororities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraternities_and_sororities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Fraternities and sororities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraternities_and_sororities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegiate_secret_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegiate_secret_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Collegiate secret societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegiate_secret_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Media and publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Athletics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Athletics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fight_songs_and_chants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fight_songs_and_chants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Fight songs and chants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fight_songs_and_chants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Accomplishments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Benefactors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculty_and_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculty_and_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Faculty and staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculty_and_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Government and law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Engineering and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Authors and journalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 Music and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.6 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activists_and_humanitarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activists_and_humanitarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.8 Activists and humanitarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activists_and_humanitarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.9 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">University of Michigan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جامعة ميشيغان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة ميشيغان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Michigan" title="Universidá de Michigan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Michigan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A7iqan_Universiteti" title="Miçiqan Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miçiqan Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="میشیقان بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میشیقان بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মিশিগান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশিগান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Мічыганскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мічыганскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мичигански университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мичигански университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Michigan" title="Universitat de Michigan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Michigan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigansk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Michiganská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michiganská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Michigan" title="Prifysgol Michigan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Michigan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigani_%C3%9Clikool" title="Michigani Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Michigani Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Μίσιγκαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Μίσιγκαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_M%C3%ADchigan" title="Universidad de Míchigan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Míchigan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_Mi%C4%89igano" title="Universitato de Miĉigano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Miĉigano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigango_Unibertsitatea" title="Michigango Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Michigango Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دانشگاه میشیگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه میشیگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Michigan" title="Université du Michigan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université du Michigan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_M%C3%ADchigan" title="Universidade de Míchigan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Míchigan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="미시간 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미시간 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Միչիգանի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միչիգանի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_di_Michigan" title="Universitato di Michigan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universitato di Michigan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Michigan" title="Universitas Michigan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Michigan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Michigan-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Michigan-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_del_Michigan" title="Università del Michigan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università del Michigan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אוניברסיטת מישיגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת מישיגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Michigan" title="Universitas Michigan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Michigan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მიჩიგანის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიჩიგანის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminuza_ya_Michigan" title="Kaminuza ya Michigan – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kaminuza ya Michigan" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мичиган Университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мичиган Университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Michiganensis" title="Universitas Michiganensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Michiganensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%8Diganas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Mičiganas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mičiganas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%8Digano_universitetas" title="Mičigano universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mičigano universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigani_Egyetem" title="Michigani Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Michigani Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BA" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് മിഷിഗൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് മിഷിഗൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ मिशिगन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ मिशिगन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მიჩიგანიშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიჩიგანიშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جامعة ميشيجان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة ميشيجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Michigan" title="Universiti Michigan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Michigan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Michigan" title="Universiteit van Michigan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Michigan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="ミシガン大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミシガン大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_universiteti_(AQSH)" title="Michigan universiteti (AQSH) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Michigan universiteti (AQSH)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਿਸ਼ੀਗਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਸ਼ੀਗਨ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="یونیورسٹی آف مشیگن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف مشیگن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_di_Michigan" title="Universidat di Michigan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universidat di Michigan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_d%C3%ABl_Michigan" title="Università dël Michigan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università dël Michigan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Michigan" title="Uniwersytet Michigan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Michigan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Michigan" title="Universidade de Michigan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Michigan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Michigan" title="Universitatea din Michigan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Michigan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мичиганский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мичиганский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="මිචිගන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිචිගන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Michigana" title="Univerza Michigana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Michigana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Mi%C4%8Digena" title="Univerzitet Mičigena – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Univerzitet Mičigena" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Michiganu" title="Univerzitet u Michiganu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Michiganu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganin_yliopisto" title="Michiganin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michiganin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="University of Michigan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Michigan" title="Unibersidad ng Michigan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Michigan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மிச்சிகன் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிச்சிகன் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мичиган университеты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мичиган университеты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99" title="มหาวิทยาลัยมิชิแกน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยมิชิแกน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Донишгоҳи Мичиган – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Мичиган" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Michigan Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michigan Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Університет Мічигану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет Мічигану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%86" title="یونیورسٹی آف مشی گن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف مشی گن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%86%D9%89%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="مىچىگان ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىچىگان ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Michigan" title="Đại học Michigan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Michigan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_han_Michigan" title="Unibersidad han Michigan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad han Michigan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="密歇根大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="密歇根大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%8A%9D%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="密芝根大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="密芝根大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="密西根大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="密西根大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q230492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="University of Michigan (disambiguation)">University of Michigan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Michigan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_University_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Artes, Scientia, Veritas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Arts, Knowledge, Truth"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">August 26, 1817; 207 years ago (1817-08-26)<a href="#cite_note-Founding-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">HLC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">ORAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_Research_Corridor" title="University Research Corridor">URC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">Sea-grant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$19.2 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$13.1 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ono" title="Santa Ono">Santa Ono</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_McCauley" title="Laurie McCauley">Laurie McCauley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,189 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23,798 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">52,065 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33,730 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,335 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Michigan&params=42_16_37_N_83_44_17_W_">42°16′37″N 83°44′17″W / 42.27694°N 83.73806°W / 42.27694; -83.73806</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Midsize city<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>, 3,177 acres (12.86 km2) Total: 20,965 acres (84.84 km2), including arboretum<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Yearbook</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michiganensian" title="Michiganensian">Michiganensian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maize and blue<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Wolverines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FBS">NCAA Division I FBS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">CWPA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umich.edu">umich.edu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/University_of_Michigan_logo.svg/220px-University_of_Michigan_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/University_of_Michigan_logo.svg/330px-University_of_Michigan_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/University_of_Michigan_logo.svg/440px-University_of_Michigan_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="43" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Michigan is one of the earliest American <a href="/wiki/Research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Research universities">research universities</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>. In the fall of 2023, the university employed 8,189 faculty members and enrolled 52,065 students in its programs.<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snapshot_2023-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enroll_2023-9">[9]</a> The university is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". It consists of nineteen colleges and offers 250 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The university is <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">Higher Learning Commission</a>. In 2021, it ranked third among American universities in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">research expenditures</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. The University of Michigan's athletic teams are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Wolverines</a>. They compete in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a>) as members of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a>. The university currently fields varsity teams across 29 NCAA-sanctioned sports. As of 2022, athletes from the university have won 188 medals at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">Olympic Games</a>. Notable alumni from the university include 8 domestic and foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">heads of government</a>, 47 <a href="/wiki/U.S._senators" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senators">U.S. senators</a>, 218 members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, 42 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet secretaries</a>, and 41 <a href="/wiki/U.S._governors" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. governors">U.S. governors</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="History of the University of Michigan">History of the University of Michigan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Catholepistemiad_(1817–1821)">The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)">edit</a>]</div> The University of Michigan traces its origins to August 26, 1817,<a href="#cite_note-Founding-1">[1]</a> when it was established in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Michigan">Territory of Michigan</a> as the Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania through a legislative act signed by acting governor and secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">William Woodbridge</a>, chief justice <a href="/wiki/Augustus_B._Woodward" title="Augustus B. Woodward">Augustus B. Woodward</a>, and judge <a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_(judge)" title="John Griffin (judge)">John Griffin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[11]</a>: 117  In 1821, by a new enactment, the university itself was created as a "body politic and corporate,"<a href="#cite_note-:11-11">[11]</a>: 117  maintaining its corporate status through various modifications to its charter.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 11  The term "Catholepistemiad," a neologism derived from a blend of Greek and Latin roots, can be loosely translated as "School of Universal Knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This corporation was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/University_of_France" title="University of France">Imperial University of France</a>, an entity established by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> a decade prior,<a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 10  and included an array of schools and libraries under a single administration,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> with the authority to establish additional schools across the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 10  It wasn't until Michigan became a state in 1837 that the corporation focused solely on higher education.<a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG/220px-First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG/330px-First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG/440px-First_Annual_Report_University_of_Michigania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>First Annual Report of the University of Michigania, authored by its first president Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Monteith_(minister)" title="John Monteith (minister)">John Monteith</a>, November 16, 1818</figcaption></figure> Promptly after the Territory of Michigan's formation in 1805, prominent citizens acknowledged the need for a college.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a> In 1806, Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Gabriel Richard</a>, who presided over several schools in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit#American_control" title="History of Detroit">Town of Detroit</a>, first petitioned for land to found a college.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Although Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a> and Woodward promulgated an act in 1809 to establish public school districts, this preliminary endeavor yielded negligible results.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Woodward, aspiring to categorize knowledge (which he termed "encathol epistemia"), discussed this with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1817, Woodward drafted a territorial act for the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, which included thirteen professorships, or didaxiim.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The act was enacted on August 26, 1817, with Father Richard appointed Vice-President and Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Monteith_(minister)" title="John Monteith (minister)">John Monteith</a> as President. Woodward sought funding from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Michigan" title="Grand Lodge of Michigan">Zion Masonic Lodge</a>, which contributed $250, leading to a total of $5,000 raised for the university.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The cornerstone for the first schoolhouse, situated near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817, and by the following year, a <a href="/wiki/Lancasterian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancasterian school">Lancasterian school</a>, taught by <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Shattuck" title="Lemuel Shattuck">Lemuel Shattuck</a>, and a classical academy were operational.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Additional schools were established in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Michigan" title="Monroe County, Michigan">Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinaw</a> by the end of September 1817.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 11  In 1821, a new act placed the corporation under the control of a board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Rev. Monteith, no longer President, joined the board, and Father Richard served on the board until his death in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-Bentley2004-24">[24]</a> The trustees continued to manage the schools and classical academy, but established no new schools.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale1906_14-25">[25]</a> By 1827, all schools had closed, and the Detroit schoolhouse was leased to private teachers.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale1906_14-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1837–1851)">Early years (1837–1851)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years (1837–1851)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_and_Chapel,_University_of_Michigan,_Ann_Arbor_(front_elevation)_MET_DT369502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg/220px-Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg/330px-Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg/440px-Library_and_Chapel%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor_%28front_elevation%29_MET_DT369502.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander J. Davis">Alexander J. Davis</a>'s original University of Michigan designs featured the Gothic Revival style. Davis himself is generally credited with coining the term "<a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a>".</figcaption></figure> In 1837, following Michigan admission to the Union, its constitution enabled the appointive regents to oversee university operations directly alongside professors, without the need for a president.<a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a> The regents met in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a> and accepted the town's proposal for the university to relocate,<a href="#cite_note-Founding-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> based on a 40 acres (16 ha) grant from the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Central_Campus_History-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis" title="Alexander Jackson Davis">Alexander Jackson Davis</a> devised the original campus plan in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival style">Gothic Revival style</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and the regents unanimously approved his proposal;<a href="#cite_note-:702-30">[30]</a> however, the plan was abandoned due to financial constraints resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1841, Mason Hall, the first campus building, was completed, followed by the construction of South College, an identical building to the south, in 1849, leaving a gap for a future grand centerpiece.<a href="#cite_note-:702-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg/220px-Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg/330px-Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg/440px-Colored_elevation_of_Mason_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13574" data-file-height="7125" /></a><figcaption>Colored elevation of Mason Hall (built in 1841; demolished in 1950), the first building devoted to instruction on the Ann Arbor campus. The design was used as a reference by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Rague" title="John F. Rague">John F. Rague</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/North_Hall_(University_of_Wisconsin)" title="North Hall (University of Wisconsin)">North Hall</a> (built in 1851) in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrhp-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> was appointed the first professor following the university's move to Ann Arbor in 1837,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Michigan2015-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitcher185679-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupree198867–68-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-B0017XZGIK-37">[37]</a> alongside early faculty members <a href="/wiki/Douglass_Houghton" title="Douglass Houghton">Douglass Houghton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ten_Brook" title="Andrew Ten Brook">Andrew Ten Brook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B0017XZGIK-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore taught by two professors, Joseph Whiting and George Palmer Williams.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the first commencement of 1845, eleven graduates, including <a href="/wiki/Judson_Dwight_Collins" title="Judson Dwight Collins">Judson Dwight Collins</a>, were awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In subsequent years, the regents established branches across the state as preparatory schools for the university,<a href="#cite_note-Kalamazoo_Branch-42">[42]</a> starting with <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> and followed by <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh,_Michigan" title="Tecumseh, Michigan">Tecumseh</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Pigeon,_Michigan" title="White Pigeon, Michigan">White Pigeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romeo,_Michigan" title="Romeo, Michigan">Romeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalamazoo_Branch-42">[42]</a> However, they struggled to enroll students and some merged with local colleges.<a href="#cite_note-Kalamazoo_Branch-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo College</a> was the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan from 1840 to 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Kalamazoo_Branch-42">[42]</a> Furthermore, the university struggled with issues due to its regents' dependence on the legislature from 1837 to 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 40  Despite several attempts to gain independence, progress was slow until the late 1840s, when regents gained leverage, supported by Michigan citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 40  This led to a revision of the organic act on April 8, 1851, which freed the university from legislative control, changed the regent position from appointed to elected, and established a president selected by the regents.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 40  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851_to_1900">1851 to 1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1851 to 1900">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_University_of_Michigan_(NBY_2827).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg/230px-Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg/345px-Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg/460px-Campus_University_of_Michigan_%28NBY_2827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="519" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Diag" title="The Diag">The Diag</a> in the 19th century</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Building,_U._of_M.,_Ann_Arbor,_Mich._(NBY_7895).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg/230px-Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg/345px-Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg/460px-Law_Building%2C_U._of_M.%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Mich._%28NBY_7895%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="524" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Law Building</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Philip_Tappan" title="Henry Philip Tappan">Henry Philip Tappan</a> became the university's first president in 1852, with the ambition to shape the institution as a model for future universities.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  During his decade of service, he overhauled the curriculum,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  secularized faculty appointments,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  expanded the library and museum collections,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  established the law school,<a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a> and supervised the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Observatory" title="Detroit Observatory">Detroit Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country (after Harvard) to issue <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 48  The following year, the country's first chemical laboratory was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education, providing additional space for classes and laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-Chem_Lab-44">[44]</a> Tappan's tenure also saw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="University of Michigan Men's Glee Club">Michigan Glee Club</a>, the oldest student organization at the university.<a href="#cite_note-michiganbook-45">[45]</a> Despite these accomplishments, Tappan's 11-year presidency was marked by considerable tension.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  His impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  Due to changes in the Board of Regents and discontent with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  In 1863, <a href="/wiki/Erastus_Otis_Haven" title="Erastus Otis Haven">Erastus Otis Haven</a> took office as president, having been a professor at the time and needing to prove his right for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 54–59  The campus was divided by conflicting views among students, faculty, and regents regarding Tappan's restoration, the homeopathy crisis, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 54–59  Haven's administration faced routine administrative difficulties and struggled to garner support for increased state aid, despite achieving modest gains.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 54–59  The university, which had received a fixed $15,000 since 1869, still required additional funding.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 54–59  Frustrated, Haven resigned in 1869 to become president of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> institution, a move that sectarians viewed as a setback for secular colleges.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 54–59  The presidency remained vacant from 1869 to 1871, with Professor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Simmons_Frieze" title="Henry Simmons Frieze">Henry Simmons Frieze</a> serving as acting president.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 59–62  During this period, the university raised funds for University Hall, overhauled admissions with a diploma system, and introduced coeducation.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 59–62  Women were first admitted in 1870,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Alice_Robinson_Boise_Wood" title="Alice Robinson Boise Wood">Alice Robinson Boise Wood</a> was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from the law school as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1871, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Killgore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Killgore">Sarah Killgore</a> became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A promoter of music education, Frieze oversaw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/University_Musical_Society" title="University Musical Society">University Musical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 59–62  Student discipline remained problematic, with frequent class rushes and hazing.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 59–62  Past efforts to curb these disorders had proven ineffective, which Frieze blamed on decentralized faculty control.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 59–62  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg/230px-Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg/345px-Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg/460px-Bhl_BL004525_BL004525_bl004525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5460" data-file-height="3718" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">University Hall (1872-1896), located partly on the grounds of present-day <a href="/wiki/Angell_Hall" title="Angell Hall">Angell Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg/230px-Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg/345px-Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg/460px-Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_Standing_on_lawn_in_front_of_University_Hall_First_Congregational_Church_and_Union_School_West_Hall_visible_across_State_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8328" data-file-height="5842" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, stood on the west side of South State Street in front of University Hall, beside The First Congregational Church.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> became president in 1871 and would remain in the post for nearly four decades.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Shortly after his arrival, University Hall was completed and dedicated.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  During his presidency, he broadened the curriculum,<a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a> founded various professional schools,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  resolved the long-standing homeopathy problem,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  restored campus discipline,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  raised entrance and graduation requirements,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  and persuaded the legislature to increase state aid.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Angell's tenure saw the addition of many extracurricular activities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">intercollegiate football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan Marching Band">marching band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Though a reformer, Angell was not authoritarian; he encouraged open debate and aimed for near-unanimous agreement before implementing changes, rather than pushing through with only a narrow majority.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  In 1871-72, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a> first introduced the German <a href="/wiki/Seminar" title="Seminar">seminar</a> method of study, marking its first use in America.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 71  In 1875, the university founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">College of Dental Surgery</a>, followed by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Michigan College of Pharmacy">College of Pharmacy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Prescott" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert B. Prescott">Albert B. Prescott</a> in 1876. That year, the university awarded its first <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degrees: to <a href="/wiki/Victor_C._Vaughan" title="Victor C. Vaughan">Victor C. Vaughan</a> in chemistry and William E. Smith in zoology.<a href="#cite_note-:11132024-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a> They were among the first doctoral degrees to be conferred in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-:11132024-51">[51]</a> During this period, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley">Charles Horton Cooley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ezra Park">Robert Ezra Park</a> first met at Michigan, where they would greatly influence each other.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the second largest in the United States after Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg/220px-Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg/330px-Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg/440px-Literary_Class_of_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7623" data-file-height="6135" /></a><figcaption>Literary Class of 1880 (includes <a href="/wiki/Mary_Henrietta_Graham" title="Mary Henrietta Graham">Mary Henrietta Graham</a>, the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:22em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not the high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, speaking to the first National Convention of the College Republicans in <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Newberry Hall">Newberry Hall</a> in 1892<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></cite> </div> With his presidency, Angell focused the university on preparing a new generation of secular leaders in public service.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Angell himself was frequently called upon by the White House for diplomatic missions.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  In 1880, President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford Hayes">Rutherford Hayes</a> appointed him as Minister to China, where he successfully negotiated an immigration treaty that increased Chinese student enrollment.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Later, in 1887, 1896, and 1897, President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> appointed him to fisheries and waterways commissions.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  That same year, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> named him Envoy Extraordinary to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  By the late 19th century, the university had gained an international reputation, partly due to Angell's diplomatic efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  During this period, over 80 subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The university was also involved in building the <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> education, legal, and public health systems during the era of American colonization of the Philippines, thanks to the efforts of Michigan alumni, including <a href="/wiki/Dean_Conant_Worcester" title="Dean Conant Worcester">Dean Conant Worcester</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_A._Malcolm" title="George A. Malcolm">George A. Malcolm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Among the early students in the School of Medicine was <a href="/wiki/Jose_Celso_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Celso Barbosa">Jose Celso Barbosa</a>, who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ida_Gray" title="Ida Gray">Ida Gray</a> graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">School of Dentistry</a> in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDykes1996496-58">[58]</a> In the early 20th century, the university emerged as a preferred option for Jewish students pursuing secular education due to quotas on Jewish admissions at denominational colleges, and it has since become a haven for the Jewish-American academic community.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Angell retired in 1909, and seven years later, he died in the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_University_of_Michigan" title="President's House, University of Michigan">President's House</a>, which had been his home for forty-five years.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  His successor, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burns_Hutchins" title="Harry Burns Hutchins">Harry Burns Hutchins</a>, who was once his student, would lead the university through <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Great Influenza epidemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900_to_1950">1900 to 1950</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1900 to 1950">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg/220px-Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg/330px-Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg/440px-Photo_of_courtyard_Law_Quadrangle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5678" data-file-height="4540" /></a><figcaption>Law Quadrangle, ca. 1930s</figcaption></figure> In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burns_Hutchins" title="Harry Burns Hutchins">Harry Burns Hutchins</a> assumed the presidency, becoming the first alumnus to hold that position.