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Bouclier honorifique — Wikipédia

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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>Un <b>bouclier honorifique</b> (en latin <i><a href="/wiki/Clipeus" title="Clipeus">clipeus</a> virtutis</i>) est, sous l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_romain" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>, un bouclier attribué par le <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_de_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sénat de Rome">Sénat de Rome</a> à l'empereur, comme hommage de ses vertus et ses mérites. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine">Origine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Origine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;"> <table style="border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="À gauche, copie en marbre du bouclier d&#39;Auguste, découvert à Arles et conservé au Musée de l&#39;Arles et de la Provence antiques ; à droite, version vectorisée du bouclier"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg/220px-Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg/330px-Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg/440px-Clipeus_Arles_augGP2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="À gauche, copie en marbre du bouclier d&#39;Auguste, découvert à Arles et conservé au Musée de l&#39;Arles et de la Provence antiques ; à droite, version vectorisée du bouclier"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg/180px-Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg/270px-Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg/360px-Clupeus_Virtutis_Augusti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption">À gauche, copie en marbre du bouclier d'Auguste, découvert à Arles et conservé au <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_et_de_la_Provence_antiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l&#39;Arles et de la Provence antiques">Musée de l'Arles et de la Provence antiques</a>&#160;; à droite, version vectorisée du bouclier</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Après la mort de <a href="/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar" title="Jules César">Jules César</a> en -44, Octave, son petit-neveu et fils adoptif, prend le pouvoir et est proclamé <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator_(titre)" title="Imperator (titre)">Imperator</a></i> par le Sénat. Octave reçut en 27 av. J.-C. au nom du <a href="/wiki/Senatus_Populusque_Romanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatus Populusque Romanus">Sénat et du peuple romain</a> un bouclier célébrant ses quatre vertus, exposé dans la <a href="/wiki/Curie_Julia" title="Curie Julia">curie Julia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En même temps que ce bouclier, Octave reçoit la <a href="/wiki/Couronne_civique" title="Couronne civique">couronne civique</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Couronne_de_laurier" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronne de laurier">couronne de laurier</a> ainsi que le titre d'<a href="/wiki/Auguste_(titre)" title="Auguste (titre)">Auguste</a>. </p><p>Une copie en <a href="/wiki/Marbre_de_Carrare" title="Marbre de Carrare">marbre de Carrare</a> de 1,10&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> faite en 26 av. J.-C. lors du séjour d'Auguste dans la colonie d'Arles a été retrouvée en 1951 dans le <a href="/wiki/Cryptoportique" title="Cryptoportique">cryptoportique</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, elle est conservée au Musée archéologique d'Arles antique<sup id="cite_ref-CatAug_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatAug-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle donne le texte suivant&#160;: </p> <div class="poem"> <p><i>Senatus</i><br /> <i>Populusque romanus</i><br /> <i>Imp Caesari divi F Augusto</i><br /> <i>cos VIII dedit clupeum</i><br /> <i>virtutis clementiae</i><br /> <i>iustitiae pietatis erga</i><br /> <i>Deos patriamque<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</i> </p> </div> <p>Ceci signifie que <span class="citation">«&#160;Le Sénat et le peuple romain à l’empereur César Auguste, fils du Divin (César) consul pour la 8e fois, ont offert ce bouclier pour sa vaillance, sa clémence, son sens de la justice, son sens du devoir envers les dieux et la Patrie<sup id="cite_ref-CatAug_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatAug-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;»</span>. Une autre inscription semblable mais très fragmentaire a été trouvée à Rome<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Denarius_of_Augustus,_BC_19-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg/220px-Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg/330px-Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg/440px-Denarius_of_Augustus%2C_BC_19-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denier_(monnaie)" title="Denier (monnaie)">denier</a> frappé en Espagne, avec le bouclier honorifique entouré par la mention SPQR - Ref. RIC I36a</figcaption></figure> <p>Ce bouclier est également figuré au revers de plusieurs monnaies émises à l'effigie d'Auguste<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les qualités mentionnées sur le bouclier participent à l'idéologie du souverain bienfaiteur dotés des vertus stoïciennes, qui se constitue sous Auguste et qui s'inspire des philosophies grecques et orientales<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suites">Suites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Suites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Suites"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'offrande par le Sénat d'un bouclier honorifique est décernée à plusieurs successeurs d'Auguste. Ainsi <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> reçoit un bouclier d'or que, tous les ans, à un jour déterminé, les collèges des pontifes devaient porter au Capitole, suivis du sénat