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  He had spent seven years in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>, where he was called by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  Hutchins then became the dean of the law school at his alma mater, where he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">case method</a> of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  Hutchins was acting president when Angell was absent.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  During his presidency, Hutchins established the <a href="/wiki/Rackham_Graduate_School" title="Rackham Graduate School">Graduate School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  doubled enrollment,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  and increased the faculty.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  He secured more state aid and alumni support to fund the university's capital needs,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  including the gothic Law Quadrangle,<a href="#cite_note-Law_Quadrangle-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Cook_Building" title="Martha Cook Building">Martha Cook Building</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_Auditorium" title="Hill Auditorium">Hill Auditorium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Union" title="Michigan Union">Michigan Union</a>, which became campus landmarks. Hutchins enhanced the university health service,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  but wartime distractions plagued his presidency. The influenza epidemic, which caused student deaths from poor care, deeply troubled him.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  Well-liked by the regents who encouraged him to remain president, nonetheless, Hutchins retired in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 76–80  The 1920s at the university were marked by the brief tenures of two presidents, <a href="/wiki/Marion_LeRoy_Burton" title="Marion LeRoy Burton">Marion LeRoy Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cook_Little" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Cook Little">Clarence Cook Little</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–98  In 1920, when Burton assumed office, a conference on higher education took place at the university, resulting in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Governing_Boards_of_Universities_and_Colleges" title="Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges">Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  Under his leadership, construction boomed on campus,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  and enrollments increased,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  propelled by the prosperous economy of the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>. He initiated the annual honors convocation,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  introduced the deans' conference,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  and increased university income.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  He fell ill in 1924 and died in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  In this emergency, President Emeritus Hutchins was called by the regents to assist, with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Lloyd" title="Alfred Henry Lloyd">Alfred Henry Lloyd</a> serving as acting president until Little's arrival.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 81–88  Clarence Cook Little was elected president in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 88–98  advocating for individualized education<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 88–98  and reforming curricula, particularly for women.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 88–98  Little proposed a curriculum division after two years to address knowledge gaps, leading to the University College proposal, which was ultimately abandoned after his resignation in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 88–98  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg/220px-People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg/330px-People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg/440px-People_attending_UM_physics_symposium_pose_for_group_photo_Summer_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7856" data-file-height="5507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">H.A. Kramers</a>, second row, sixth left with <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, second row, fourth left, in a photograph of the Summer Symposium on Theoretical Physics in 1931 at the University of Michigan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg/220px-UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg/330px-UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg/440px-UhlenbeckKramersGoudsmit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Physicists <a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">G.E. Uhlenbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Kramers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Kramers">H.A. Kramers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">S.A. Goudsmit</a> circa 1928 at Michigan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg/230px-Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg/345px-Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg/460px-Engineering_Building_UOM_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="482" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">West Engineering Building, 1905</div></div></div></div></div> Following Little's resignation, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grant_Ruthven" title="Alexander Grant Ruthven">Alexander Grant Ruthven</a>, an alumnus, was elected president by unanimous vote.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 98–116  He would lead the university through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 98–116  Under Ruthven's leadership, the university administration became more decentralized with the creation of the university council, various divisions, and a system of committees<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 98–116  For years, the university was a backwater in theoretical physics. Nonetheless, this changed under department head <a href="/wiki/Harrison_McAllister_Randall" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison McAllister Randall">Harrison McAllister Randall</a>, who brought theorists <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Laporte" title="Otto Laporte">Otto Laporte</a> onto the faculty.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Goudsmit mentored famous students at the university, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ta-You" title="Wu Ta-You">Wu Ta-You</a>, the Father of Chinese Physics, who in turn taught <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a> and two Nobel laureates, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>. From 1928 to 1941, the Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics featured renowned physicists like <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, with at least fifteen attendees being Nobel laureates or future laureates.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Timoshenko" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephen Timoshenko</a> created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university. Shortly after the war, in 1947, the regents formed a War Memorial Committee to honor students who died in World War II. By 1948, they established the Phoenix Project to explore peaceful atomic energy applications, leading to the nation's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-um2017.org-14">[14]</a> funded by over 25,000 contributors, including the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_to_present">1950 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1950 to present">edit</a>]</div> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hatcher" title="Harlan Hatcher">Harlan Hatcher</a> succeeded Ruthven and served as president until 1968, overseeing the construction of North Campus, the founding of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint" title="University of Michigan–Flint">Flint Senior College</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Dearborn" title="University of Michigan–Dearborn">Dearborn Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:31-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The tenures of Hatcher and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Robben_Wright_Fleming" title="Robben Wright Fleming">Robben Wright Fleming</a>, were marked by a sharp rise in campus activism, highlighted by the increase in political dissent linked to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:31-68">[68]</a> In 1964, a group of faculty hosted the nation's first "<a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-in</a>" against U.S. policy in Southeast Asia, attended by 2,500 students.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sit-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-ins">sit-ins</a> by campus political groups led to administrative crackdowns, further escalating tensions and confrontational tactics among radicals, including a notable incident involving the Jesse James Gang, an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>, hosting an on-campus military recruiter in hostage.<a href="#cite_note-:31-68">[68]</a> Hatcher controversially dismissed three professors for their refusal to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Hatcher's successor, Robben Wright Fleming, an experienced negotiator, guided the university through a turbulent era of student protests and activism.<a href="#cite_note-:31-68">[68]</a> Unlike some other universities, Michigan did not experience violent outbreaks during this period.<a href="#cite_note-:31-68">[68]</a> Shortly after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Action_Movement" title="Black Action Movement">Black Action Movement</a> organized an eight-day campus-wide strike at the university in 1970 to protest the lack of support for minorities on campus, successfully prompting the administration to meet several of their demands.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn-73">[73]</a> In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Center_(community_center)" title="Spectrum Center (community center)">Spectrum Center</a> was founded as the nation's oldest collegiate <a href="/wiki/LGBT_student_center" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT student center">LGBT student center</a>, preceding the establishment of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a>'s center.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Meanwhile, support among students for <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana legalization">marijuana legalization</a> was gaining traction on campus, as highlighted by the annual <a href="/wiki/Hash_Bash" title="Hash Bash">Hash Bash</a> rally that began in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, campus unrest began to affect the university's academic standing, which had been ranked among the top five in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-1973_commencement-76">[76]</a> This standing started to decline during Fleming's tenure. Campus unrest persisted during <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Harold Tafler Shapiro</a>'s presidency, which began in 1980, fueled by controversies surrounding the anti-missile <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> and investments in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. President <a href="/wiki/James_Duderstadt" title="James Duderstadt">James Duderstadt</a> would succeed Shapiro and remain president until 1996.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He facilitated achievements in the campus's physical growth and fundraising efforts. Duderstadt's successor, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a>, conducted several major construction projects like the School of Social Work building<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the Tisch Hall, named in honor of alumnus <a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Preston Robert Tisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2003, two lawsuits involving the university's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court: <a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a>. In 2002, the university elected its first female president, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Coleman" title="Mary Sue Coleman">Mary Sue Coleman</a>, by unanimous vote.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Throughout her presidency, Michigan's endowment saw continued growth, accompanied by a major fundraising drive known as "The Michigan Difference".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Coleman's administration faced labor disputes with the university's labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization and the Graduate Employees Organization.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In the early 2000s, the university faced declining state funding, prompting suggestions for privatization.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Despite being a state institution de jure, it adopted private funding models.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A 2008 legislative panel further recommended converting it to a private institution due to its minimal ties to the state.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Schlissel" title="Mark Schlissel">Mark Schlissel</a> succeeded Coleman in 2014. Before his firing in 2022, Schlissel expanded financial aid offerings,<a href="#cite_note-GBG_intro_article-88">[88]</a> enhanced international engagement,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and raised student diversity.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He also led initiatives in biosciences<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and the arts.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The university's 15th and current president, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ono" title="Santa Ono">Santa Ono</a>, was elected in 2022. In April 2024, Michigan  students joined <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_on_university_campuses_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2024 Israel–Hamas war protests on university campuses in the United States">other campuses across the United States</a> in protests and setting up encampments against the Israel–Hamas war and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">genocide of Palestinians</a>  in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The protestors called for the University to <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">divest from Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In May 2024, the University of Michigan revoked the Martin Luther King, Jr. Spirit Award  honoring Salma Hamamy, a pro-Palestinian student,  who shared footage of Israeli drones summarily executing unarmed Palestinians. In response 65 MLK Spirit Award Recipients returned their awards.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2024 five <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> students who participated in an exchange program with the University of Michigan were charged with espionage related offenses after being caught during exerscises at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Grayling" title="Camp Grayling">Camp Grayling</a> which included Taiwanese forces.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_links">Historical links</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical links">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png/220px-HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png/330px-HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/HarryHutchins_JamesAngell_AndrewWhite.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>University presidents <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burns_Hutchins" title="Harry Burns Hutchins">Harry Burns Hutchins</a>, left, and <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a>, center, with <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a>, right, in a 1900s photograph</figcaption></figure> The founding of the University of Michigan in the 19th century was influenced by the transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Letters" title="Republic of Letters">Republic of Letters</a>, an intellectual community that spanned Europe and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  Key figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Philip_Tappan" title="Henry Philip Tappan">Henry Philip Tappan</a>, were instrumental in aligning the university with the ideals championed by the intellectual community, including liberty, reason, and scientific inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 39–53  Alumni and faculty from Michigan, like <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dixon_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Dixon White">Andrew Dixon White</a>, carried these ideals forward as they shaped other institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:22-100">[100]</a> Notably, Cornell alumni <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Casper_Branner" title="John Casper Branner">John Casper Branner</a> later introduced these concepts to <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:22-100">[100]</a> Early university leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a>, played a significant role in establishing other state universities by sharing their insights and experiences.<a href="#cite_note-:21-43">[43]</a>: 63–75  Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a>, the first chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, referred to Michigan as the "mother of state universities."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School of sociology</a>. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Brainerd_Cady" title="Calvin Brainerd Cady">Calvin Brainerd Cady</a>, who were members of the Michigan faculty.</li> <li>Cornell University: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dixon_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Dixon White">Andrew Dixon White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a>, the first and second presidents of Cornell, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell had its <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Law School</a> founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burns_Hutchins" title="Harry Burns Hutchins">Harry Burns Hutchins</a>. Six of the fourteen past presidents of Cornell University have had connections to the University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ezra_Day" title="Edmund Ezra Day">Edmund Ezra Day</a>, the fifth president, was the founding dean of Michigan's business school. <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._T._Rhodes" title="Frank H. T. Rhodes">Frank H. T. Rhodes</a>, the ninth president, spent three years as vice president of academic affairs at Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a>, the fourteenth president, served as provost at Michigan from 2013 to 2017. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_S._Lehman" title="Jeffrey S. Lehman">Jeffrey S. Lehman</a> received his graduate degrees from Michigan.</li> <li>Harvard University: Michigan alumnus <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin Francis Gay</a> was the founding dean of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> from 1908 to 1919,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> instrumental in the school's planning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>: had its <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine">pharmacology department</a> established by <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Abel" title="John Jacob Abel">John Jacob Abel</a>, an alumnus of Michigan.</li> <li>Massachusetts Institute of Technology: had its <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a> co-founded by Michigan alumnus <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte" title="Nicholas Negroponte">Nicholas Negroponte</a>, the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Media Lab, has held a visiting professorship at the University of Michigan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>: Michigan alumnus <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wade_Rogers" title="Henry Wade Rogers">Henry Wade Rogers</a> was instrumental in transforming Northwestern from a small cluster of colleges into a major, nationally recognized university. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Winner_Rogers" title="Emma Winner Rogers">Emma Winner Rogers</a>, founded the Northwestern University Settlement Association.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_O._Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Erastus O. Haven">Erastus O. Haven</a>, the first and second chancellors of Syracuse University, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Odegaard" title="Charles Odegaard">Charles Odegaard</a>, who served as president of the University of Washington from 1958 to 1973 and is credited with elevating its academic standing, was previously the dean of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>: Michigan alumna <a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a>, the President of <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> from 1881 to 1887, "transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassachusetts_Moments2006-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>: had its <a href="/wiki/Residential_colleges_of_Yale_University" title="Residential colleges of Yale University">residential college system</a> co-organized by <a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a>, a graduate of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergin1983-107">[107]</a> Michigan alumnus <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wade_Rogers" title="Henry Wade Rogers">Henry Wade Rogers</a> introduced the "case system" and the college degree requirement into the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 700px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 700px; height: 480px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="700" data-height="480" data-zoom="15" data-lat="42.2769634" data-lon="-83.7381685" data-overlays="["_efd0ed1f631e8b40ab4ac03483e54bdf8ae619a0"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/15/42.2769634/-83.7381685/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,42.2769634,-83.7381685,700x480.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=University_of_Michigan&revid=1259527318&groups=_efd0ed1f631e8b40ab4ac03483e54bdf8ae619a0" width="700" height="480" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,15,42.2769634,-83.7381685,700x480@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=University_of_Michigan&revid=1259527318&groups=_efd0ed1f631e8b40ab4ac03483e54bdf8ae619a0 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">University of Michigan Campus <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Historic buildings</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Museums</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Libraries</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Arts venues</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Housing and dining</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Open spaces</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sports</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  University of Michigan campus</div> </div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Quadrangle,_University_of_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/300px-Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/450px-Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/600px-Law_Quadrangle%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Law Quadrangle on Central Campus, which houses the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">law school</a>, comprises Hutchins Hall, William W. Cook Legal Research Library, John P. Cook Dormitory, and Lawyers Club & Munger Residences.</figcaption></figure> The University of Michigan's campus in Ann Arbor is divided into four main areas: the Central Campus area, the North Campus area, the North Medical Campus area, and Ross Athletic Campus area. The campus areas include more than 500 major buildings,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km2).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The Central and Athletic Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Huron_River_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron River (Michigan)">Huron River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The North Medical Campus area was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campus areas. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campus areas, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> There is leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. In addition to the University of Michigan Golf Course on Ross Athletic Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor. The Inglis House is an off-campus facility, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Another major off-campus facility is the <a href="/wiki/Matthaei_Botanical_Gardens" title="Matthaei Botanical Gardens">Matthaei Botanical Gardens</a>, which is located on the eastern outskirts of the City of Ann Arbor.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Campus_Historic_District">Central Campus Historic District</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central Campus Historic District">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Central_Campus_Historic_District" title="University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District">University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg/250px-Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg/375px-Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg/500px-Northwest_corner_of_UM_campus_about_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2977" /></a><figcaption>The northwest corner of The Diag around 1873, showing the university's gate, the Law Building (1863–1950) and University Hall (1872–1950)</figcaption></figure> The original Central Campus spanned 40 acres (16 ha), bordered by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The master plan was developed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jackson_Davis" title="Alexander Jackson Davis">Alexander Jackson Davis</a>. The first structures built included four Greek Revival faculty residences in 1840,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1010241-119">[119]</a> as well as Mason Hall (1841–1950)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and South College (1849–1950),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> which functioned as both academic spaces and dormitories. Only one of the original faculty residences remains today; it has been renovated in the Italianate style to serve as the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_University_of_Michigan" title="President's House, University of Michigan">President's House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1010241-119">[119]</a> making it the oldest building on campus.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Campus_History-28">[28]</a> The Chemical Laboratory,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jordan" title="Albert Jordan">Albert Jordan</a> in 1856 and operational until 1980, was notable for housing the nation's first instructional chemistry lab. After the completion of the Old Medical Building (1850–1914)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and the Law Building (1863–1950),<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> an open space known as <a href="/wiki/The_Diag" title="The Diag">The Diag</a> began to take shape. Among the prominent structures on the original Central Campus was University Hall (1872–1950),<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> designed by alumnus <a href="/wiki/E._S._Jennison" title="E. S. Jennison">Edwin Shannon Jennison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nom-126">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_(Newberry_Hall).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg/220px-Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg/330px-Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg/440px-Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology_%28Newberry_Hall%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Newberry Hall">Newberry Hall</a>, named in honor of alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">John S. Newberry</a>, is listed on the <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places#University_of_Michigan" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. It hosted the first congregation of the <a href="/wiki/College_Republican_National_Committee#History" title="College Republican National Committee">National Republican College League</a> on May 17, 1892, where then-Governor of Ohio and later President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> gave a keynote speech.</figcaption></figure> The Central Campus today, however, bears little resemblance to its 19th-century appearance, as most of its structures were constructed in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campus_Housing-128">[128]</a> These structures are predominantly the works of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)" title="Albert Kahn (architect)">Albert Kahn</a>, the university's supervising architect during that period.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 1909, Regent <a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements" title="William L. Clements">William L. Clements</a> became chairman of the Building and Grounds Committee, leading to Albert Kahn's growing influence in the University's architectural development. Clements, impressed by Kahn's work on his industrial projects and residence in <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a>, awarded him multiple university commissions and appointed him as the university's supervising architect. The West Engineering Hall (1910), Natural Science Building (1915), and General Library (1920) were all designed by Kahn. During a period of limited construction funding, these structures exhibited a simple design with minimal ornamentation. However, Kahn's <a href="/wiki/Hill_Auditorium" title="Hill Auditorium">Hill Auditorium</a> (1913), adequately funded by Regent Arthur Hill, features extensive Sullivanesque ornamentation and excellent acoustic design, which was rare for that period.<a href="#cite_note-nom-126">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg/220px-Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg/330px-Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg/440px-Front_of_Angell_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="James Burrill Angell Hall">James Burrill Angell Hall</a> on Central Campus serves as a major academic building for the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1920, the university received greater funding for construction projects, thanks to President Burton's fiscal persuasiveness with the legislature, propelled by a prosperous economy. This allowed campus buildings to be constructed in a grand manner. Kahn's Italian Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Clements_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Clements Library">Clements Library</a> (1923), Classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Angell_Hall" title="Angell Hall">Angell Hall</a> (1924), and Art Deco <a href="/wiki/Burton_Memorial_Tower" title="Burton Memorial Tower">Burton Memorial Tower</a> (1936) all feature unusual and costly materials and are considered some of his most elegant university buildings. The last of Kahn's university commissions was the Ruthven Museums Building (1928), designed in the Renaissance style.<a href="#cite_note-nom-126">[126]</a> Other architects who contributed to the Central Campus include <a href="/wiki/Spier_%26_Rohns" title="Spier & Rohns">Spier & Rohns</a>, who designed Tappan Hall (1894) and the West Medical Building (1904); <a href="/wiki/SmithGroup" title="SmithGroup">Smith, Hinchman and Grylls</a>, the architects of the Chemistry Building (1910) and East Engineering Building; and <a href="/wiki/Perkins,_Fellows_%26_Hamilton_Office_and_Studio" title="Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton Office and Studio">Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton</a>, who designed University High School (1924). The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Union" title="Michigan Union">Michigan Union</a> (1919) and Michigan League (1929), completed by alumni <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kane_Pond" title="Irving Kane Pond">Irving Kane Pond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Bartlit_Pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Bartlit Pond">Allen Bartlit Pond</a>, house the university's various student organizations. Alumni Memorial Hall, funded by contributions from alumni in memory of the University's Civil War dead, was completed by <a href="/wiki/Donaldson_and_Meier" title="Donaldson and Meier">Donaldson and Meier</a>. It was designated as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University Museum of Art</a> in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-nom-126">[126]</a> The area just south of The Diag is predominantly Gothic in character, contrasting with the classical designs prevalent in many of Kahn's university buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Martha_Cook_Building" title="Martha Cook Building">Martha Cook Building</a> (1915), completed by <a href="/wiki/York_and_Sawyer" title="York and Sawyer">York and Sawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Parsons" title="Samuel Parsons">Samuel Parsons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_A._Fuller" title="George A. Fuller">George A. Fuller</a> in 1915, draws inspiration from England's <a href="/wiki/Knole_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Knole House">Knole House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a>. It was one of the university’s early women’s residences. York and Sawyer also designed the Law Quadrangle, which features a flagstone courtyard by landscape architect Jacob Van Heiningan. The Lawyers' Club, part of the quadrangle, includes a clubhouse, dining hall, and dormitory, modeled after English clubs with an <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan-style</a> lounge and a dining hall inspired by the chapels of <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hall,_Cheshire" title="Eaton Hall, Cheshire">Eaton</a>. The Law Library's main reading room showcases craftsmanship from the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Rockefeller Church of New York</a>. Following its completion, nearby buildings like the School of Education Building, by <a href="/wiki/Malcomson_and_Higginbotham" title="Malcomson and Higginbotham">Malcomson and Higginbotham</a>, and Emil Lorch's Architecture and Design Building adopted Gothic elements reflecting the style of the Law Quadrangle and Martha Cook Residence.<a href="#cite_note-nom-126">[126]</a> The Central Campus is the location of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science and the Arts</a>. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Law School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Ross School of Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">School of Dentistry</a>, are on Central Campus. Two main libraries, <a href="/wiki/Hatcher_Graduate_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatcher Graduate Library">Hatcher Graduate Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shapiro_Undergraduate_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapiro Undergraduate Library">Shapiro Undergraduate Library</a>, as well as the university's many <a href="/wiki/Museums_at_the_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums at the University of Michigan">museums</a>, are also on Central Campus.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Campus">North Campus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_(Earl_V._Moore_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg/440px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_056_%28Earl_V._Moore_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Earl V. Moore Building on North Campus</figcaption></figure> The North Campus area built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Architect <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a> devised the early master plan for the North Campus area and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Music,_Theatre_%26_Dance#Facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance">Earl V. Moore School of Music Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The North Campus Diag features a bell tower called <a href="/wiki/Lurie_Tower" title="Lurie Tower">Lurie Tower</a>, which contains a grand carillon.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The university's largest residence hall, <a href="/wiki/Bursley_Hall" title="Bursley Hall">Bursley Hall</a>, is in the North Campus area.<a href="#cite_note-Campus_Housing-128">[128]</a> The North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Music">School of Music, Theatre & Dance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penny_W._Stamps_School_of_Art_%26_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design">Stamps School of Art & Design</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taubman_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Planning" title="Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning">Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning</a>, and an annex of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Information" title="University of Michigan School of Information">School of Information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The campus area is served by Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Other libraries located on North Campus include the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Historical_Library" title="Bentley Historical Library">Bentley Historical Library</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_Athletic_Campus">Ross Athletic Campus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ross Athletic Campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_(Golf_Course).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg/440px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_258_%28Golf_Course%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The University of Michigan Golf Course was designed by Scottish golf course architect <a href="/wiki/Alister_MacKenzie" title="Alister MacKenzie">Alister MacKenzie</a> and opened in 1931</figcaption></figure> Ross Athletic Campus is the site for the university's athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Stadium" title="Michigan Stadium">Michigan Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crisler_Center" title="Crisler Center">Crisler Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yost_Ice_Arena" title="Yost Ice Arena">Yost Ice Arena</a>. The campus area is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan Marching Band">Michigan Marching Band</a>, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,<a href="#cite_note-South_Campus-136">[136]</a> and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on Ross Athletic Campus.<a href="#cite_note-South_Campus-136">[136]</a> The University of Michigan Golf Course is located south of Michigan Stadium. It was designed in the late 1920s by <a href="/wiki/Alister_MacKenzie" title="Alister MacKenzie">Alister MacKenzie</a>, the designer of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Masters_Tournament" title="Masters Tournament">Masters Tournament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The course opened to the public in 1931 and has one of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" according to the magazine <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organization and administration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents of the University of Michigan">Board of Regents of the University of Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="President of the University of Michigan">President of the University of Michigan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg/220px-Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg/330px-Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg/440px-Michigan_University_Regents_75th_Anniversary_Celebration_June_27_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="3139" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Michigan University Regents 75th Anniversary Celebration on June 27, 1912. Standing L-R: Frank B. Leland, John H. Grant, Shirley W. Smith, Harry O. Bulkey, <a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements" title="William L. Clements">William L. Clements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lee_Hubbard" title="Lucius Lee Hubbard">Lucius Lee Hubbard</a>, Benjamin Hanchett, Junius E. Beal Seated L-R: Luther L. Wright, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Angell" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Angell">James B. Angell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Hutchins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry B. Hutchins">Harry B. Hutchins</a>, Walter M. Sawyer</figcaption></figure> The University of Michigan is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents of the University of Michigan">Board of Regents</a>, established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837. It consists of eight members, elected at large in biennial state elections<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> for overlapping eight-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Before the Office of President was established in 1850, the University of Michigan was directly managed by the appointed regents, with a rotating group of professors responsible for carrying out day-to-day administrative duties.<a href="#cite_note-hinsdale-143">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Michigan#1850_Constitution" title="Constitution of Michigan">Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1850</a> restructured the university's administration. It established the Office of the President and transitioned the Board of Regents to an elected body. The state constitution granted the Board of Regents the power to appoint a non-voting presiding president to lead their meetings,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> effectively elevating the board to the level of a constitutional corporation independent of the state administration and making the University of Michigan the first public institution of higher education in the country so organized. As of 2021–22, the Board of Regents is chaired by Jordan B. Acker (B.A. '06). The Board of Regents delegates its power to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="President of the University of Michigan">university president</a> who serves as the chief executive officer responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the university, that is, the main campus in Ann Arbor. The president retains authority over the branch campuses in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Dearborn" title="University of Michigan–Dearborn">Dearborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint" title="University of Michigan–Flint">Flint</a> but is not directly involved in their day-to-day management. Instead, two separate chancellors are appointed by the president to serve as chief executive officers overseeing each branch campus. All presidents are appointed by the Board of Regents to serve five-year terms, at the board's discretion, and there are no term limits for university presidents. The board has the authority to either terminate the president's tenure or extend it for an additional term. The university's current president is <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ono" title="Santa Ono">Santa Ono</a>, formerly the president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in Canada. After an extensive presidential search conducted by the executive search firm Isaacson, Miller, the board announced its selection of Santa Ono as the university's 15th President on July 13, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-imsearch-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Ono assumed office on October 14, 2022, succeeding the outgoing president <a href="/wiki/Mark_Schlissel" title="Mark Schlissel">Mark Schlissel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Ono is the first <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> president of the university, as well as the second to have been born in Canada, since the 10th president, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tafler_Shapiro" title="Harold Tafler Shapiro">Harold Tafler Shapiro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laurie_McCauley" title="Laurie McCauley">Laurie McCauley</a> has been serving as the 17th and current provost of the university since May 2022, and she was recommended by the president to serve a full term through June 30, 2027.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senior_parade,_commencement_day,_University_of_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/220px-Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/330px-Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg/440px-Senior_parade%2C_commencement_day%2C_University_of_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the senior parade on commencement day, circa 1903</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_University_of_Michigan" title="President's House, University of Michigan">President's House</a>, located at 815 South University Avenue on the Ann Arbor campus, is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> and office of the University President. Constructed in 1840, the three-story Italianate President's House is the oldest surviving building on the Ann Arbor campus and a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Central_Campus_Historic_District" title="University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District">University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District</a> contributing property.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_government">Student government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Student government">edit</a>]</div> The Central Student Government, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Union" title="Michigan Union">Michigan Union</a>, is the university's <a href="/wiki/Student_governments_in_the_United_States#University_of_Michigan" title="Student governments in the United States">student government</a>. As a 501(c)(3) independent organization, it represents students from all colleges and schools, manages student funds on campus, and has representatives from each academic unit. The Central Student Government is separate from the University of Michigan administration.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Over the years, the Central Student Government has led voter registration drives,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> revived Homecoming events,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> changed a football seating policy,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and created a Student Advisory Council for Ann Arbor city affairs.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A longstanding goal of the Central Student Government has been to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents.<a href="#cite_note-Student_Regent-156">[156]</a> In 2000 and 2002, students Nick Waun, Scott Trudeau, Matt Petering, and Susan Fawcett ran for the Board of Regents on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees, though none were successful.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> A 1998 poll by the State of Michigan concluded that a majority of voters would approve adding a student regent position if put to a vote.<a href="#cite_note-Student_Regent-156">[156]</a> However, amending the composition of the Board of Regents would require a constitutional amendment in Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In addition to the Central Student Government, each college and school at the University of Michigan has its own independent student governance body. Undergraduate students in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts are represented by the LS&A Student Government.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Engineering Student Government manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government, and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan <a href="/wiki/Residence_hall_association" title="Residence hall association">Residence Halls Association</a>, which contains the third most constituents after Central Student Government and LS&A Student Government.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Umichlawquadrangle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Umichlawquadrangle.jpg/230px-Umichlawquadrangle.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Umichlawquadrangle.jpg/345px-Umichlawquadrangle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Umichlawquadrangle.jpg/460px-Umichlawquadrangle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="975" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MichiganLawQuad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MichiganLawQuad.jpg/230px-MichiganLawQuad.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MichiganLawQuad.jpg/345px-MichiganLawQuad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MichiganLawQuad.jpg/460px-MichiganLawQuad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The William W. Cook Legal Research Library and other buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were built during 1923–33 and then donated to the university by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Cook" title="William W. Cook">William Wilson Cook</a>. It was the university's most significant private gift at the time.</div></div></div></div> In the fiscal year 2022–23, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Michigan">State of Michigan</a> spent $333 million on the university, which represents 3.03% of its total operating revenues of $11 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> The university is the second-largest recipient of state appropriations for higher education in Michigan for 2022-23, trailing <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> ($372 million).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The Office of Budget and Planning reports that <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Medicine">Michigan Medicine</a>'s auxiliary activities are the largest funding source, contributing $6.05 billion to the Auxiliary Funds, which accounts for 55.1% of the total operating budget. <a href="/wiki/College_tuition_in_the_United_States" title="College tuition in the United States">Student tuition and fees</a> contributed $1.95 billion to the General Fund, accounting for 11% of the total budget.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> Research grants and contracts from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">U.S. federal government</a> contributed $1.15 billion to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.4% of the total budget.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> The university's current (FY 2022–23) operating budget has four major sources of funding:<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> <ul><li>General Fund money, which accounts for 25.4% of the operating budget, is derived from various sources: <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">student tuition and fees</a> ($1.95 billion or 75.2%), state support ($333 million or 12.8%), <a href="/wiki/Industry_funding_of_academic_research" title="Industry funding of academic research">sponsored research</a> ($301 million or 11.6%), and other revenue ($8 million or 0.3%). It covers the costs of teaching, student services, facilities, and administrative support. The state's annual contribution to the school's operating budget was 3.03% in 2023 and does not cover intercollegiate athletics, housing, or Michigan Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Auxiliary Funds, which account for 58.2% of the operating budget, are sourced from self-supporting units and do not receive taxpayer or tuition support. These include <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Medicine">Michigan Medicine</a> ($6.16 billion), <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">intercollegiate athletics</a> ($186 million), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_student_housing" title="University of Michigan student housing">student housing</a> ($160 million), and student publications.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Expendable Restricted Funds, which account for 14.2% of the operating budget, are from providers who designate how their money is spent. Funding comes from research grants and contracts, <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> payout ($305 million), and private gifts ($157 million). It pays for <a href="/wiki/Scholarships" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarships">scholarships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellowships</a>; salaries, benefits and research support for some faculty; and research, programs and academic centers.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a></li> <li>Designated Funds, which account for 2.2% of the operating budget, come from fees charged for and spent on experiential learning, programs, conferences, performance venues, and executive and continuing education.<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endowment">Endowment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Endowment">edit</a>]</div> The university's <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowment</a>, known as the "University Endowment Fund", comprises over 12,400 individual funds.<a href="#cite_note-budget-tutorial-163">[163]</a> Each fund must be spent according to the donor's specifications.<a href="#cite_note-budget-tutorial-163">[163]</a> Approximately 28% of the total endowment is allocated to support academic programs, while 22% is designated for student scholarships and fellowships.<a href="#cite_note-budget-tutorial-163">[163]</a> Approximately 19% of the endowment was allocated to Michigan Medicine and can only be used to support research, patient care, or other purposes specified by donors.<a href="#cite_note-budget-tutorial-163">[163]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit">[update]</a>, the university's endowment, valued at $17.9 billion, ranks as the tenth largest among all universities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-2022-NTSE-Endowment-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The university ranks 86th in endowment per student.<a href="#cite_note-2022-NTSE-Endowment-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Law">law school</a>'s endowment, totaling over $500 million, has a significantly higher per-student value compared to that of its parent university.<a href="#cite_note-law_endowment-166">[166]</a> It ranks as the eighth wealthiest law school in the nation in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-law_endowment-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_and_colleges">Schools and colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Schools and colleges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dana_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dana_front.jpg/220px-Dana_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dana_front.jpg/330px-Dana_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dana_front.jpg/440px-Dana_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4607" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Trask Dana Building (West Medical Building) houses the School for Environment and Sustainability</figcaption></figure> There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Ross School of Business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-size-168">[168]</a> At the graduate level, the <a href="/wiki/Rackham_School_of_Graduate_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackham School of Graduate Studies">Rackham School of Graduate Studies</a> serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> There are 18 graduate schools and colleges. <a href="/wiki/First_professional_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First professional degree">Professional degrees</a> are conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Taubman_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Planning" title="Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning">Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Michigan School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">School of Dentistry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Law School</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Medicine">Medical School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Michigan College of Pharmacy">College of Pharmacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-size-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Medicine">Michigan Medicine</a>, the university's health system, comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>College/school </th> <th>Year founded<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </th> <th>Enrollment (FA 2023) </th> <th>General Fund Budget ($, 2022–23)<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> </th> <th>Budget per student ($, 2022–23)<a href="#cite_note-FY2022-23_budget-161">[161]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taubman_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Planning" title="Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning">A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning</a> </td> <td>1906</td> <td>737</td> <td>25,707,200</td> <td>34,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">School of Dentistry</a> </td> <td>1875</td> <td>670</td> <td>41,055,284</td> <td>61,277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a> </td> <td>1854</td> <td>11,113</td> <td>276,845,246</td> <td>24,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_for_Environment_and_Sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability">School for Environment and Sustainability</a> </td> <td>1927</td> <td>516</td> <td>28,034,976</td> <td>54,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Information" title="University of Michigan School of Information">School of Information</a> </td> <td>1969</td> <td>1,760</td> <td>50,147,537</td> <td>28,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Kinesiology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Kinesiology">School of Kinesiology</a> </td> <td>1984</td> <td>1,312</td> <td>22,088,845</td> <td>16,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Law School</a> </td> <td>1859</td> <td>1,017</td> <td>57,495,856</td> <td>56,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts</a> </td> <td>1841</td> <td>21,973</td> <td>522,704,411</td> <td>23,788 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Education" title="University of Michigan School of Education">Marsal Family School of Education</a> </td> <td>1921</td> <td>371</td> <td>19,058,427</td> <td>51,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Medicine">Medical School</a> </td> <td>1921</td> <td>1,677</td> <td>124,714,812</td> <td>74,368 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Music,_Theatre_%26_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance">School of Music, Theatre & Dance</a> </td> <td>1880</td> <td>1,134</td> <td>43,101,134</td> <td>38,008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Michigan School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a> </td> <td>1893</td> <td>1,183</td> <td>31,644,687</td> <td>26,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Michigan College of Pharmacy">College of Pharmacy</a> </td> <td>1876</td> <td>561</td> <td>22,056,888</td> <td>39,317 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Public_Health" title="University of Michigan School of Public Health">School of Public Health</a> </td> <td>1941</td> <td>1,162</td> <td>49,478,265</td> <td>42,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a> </td> <td>1914</td> <td>362</td> <td>17,191,821</td> <td>47,491 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Stephen M. Ross School of Business</a> </td> <td>1924</td> <td>4,433</td> <td>137,479,144</td> <td>31,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Social_Work" title="University of Michigan School of Social Work">School of Social Work</a> </td> <td>1951</td> <td>940</td> <td>31,557,111</td> <td>33,571 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stamps_School_of_Art_%26_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamps School of Art & Design">Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design</a> </td> <td>1974</td> <td>740</td> <td>18,111,495</td> <td>24,475 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#eaecf0"> <td>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor* </td> <td> – </td> <td>52,065</td> <td>2,590,485,130</td> <td>49,755 </td> </tr></tbody><caption> </caption> <tbody><tr><td colspan="6">*included other standalone units </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Undergraduate">Undergraduate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Undergraduate">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">First-time fall freshman statistics of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor </th></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th>2024<a href="#cite_note-CDS2024-25-171">[171]</a> </th> <th>2023<a href="#cite_note-CDS2023-24-172">[172]</a> </th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-CDS2021-22-174">[174]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-CDS2020-21-175">[175]</a> </th> <th>2019<a href="#cite_note-CDS2019-20-176">[176]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Applicants </th> <td>98,310 </td> <td>87,605 </td> <td>84,289 </td> <td>79,743 </td> <td>65,021 </td> <td>64,972 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Admits </th> <td>15,373 </td> <td>15,714 </td> <td>14,914 </td> <td>16,071 </td> <td>16,974 </td> <td>14,883 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Admit rate </th> <td>15.64% </td> <td>17.94% </td> <td>17.69% </td> <td>20.15% </td> <td>26.11% </td> <td>22.91% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Enrolled </th> <td>7,278 </td> <td>7,462 </td> <td>7,050 </td> <td>7,290 </td> <td>6,879 </td> <td>6,830 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield</a> </th> <td>47.34% </td> <td>47.49% </td> <td>47.27% </td> <td>45.36% </td> <td>40.53% </td> <td>45.89% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>SAT range </th> <td>1360-1530 </td> <td>1350–1530 </td> <td>1350–1530 </td> <td>1360–1530 </td> <td>1340–1520 </td> <td>1340–1530 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>ACT range </th> <td>31-34 </td> <td>31–34 </td> <td>31–34 </td> <td>31–35 </td> <td>31–34 </td> <td>31–34 </td></tr></tbody></table> U.S. News & World Report rates Michigan "Most Selective"<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in" according to the Carnegie Classification.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Students_profile_2020-180">[180]</a> Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 2021–22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Students_profile_2020-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Of those students accepted to Michigan's Class of 2027, 7,050 chose to attend. Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. The university's admission process is <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for domestic applicants.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Admissions officials consider a student's standardized test scores, application essay and letters of recommendation to be important academic factors, with emphasis on an applicant's academic record and GPA, while ranking an applicant's high school class rank as 'not considered'.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDS2021-22-174">[174]</a> In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Michigan ranks character/personal qualities and whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant as 'important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking extracurricular activities, talent/ability, geographical residence, state residency, volunteer work, work experience and level of applicant's interest as 'considered'.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a> Some applicants to Music, Theatre and Dance and some applicants to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a> may be interviewed.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a> A portfolio is required and considered for admission for Art, Architecture and the <a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Ross School of Business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a> Submission of standardized test scores is recommended but not compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Of the 52% of enrolled freshmen in 2023 who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1350–1530. Of the 18% of the incoming freshman class who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 31 and 34. Since the fall of 2021, the university has had the largest number of students in the state, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>'s former enrollment leadership.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Given the state's shrinking pool of college-age students, there is public concern that the university's expansion could harm smaller schools by drawing away good students.<a href="#cite_note-bridgemi-112-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Some of the state's regional public universities and smaller private colleges have already seen significant declines in enrollment, while others face difficulties in maintaining enrollment figures without lowering admission standards.<a href="#cite_note-bridgemi-112-185">[185]</a> The university experienced an unexpected surge in student enrollment for the 2023 academic year, having admitted more students than it could support.<a href="#cite_note-03072024md-187">[187]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">over-yield</a> situation has placed considerable strain on student housing affordability, heightened faculty members' workloads, and stretched resources thin.<a href="#cite_note-03072024md-187">[187]</a> The university is now embracing a steady-state admissions management strategy aimed at maintaining a stable class size.<a href="#cite_note-03072024md-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graduate">Graduate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Graduate">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Doctoral program statistics of the Rackham Graduate School </th></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th>2023<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> </th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> </th> <th>2019<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Applicants </th> <td>19,098 </td> <td>17,547 </td> <td>18,820 </td> <td>17,061 </td> <td>16,079 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Offers </th> <td>2,816 </td> <td>2,480 </td> <td>2,349 </td> <td>2,326 </td> <td>2,479 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Selectivity </th> <td>14.75% </td> <td>14.13% </td> <td>12.48% </td> <td>13.63% </td> <td>15.42% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Matriculations </th> <td>1,233 </td> <td>981 </td> <td>1,013 </td> <td>945 </td> <td>1,078 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Yield </th> <td>43.79% </td> <td>39.56% </td> <td>43.12% </td> <td>40.63% </td> <td>43.49% </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Rackham_School_of_Graduate_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies">Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies</a>, the graduate school of the University of Michigan, received a total of 19,098 applications for admission into its doctoral programs for the 2023 admission year, encompassing the Summer and Fall terms.<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> The school extended offers of admission to 2,816 applicants, representing 14.75% of the applicant pool.<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> Subsequently, 1,233 of the offers were accepted, resulting in a yield rate of 43.79% for the academic year.<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> Applicants may submit multiple applications to different doctoral programs and receive multiple offers, but can only matriculate into one program at a time. Doctoral programs that are not administered by Rackham are not included in the statistics. The selectivity of admissions to doctoral programs varies considerably among different disciplines, with certain highly competitive fields exhibiting acceptance rates in the single digits. For instance, in 2023, the field of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Business Administration</a> admitted only 5.2% of its 519 applicants. Similarly, the field of Sociology had a selectivity rate of 5.01%, selecting from a pool of 439 applicants. The field of Psychology was even more competitive, with a selectivity rate of 4.1% out of 805 applicants. Other traditionally highly competitive fields include Philosophy, Public Policy & Economics, Political Science, and Robotics.<a href="#cite_note-rackham-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_admissions_policies">History of admissions policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History of admissions policies">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center;"> <caption>Enrollment in University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (2013–2024) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Academic Year </th> <th>Undergraduates </th> <th>Graduate </th> <th>Total Enrollment </th></tr> <tr> <th>2013–2014<a href="#cite_note-CDS2013-14-189">[189]</a> </th> <td>28,283</td> <td>15,427</td> <td>43,710 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014–2015<a href="#cite_note-CDS2014-15-190">[190]</a> </th> <td>28,395</td> <td>15,230</td> <td>43,625 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015–2016<a href="#cite_note-CDS2015-16-191">[191]</a> </th> <td>28,312</td> <td>15,339</td> <td>43,651 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016–2017<a href="#cite_note-CDS2016-17-192">[192]</a> </th> <td>28,964</td> <td>15,754</td> <td>44,718 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017–2018<a href="#cite_note-CDS2017-18-193">[193]</a> </th> <td>29,821</td> <td>16,181</td> <td>46,002 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018–2019<a href="#cite_note-CDS2018-19-194">[194]</a> </th> <td>30,318</td> <td>16,398</td> <td>46,716 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019–2020<a href="#cite_note-CDS2019-20-176">[176]</a> </th> <td>31,266</td> <td>16,824</td> <td>48,090 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020–2021<a href="#cite_note-CDS2020-21-175">[175]</a> </th> <td>31,329</td> <td>16,578</td> <td>47,907 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021–2022<a href="#cite_note-CDS2021-22-174">[174]</a> </th> <td>32,282</td> <td>17,996</td> <td>50,278 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022–2023<a href="#cite_note-CDS2022-23-173">[173]</a> </th> <td>32,695</td> <td>18,530</td> <td>51,225 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023–2024<a href="#cite_note-CDS2023-24-172">[172]</a> </th> <td>33,730</td> <td>18,335</td> <td>52,065 </td></tr></tbody></table> In August 1841, the university first published its admission requirements for incoming freshmen. These criteria placed a strong emphasis on proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient languages">ancient languages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 33  Prospective students faced an examination process that assessed their knowledge across various subjects, including arithmetic, algebra, English grammar, geography, <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a> (Virgil and Cicero's Select Orations), Greek literature (Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader), <a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin grammar</a> (Andrews and Stoddard's), and Greek grammar (Sophocles's). A decade later, the university made a significant change to its admission policy. In 1851, it introduced a more flexible approach by waiving the ancient language requirement for students not pursuing the traditional collegiate course and allowing admission without examination in classical languages for these students.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 44  This adjustment can be viewed as a prelude to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific education">scientific education</a>, signaling a gradual shift from the classical curriculum to a more diverse and modern academic offering. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg/220px-ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg/330px-ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg/440px-ArchwayLawQuadrangle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The archway to the Law Quadrangle</figcaption></figure> In the early days of the university, the admission requirements varied across different departments, and most admissions were based on referrals. However, in 1863, a standardized <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a> was introduced, establishing a single set of qualifications for admission to all academic and professional departments.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 79  The university administration at the time praised the implementation of this entrance examination, recognizing its contribution to enhancing the admission process.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale_1906-12">[12]</a>: 44  This entrance examination played a crucial role in the admission process throughout the 19th century until the introduction of nationwide <a href="/wiki/Standardized_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized tests">standardized tests</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affirmative_action">Affirmative action</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Affirmative action">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Affirmative action at the University of Michigan">Affirmative action at the University of Michigan</a></div> In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a> admissions policy reached the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a>). President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Civil_Rights_Initiative" title="Michigan Civil Rights Initiative">Proposal 2</a>, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2007-196">[196]</a> U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a> that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2007-196">[196]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_graduation_and_retention">Undergraduate graduation and retention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Undergraduate graduation and retention">edit</a>]</div> Among all first-time freshmen students who enrolled at the university in fall 2017, 82.0% graduated within four years (by August 31, 2021); 10.2% graduated in more than four years but in five years or less (after August 31, 2021 and by August 31, 2022); 1.1% graduated in more than five years but in six years or less (after August 31, 2022 and by August 31, 2023).<a href="#cite_note-CDS2023-24-172">[172]</a> The percentage of undergraduate students from the fall 2022 cohort returning in fall 2023 was 98.0% for full-time freshman students.<a href="#cite_note-CDS2023-24-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majors_and_programs">Majors and programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Majors and programs">edit</a>]</div> The university offers 133 undergraduate majors & degrees across the College of Engineering (18), College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (77), College of Pharmacy (1), Ford School of Public Policy (1), LSA Residential College (3), Marsal Family School of Education (3), Ross School of Business (1), School of Dentistry (1), School of Information (2), School of Kinesiology (3), School of Music, Theatre & Dance (16), School of Nursing (1), School of Public Health (2), Stamps School of Art & Design (2), and Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning (2). The most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were computer and information sciences (874), business administration and management (610), economics (542), behavioral neuroscience (319), mechanical engineering (316), experimental psychology (312).<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Rackham_School_of_Graduate_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies">Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies</a> offers more than 180 graduate degree programs in collaboration with fourteen other schools and colleges. Nineteen graduate and professional degree programs, including the <a href="/wiki/Juris_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Juris doctor">juris doctor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_business_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of business administration">master of business administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_dental_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of dental surgery">doctor of dental surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of engineering">master of engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of engineering">doctor of engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">doctor of medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of pharmacy">doctor of pharmacy</a>, are offered exclusively by the schools and colleges; Rackham does not oversee their administration. The university conferred 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011–2012.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employability">Employability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Employability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Law_Quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Law_Quad.jpg/220px-The_Law_Quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Law_Quad.jpg/330px-The_Law_Quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Law_Quad.jpg/440px-The_Law_Quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>The Hutchins Hall Courtyard is shown during an event</figcaption></figure> The university is listed among the leading suppliers of undergraduate and graduate alumni to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> tech firms.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In 2015, the university ranked 6th on the list of top feeder schools for <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, which employed over 500 graduates at the time. The university ranked 10th on the list of top feeder schools for <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Google and Meta remain the university's first and second top employers in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The university has ranked 3rd overall in <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a> placements, according to data from Terrain Analytics.<a href="#cite_note-ibtargetschools-203">[203]</a> This ranking is based on 216 total hires of graduates from 2008 to 2023 who secured positions within the United States, including 74 placements at elite firms such as <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evercore" title="Evercore">Evercore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centerview_Partners" title="Centerview Partners">Centerview Partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ibtargetschools-203">[203]</a> The ranking adjusts to 8th place when accounting for the size of the undergraduate population.<a href="#cite_note-ibtargetschools-203">[203]</a> The university also ranked 3rd overall in recruiting for undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">management consulting</a> jobs, with 102 graduates from 2014-2020 securing positions at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(management_consultancies)" title="Big Three (management consultancies)">Big Three</a> firms: <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group" title="Boston Consulting Group">BCG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bain_%26_Company" title="Bain & Company">Bain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Ross">Michigan Ross</a> ranked 11th among all business schools in the United States according to Poets & Quants, with its MBA graduates earning an average starting base salary of $165,000 and an average sign-on bonus of $30,000.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In academia, the university ranks among the five most common institutions for doctoral training, alongside <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>. Together, these universities have trained one in eight tenure-track faculty members currently serving at institutions of higher learning across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a> reports that as of June 2024, federally aided students who attended University of Michigan-Ann Arbor had a median annual income of $83,648 (based on 2020-2021 earnings adjusted to 2022 dollars) five years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> This figure exceeds both the midpoint for 4-year schools of $53,617 and the <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">U.S. real median personal income</a> of $40,460 for the year 2021 adjusted to 2022 dollars.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Federally aided bachelor's graduates from the university's largest program, computer and information science, which had over 950 students in the 2020-21 cohort, had a median annual income of $153,297 five years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> According to data from the U.S. Department of Education, <a href="/wiki/Law_degree" title="Law degree">law</a> tops the list of most valuable <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">first professional degrees</a> offered by the university when ranked by earnings potential in 2022, with its federally aided students earning a median salary of $197,273 five years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dental_degree" title="Dental degree">Dentistry</a> ($158,677), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of pharmacy">pharmacy</a> ($142,224), and <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medicine</a> ($134,187) follow behind in that order.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> The fields of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_business_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of business administration">business administration</a> ($140,827), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">economics</a> ($108,627), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Mathematics" title="Bachelor of Mathematics">mathematics</a> ($107,395), and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> ($105,494) are among the bachelor's degree programs with the highest earning potential offered by the university.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> In 2022, the university's federally aided students in these programs were earning median salaries exceeding the $100,000 threshold five years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> Additionally, various engineering disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a> ($123,120), <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering</a> ($113,025), <a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">industrial engineering</a> ($109,239), <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical, electronics and communications engineering</a> ($109,107), <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> ($101,514), <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> ($100,000) are among the top-earning majors.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Computer_Science" title="Bachelor of Computer Science">Computer sciences</a> ($153,297) and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> ($125,257) also fall into this high-earning category.<a href="#cite_note-collegescorecard-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_publications">Libraries and publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Libraries and publications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">University of Michigan Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">University of Michigan library system</a> comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The university was the original home of the <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a> is also a part of the library system. Several academic journals are published at the university: <ul><li>The Law School publishes <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review" title="Michigan Law Review">Michigan Law Review</a> and six other <a href="/wiki/Law_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law journal">law journals</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Journal_of_Environmental_and_Administrative_Law" title="Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law">Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Journal_of_Law_Reform" title="University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform">University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Journal_of_Race_%26_Law" title="Michigan Journal of Race & Law">Michigan Journal of Race & Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Telecommunications_and_Technology_Law_Review" title="Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review">Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review</a>, Michigan Journal of International Law, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Journal_of_Gender_and_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Journal of Gender and Law">Michigan Journal of Gender and Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>The Ross School of Business publishes the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Journal_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Journal of Business">Michigan Journal of Business</a>.</li> <li>Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_rankings">Reputation and rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reputation and rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-212">[212]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-213">[213]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">21 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-214">[214]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-215">[215]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">22</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-216">[216]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-217">[217]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">22 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-218">[218]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">19 (tie)</td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission" title="Higher Learning Commission">Higher Learning Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and <a href="/wiki/STEM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-179">[179]</a> The university has been included on <a href="/wiki/Richard_Moll_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Moll (author)">Richard Moll</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/Public_Ivies" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Ivies">Public Ivies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_rankings">National rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: National rankings">edit</a>]</div> The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked the university 3rd among public universities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 "Dream College" among students and the No. 7 "Dream College" among parents.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%; width: 600px; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">National Institution Rankings </th></tr> <tr> <th>Institution </th> <th> </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Change (Y/Y) </th> <th>Source<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Undergraduate </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">University of Michigan—Ann Arbor </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best National Universities </th> <th style="text-align: left">21 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dream College Among Students </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Review">Princeton Review</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dream College Among Parents </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Review">Princeton Review</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Undergraduate Research/ Creative Projects </td> <td>=5 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Stephen M. Ross School of Business </td> <td>Undergraduate Business </td> <td>4 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">College of Engineering </td> <td>Undergraduate Engineering </td> <td>=5 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">School of Nursing </td> <td>Bachelor of Science in Nursing </td> <td>=7 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts </td> <td>Undergraduate Psychology </td> <td>=3 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Graduate </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Engineering Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=9 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aerospace Engineering </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomedical Engineering </td> <td>=10 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemical Engineering </td> <td>=7 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Civil Engineering </td> <td>=5 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Engineering </td> <td>=6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electrical Engineering </td> <td>=7 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental Engineering </td> <td>=2 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial Engineering </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials Engineering </td> <td>=8 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mechanical Engineering </td> <td>=6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuclear Engineering </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/School_for_Environment_and_Sustainability" title="School for Environment and Sustainability">School for Environment and Sustainability</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Colleges for Environmental Science in America </th> <th style="text-align: left">7 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2025 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Public Affairs Programs </th> <th style="text-align: left">=4 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Political Science </td> <td>=4 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Information" title="University of Michigan School of Information">School of Information</a> </td> <td>Best Library and Information Studies Programs </td> <td>=6 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Kinesiology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Kinesiology">School of Kinesiology</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Colleges for Kinesiology and Physical Therapy in America </th> <th style="text-align: left">4 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2025 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Education" title="University of Michigan School of Education">Marsal Family School of Education</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Education Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=3 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Public_Health" title="University of Michigan School of Public Health">School of Public Health</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Public Health Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=5 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Biostatistics </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Health Care Management </td> <td>=3 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts</a> </td> <td>Biological Sciences </td> <td>=23 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chemistry </td> <td>=14 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical Psychology (Doctorate) </td> <td>=10 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth Sciences </td> <td>=9 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics </td> <td>=12 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>=8 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>History </td> <td>=2 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mathematics </td> <td>11 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physics </td> <td>=13 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Psychology </td> <td>=3 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sociology </td> <td>=2 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statistics </td> <td>=7 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Music,_Theatre_%26_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance">School of Music, Theatre & Dance</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Colleges for Music in America </th> <th style="text-align: left">15 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2025 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Social_Work" title="University of Michigan School of Social Work">School of Social Work</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Schools for Social Work </th> <th style="text-align: left">1 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stamps_School_of_Art_%26_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamps School of Art & Design">Stamps School of Art & Design</a> </td> <td>Best Art Schools </td> <td>=8 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Ross_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen M. Ross School of Business">Stephen M. Ross School of Business</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best B-Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">8 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024–25 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Best Business Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=12 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Part-time MBA </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Professional </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">School of Dentistry</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Top Colleges for Dental Studies in America </th> <th style="text-align: left">3 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2025 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Law School</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Law Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=9 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Medical School">Medical School</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Medical Schools: Research </th> <th style="text-align: left">Unranked<a href="#cite_note-fn1-228">[a]</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Best Medical Schools: Primary Care </th> <th style="text-align: left">Unranked<a href="#cite_note-fn1-228">[a]</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">School of Nursing </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Nursing Schools: Master's </th> <th style="text-align: left">7 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Best Nursing Schools: Doctor of Nursing Practice </th> <th style="text-align: left">=8 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Midwifery </td> <td>=6 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Michigan College of Pharmacy">College of Pharmacy</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Pharmacy Schools </th> <th style="text-align: left">=2 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2024 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taubman_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Planning" title="Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning">Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning</a> </td> <th style="text-align: left">Best Colleges for Architecture In America </th> <th style="text-align: left">28 </th> <th style="text-align: left">2025 </th> <th style="text-align: left"> </th> <th style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Other </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">University of Michigan—Ann Arbor </td> <td>Top Public Schools </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Universities </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Top 25 Public Colleges </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Top Public Universities In America </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niche_(company)" title="Niche (company)">Niche</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_rankings">World rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World rankings">edit</a>]</div> University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 26th among world universities in 2023 by the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, based on the number of alumni or staff as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields Medalists">Fields Medalists</a>, the number of highly cited researchers, the number of papers published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, the number of papers indexed in the <a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index Expanded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a>, and the per capita academic performance of the institution. The 2024 edition of the <a href="/wiki/CWUR" class="mw-redirect" title="CWUR">CWUR Rankings</a> ranked the university 13th nationally and 16th globally, with an overall score of 89.1, taking into account all four areas evaluated by CWUR: education, employability, faculty, and research.<a href="#cite_note-cwur2024-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> The university excels in research (ranked 9th globally), measured by the total number of research papers (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in top-tier journals (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in highly-influential journals (10% weight), and the number of highly-cited research papers (10% weight).<a href="#cite_note-cwur2024-229">[228]</a> However, its ranking in the faculty category is relatively lower at 63rd globally. This metric evaluates the number of faculty members who have received prestigious academic distinctions (10% weight).<a href="#cite_note-cwur2024-229">[228]</a> The university's employability ranking is 42nd globally, based on the professional success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).<a href="#cite_note-cwur2024-229">[228]</a> In the education category, the university is ranked 35th globally. This metric assesses the academic success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).<a href="#cite_note-cwur2024-229">[228]</a> In the 2025 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 44th in the world, its lowest position in 10 years, with an overall score of 79.<a href="#cite_note-2025qs-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> The university excels in academic reputation (97.9), international research network (95.8), employment outcomes (94.5), and employer reputation (92.1), indicating a strong academic standing and industry recognition. However, it lags in areas like international faculty ratio (65.5), sustainability (62.2), citations per faculty (47.6), and international students ratio (39.2). The faculty-student ratio (80.3) is decent but could be improved.<a href="#cite_note-2025qs-231">[230]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%; width: 600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"> World University Rankings </th></tr> <tr> <th>Institution </th> <th> </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Change (Y/Y) </th> <th>Change (5 Yr.) </th> <th>Source<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">University of Michigan—Ann Arbor </td> <td>Academic Ranking of World Universities </td> <td>26 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARWU" class="mw-redirect" title="ARWU">ShanghaiRanking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Global Universities </td> <td>19 </td> <td>2022–23 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Top Global Universities </td> <td>44 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 11 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 23 </td> <td>QS </td></tr> <tr> <td>World University Rankings </td> <td>23 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>World Reputation Rankings </td> <td>18 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3 </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>World University Rankings </td> <td>16 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CWUR" class="mw-redirect" title="CWUR">CWUR</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 90%; width: 600px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"> World Rankings by Subject </th></tr> <tr> <th>Institution </th> <th> </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Change (Y/Y) </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>School of Dentistry </td> <td>Dentistry & Oral Sciences </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ShanghaiRanking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="32">College of Engineering </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aerospace Engineering </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Automation & Control </td> <td>12 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomedical Engineering </td> <td>36 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotechnology </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Chemical Engineering </td> <td>94 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>101–150 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Civil Engineering </td> <td>46 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Computer Science </td> <td>18 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Computer Science & Engineering </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Electrical and Electronic Engineering </td> <td>105 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy and Fuels </td> <td>76 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy Science & Engineering </td> <td>76–100 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Engineering </td> <td>21 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental Science & Engineering </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instruments Science & Technology </td> <td>201–300 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials Science </td> <td>44 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials Science & Engineering </td> <td>46 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Mechanical Engineering </td> <td>36 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>76–100 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metallurgical Engineering </td> <td>34 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nanoscience and Nanotechnology </td> <td>87 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>101–150 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Optics </td> <td>57 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remote Sensing </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Science </td> <td>25 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Telecommunication Engineering </td> <td>201–300 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transportation Science & Technology </td> <td>14 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>School for Environment and Sustainability </td> <td>Environment/Ecology </td> <td>35 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy </td> <td>Political Sciences </td> <td>9 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Administration </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>School of Information </td> <td>Library & Information Science </td> <td>42 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Law School </td> <td rowspan="2">Law </td> <td>9 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="33">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agricultural Sciences </td> <td>201–300 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Arts & Humanities </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atmospheric Science </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biological Sciences </td> <td>44 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biology & Biochemistry </td> <td>17 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology </td> <td>56 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Chemistry </td> <td>46 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>76–100 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Communication </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Condensed Matter Physics </td> <td>85 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earth Sciences </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecology </td> <td>51–75 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economics </td> <td>23 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geography </td> <td>151–200 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geosciences </td> <td>67 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human Biological Sciences </td> <td>44 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Life sciences </td> <td>29 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Mathematics </td> <td>21 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceanography </td> <td>101–150 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical Chemistry </td> <td>84 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical sciences </td> <td>23 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Physics </td> <td>25 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plant and Animal Science </td> <td>93 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Psychiatry/Psychology </td> <td>13 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Psychology </td> <td>11 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social sciences </td> <td>9 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sociology </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statistics </td> <td>16 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Marsal Family School of Education </td> <td rowspan="2">Education </td> <td>8 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17">Medical School </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems </td> <td>18 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cell Biology </td> <td>26 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Clinical Medicine </td> <td>12 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clinical and Health </td> <td>21 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Endocrinology and Metabolism </td> <td>23 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gastroenterology and Hepatology </td> <td>22 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Immunology </td> <td>31 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infectious Diseases </td> <td>12 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical Technology </td> <td>31 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microbiology </td> <td>43 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molecular Biology & Genetics </td> <td>15 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuroscience & Behavior </td> <td>40 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oncology </td> <td>15 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging </td> <td>37 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Surgery </td> <td>11 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>School of Nursing </td> <td>Nursing </td> <td>32 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">College of Pharmacy </td> <td>Pharmacology & Toxicology </td> <td>27 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences </td> <td>42 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">School of Public Health </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public, Environmental and Occupational Health </td> <td>22 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>Public Health </td> <td>12 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social Sciences & Public Health </td> <td>6 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Stephen M. Ross School of Business </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business Administration </td> <td>50 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Economics & Business </td> <td>13 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>U.S. News </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td> – </td> <td> </td> <td>THE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Global MBA </td> <td>26 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finance </td> <td>34 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr> <tr> <td>Management </td> <td>7 </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>ShanghaiRanking </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>R&D statistics, by year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">National Science Foundation </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Total R&D expenditures ($000) </td> <td>National rank </td> <td>Share* </td> <td>National rank </td> <td>Global rank </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 380.50<a href="#cite_note-nature2024-234">[233]</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1,770,708<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 372.55<a href="#cite_note-nature2023-236">[235]</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,639,645<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 338.53<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,673,862<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 398.65<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,675,805<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 343.97<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,600,869<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 344.07<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,530,139<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata-235">[234]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 336.04<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: left">*Time frame: January 1 - December 31 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Total faculty* </td> <td>Research faculty** </td> <td>Highly Cited Researchers </td> <td>National Academy members </td> <td>National rank </td></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td>8,189<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>657<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 28<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td>7,954<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>697<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <th>2021 </th> <td>7,719<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>868<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 27<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td>7,667<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>854<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td>7,664<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>898<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td>120<a href="#cite_note-nationalacademy2019-243">[242]</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td>7,570<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>907<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 38<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td>118<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td>7,329<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>891<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 20<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td>113<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td>7,225<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>892<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td>108<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td>7,056<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>872<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> </td> <td>106<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: left">*Regular Instructional//Research/Librarinan/Curator/Archivist, Supplemental Instructional/Research, Emeritus/a **Starting in Fall 2022, this figure excludes librarian/curator/archivist appointments </td></tr> </tbody></table> The University of Michigan is one of the twelve founding members (in the year 1900) of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>. The university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, the university spent $1.639 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 3rd in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-ncsesdata2021-248">[247]</a> This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Forrest_2010-249">[248]</a> The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.<a href="#cite_note-Forrest_2010-249">[248]</a> The university has a significant presence in the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>, ranking 6th nationally and 23rd globally among research institutions, with a share of 365.97 and a count of 1199 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-nature2023-236">[235]</a> In 2023, the university's <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_the_United_States" title="Academic ranks in the United States">research faculty</a> headcount was 657, not including librarian, curator, and archivist appointments which were no longer counted in this figure starting from Fall 2022.<a href="#cite_note-facstaffdetail-8">[8]</a> The university boasted 28 researchers who were recognized by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> as being highly cited in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-ClarivateHCRsPast-242">[241]</a> In 2019, the university had 120 faculty members who were national academy members, placing it 10th among its peers in this metric.<a href="#cite_note-nationalacademy2019-243">[242]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research.com (page does not exist)">Research.com</a> recognized 439 researchers affiliated with the university in their 2023 ranking of top scientists worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-research2023-250">[249]</a> This classification is based on the <a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">D-index</a> (discipline <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a>), with individuals surpassing a predetermined threshold—typically set at 30 or 40—within their respective scientific disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-research2023-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discoveries_and_innovation">Discoveries and innovation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Discoveries and innovation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_science">Natural science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Natural science">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">Bubble chamber</a> – <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> initiated experiments at the university in the early 1950s that resulted in the invention of the bubble chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Vettel-251">[250]</a></li> <li>First measurement of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> and spin of free <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Positrons">positrons</a> – was conducted by experimental physicist <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a> at the university.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-252">[251]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computer_&_applied_sciences">Computer & applied sciences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Computer & applied sciences">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> – the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFnet</a> national backbone, an initiative supported by the National Science Foundation and overseen by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a> while he was serving as chief information officer at the university, was the foundation upon which the global Internet was built.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">Michigan Terminal System</a> – is an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at the university, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> In the mid-1960s university's researchers worked with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to develop a new virtual memory architectural model<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> that model became part of <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_67" title="IBM System/360 Model 67">IBM's Model 360/67</a> mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_science">Medical science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medical science">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a> – the discovery and development of the polio vaccine was largely guided by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr." title="Thomas Francis Jr.">Thomas Francis Jr.</a>, an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>, one of Francis' research associates at the university, played a key role in the research and testing that resulted in the creation of polio vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-Meiklejohn-257">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Influenza vaccine</a> – developed at the university by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr." title="Thomas Francis Jr.">Thomas Francis Jr.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meiklejohn-257">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</a> – developed at the School of Public Health by <a href="/wiki/Hunein_Maassab" title="Hunein Maassab">Hunein Maassab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cite_pmid|18662737-258">[257]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_science">Social science</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social science">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Goldberger_model" title="Klein–Goldberger model">Klein–Goldberger model</a> – is an enhanced macroeconomic model developed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberger" title="Arthur Goldberger">Arthur Goldberger</a> at the university.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donabedian_model" title="Donabedian model">Donabedian model</a> – is a conceptual model that provides a framework for examining health services and evaluating quality of health care, developed by <a href="/wiki/Avedis_Donabedian" title="Avedis Donabedian">Avedis Donabedian</a> at the university in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-interview-260">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Consumer_Sentiment_Index" title="University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index">University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index</a> – is a survey published monthly by the University of Michigan that measures consumer confidence towards the U.S. economy. The consumer confidence measures were devised in the late 1940s by Professor <a href="/wiki/George_Katona" title="George Katona">George Katona</a> at the university.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlates_of_War" title="Correlates of War">Correlates of War</a> – is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. It was started in 1963 at the university by Professor <a href="/wiki/J._David_Singer" title="J. David Singer">J. David Singer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg/220px-University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg/330px-University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/University_of_Michigan_synchrotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> at the University of Michigan, built by <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a> in 1949, was the first synchrotron to use the "racetrack" design.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_infrastructures">Research infrastructures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Research infrastructures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences_Institute" title="Life Sciences Institute">Life Sciences Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Institute_for_Social_Research" title="University of Michigan Institute for Social Research">University of Michigan Institute for Social Research</a></div> The university is also home to major research centers in <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_integrated_microsystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless integrated microsystems">wireless integrated microsystems</a>, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the <a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences_Institute" title="Life Sciences Institute">Life Sciences Institute</a> are located at the university. The university is a major contributor to the medical field with the <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">EKG</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gastroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscope">gastroscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Institute_for_Social_Research" title="University of Michigan Institute for Social Research">University of Michigan Institute for Social Research</a>, the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_Research_Opportunity_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program">Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program</a> (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> In 2009, the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not fully articulated, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_(Simpson_Memorial_Institute).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg/220px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg/330px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg/440px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_102_%28Simpson_Memorial_Institute%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research was constructed in 1924 as the result of a donation from the widow of iron magnate Thomas H. Simpson, in memory of her late husband, who succumbed to pernicious anemia</figcaption></figure> The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Biological_Station" title="University of Michigan Biological Station">biological station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan" title="Northern Michigan">Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan</a> is one of only 47 <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">Biosphere Reserves</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> In May 2021, the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by 2040.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborations_and_networks">Collaborations and networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Collaborations and networks">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_National_Election_Studies" title="American National Election Studies">American National Election Studies</a>, formally established by a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> grant in 1977, has been based at the University of Michigan since its origin and, since 2005, has been run in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. As of 2017, the principal investigators are Ted Brader and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hutchings" title="Vincent Hutchings">Vincent Hutchings</a> of the University of Michigan and <a href="/wiki/Shanto_Iyengar" title="Shanto Iyengar">Shanto Iyengar</a> of Stanford University. In the late 1960s the university, together with <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a>, one of the first university computer networks.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by the university. In 1987, they led a proposal to upgrade and expand the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> In 2006, the university joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the <a href="/wiki/University_Research_Corridor" title="University Research Corridor">University Research Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> The three universities are connected via the high-speed Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR) data network, providing 10 Gbit/s links between their campuses and other major network hubs.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_body">Student body</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Student body">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; width: 400px"> <caption>Undergraduate student body composition as of August 2024 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:35%;">Race/Ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Education_College_Scorecard-274">[273]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">51% </td> <td align="left">51<div style="width:102px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">18% </td> <td align="left">18<div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">4% </td> <td align="left">4<div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian/Alaska Native</a> </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander </td> <td align="right">0% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two or more races </td> <td align="right">5% </td> <td align="left">5<div style="width:10px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unknown </td> <td align="right">5% </td> <td align="left">5<div style="width:10px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number">Socio-Economic Diversity<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Education_College_Scorecard-274">[273]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Students receiving a <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students </td> <td align="right">18% </td> <td align="left">18<div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> As of October 2023, the university had an enrollment of 52,065 students: 33,730 <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate students</a> and 18,335 <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate students</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> The largest college at the university was the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">College of Literature, Science, and the Arts</a> with 21,973 students (42.2% of the total student body), followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">College of Engineering</a> (11,113; 21.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Ross School of Business</a> (4,433; 8.1%). All other colleges each hosted less than 5% of the total student population.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> Students come from all 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and nearly 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-Students_profile_2020-180">[180]</a> As of 2022, 52% of undergraduate students were Michigan residents, while 43% came from other states. The remainder of the undergraduate student body was composed of international students.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_Office_of_Budget_&_Planning_2022-278">[277]</a> Of the total student body, 43,253 (83.1%) were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 8,812 (16.9%) were international students as of November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, as of October 2023 the undergraduate student body was approximately 53% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, 17% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>, 7% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a>, 5% from two or more races, and 5% from an unknown racial composition. The remaining 8% of undergraduates were international students.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_Education_College_Scorecard-274">[273]</a> According to a 2017 report by the New York Times, the median family income of a student at Michigan was $154,000. 66% of students came from families within the top 20% in terms of income.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> As of 2022, approximately 23% of in-state undergraduate students and 14% of out-of-state students received a <a href="/wiki/Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant">Pell Grant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_Office_of_Budget_&_Planning_2022-278">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_life">Residential life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Residential life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Housing" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Housing">University of Michigan Housing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Law Quadrangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg/220px-A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg/330px-A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg/440px-A_picture_of_the_University_of_Michigan_campus_in_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Law Quadrangle, constructed during the decade of 1923–33, was designed by <a href="/wiki/York_and_Sawyer" title="York and Sawyer">York and Sawyer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor style</a>. Its design recalled the <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(architecture)" title="Quadrangle (architecture)">quadrangles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">two ancient English universities</a>, Oxford and Cambridge</figcaption></figure> The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">cooperatives</a>, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg/220px-UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg/330px-UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg/440px-UniversityOfMichiganInsideLawQuad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Lawyers Club Dining Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG/220px-Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG/330px-Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG/440px-Stockwell_residence_hall_university_of_michigan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Hall" title="Stockwell Hall">Stockwell Residence Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups_and_activities">Groups and activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Groups and activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg/220px-Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg/330px-Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg/440px-Arthur_J_Lacy_with_U_of_M_Democratic_Club_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5758" data-file-height="4419" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the University of Michigan Democratic Club in 1898. Back Row (L–R): <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Lacy">Arthur Lacy</a>, C. Thomas, J.M. Baily Front Row (L–R): F.K. Bowers, C.F. Kelley, C.D. Landis, JS. McElligott</figcaption></figure> By 2012, the university had 1,438 student organizations.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> The student body is politically engaged, though, with 96% stating they intended to vote in the 2020 election. It is largely progressive, with 43% identifying as very liberal, 33% as somewhat liberal, and 13% moderate. 11% identified as conservative or very conservative.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, such as local chapters of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society</a> and United Students Against Sweatshops. Conservative groups also organize, such as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> There are also several engineering projects teams, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Solar_Car_Team" title="University of Michigan Solar Car Team">University of Michigan Solar Car Team</a>, which has placed first in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Solar_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Solar Challenge">North American Solar Challenge</a> six times and third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Solar_Challenge" title="World Solar Challenge">World Solar Challenge</a> four times.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Michigan Interactive Investments,<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> are also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_International_Medical_Relief_of_Children" title="Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children">Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children</a>, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Partnership" title="The Detroit Partnership">The Detroit Partnership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relay_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Relay for Life">Relay For Life</a>, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, <a href="/wiki/Circle_K_International" title="Circle K International">Circle K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. <a href="/wiki/Intramural_sports" title="Intramural sports">Intramural sports</a> are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_Union_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michigan_Union_2009.JPG/220px-Michigan_Union_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michigan_Union_2009.JPG/330px-Michigan_Union_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michigan_Union_2009.JPG/440px-Michigan_Union_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Union" title="Michigan Union">Michigan Union</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Deco building">Art Deco building</a> constructed on land wholly owned by the student society in 1917, was designed by Michigan alumni <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kane_Pond" title="Irving Kane Pond">Irving Kane Pond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Bartlit_Pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Bartlit Pond">Allen Bartlit Pond</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg/220px-Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg/330px-Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg/440px-Marching_band_on_the_field_at_UM_versus_Harvard_football_game_12_October_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4222" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan Marching Band">Michigan Marching Band</a> on the field at Michigan versus <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard</a> football game in 1940</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan Marching Band">Michigan Marching Band</a>, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> is the university's <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a>. Over 125 years old (with a first performance in 1897),<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Pops_Orchestra" title="University of Michigan Pops Orchestra">University of Michigan Pops Orchestra</a> is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Theater_(Ann_Arbor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor)">Michigan Theater</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="University of Michigan Men's Glee Club">University of Michigan Men's Glee Club</a>, founded in 1859 and the <a href="/wiki/Glee_club#Oldest_United_States_collegiate_glee_clubs" title="Glee club">second oldest</a> such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Its eight-member subset <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Friars">University of Michigan Friars</a>, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_Lyres" title="Compulsive Lyres">Compulsive Lyres</a>, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017. The University of Michigan also has over 380 cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> These range the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> to African Students Association<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> to even the Egyptian Student Association.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraternities_and_sororities">Fraternities and sororities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fraternities and sororities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_(1904).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg/220px-Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg/330px-Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg/440px-Founders_of_Acacia_Fraternity_%281904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the 14 founding members of <a href="/wiki/Acacia_(fraternity)" title="Acacia (fraternity)">Acacia</a>, the only general fraternity to be founded in Michigan.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a> play a role in the university's social life; approximately seven percent of undergraduate men and 16% of undergraduate women are active in the Greek system.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, <a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a>, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity,_1502_Hill_Street,_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Delta_Sigma_Delta_Fraternity%2C_1502_Hill_Street%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Delta" title="Delta Sigma Delta">Delta Sigma Delta</a>, the first dental fraternity in the world</figcaption></figure> National honor societies such as <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Phi" title="Phi Kappa Phi">Phi Kappa Phi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Pi" title="Tau Beta Pi">Tau Beta Pi</a> have chapters at U-M.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A-307">[306]</a> Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors", "with High Honors", or "with Honors".<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A-307">[306]</a> Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A-307">[306]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House,_University_of_Michigan,_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG/220px-Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG/330px-Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG/440px-Phi_Delta_Phi_Fraternity_House%2C_University_of_Michigan%2C_Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5139" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Phi" title="Phi Delta Phi">Phi Delta Phi</a>, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collegiate_secret_societies">Collegiate secret societies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Collegiate secret societies">edit</a>]</div> The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Angell" title="Order of Angell">Michigauma</a>, more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with University president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the "tomb", but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans of the United States">Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a>, but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michiganensian" title="Michiganensian">Michiganensian</a>, and online since 2006 reforms.</li> <li>Adara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua.</li> <li>Vulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_publications">Media and publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Media and publications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg/220px-University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg/330px-University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg/440px-University_of_Michigan_Student_Publications_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Stanford Lipsey Student Publications Building</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Student_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Student newspaper">student newspaper</a> is <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a>, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbook</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Michiganensian" title="Michiganensian">Michiganensian</a>, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Review" title="The Michigan Review">The Michigan Review</a> and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_Humor_Magazine" title="Gargoyle Humor Magazine">Gargoyle Humor Magazine</a> is also published by Michigan students. <a href="/wiki/WCBN-FM" title="WCBN-FM">WCBN-FM</a> (88.3 FM) is the student-run <a href="/wiki/College_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="College radio">college radio</a> station which plays in <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform (radio format)">freeform format</a>. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A <a href="/wiki/Carrier_current" title="Carrier current">carrier current</a> station, it was launched in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> Violent crime is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kaczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Kaczynski">Theodore Kaczynski</a>'s attempted murder of professor <a href="/wiki/James_V._McConnell" title="James V. McConnell">James V. McConnell</a> and research assistant Nicklaus Suino in 1985. Kaczynski, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Unabomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber">Unabomber</a>, graduated from Michigan with his PhD in 1967. A radical left-wing militant organization <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> was founded at the university in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> It was later designated a domestic terrorist group by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> In 2014, the University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> was organized for such investigations.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> Seven years later, in 2021, the university attracted national attention when a report commissioned by the university was released that detailed an investigation into sexual assault allegations against doctor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(sex_offender)" title="Robert Anderson (sex offender)">Robert Anderson</a> who reportedly abused at least 950 university students, many of whom were athletes, from 1966 to 2003.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> Several football players from that time say football coach <a href="/wiki/Bo_Schembechler" title="Bo Schembechler">Bo Schembechler</a> ignored and enabled the abuse and told players to "toughen up" after being molested.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> Schembechler reportedly punched his then 10-year-old son Matthew after he reported abuse by Anderson.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> Following the exposure of a similar history of abuse at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, male survivors of both Anderson at Michigan and Strauss at Ohio State spoke out to combat sexual abuse.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> The University of Michigan settled with the survivors for $490 million.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Michigan Wolverines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG/220px-Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG/330px-Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG/440px-Burgee_of_University_of_Michigan.SVG.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Burgee of University of Michigan</figcaption></figure> The university's athletics history dates back to the late 19th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball" title="Michigan Wolverines baseball">baseball team</a> founded in 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">football team</a> established in 1879, and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_tennis" title="Michigan Wolverines men's tennis">men's tennis team</a> originating in 1893. The university currently boasts 29 varsity intercollegiate sports, including 14 men's teams and 15 women's teams.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> Since January 2016, <a href="/wiki/Warde_Manuel" title="Warde Manuel">Warde Manuel</a> has served as the 12th athletics director. In 1896, the university became a founding member of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, which later evolved into the Western Conference (1896–1899) and eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a> (since 1950). However, it was voted out of the conference in April 1907. Following a nine-year absence, the university rejoined the conference in 1917. Since its reinstatement, the university's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Wolverines</a>," have participated in the Big Ten Conference in most sports, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_water_polo" title="Michigan Wolverines women's water polo">women's water polo team</a>, which competes in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Water_Polo_Association" title="Collegiate Water Polo Association">Collegiate Water Polo Association</a>. The teams compete at the <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> level in all sports, including Division I <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a> in football. The teams share the nickname "Wolverines" with several other collegiate athletic teams in the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Valley_Wolverines" title="Utah Valley Wolverines">Utah Valley Wolverines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City Wolverines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Morris_Brown_College" title="Morris Brown College">Morris Brown Wolverines</a>. In 1909-10, college football faced a safety crisis as injuries spiked despite earlier reforms. The presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton attempted to implement moderate changes to improve player safety and prevent government intervention. However, their efforts were met with resistance from the rules committee and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">Intercollegiate Athletic Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> In 1926 Harvard entered into an agreement to play football against the University of Michigan instead of Princeton, threatening the '<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a>' relationship due to previous rough games with Princeton. By the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored and expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Venues">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ray_Fisher_Stadium" title="Ray Fisher Stadium">Ray Fisher Stadium</a>, constructed in 1923, serves as the home venue for the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball" title="Michigan Wolverines baseball">baseball team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alumni_Field_at_Carol_Hutchins_Stadium" title="Alumni Field at Carol Hutchins Stadium">Alumni Field at Carol Hutchins Stadium</a>, formerly known as the Varsity Diamond, is the home field for the university's <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_softball" title="Michigan Wolverines softball">softball team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yost_Ice_Arena" title="Yost Ice Arena">Yost Ice Arena</a>, opened in 1923, is the home arena for the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crisler_Center" title="Crisler Center">Crisler Center</a>, opened in 1967 and previously known as the University Events Building and Crisler Arena, serves as the home venue for the men's and women's basketball teams as well as the women's gymnastics team. The <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Ocker_Field" title="Phyllis Ocker Field">Phyllis Ocker Field</a>, constructed in 1995 and built partially on the site of Regents Field, is the home venue for the university's field hockey teams. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Stadium" title="Michigan Stadium">Michigan Stadium</a>, opened in 1927, serves as the home venue for the football team. With an official capacity of 107,601, the stadium is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of stadiums by capacity">third-largest sports stadium in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> The extra seat in the stadium's capacity is said to be "reserved" for former head coach <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Crisler" title="Fritz Crisler">Fritz Crisler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Prior to the construction of Michigan Stadium in 1927, the football team played their home games at <a href="/wiki/Regents_Field" title="Regents Field">Regents Field</a>. In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Dexter_M._Ferry" title="Dexter M. Ferry">Dexter M. Ferry</a> donated land adjacent to Regents Field, and the entire complex was renamed <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Field" title="Ferry Field">Ferry Field</a>. Ferry Field served as the home stadium for the football team until the opening of Michigan Stadium. Today, Ferry Field serves as a tailgating space for Michigan Stadium during football games. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fight_songs_and_chants">Fight songs and chants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Fight songs and chants">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game,_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png/220px-Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png/330px-Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png/440px-Singing_The_Yellow_and_the_Blue_between_halves_of_the_Penn_Game%2C_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Singing <a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_and_Blue" title="The Yellow and Blue">The Yellow and the Blue</a> between halves of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a> Game, November 1916</figcaption></figure> The Michigan fight song, "<a href="/wiki/The_Victors" title="The Victors">The Victors</a>", was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898. The song was declared by <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> to be "the greatest college fight song ever written."<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> The song refers to the teams as being "the Champions of the West". At the time, the Big Ten Conference was known as the Western Conference. Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> had it played by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">United States Marine Band</a> as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>",<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">his funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_and_Blue" title="The Yellow and Blue">The Yellow and Blue</a>". A common rally cry is "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Blue" title="Let's Go Blue">Let's Go Blue</a>!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a <a href="/wiki/Drum_major_(marching_band)" title="Drum major (marching band)">drum major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Before "The Victors" was officially the university's fight song, the song "<a href="/wiki/There%27ll_Be_a_Hot_Time_in_the_Old_Town_Tonight" title="There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight">There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight</a>" was considered to be the school song.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song, "<a href="/wiki/Varsity_(fight_song)" title="Varsity (fight song)">Varsity</a>", was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accomplishments">Accomplishments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Accomplishments">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan football</a> program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (1,004 through the end of the 2023 season) and tied for 1st among FBS schools in winning percentage (.734).<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> The team won the first <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game" title="Rose Bowl Game">Rose Bowl game</a> in <a href="/wiki/1902_Rose_Bowl" title="1902 Rose Bowl">1902</a>. the university had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive <a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">bowl game</a> appearances from 1975 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> The Wolverines have won a record 45 Big Ten championships. The program claims 12 <a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">national championships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MichiganScoreboardSign2001-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-MichiganTunnelSign-335">[334]</a> most recently the 2023 National Championship,<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> and has produced three <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> winners: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harmon" title="Tom Harmon">Tom Harmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Howard" title="Desmond Howard">Desmond Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Woodson" title="Charles Woodson">Charles Woodson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heisman-337">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey team</a>, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship">national championships.</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball" title="Michigan Wolverines men's basketball">men's basketball</a> team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">Final Fours</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/1989_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="1989 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">national championship</a> in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_basketball_scandal" title="University of Michigan basketball scandal">illicit payments to players</a> took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships. More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> events,<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">155 Olympic medals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, 275 Michigan students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. the university's students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines#Olympians" title="Michigan Wolverines">185 Olympic medals</a>: 85 golds, 48 silvers, and 52 bronzes.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, the university has finished in the top five of the <a href="/wiki/NACDA_Director%27s_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="NACDA Director's Cup">NACDA Director's Cup</a>, a ranking compiled by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Collegiate_Directors_of_Athletics" title="National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics">National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics</a> to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. The university has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 21 of the award's 29 seasons between <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines#NCAA_Division_I_Directors'_Cup" title="Michigan Wolverines">1993–2021</a> and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_collections_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="List of museums and collections at the University of Michigan">List of museums and collections at the University of Michigan</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_(Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg/170px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg/255px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg/340px-University_of_Michigan_August_2013_192_%28Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Newberry Hall (<a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelsey Museum of Archeology">Kelsey Museum of Archeology</a>)</figcaption></figure> The university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="University of Michigan Museum of Natural History">University of Michigan Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Observatory" title="Detroit Observatory">Detroit Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindecuse_Museum_of_Dentistry" title="Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry">Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry</a>, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelsey Museum of Archeology">Kelsey Museum of Archeology</a> has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dibsi_Faraj" title="Dibsi Faraj">Dibsi Faraj</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009, after a renovation and expansion.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> The collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> The University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beal_Steere" title="Joseph Beal Steere">Joseph Beal Steere</a> in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefactors">Benefactors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Benefactors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg/220px-Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg/330px-Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg/440px-Henry_Ford_at_1923_UM_vs_Marines_football_game_dedication_of_Yost_Field_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5880" data-file-height="4181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> (second from the left) at the dedication of <a href="/wiki/Yost_Field_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Yost Field House">Yost Field House</a> in 1923</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Michigan" title="Grand Lodge of Michigan">Zion Masonic Lodge</a> funded the university's first academic building in the 1810s.<a href="#cite_note-prnewswire-350">[349]</a> Two-thirds of the total funding to establish the university was contributed by the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> and its members.<a href="#cite_note-prnewswire-350">[349]</a> Since then, private donors have become an important source of funding for the university. Among the individuals who have made significant donations commemorated at the university are <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wilson Cook">William Wilson Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexter_M._Ferry" title="Dexter M. Ferry">Dexter Mason Ferry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford family">Ford family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nichols_Arboretum" title="Nichols Arboretum">Nichols family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Education" title="University of Michigan School of Education">Marsal Family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Tisch Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_E._Upjohn" title="William E. Upjohn">William Erastus Upjohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">John Stoughton Newberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Harrison_Stranahan" title="Clara Harrison Stranahan">Clara Harrison Stranahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_K._Brehm" title="William K. Brehm">William K. Brehm</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morse_Davidson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morse Davidson">William Morse Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman" title="A. Alfred Taubman">A. Alfred Taubman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penny_W._Stamps_School_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny W. Stamps School of Art and Design">Penny W. Stamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Weiser" title="Ronald Weiser">Ronald Weiser</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Zell" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Zell">Zell Family Foundation</a>, led by Sam and Helen Zell, has donated a total of $152 million to the university over the years.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Ross" title="Stephen M. Ross">Stephen M. Ross</a> made a $200 million donation to the business school and athletic campus in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> Ross made a separate $100 million contribution to the university in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Munger" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Munger">Charles Munger</a> pledged $110 million in 2013 for a graduate residence and fellowships.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty_and_staff">Faculty and staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Faculty and staff">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">List of University of Michigan faculty and staff</a>.</div> The university employs 7,954 faculty members,<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> including 37 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> 62 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> 30 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> 99 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> and 17 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> The university's current and former faculty includes thirteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff#Notable_faculty:_Nobel_Laureates" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">Nobel laureates</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff#Pulitzer_Prize-winning_faculty" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">Pulitzer Prize winners</a>, 41 <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff#MacArthur_Foundation_award_winners" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">MacArthur Fellows</a>, as well as eighteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff#American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">AAAS fellows</a>. Notable faculty members include Nobel Prize–winning physicists <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Veltman">Martinus Veltman</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a>; mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg" title="Samuel Eilenberg">Samuel Eilenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gehring" title="Frederick Gehring">Frederick Gehring</a>; poets <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hall" title="Donald Hall">Donald Hall</a>; philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>; jurist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Henry Billings Brown</a>; Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_R._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence R. Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a>; Pulitzer Prize-winning composer <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bassett" title="Leslie Bassett">Leslie Bassett</a>; Nobel Prize–winning physiologists <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton Rous">Peyton Rous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a>; virologist <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>; Institute of Medicine members <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huda_Akil" title="Huda Akil">Huda Akil</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> recipient <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellowship">MacArthur Fellowship</a> recipients <a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">George Zweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Holland" title="John Henry Holland">John Henry Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a>. The faculty also includes transgender activist <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Conway" title="Lynn Conway">Lynn Conway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._Galip_Ulsoy" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Galip Ulsoy">A. Galip Ulsoy</a>, co-inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_Manufacturing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconfigurable Manufacturing System">Reconfigurable Manufacturing System</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Brodsky"><img alt="Joseph Brodsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/85px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/128px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg/171px-Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Dewey"><img alt="John Dewey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/88px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/132px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/176px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1476" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles H. Townes"><img alt="Charles H. Townes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/94px-Charles_Townes.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/141px-Charles_Townes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/189px-Charles_Townes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_(1888-1983)_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby"><img alt="Elizabeth C. Crosby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg/69px-Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg/104px-Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg/138px-Elizabeth_Caroline_Crosby_%281888-1983%29_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="3117" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Collins"><img alt="Francis Collins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/96px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/144px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg/192px-Francis_Collins_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4131" data-file-height="5163" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Gehring.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick Gehring"><img alt="Frederick Gehring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Frederick_Gehring.jpg/120px-Frederick_Gehring.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Frederick_Gehring.jpg/180px-Frederick_Gehring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Frederick_Gehring.jpg/240px-Frederick_Gehring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="784" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gehring" title="Frederick Gehring">Frederick Gehring</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">List of University of Michigan alumni</a>.</div> As of 2013,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit">[update]</a> nine Michigan alumni have won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni#Nobel_laureates" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">Nobel Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> As of 2022,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit">[update]</a> 35 of Michigan's matriculants have been awarded a <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni#Pulitzer_Prize_winners" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">Pulitzer Prize</a>. By alumni count, Michigan ranks fifth as of 2018,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit">[update]</a> among all schools whose alumni have won Pulitzers. The university is, as of 2020,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit">[update]</a> associated one <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Scholarship" title="Mitchell Scholarship">Mitchell Scholar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> As of 2021, 30 Michigan students or alumni have been named <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni#Rhodes_Scholars" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">Rhodes Scholars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_and_law">Government and law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Government and law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_law_and_government_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan law and government alumni">List of University of Michigan law and government alumni</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png/220px-Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png/330px-Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png/440px-Gerald_Ford_at_University_of_Michigan_1976.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> wears a "Michigan #1" sweater during the kick-off of Ford's <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential campaign</a> at the University of Michigan's campus in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a></figcaption></figure> The university boasts several holders or candidates of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidency">United States presidency</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> the 38th President and the Republican Party's nominee for President in <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s nominee for President in both <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_LeSueur" title="Arthur LeSueur">Arthur LeSueur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> candidate for President in <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Gilbert Hitchcock</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a>, a Republican presidential hopeful in 1948; and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> a Republican candidate in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Worth_Kern" class="mw-redirect" title="John Worth Kern">John Worth Kern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> both ran for the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidency</a>, with Kern representing the Democratic Party alongside <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, and Wheeler as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a>'s nominee with <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Follette_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Follette Sr.">Robert La Follette Sr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnWKern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/JohnWKern.jpg/170px-JohnWKern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/JohnWKern.jpg/255px-JohnWKern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/JohnWKern.jpg/340px-JohnWKern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="5824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Worth_Kern" class="mw-redirect" title="John Worth Kern">John Worth Kern</a>, former United States Senator and Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1908</figcaption></figure> Among the 23 former <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Michigan">governors of Michigan</a> who hold formal college degrees, 10 are graduates of the university. (<a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_N._Ferris" title="Woodbridge N. Ferris">Woodbridge N. Ferris</a> only attended for a year) As of 2021, the university has matriculated 63 <a href="/wiki/U.S._governors" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. governors">U.S. governors</a> or lieutenant governors, including former Governor of Michigan <a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> first female <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Missouri">lieutenant governor of Missouri</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriett_Woods" title="Harriett Woods">Harriett Woods</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_legislator_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan legislator alumni">legislators</a> as either a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> (47 graduates) or as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Representatives">Congressional representative</a> (over 215 graduates), including former <a href="/wiki/House_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Majority Leader">House Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Mayor">Los Angeles Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Riordan" title="Richard Riordan">Richard Riordan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Mayor">Chicago Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lori_Lightfoot" title="Lori Lightfoot">Lori Lightfoot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Mayor">Detroit Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Duggan" title="Mike Duggan">Mike Duggan</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> are also Michigan graduates. Michigan graduates have held a range of cabinet-level positions, including <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Rufus_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus Day">William Rufus Day</a><a href="#cite_note-fjc1379896-376">[375]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">George M. Humphrey</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Micajah_Daugherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Micajah Daugherty">Harry Micajah Daugherty</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lee_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Lee Salazar">Kenneth Lee Salazar</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Roy D. Chapin</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Robert P. Lamont</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a>); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Tom Price</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a>); and Director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of Management and Budget">United States Office of Management and Budget</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a><a href="#cite_note-bioguidep000449-387">[386]</a>). Multiple alumni served in the judicial branch of the U.S. government, including William Rufus Day,<a href="#cite_note-fjc1379896-376">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> all of whom served as <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court justices</a>. As of 2019, the university has placed onto various State Supreme Courts over 125 graduates, 40 of whom served as Chief Justice. Foreign alumni include the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a>); the current ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saud_bin_Saqr_Al_Qasimi" title="Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi">Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a>); the 51st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Lamberto Dini</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1994–2004 (<a href="/wiki/Lester_Bird" title="Lester Bird">Lester Bird</a>); the 47th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Luis Guillermo Solís">Luis Guillermo Solís</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Prime Minister of Peru</a> 1993–1994 (<a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bustamante" title="Alfonso Bustamante">Alfonso Bustamante</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister of Jordan</a> 2012–2016 (<a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ensour" title="Abdullah Ensour">Abdullah Ensour</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a>); the 13th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Arif Alvi</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a>); <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary of Hong Kong">Chief Secretary of Hong Kong</a> 2007–2011 (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Tang_Ying-yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Tang Ying-yen">Henry Tang Ying-yen</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a>); <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea">Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea</a> 2017–2018 (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Dong-yeon" title="Kim Dong-yeon">Kim Dong-yeon</a>); <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria</a> in the government of Boyko Borisov (<a href="/wiki/Simeon_Djankov" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon Djankov">Simeon Djankov</a>); Deputy Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> 1997–1998 (<a href="/wiki/Herizo_Razafimahaleo" title="Herizo Razafimahaleo">Herizo Razafimahaleo</a>). British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Davis_(politician)" title="Terry Davis (politician)">Terry Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Flight" title="Howard Flight">Howard Flight</a> are also Michigan graduates. As of 2022, Michigan has matriculated 64 Ambassadors who served as Ambassador in more than 72 countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Engineering_and_technology">Engineering and technology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Engineering and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni#Computers,_engineering,_and_technology" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">List of University of Michigan alumni § Computers, engineering, and technology</a>.</div> Many alumni have made significant contributions to the fields of engineering and technology, including "father of <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>" <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Codd" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Codd">Edgar Codd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_E._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances E. Allen">Frances E. Allen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a>; and <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> member <a href="/wiki/Clarence_%22Kelly%22_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence "Kelly" Johnson">Clarence "Kelly" Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> The university produced numerous developers and original authors of widely recognized software programs, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knoll" title="Thomas Knoll">Thomas Knoll</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> (original author of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>); <a href="/wiki/Mike_Engelhardt" title="Mike Engelhardt">Mike Engelhardt</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> (original author of <a href="/wiki/LTspice" title="LTspice">LTspice</a>); <a href="/wiki/Niels_Provos" title="Niels Provos">Niels Provos</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> (creator of <a href="/wiki/Bcrypt" title="Bcrypt">Bcrypt</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> (creator of video games series <a href="/wiki/Civilization_(series)" title="Civilization (series)">Civilization</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business">Business</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_business_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan business alumni">List of University of Michigan business alumni</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Franklin_Getty_(1855-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg/170px-George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg/255px-George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg/340px-George_Franklin_Getty_%281855-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Getty" title="George Getty">George Getty</a>, patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Getty_family" title="Getty family">Getty family</a>, earned his juris doctor from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">law school</a> in 1882.</figcaption></figure> Michigan alumni have founded or cofounded companies such as <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Mead_Johnson" title="Edward Mead Johnson">Edward Mead Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stryker_Corporation" title="Stryker Corporation">Stryker Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homer_Stryker" title="Homer Stryker">Homer Stryker</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Loews_Corporation" title="Loews Corporation">Loews Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Preston Robert Tisch</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edward Merrill">Charles Edward Merrill</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Science_Applications_International_Corporation" title="Science Applications International Corporation">Science Applications International Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Beyster" title="John Robert Beyster">J. Robert Beyster</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage" title="Rocket Mortgage">Rocket Mortgage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gary_Gilbert" title="Gary Gilbert">Gary Gilbert</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza, Inc.">Domino's Pizza, Inc.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Monaghan" title="Tom Monaghan">Tom Monaghan</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a>), <a href="/wiki/H%26R_Block" title="H&R Block">H&R Block</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Bloch" title="Henry W. Bloch">Henry W. Bloch</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Related_Companies" title="Related Companies">Related Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Ross" title="Stephen M. Ross">Stephen M. Ross</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Engelhardt" title="Henry Engelhardt">Henry Engelhardt</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Five_Guys" title="Five Guys">Five Guys Enterprises</a> (Jerry Murrell<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> ), <a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Burnett Company">Leo Burnett Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dart_Container_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dart Container Corporation">Dart Container Corporation</a> (William A. Dart<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Groupon" title="Groupon">Groupon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Lefkofsky" title="Eric Lefkofsky">Eric Lefkofsky</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Keywell" title="Brad Keywell">Brad Keywell</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a>), <a href="/wiki/EQ_Office" title="EQ Office">EQ Office</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Zell" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Zell">Samuel Zell</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saba_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Saba Capital">Saba Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boaz_Weinstein" title="Boaz Weinstein">Boaz Weinstein</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barracuda_Networks" title="Barracuda Networks">Barracuda Networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dean_Drako" title="Dean Drako">Dean Drako</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Munger,_Tolles_%26_Olson" title="Munger, Tolles & Olson">Munger, Tolles & Olson</a> (Charlie Munger<a href="#cite_note-munger2011-420">[419]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Olson">Ronald L. Olson</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Club_Quarters" title="Club Quarters">Club Quarters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bahna" title="Ralph Bahna">Ralph Bahna</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taubman_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Taubman Company">Taubman Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman" title="A. Alfred Taubman">A. Alfred Taubman</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niklas_Zennstr%C3%B6m" title="Niklas Zennström">Niklas Zennström</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[423]</a>). The university counts several patriarchs of influential business dynasties, including <a href="/wiki/George_Getty" title="George Getty">George Getty</a> of the renowned <a href="/wiki/Getty_family" title="Getty family">Getty family</a>. The university also boasts a number of graduates from affluent families, including heirs and heiresses to major fortunes, such as <a href="/wiki/Josiah_K._Lilly_Jr." title="Josiah K. Lilly Jr.">Josiah K. Lilly Jr.</a> (heir to <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a>); <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rudolph_Walgreen_Jr." title="Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.">Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> (heir to <a href="/wiki/Walgreens_Boots_Alliance" title="Walgreens Boots Alliance">Walgreens</a>); <a href="/wiki/John_Gideon_Searle" title="John Gideon Searle">John Gideon Searle</a> (heir to <a href="/wiki/G.D._Searle,_LLC" title="G.D. Searle, LLC">G. D. Searle</a>); <a href="/wiki/Doug_Meijer" title="Doug Meijer">Doug Meijer</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hank_Meijer" title="Hank Meijer">Hank Meijer</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> (heirs to <a href="/wiki/Meijer" title="Meijer">Meijer</a>); <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ilitch" title="Christopher Ilitch">Christopher Ilitch</a> (heir to <a href="/wiki/Ilitch_Holdings,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ilitch Holdings, Inc.">Ilitch Holdings, Inc.</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dart" title="Kenneth Dart">Kenneth B. Dart</a> (heir to <a href="/wiki/Dart_Container_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dart Container Corporation">Dart Container Corporation</a>). <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a>, a member of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Wallenberg_family" title="Wallenberg family">Wallenberg family</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">wealthiest family in the world</a>, studied at the university in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-ROB-428">[427]</a> As of May 2024, about 2.8% of all <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a> executives with MBAs are alumni from <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Ross">Michigan Ross</a>, ranking it as the 6th highest among all business schools in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-ross-fortune1000-2024-430">[429]</a> Alumni have led several companies, including <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Munger" title="Charlie Munger">Charlie Munger</a><a href="#cite_note-munger2011-420">[419]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Hackett_(businessman)" title="James Hackett (businessman)">James Hackett</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a>), <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_(executive)" title="Roger Smith (executive)">Roger Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henderson" title="Frederick Henderson">Frederick Henderson</a>, and Richard C. Gerstenberg<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a>), <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="State Farm Insurance">State Farm Insurance</a> (Jon Farney<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Dugan" title="John C. Dugan">John C. Dugan</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> (Martin Lau<a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boeing Company">The Boeing Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Gott" title="Edgar Gott">Edgar Gott</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Sloan" title="Timothy J. Sloan">Timothy J. Sloan</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Allstate" title="Allstate">Allstate Corp.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Wilson" title="Thomas J. Wilson">Thomas J. Wilson</a><a href="#cite_note-ross-fortune1000-2024-430">[429]</a>), <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Group" title="American Airlines Group">American Airlines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Isom" title="Robert Isom">Robert Isom</a><a href="#cite_note-ross-fortune1000-2024-430">[429]</a>), <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_S._Demchak" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Demchak">William S. Demchak</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a>), <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sanger" title="Stephen Sanger">Stephen Sanger</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temel_Kotil" title="Temel Kotil">Temel Kotil</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a>), <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_V._Faraci" title="John V. Faraci">John V. Faraci</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a>), <a href="/wiki/KB_Financial_Group" title="KB Financial Group">KB Financial Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euh_Yoon-dae" title="Euh Yoon-dae">Euh Yoon-dae</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Group_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Group LLC">Chrysler Group LLC</a> (<a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Kidder" title="C. Robert Kidder">C. Robert Kidder</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a>), <a href="/wiki/BorgWarner_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="BorgWarner Inc.">BorgWarner Inc.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timothy_M._Manganello" title="Timothy M. Manganello">Timothy M. Manganello</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bunzl" title="Bunzl">Bunzl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Roney" title="Michael Roney">Michael Roney</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Celanese" title="Celanese">Celanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_N._Weidman" title="David N. Weidman">David N. Weidman</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-446">[445]</a>), <a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dave_Barger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Barger">Dave Barger</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Brands_International" title="Restaurant Brands International">Restaurant Brands International</a> (<a href="/wiki/J._Patrick_Doyle" title="J. Patrick Doyle">J. Patrick Doyle</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Conard" title="Edward Conard">Edward Conard</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authors_and_journalists">Authors and journalists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Authors and journalists">edit</a>]</div> Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> essayists <a href="/wiki/Susan_Orlean" title="Susan Orlean">Susan Orlean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jia_Tolentino" title="Jia Tolentino">Jia Tolentino</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sven_Birkerts" title="Sven Birkerts">Sven Birkerts</a>, journalists and editors <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Jonathan Chait</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, Indian author and columnist <a href="/wiki/Anees_Jung" title="Anees Jung">Anees Jung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Daniel Okrent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Steingraber" title="Sandra Steingraber">Sandra Steingraber</a>, food critics <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Reichl" title="Ruth Reichl">Ruth Reichl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gael_Greene" title="Gael Greene">Gael Greene</a>, novelists <a href="/wiki/Brett_Ellen_Block" title="Brett Ellen Block">Brett Ellen Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kostova" title="Elizabeth Kostova">Elizabeth Kostova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marge_Piercy" title="Marge Piercy">Marge Piercy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brad_Meltzer" title="Brad Meltzer">Brad Meltzer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Smith" title="Betty Smith">Betty Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Major_(writer)" title="Charles Major (writer)">Charles Major</a>, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Judith_Guest" title="Judith Guest">Judith Guest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> Pulitzer Prize-winning poet <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roethke" title="Theodore Roethke">Theodore Roethke</a>, National Book Award winners <a href="/wiki/Keith_Waldrop" title="Keith Waldrop">Keith Waldrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a>, composer/author/puppeteer <a href="/wiki/Forman_Brown" title="Forman Brown">Forman Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alireza_Jafarzadeh" title="Alireza Jafarzadeh">Alireza Jafarzadeh</a> (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator), and memoirist and self-help book author <a href="/wiki/Jerry_and_Mary_Newport" title="Jerry and Mary Newport">Jerry Newport</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_entertainment">Music and entertainment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Music and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> Musical graduates include operatic soprano <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Dassin" title="Joe Dassin">Joe Dassin</a>, multiple members of the bands <a href="/wiki/Tally_Hall" title="Tally Hall">Tally Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulfpeck" title="Vulfpeck">Vulfpeck</a>, jazz guitarist <a href="/wiki/Randy_Napoleon" title="Randy Napoleon">Randy Napoleon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim_Steamroller" title="Mannheim Steamroller">Mannheim Steamroller</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Chip_Davis" title="Chip Davis">Chip Davis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> Well-known composers who are alumni include <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ticheli" title="Frank Ticheli">Frank Ticheli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lippa" title="Andrew Lippa">Andrew Lippa</a>, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo <a href="/wiki/Pasek_and_Paul" title="Pasek and Paul">Benj Pasek and Justin Paul</a>. Pop superstar <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a><a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> and rock legend <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a><a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> attended but did not graduate. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, famous alumni include actors <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dunn_(actor)" title="Michael Dunn (actor)">Michael Dunn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darren_Criss" title="Darren Criss">Darren Criss</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Grier" title="David Alan Grier">David Alan Grier</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> actresses <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Liu" title="Lucy Liu">Lucy Liu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selma_Blair" title="Selma Blair">Selma Blair</a><a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> as well as television director <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cendrowski" title="Mark Cendrowski">Mark Cendrowski</a> and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kasdan" title="Lawrence Kasdan">Lawrence Kasdan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Creel" title="Gavin Creel">Gavin Creel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keenan-Bolger" title="Andrew Keenan-Bolger">Andrew Keenan-Bolger</a>, his sister <a href="/wiki/Celia_Keenan-Bolger" title="Celia Keenan-Bolger">Celia Keenan-Bolger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Louderman" title="Taylor Louderman">Taylor Louderman</a> attended U-M for musical theatre. Emmy Award winner <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gupta" title="Sanjay Gupta">Sanjay Gupta</a> attended both college and medical school at the university.<a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> Conservative pundit <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> U-M athletes have starred in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> as well as in other professional sports. Notable among recent players is <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brady" title="Tom Brady">Tom Brady</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> Three players have won college football's <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a>, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harmon" title="Tom Harmon">Tom Harmon</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Howard" title="Desmond Howard">Desmond Howard</a> (1991), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Woodson" title="Charles Woodson">Charles Woodson</a> (1997).<a href="#cite_note-Heisman-337">[336]</a> Professional golfer <a href="/wiki/John_Schroeder_(golfer)" title="John Schroeder (golfer)">John Schroeder</a> and Olympic swimmer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> also attended the University of Michigan; the latter studied Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_swimming_and_diving#Club_Wolverine" title="Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving">Club Wolverine</a>, a swimming club associated with the university.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a> Israeli Olympic swimmer <a href="/wiki/Gal_Cohen_Groumi" title="Gal Cohen Groumi">Gal Cohen Groumi</a> has also competed for the Wolverines. The <a href="/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Canada women's national soccer team">Canada national team</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shelina_Zadorsky" title="Shelina Zadorsky">Shelina Zadorsky</a> played soccer at the University of Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> players <a href="/wiki/Marty_Turco" title="Marty Turco">Marty Turco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Hughes_(ice_hockey)" title="Luke Hughes (ice hockey)">Luke Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinn_Hughes" title="Quinn Hughes">Quinn Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Summers_(ice_hockey)" title="Chris Summers (ice hockey)">Chris Summers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Pacioretty" title="Max Pacioretty">Max Pacioretty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagelin" title="Carl Hagelin">Carl Hagelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Larkin" title="Dylan Larkin">Dylan Larkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zach_Hyman" title="Zach Hyman">Zach Hyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Morrison" title="Brendan Morrison">Brendan Morrison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(ice_hockey)" title="Jack Johnson (ice hockey)">Jack Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cammalleri" title="Michael Cammalleri">Michael Cammalleri</a><a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> all played for U-M's ice hockey team. MLB Hall of Famers <a href="/wiki/George_Sisler" title="George Sisler">George Sisler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Larkin" title="Barry Larkin">Barry Larkin</a> also played baseball at the university.<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> Several team owners have been alumni, including multiple-team owner <a href="/wiki/Bill_Davidson_(businessman)" title="Bill Davidson (businessman)">Bill Davidson</a> (NBA <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Pistons" title="Detroit Pistons">Detroit Pistons</a>, NHL <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning" title="Tampa Bay Lightning">Tampa Bay Lightning</a>, WNBA <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Shock" title="Detroit Shock">Detroit Shock</a>, among others) and NFL owners <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Ross" title="Stephen M. Ross">Stephen M. Ross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miami_Dolphins" title="Miami Dolphins">Miami Dolphins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Preston Robert Tisch</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wilson" title="Ralph Wilson">Ralph Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a>). <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activists_and_humanitarians">Activists and humanitarians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Activists and humanitarians">edit</a>]</div> Activists associated with the university include <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a> radical activist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers" title="Bill Ayers">Bill Ayers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willard_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Willard Moore">Charles Moore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> hero of the Holocaust <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a> Civil War General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_D._Pritchard" title="Benjamin D. Pritchard">Benjamin D. Pritchard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> and assisted-suicide advocate <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration">Exploration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> Several astronauts attended Michigan including the all-U-M crews of both <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graboski_2006-459">[458]</a> The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the Moon, established in 1971 when the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-Famous_UM_alumni-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graboski_2006-459">[458]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_228-1">b</a> School declined to fill out the U.S. News statistical survey. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Founding-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Founding_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Founding_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Founding_1-2">c</a> <style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved January 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Michigan+Branch+1838%E2%80%931843&rft.pub=Kalamazoo+Public+Library&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpl.gov%2Flocal-history%2Fkalamazoo-history%2Feducation%2Funiversity-of-michigan-branch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_43-64">bm</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1942" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Wilfred B. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042059132">The University of Michigan, an encyclopedic survey</a>. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015042059132">2027/mdp.39015042059132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Michigan%2C+an+encyclopedic+survey&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%2C+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015042059132&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015042059132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chem_Lab-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Chem_Lab_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html">"Chemical Laboratory"</a>. UMHistory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021222339/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/mort/original/1875/chemical_laboratory/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Laboratory&rft.pub=UMHistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumhistory.dc.umich.edu%2Fmort%2Foriginal%2F1875%2Fchemical_laboratory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-michiganbook-45"><a href="#cite_ref-michiganbook_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1898" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Edwin (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ia6fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA136">The Michigan Book</a>. University of Michigan. pp. 136–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Michigan+Book&rft.pages=136-139&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dia6fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313030542/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php">"Suggested Research Topics – Gender and Social Space on the University Campus, 1870–1970"</a>. Bentley Historical Library. September 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bentley.umich.edu/research/topics/gendersp.php">the original</a> on March 13, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suggested+Research+Topics+%E2%80%93+Gender+and+Social+Space+on+the+University+Campus%2C+1870%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Bentley+Historical+Library&rft.date=2008-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbentley.umich.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftopics%2Fgendersp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennann.d." class="citation web cs1">Brennan, T. Corey (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise">"WOOD, Alice Robinson Boise"</a>. Database of Classical Scholars. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010141/https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020. <q>When the question first came up in 1854 of admitting women to the University of Michigan, <a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Boise" title="James Robinson Boise">James Robinson Boise</a> is the only professor on record to vote in its favor. A dozen years later, when his daughter Alice had graduated Ann Arbor High School, he is said to have been enraged that she could not continue at Michigan, and in September 1866 informally invited his daughter to join his Greek recitations at the university. Some of his colleagues followed suit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Database+of+Classical+Scholars&rft.atitle=WOOD%2C+Alice+Robinson+Boise&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T.+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbcs.rutgers.edu%2Fall-scholars%2F9307-wood-alice-robinson-boise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michbar.org/file/barjournal/article/documents/pdf4article2622.pdf">"Michigan Black Lawyers' "Firsts""</a> (PDF). michbar.org. Michigan Bar Journal. May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michbar.org&rft.atitle=Michigan+Black+Lawyers%27+%22Firsts%22&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michbar.org%2Ffile%2Fbarjournal%2Farticle%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf4article2622.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.umich.edu/historyandtraditions/students/Documents/Sarah_Killgore_Bio.pdf">"Michigan's First Woman Lawyer"</a> (PDF). University of Michigan Law School. Retrieved September 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan%27s+First+Woman+Lawyer&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.umich.edu%2Fhistoryandtraditions%2Fstudents%2FDocuments%2FSarah_Killgore_Bio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubacher1997" class="citation book cs1">Brubacher, John Seiler (July 1, 1997). Higher Education in Transition. Transaction Publishers. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-917-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-917-9"><bdi>1-56000-917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+in+Transition&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft.isbn=1-56000-917-9&rft.aulast=Brubacher&rft.aufirst=John+Seiler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11132024-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11132024_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11132024_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasthope" class="citation web cs1">Easthope, Mary M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rackham.umich.edu/about/history/chronicle/">"A Chronicle of Graduate Education 1845 to 1982"</a>. rackham.umich.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rackham.umich.edu&rft.atitle=A+Chronicle+of+Graduate+Education+1845+to+1982&rft.aulast=Easthope&rft.aufirst=Mary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frackham.umich.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fchronicle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (2009). George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World. University of Texas Press. pp. xii–xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72700-7"><bdi>978-0-292-72700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+Self%2C+Language%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=xii-xix&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72700-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm">"The First 150 Years"</a>. northwestern.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010020717/https://www.northwestern.edu/magazine/northwestern/spring2001/first150_long_feature.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=northwestern.edu&rft.atitle=The+First+150+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestern.edu%2Fmagazine%2Fnorthwestern%2Fspring2001%2Ffirst150_long_feature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Scott (June 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050702072121/http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf">"The College Republicans – A Brief History"</a> (PDF). College Republican National Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crnc.org/admin/editpage/downloads/CRNChistory.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 2, 2005. Retrieved September 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+College+Republicans+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=College+Republican+National+Committee&rft.date=2002-06-24&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crnc.org%2Fadmin%2Feditpage%2Fdownloads%2FCRNChistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michigan.law.umich.edu/about-michigan-law/michigan-law-history">"Michigan Law History"</a>. University of Michigan Law School. Retrieved February 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Law+History&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichigan.law.umich.edu%2Fabout-michigan-law%2Fmichigan-law-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalata2002" class="citation book cs1">Calata, Alexander A. (2002). "The Role of Education in Americanizing Filipinos". In McFerson, Hazel M. (ed.). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. 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Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lansing+State+Journal&rft.atitle=MSU+students+set+up+encampment%2C+join+other+campuses+protesting+war+in+Gaza&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lansingstatejournal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcampus%2F2024%2F04%2F25%2Fmsu-students-encampment-protest-israel-gaza-war%2F73450990007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlowski" class="citation web cs1">Kozlowski, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2024/04/25/msu-students-set-up-encampment-to-pressure-university-to-divest-from-israel/73452091007/">"MSU students set up encampment to pressure university to divest from Israel"</a>. The Detroit News. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=MSU+students+set+up+encampment+to+pressure+university+to+divest+from+Israel&rft.aulast=Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2024%2F04%2F25%2Fmsu-students-set-up-encampment-to-pressure-university-to-divest-from-israel%2F73452091007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDang2024" class="citation web cs1">Dang, Anna (August 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigandaily.com/opinion/op-eds/we-alumni-recipients-of-the-mlk-spirit-award-return-our-awards-and-urge-the-university-to-divest/">"We, alumni recipients of the MLK Spirit Award, return our awards and urge the University to divest"</a>. The Michigan Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=We%2C+alumni+recipients+of+the+MLK+Spirit+Award%2C+return+our+awards+and+urge+the+University+to+divest.&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft.aulast=Dang&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigandaily.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-eds%2Fwe-alumni-recipients-of-the-mlk-spirit-award-return-our-awards-and-urge-the-university-to-divest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlowski2024" class="citation web cs1">Kozlowski, Kim (July 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2024/07/10/university-michigan-revokes-activist-award-seeks-discipline-stirring-cries-politics-ono-testimony/74170441007/">"UM revokes activist's award, seeks discipline for others, stirring cries of politics"</a>. Detroit News. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+News&rft.atitle=UM+revokes+activist%27s+award%2C+seeks+discipline+for+others%2C+stirring+cries+of+politics&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.aulast=Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2024%2F07%2F10%2Funiversity-michigan-revokes-activist-award-seeks-discipline-stirring-cries-politics-ono-testimony%2F74170441007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeAeth" class="citation web cs1">DeAeth, Duncan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5946904">"FBI charges 5 Chinese students for spying on US military exercises that included Taiwan"</a>. taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved October 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taiwannews.com.tw&rft.atitle=FBI+charges+5+Chinese+students+for+spying+on+US+military+exercises+that+included+Taiwan&rft.aulast=DeAeth&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fnews%2F5946904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham1994" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Howard Henry (September 26, 1994). The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN BENTLEY LIBRARY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472065943" title="Special:BookSources/9780472065943"><bdi>9780472065943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+The+University+of+Michigan+1817%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=UNIVERSITY+OF+MICHIGAN+BENTLEY+LIBRARY&rft.date=1994-09-26&rft.isbn=9780472065943&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Howard+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1973" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Clark (December 16, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websites.umich.edu/~bhlumrec/c/commence/1973-Kerr.pdf">"Clark Kerr 1973 Winter Commencement: THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY – END OF ITS GOLDEN AGE?"</a> (PDF). University of Michigan. Retrieved December 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clark+Kerr+1973+Winter+Commencement%3A+THE+AMERICAN+UNIVERSITY+%E2%80%93+END+OF+ITS+GOLDEN+AGE%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1973-12-16&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.umich.edu%2F~bhlumrec%2Fc%2Fcommence%2F1973-Kerr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtman1970" class="citation book cs1">Stadtman, Verne A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad">The University of California, 1868–1968</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityofcali00stad/page/7">7–34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+California%2C+1868%E2%80%931968&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-34&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Stadtman&rft.aufirst=Verne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversityofcali00stad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1994" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, George M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134">The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 134–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195106503" title="Special:BookSources/9780195106503"><bdi>9780195106503</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071657/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9QOfEZrrLYC&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+the+American+University%3A+From+Protestant+Establishment+to+Established+Nonbelief&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=134-140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780195106503&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9QOfEZrrLYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html">"Our History"</a>. hbs.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218170344/http://www.hbs.edu/about/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft.pub=hbs.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://giftplanning.northwestern.edu/henry-and-emma-rogers-society">"Henry and Emma Rogers Society"</a>. Northwestern University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515232621/https://giftplanning.northwestern.edu/henry-and-emma-rogers-society">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+and+Emma+Rogers+Society&rft.pub=Northwestern+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiftplanning.northwestern.edu%2Fhenry-and-emma-rogers-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassachusetts_Moments2006-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassachusetts_Moments2006_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassachusetts_Moments2006">Massachusetts Moments 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergin1983-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergin1983_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergin1983">Bergin 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oseh.umich.edu/environment/floodcontrol.shtml">"Environmental Protection Management Practices: Flood Control"</a>. University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111416/http://www.oseh.umich.edu/environment/floodcontrol.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Protection+Management+Practices%3A+Flood+Control&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Occupational+Safety+and+Environmental+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oseh.umich.edu%2Fenvironment%2Ffloodcontrol.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Campus_Sustainability" class="citation web cs1">Office of Campus Sustainability. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocs.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FY-2018-env-metrics-final.pdf">"University of Michigan-FY2018 Annual Environmental Metrics Report"</a> (PDF). p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523105438/https://ocs.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FY-2018-env-metrics-final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Michigan-FY2018+Annual+Environmental+Metrics+Report&rft.pages=3&rft.au=Office+of+Campus+Sustainability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focs.umich.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2FFY-2018-env-metrics-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413071623/http://campusinfo.umich.edu/maps/ann-arbor">Ann Arbor Map</a> (Map). University of Michigan, MM&D. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campusinfo.umich.edu/maps/ann-arbor">the original</a> on April 13, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ann+Arbor+Map&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2C+MM%26D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampusinfo.umich.edu%2Fmaps%2Fann-arbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uofmhealth.org/maps-directions">"Street Map to Rachel Upjohn Building"</a>. University of Michigan Health System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818112646/http://www.uofmhealth.org/maps-directions/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+Map+to+Rachel+Upjohn+Building&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Health+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uofmhealth.org%2Fmaps-directions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988">—The linked map shows the entire East Medical Campus. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://campusinfo.umich.edu/article/buses-0">"Buses"</a>. University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005141411/https://campusinfo.umich.edu/article/buses-0">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buses&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampusinfo.umich.edu%2Farticle%2Fbuses-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radrick.umich.edu/">"Welcome to Radrick Farms Golf Course"</a>. University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330090502/http://radrick.umich.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maizepages.umich.edu/organization/michiganafricans">the original</a> on December 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Students+Association+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaizepages.umich.edu%2Forganization%2Fmichiganafricans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209040716/https://maizepages.umich.edu/organization/egyptians">"Egyptian Student Association – Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maizepages.umich.edu/organization/egyptians">the original</a> on December 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Student+Association+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaizepages.umich.edu%2Forganization%2Fegyptians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-9092/student-life">"University of Michigan—Ann Arbor Student Life"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123030527/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-9092/student-life">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=University+of+Michigan%E2%80%94Ann+Arbor+Student+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Funiversity-of-michigan-ann-arbor-9092%2Fstudent-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greeklife.umich.edu/">"Welcome to Greek Life"</a>. Division of Student Affairs – Greek Life at the University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110328190256/http://greeklife.umich.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Greek+Life&rft.pub=Division+of+Student+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Greek+Life+at+the+University+of+Michigan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreeklife.umich.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A_307-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Michigan_College_of_LS&A_307-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614165029/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/umich/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c36d086dbf3e9110VgnVCM1000005001010aRCRD&linkTypeBegin=channellinkTypeEnd&assetNameBegin=Honors%20and%20Awards%20for%20Superior%20Academic%20AchievementassetNameEnd">"Honors And Awards For Superior Academic Achievement"</a>. University of Michigan College of LS&A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/umich/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c36d086dbf3e9110VgnVCM1000005001010aRCRD&linkTypeBegin=channellinkTypeEnd&assetNameBegin=Honors%20and%20Awards%20for%20Superior%20Academic%20AchievementassetNameEnd">the original</a> on June 14, 2010. 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The Michigan Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202922/https://www.michigandaily.com/campus-life/phoenix-female-only-secret-society-u-m-votes-disband/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. 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Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439666975" title="Special:BookSources/9781439666975"><bdi>9781439666975</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523105441/https://books.google.com/books?id=7cSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2020. 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Retrieved November 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Jia+Tolentino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fcontributors%2Fjia-tolentino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/gupta.sanjay.html">"Sanjay Gupta"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019021301/http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/gupta.sanjay.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2010. 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Retrieved October 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Phelps%27+dominant+pool+dream+still+alive&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.aulast=Michaelis&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2007-02-12-phelps-focus_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/shelina-zadorsky/10544">"Shelina Zadorsky – Women's Soccer"</a>. University of Michigan Athletics. 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New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-7124-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-7124-2"><bdi>0-8070-7124-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fugitive+Days%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8070-7124-2&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesmoore.org/who.html">"Who"</a>. Charles Moore Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026014641/http://www.charlesmoore.org/who.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who&rft.pub=Charles+Moore+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlesmoore.org%2Fwho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber" class="citation web cs1">Schreiber, Penny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallenberg.umich.edu/raoul-wallenberg/the-story-of-raoul-wallenberg/college-life/">"The Wallenberg Story"</a>. The Wallenberg Foundation (University of Michigan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713122043/http://wallenberg.umich.edu/raoul-wallenberg/the-story-of-raoul-wallenberg/college-life/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wallenberg+Story&rft.pub=The+Wallenberg+Foundation+%28University+of+Michigan%29&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwallenberg.umich.edu%2Fraoul-wallenberg%2Fthe-story-of-raoul-wallenberg%2Fcollege-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenm_James_J.1979" class="citation book cs1">Greenm James J. (1979). The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard. Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+General+B.+D.+Pritchard&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Allegan%3A+Allegan+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Greenm+James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayler2001" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David (2001). Gemini. Springer. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-405-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-405-3"><bdi>1-85233-405-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemini&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85233-405-3&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graboski_2006-459">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graboski_2006_459-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graboski_2006_459-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraboski2006" class="citation news cs1">Graboski, Leah (March 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigandaily.com/content/debunking-moon-myth">"Debunking the moon myth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103005913/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/debunking-moon-myth">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+moon+myth&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.aulast=Graboski&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigandaily.com%2Fcontent%2Fdebunking-moon-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Michigan2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618142037/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/Faculty_History/G/Gray,_Asa_.html">"Asa Gray"</a>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/Faculty_History/G/Gray,_Asa_.html">the original</a> on June 18, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asa+Gray&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumhistory.dc.umich.edu%2Fhistory%2FFaculty_History%2FG%2FGray%2C_Asa_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin1983" class="citation book cs1">Bergin, Thomas G. (1983). Yale's Residential Colleges: The First Fifty Years. New Haven: Yale University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yale%27s+Residential+Colleges%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoW_Project2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://correlatesofwar.org">"The Correlates of War Project"</a>. 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Correlates+of+War+Project&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorrelatesofwar.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbarMay1995" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, Willis F.; May, George S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqGWEAnByeMC">Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-7055-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-7055-4"><bdi>0-8028-7055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan%3A+A+History+of+the+Wolverine+State&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-7055-4&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Willis+F.&rft.au=May%2C+George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqGWEAnByeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Hunter_Dupree" title="A. Hunter Dupree">Dupree, A. Hunter</a> (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-3741-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-3741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asa+Gray%2C+American+Botanist%2C+Friend+of+Darwin&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-3741-8&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=A.+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykes1996" class="citation book cs1">Dykes, De Witt S. Jr. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA496">"Ida Gray Nelson Rollins (1867-1953)"</a>. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.). Notable Black American Women, Book II. New York, New York: International Thomson Publishing Company, Gale Research, Inc. pp. 496–497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-9177-2"><bdi>978-0-8103-9177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ida+Gray+Nelson+Rollins+%281867-1953%29&rft.btitle=Notable+Black+American+Women%2C+Book+II&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=496-497&rft.pub=International+Thomson+Publishing+Company%2C+Gale+Research%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-9177-2&rft.aulast=Dykes&rft.aufirst=De+Witt+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssMBzqrUpjwC%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hebel, Sara (October 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/weekly/v51/i08/08a00101.htm">"State Regents: Should They Be Elected or Appointed?"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 51 (8): A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=State+Regents%3A+Should+They+Be+Elected+or+Appointed%3F&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.aulast=Hebel&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fweekly%2Fv51%2Fi08%2F08a00101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsdale1906" class="citation book cs1">Hinsdale, Burke A. (1906). Demmon, Isaac (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyuniversi01hinsgoog">History of the University of Michigan</a>. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hinsdale&rft.aufirst=Burke+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryuniversi01hinsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedynsky2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fedynsky, John (November 13, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/res_gestae/148/">"What's in a name?"</a>. Res Gestae (Student Newspaper of the University of Michigan Law School). 52 (5): 1, 4–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209080802/https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=res_gestae">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Res+Gestae+%28Student+Newspaper+of+the+University+of+Michigan+Law+School%29&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1%2C+4-5&rft.date=2001-11-13&rft.aulast=Fedynsky&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fres_gestae%2F148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Moments2006" class="citation web cs1">Massachusetts Moments (November 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=367">"Alice Freeman and George Herbert Palmer Marry December 23, 1887"</a>. Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alice+Freeman+and+George+Herbert+Palmer+Marry+December+23%2C+1887&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Foundation+for+the+Humanities&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft.au=Massachusetts+Moments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmoments.org%2Fmoment.cfm%3Fmid%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher1856" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, Zina (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5o-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">Laws and Regulations of the American Medical Association, With a Sketch of Detroit, and a Brief History of the University of Michigan, and of the Development of the Resources of the State</a>. Detroit: R. F. Johnstone & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+and+Regulations+of+the+American+Medical+Association%2C+With+a+Sketch+of+Detroit%2C+and+a+Brief+History+of+the+University+of+Michigan%2C+and+of+the+Development+of+the+Resources+of+the+State&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=R.+F.+Johnstone+%26+Company&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=Zina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5o-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1920" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Wilfred (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universitymichi01shawgoog">The University of Michigan</a>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversitymichi01shawgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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class="extiw" title="q:University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umich.edu">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230492#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgoblue.com/">University of Michigan Athletics website</a></li> <li>Notable Alumni at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://alumni.umich.edu/notable-alumni/?jsf=jet-engine&tax=notable-alumni-category:955">https://alumni.umich.edu/notable-alumni/?jsf=jet-engine&tax=notable-alumni-category:955</a><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shaw, W. B. (1922). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Michigan,_University_of" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michigan, University of">Michigan, University of</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (12th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michigan%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Michigan,_University_of" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Michigan, University of">Michigan, University of</a>". <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michigan%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Michigan,_University_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michigan, University of">Michigan, University of</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michigan%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Michigan,_University_of" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Michigan, University of">Michigan, University of</a>". <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michigan%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Michigan,_University_of" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Michigan, University of">Michigan, University of</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michigan%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Michigan" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Michigan" title="Template:University of Michigan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Michigan" title="Template talk:University of Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"><div>Located in: <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taubman_College_of_Architecture_and_Urban_Planning" title="Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning">Architecture and Urban Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamps_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Stamps School of Art and Design">Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry" title="University of Michigan School of Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Education" title="University of Michigan School of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering" title="University of Michigan College of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_for_Environment_and_Sustainability" title="School for Environment and Sustainability">Environment and Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackham_Graduate_School" title="Rackham Graduate School">Graduate Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Information" title="University of Michigan School of Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Kinesiology" title="School of Kinesiology">Kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts" title="College of Literature, Science, and the Arts">Literature, Science, and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Medicine" title="University of Michigan Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Music,_Theatre,_and_Dance" title="School of Music, Theatre, and Dance">Music, Theatre, and Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Michigan School of Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_College_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Michigan College of Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Public_Health" title="University of Michigan School of Public Health">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Ford School of Public Policy">Public Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Athletics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Michigan Wolverines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball" title="Michigan Wolverines baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball" title="Michigan Wolverines men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_basketball" title="Michigan Wolverines women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_field_hockey" title="Michigan Wolverines field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_gymnastics" title="Michigan Wolverines men's gymnastics">Men's gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_gymnastics" title="Michigan Wolverines women's gymnastics">Women's gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Michigan Wolverines men's lacrosse">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Michigan Wolverines women's lacrosse">Women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Rugby_Football_Club" title="University of Michigan Rugby Football Club">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_soccer" title="Michigan Wolverines men's soccer">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_soccer" title="Michigan Wolverines women's soccer">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_softball" title="Michigan Wolverines softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_swimming_and_diving" title="Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_track_and_field" title="Michigan Wolverines men's track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_women%27s_volleyball" title="Michigan Wolverines women's volleyball">Women's volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Field_at_Carol_Hutchins_Stadium" title="Alumni Field at Carol Hutchins Stadium">Alumni Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canham_Natatorium" title="Canham Natatorium">Canham Natatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisler_Center" title="Crisler Center">Crisler Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Field" title="Ferry Field">Ferry Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Stadium" title="Michigan Stadium">Michigan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Ocker_Field" title="Phyllis Ocker Field">Phyllis Ocker Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Fisher_Stadium" title="Ray Fisher Stadium">Ray Fisher Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regents_Field" title="Regents Field">Regents Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterman_Gymnasium" title="Waterman Gymnasium">Waterman Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yost_Ice_Arena" title="Yost Ice Arena">Yost Ice Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(ice_hockey)" title="Cold War (ice hockey)">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brown_Jug_(college_football_trophy)" title="Little Brown Jug (college football trophy)">Little Brown Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Bunyan Trophy">Paul Bunyan Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Chill_at_the_Big_House" title="The Big Chill at the Big House">The Big Chill at the Big House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_men%27s_basketball_rivalry" title="Michigan–Michigan State men's basketball rivalry">Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Michigan_State_men%27s_ice_hockey_rivalry" title="Michigan–Michigan State men's ice hockey rivalry">Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Ohio_State_football_rivalry" title="Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry">Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan%E2%80%93Ohio_State_men%27s_basketball_rivalry" title="Michigan–Ohio State men's basketball rivalry">Michigan–Ohio State basketball rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angell_Hall" title="Angell Hall">Angell Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angell_Hall_Observatory" title="Angell Hall Observatory">Observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Memorial_Tower" title="Burton Memorial Tower">Burton Memorial Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endover" title="Endover">The Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diag" title="The Diag">The Diag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Nuclear_Reactor" title="Ford Nuclear Reactor">Ford Nuclear Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Auditorium" title="Hill Auditorium">Hill Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements_Library" title="William L. Clements Library">William L. Clements Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Sciences_Institute" title="Life Sciences Institute">Life Sciences Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurie_Biomedical_Engineering_Center" title="Lurie Biomedical Engineering Center">Lurie Biomedical Engineering Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurie_Tower" title="Lurie Tower">Lurie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Union" title="Michigan Union">Michigan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mcity" title="Mcity">Mcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House,_University_of_Michigan" title="President's House, University of Michigan">President's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(University_of_Michigan)" title="The Rock (University of Michigan)">The Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_student_housing" title="University of Michigan student housing">Student housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bursley_Hall" title="Bursley Hall">Bursley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Barbour_House" title="Betsy Barbour House">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Cook_Building" title="Martha Cook Building">Martha Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Markley_Hall" title="Mary Markley Hall">Markley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Hall" title="Stockwell Hall">Stockwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiser_Hall" title="Weiser Hall">Weiser Hall</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="Kelsey Museum of Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Walls_(sculpture)" title="Behind the Walls (sculpture)">Behind the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(sculpture)" title="Daedalus (sculpture)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(sculpture)" title="Orion (sculpture)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romanovs_Collect:_European_Art_from_the_Hermitage_(exhibition)" title="The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)">The Romanovs Collect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_(sculpture)" title="Shang (sculpture)">Shang</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Box_12" title="Stiff Box 12">Stiff Box 12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindecuse_Museum_of_Dentistry" title="Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="University of Michigan Museum of Natural History">Natural History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;">Botanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Herbarium" title="University of Michigan Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthaei_Botanical_Gardens" title="Matthaei Botanical Gardens">Matthaei Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichols_Arboretum" title="Nichols Arboretum">Nichols Arboretum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michiganensian" title="Michiganensian">Michiganensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Every_Three_Weekly" title="The Michigan Every Three Weekly">Every Three Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Mathematical_Journal" title="Michigan Mathematical Journal">Michigan Mathematical Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_Humor_Magazine" title="Gargoyle Humor Magazine">The Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Channel" title="Michigan Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Public" title="Michigan Public">Michigan Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WFUM" class="mw-redirect" title="WFUM">WFUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUOM" class="mw-redirect" title="WUOM">WUOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVGR" class="mw-redirect" title="WVGR">WVGR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Review" title="The Michigan Review">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monroe Street Journal">Street Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Times" title="The Michigan Times">Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCBN-FM" title="WCBN-FM">WCBN-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJJX_(defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="WJJX (defunct)">WJJX</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan alumni">General alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_arts_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan arts alumni">Arts alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_business_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan business alumni">Business alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_law_and_government_alumni" title="List of University of Michigan law and government alumni">Law and government alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Michigan_faculty_and_staff" title="List of University of Michigan faculty and staff">Faculty and staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="President of the University of Michigan">University presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents of the University of Michigan">Board of Regents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Election_Studies" title="American National Election Studies">American National Election Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Business_Engagement_Center" title="University of Michigan Business Engagement Center">Business Engagement Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Center_for_Wireless_Integrated_Microsystems" title="Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems">Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Research_Institute_of_Michigan" title="Environmental Research Institute of Michigan">Environmental Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Feminisms_Project" title="Global Feminisms Project">Global Feminisms Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Integrated_Sciences_and_Assessments" title="Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments">Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Institute_for_Social_Research" title="University of Michigan Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-university_Consortium_for_Political_and_Social_Research" title="Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research">Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Survey_of_Black_Americans" title="National Survey of Black Americans">National Survey of Black Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Aeronautical_Research_Center" title="Michigan Aeronautical Research Center">Michigan Aeronautical Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Life_Sciences_Corridor" title="Michigan Life Sciences Corridor">Michigan Life Sciences Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_and_Behavioral_Neuroscience_Institute" title="Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute">Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Quality_Research_Center" title="National Quality Research Center">National Quality Research Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Customer_Satisfaction_Index" title="American Customer Satisfaction Index">American Customer Satisfaction Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Consumer_Sentiment_Index" title="University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index">University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Action_Movement" title="Black Action Movement">Black Action Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_Lyres" title="Compulsive Lyres">Compulsive Lyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Partnership" title="The Detroit Partnership">The Detroit Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Jazz" title="Eclipse Jazz">Eclipse Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Employees%27_Organization_3550" title="Graduate Employees' Organization 3550">Graduate Employees' Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Cooperative_Council_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan">Inter-Cooperative Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escher_Cooperative_House" title="Escher Cooperative House">Escher Cooperative House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs_Cooperative_House" title="Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House">Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Cooperative_House" title="Michigan Cooperative House">Michigan Cooperative House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_T._Vail_Cooperative_House" title="Stefan T. Vail Cooperative House">Stefan T. Vail Cooperative House</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Blue" title="Let's Go Blue">Let's Go Blue</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHacks" title="MHacks">MHacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band" title="Michigan Marching Band">Michigan Marching Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Ultras" title="Michigan Ultras">Michigan Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Alpha_Chapter_House_of_Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Michigan Alpha Chapter House of Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="University of Michigan Men's Glee Club">Men's Glee Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Mile_(event)" title="Naked Mile (event)">Naked Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Angell" title="Order of Angell">Order of Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Pops_Orchestra" title="University of Michigan Pops Orchestra">Pops Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Social_Venture_Fund" title="University of Michigan Social Venture Fund">Social Venture Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Les_Voyageurs" title="Society of Les Voyageurs">Society of Les Voyageurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Solar_Car_Team" title="University of Michigan Solar Car Team">Solar Car Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Phi_Alpha" title="Theta Phi Alpha">Theta Phi Alpha</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Victors" title="The Victors">The Victors</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Varsity_(fight_song)" title="Varsity (fight song)">Varsity</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_and_Blue" title="The Yellow and Blue">The Yellow and Blue</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Michigan" title="History of the University of Michigan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">1965 Teach-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Michigan_graduate_students%27_strike" title="2020 Michigan graduate students' strike">2020 graduate students' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Affirmative action at the University of Michigan">Affirmative action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Civil_Rights_Initiative" title="Michigan Civil Rights Initiative">Michigan Civil Rights Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._University_of_Michigan" title="Doe v. University of Michigan">Doe v. University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Paralyzed_Veterans_of_America_v._The_University_of_Michigan" title="Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan">Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_protests_at_the_University_of_Michigan" title="Vietnam War protests at the University of Michigan">Vietnam War protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;;width:1%">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ann Arbor (Main)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Dearborn" title="University of Michigan–Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint" title="University of Michigan–Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Detroit_Center" title="University of Michigan Detroit Center">Detroit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"><div> <ul><li>Founded: 1817</li> <li>Students: 52,065 (2023)</li> <li>Endowment: $17.9 billion (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Template:Ann Arbor, Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Template talk:Ann Arbor, Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ann Arbor, Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Public_Schools" title="Ann Arbor Public Schools">Ann Arbor Public Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huron_High_School_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Huron High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Huron HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_High_School_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Pioneer High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Pioneer HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyline_High_School_(Michigan)" title="Skyline High School (Michigan)">Skyline HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_High_School_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Community High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Community HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonlara_School" title="Clonlara School">Clonlara School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhills_School" title="Greenhills School">Greenhills School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner_School_of_Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor">Rudolf Steiner School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Ann_Arbor" title="Concordia University Ann Arbor">Concordia University Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washtenaw_Community_College" title="Washtenaw Community College">Washtenaw Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborland_Center" title="Arborland Center">Arborland Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ark_(folk_venue)" title="The Ark (folk venue)">The Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Hands-On_Museum" title="Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum">Hands-On Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Pig_(venue)" title="Blind Pig (venue)">Blind Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bookstore_Mural" title="The Bookstore Mural">Bookstore Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briarwood_Mall" title="Briarwood Mall">Briarwood Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Memorial_Tower" title="Burton Memorial Tower">Burton Memorial Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Doors_of_Ann_Arbor" title="Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor">Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Theater_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Michigan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Side_Historic_District" title="Old West Side Historic District">Old West Side District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Network_Theatre" title="Performance Network Theatre">Performance Network Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="State Theatre (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">State Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Parish_Complex" title="St. Patrick's Parish Complex">St. Patrick's Parish Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Plaza_(Ann_Arbor,_Michigan)" title="Tower Plaza (Ann Arbor, Michigan)">Tower Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Health_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Health System">University of Michigan Health System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Mott_Children%27s_Hospital" title="C.S. Mott Children's Hospital">C.S. Mott Children's Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Towers" title="University Towers">University Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Veterans_Memorial_Arena" title="Ann Arbor Veterans Memorial Arena">Veterans Memorial Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Art_Fairs" title="Ann Arbor Art Fairs">Art Fairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Film_Festival" title="Ann Arbor Film Festival">Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborough_Games" title="Arborough Games">Arborough Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_laws_in_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan">Cannabis laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_Bash" title="Hash Bash">Hash Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Ann_Arbor" title="Jazz at Ann Arbor">Jazz at Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Arb" title="Shakespeare in the Arb">Shakespeare in the Arb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Argus" title="Ann Arbor Argus">Ann Arbor Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ann_Arbor_News" title="The Ann Arbor News">The Ann Arbor News</a> (<a href="/wiki/AnnArbor.com" title="AnnArbor.com">AnnArbor.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Business_Review" title="Ann Arbor Business Review">Ann Arbor Business Review</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Observer" title="Ann Arbor Observer">Ann Arbor Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Sun" title="Ann Arbor Sun">Ann Arbor Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_(magazine)" title="Automobile (magazine)">Automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_Magazine" title="Found Magazine">Found Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_Gothic" title="Midwestern Gothic">Midwestern Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repast_(magazine)" title="Repast (magazine)">Repast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_%26_Track" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_of_Liberty" title="Signal of Liberty">Signal of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Area_Transportation_Authority" title="Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority">Transportation Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Transit_Center" title="Blake Transit Center">Blake Transit Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_(Amtrak_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor (Amtrak station)">Amtrak station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Municipal_Airport" title="Ann Arbor Municipal Airport">Municipal Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="History of Ann Arbor, Michigan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_(automobile)" title="Ann Arbor (automobile)">Ann Arbor automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Hospital_murders" title="Ann Arbor Hospital murders">Ann Arbor Hospital murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Michigan Anti-Slavery Society">Michigan Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Murders" title="Michigan Murders">Michigan Murders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Category:Ann Arbor, Michigan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Michigan" title="List of colleges and universities in Michigan">Colleges and universities in Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan_University" title="Central Michigan University">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University" title="Eastern Michigan University">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferris_State_University" title="Ferris State University">Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University" title="Grand Valley State University">Grand Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_University" title="Lake Superior State University">Lake Superior</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Dearborn" title="University of Michigan–Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan%E2%80%93Flint" title="University of Michigan–Flint">Flint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University" title="Michigan Technological University">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Michigan_University" title="Northern Michigan University">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_University" title="Oakland University">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Valley_State_University" title="Saginaw Valley State University">Saginaw Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_University" title="Western Michigan University">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_College" title="Adrian College">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_College" title="Albion College">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_College" title="Alma College">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_University" title="Andrews University">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas_College_(Michigan)" title="Aquinas College (Michigan)">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_University" title="Calvin University">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleary_University" title="Cleary University">Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_for_Creative_Studies" title="College for Creative Studies">College for Creative Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_University,_Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia University, Ann Arbor, Michigan">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport_University" title="Davenport University">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy" title="University of Detroit Mercy">Detroit Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Christian_University" title="Grace Christian University">Grace Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Christian_College" title="Great Lakes Christian College">Great Lakes Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering_University" title="Kettering University">Kettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyper_College" title="Kuyper College">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Technological_University" title="Lawrence Technological University">Lawrence Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_University" title="Madonna University">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwood_University" title="Northwood University">Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Olivet" title="University of Olivet">Olivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Christian_University" title="Rochester Christian University">Rochester Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_(Michigan)" title="Saint Mary's College (Michigan)">Saint Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Heights_University" title="Siena Heights University">Siena Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Arbor_University" title="Spring Arbor University">Spring Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsh_College_of_Accountancy_and_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Walsh College of Accountancy and Business">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpena_Community_College" title="Alpena Community College">Alpena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_de_Noc_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay de Noc Community College">Bay de Noc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_College_(Michigan)" title="Delta College (Michigan)">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Oaks_Community_College" title="Glen Oaks Community College">Glen Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogebic_Community_College" title="Gogebic Community College">Gogebic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Community_College" title="Grand Rapids Community College">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ford Community College">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_College" title="Jackson College">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Valley_Community_College" title="Kalamazoo Valley Community College">Kalamazoo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Community_College" title="Kellogg Community College">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Community_College" title="Kirtland Community College">Kirtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_College" title="Lake Michigan College">Lake Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing_Community_College" title="Lansing Community College">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macomb_Community_College" title="Macomb Community College">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Michigan_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid Michigan Community College">Mid Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County_Community_College" title="Monroe County Community College">Monroe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montcalm_Community_College" title="Montcalm Community College">Montcalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Community_College" title="Mott Community College">C. S. Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon_Community_College" title="Muskegon Community College">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Michigan_College" title="North Central Michigan College">North Central Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Michigan_College" title="Northwestern Michigan College">Northwestern Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Community_College" title="Oakland Community College">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County_Community_College" title="St. Clair County Community College">St. Clair County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoolcraft_College" title="Schoolcraft College">Schoolcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Michigan_College" title="Southwestern Michigan College">Southwestern Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washtenaw_Community_College" title="Washtenaw Community College">Washtenaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Shore_Community_College" title="West Shore Community College">West Shore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_University" title="Finlandia University">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marygrove_College" title="Marygrove College">Marygrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Miller_College" title="Robert B. Miller College">Robert B. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale_College" title="William Tyndale College">William Tyndale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_Ten_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_Ten_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Big Ten Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_Ten_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Big Ten Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_Ten_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big Ten Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_Ten_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini" title="Illinois Fighting Illini">Illinois Fighting Illini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers" title="Indiana Hoosiers">Indiana Hoosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes" title="Iowa Hawkeyes">Iowa Hawkeyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins" title="Maryland Terrapins">Maryland Terrapins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Michigan Wolverines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans" title="Michigan State Spartans">Michigan State Spartans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers">Minnesota Golden Gophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers" title="Nebraska Cornhuskers">Nebraska Cornhuskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats" title="Northwestern Wildcats">Northwestern Wildcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes" title="Ohio State Buckeyes">Ohio State Buckeyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Ducks" title="Oregon Ducks">Oregon Ducks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions" title="Penn State Nittany Lions">Penn State Nittany Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers" title="Purdue Boilermakers">Purdue Boilermakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights">Rutgers Scarlet Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Bruins" title="UCLA Bruins">UCLA Bruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USC_Trojans" title="USC Trojans">USC Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Huskies" title="Washington Huskies">Washington Huskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers" title="Wisconsin Badgers">Wisconsin Badgers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg/100px-Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg/150px-Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg/200px-Big_Ten_Conference_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="169" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays">Johns Hopkins Blue Jays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays_women%27s_lacrosse" title="Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse">women's</a> lacrosse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish">Notre Dame Fighting Irish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Maroons" title="Chicago Maroons">Chicago Maroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Championships & awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Athlete_of_the_Year" title="Big Ten Athlete of the Year">Athlete of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B1G_Super_Saturday" title="B1G Super Saturday">B1G Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_national_championships" title="List of Big Ten Conference national championships">National Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Football (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_football_standings_(1959%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Big Ten Conference football standings (1959–present)">Standings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_football_champions" title="List of Big Ten Conference football champions">Champions</a>)</li> <li>Men's basketball (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_men%27s_basketball_regular_season_champions" title="List of Big Ten Conference men's basketball regular season champions">Regular season</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Big Ten men's basketball tournament">Tournament</a>)</li> <li>Women's basketball (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Big_Ten_Conference_women%27s_basketball_regular_season_champions" title="List of Big Ten Conference women's basketball regular season champions">Regular season</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Big Ten women's basketball tournament">Tournament</a>)</li> <li>Ice hockey (<a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament">Tournament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_men%27s_lacrosse_tournament" title="Big Ten men's lacrosse tournament">Men's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_women%27s_lacrosse_tournament" title="Big Ten women's lacrosse tournament">Women's lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference_volleyball" title="Big Ten Conference volleyball">Volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#0088CE;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Network" title="Big Ten Network">Big Ten Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss 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href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_Ten_Academic_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#52000B;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93New_Brunswick" title="Rutgers University–New Brunswick">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_Ivy_universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_Ivy" title="Template:Public Ivy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_Ivy" title="Template talk:Public Ivy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_Ivy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public Ivy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_Ivy_universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Richard Moll's 1985 list</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original eight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">California</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Worthy runners-up"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_College_of_Florida" title="New College of Florida">New College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Greenes' Guides 2001 list</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William and Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="CDIO_Initiative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CDIO" title="Template:CDIO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CDIO" title="Template talk:CDIO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CDIO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDIO_Initiative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/CDIO_Initiative" title="CDIO Initiative">CDIO Initiative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="South_Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Institute" title="Chisholm Institute">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Royal Melbourne Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">Sunshine Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Petrochemical_Technology" title="Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology">Beijing Petrochemical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Beijing Jiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_University_of_Information_Technology" title="Chengdu University of Information Technology">Chengdu Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou_University" title="Shantou University">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Electronic_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Electronic Science and Technology of China">Electronic Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_University" title="Yanshan University">Yanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Neusoft_University_of_Information" title="Dalian Neusoft University of Information">Dalian Neusoft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">MARA Technological (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungku_Omar_Polytechnic" title="Ungku Omar Polytechnic">Ungku Omar Poly (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sultan_Polytechnic" title="Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic">Ibrahim Sultan Poly (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor%27s_University" title="Taylor's University">Taylor's (Malaysia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">Auckland (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Polytechnic" title="Singapore Polytechnic">Singapore Poly (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City">National Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahti_University_of_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahti University of Applied Sciences">Lahti A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Lapland University of Applied Sciences">Lapland A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Metropolia University of Applied Sciences">Metropolia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Novia University of Applied Sciences">Novia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savonia_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Savonia University of Applied Sciences">Savonia A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences">Seinäjoki A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Tampere University of Applied Sciences">Tampere A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Turku University of Applied Sciences">Turku A.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">Turku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_State_University" title="Astrakhan State University">Astrakhan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University" title="Bauman Moscow State Technical University">Moscow State Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherepovets_State_University" title="Cherepovets State University">Cherepovets State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_State_Technical_University" title="Don State Technical University">Don State Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Federal_University" title="Kazan Federal University">Kazan Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Aviation_Institute" title="Moscow Aviation Institute">Moscow Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Physics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute" title="Moscow Engineering Physics Institute">Moscow Engineering Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Federal_University" title="North-Eastern Federal University">North-Eastern Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oryol State University">Orel State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Aerospace_Instrumentation" title="Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation">Saint Petersburg Aerospace Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Federal_University" title="Siberian Federal University">Siberian Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolkovo_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology">Skolkovo Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Polytechnic_University" title="Tomsk Polytechnic University">Tomsk Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_State_University_of_Control_Systems_and_Radio-electronics" title="Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radio-electronics">Tomsk Control Systems and Radioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blekinge_Institute_of_Technology" title="Blekinge Institute of Technology">Blekinge Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping_School_of_Engineering" title="Jönköping School of Engineering">Jönköping Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristianstad_University" title="Kristianstad University">Kristianstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology" title="KTH Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University" title="Linköping University">Linköping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_University_of_Technology" title="Luleå University of Technology">Luleå Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_Institute_of_Technology" title="Umeå Institute of Technology">Umeå Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_West" title="University West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sk%C3%B6vde" title="University of Skövde">Skövde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Regional_College" title="South Eastern Regional College">South Eastern Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hogeschool_Gent" title="Hogeschool Gent">Gent (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Denmark Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" title="École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne">Bretagne Telecom (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_Wismar" title="Hochschule Wismar">Hochschule Wismar (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Milan Poly (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Superior_de_Engenharia_do_Porto" title="Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto">Porto Superior Engineering (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Catalonia" title="Polytechnic University of Catalonia">Catalonia Poly (Spain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnique_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Polytechnique Montréal">Montréal Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge" title="California State University, Northridge">Cal State Northridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University" title="Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University">Embry–Riddle Aeronautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Central and South America</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Chile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_the_Most_Holy_Conception" title="Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception">Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Lagos" title="University of Los Lagos">Los Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago,_Chile" title="University of Santiago, Chile">Santiago Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICESI_University" title="ICESI University">Higher Studies of Incolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Colombia National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Pontifical Xavierian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Antioquia" title="University of Antioquia">Antioquia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Quind%C3%ADo" title="University of Quindío">Quindío</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230492#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/37642-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021846">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868062d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868062d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00393383">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35350423">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003184539&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX145602">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeAeth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodge2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDon_Jordan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonnellyShawGjelsness1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuderstadt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuderstadt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuderstadt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunbarMay1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupree1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDykes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEasthope\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFOREHAFT\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFain2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedynsky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank,_Mary_Jo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantilla1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiglio\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilpinSchmitt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraboski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenm_James_J.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzmán2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperWilkinson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHebel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinsdale1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImran_Syed2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelderman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanaferDhandapaniAndersonCorsi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinney2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlowski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlowski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlowskiRahal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren_Love2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurie_K._Sommers1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLessnau2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohmanWilkinson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiAbbeyCraig2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardiCapaldiReevesGater2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassachusetts_Moments2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Hondorp,_Fabrikant_Alexis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMigliore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoll1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorkin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOestreicher_Bernheim1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_Campus_Sustainability\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_American_Secretary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPace1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaschal1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitcher1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamirezKozlowski2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Barba2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSAINI2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerwach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShattuck2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1942\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShayler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShubert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithWoodman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStadtman1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStieg1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTing\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTobin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopol1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruettner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Michigan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVettel,_Eric2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeislakLaFaive2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhouse2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFmslagter@mlive.com2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Ann Arbor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 5,\n [\"Association of American Universities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 10,\n [\"Big Ten Academic Alliance\"] = 1,\n [\"Big Ten Conference navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"CDIO\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AmCyc\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite sign\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 331,\n [\"Clear\"] = 6,\n [\"College color boxes\"] = 1,\n [\"CollegePrimaryHex\"] = 3,\n [\"CollegePrimaryStyle\"] = 6,\n [\"Colleges and universities in Michigan\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 54,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Michigan, University Of Michigan\"] = 1,\n [\"Dash\"] = 66,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 25,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"FJC Bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 21,\n [\"Infobox US university ranking\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox university\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main list\"] = 6,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"NRHP url\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nochange\"] = 15,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Public Ivy\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 82,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"University of Michigan\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","20.5"],["dataWrapper 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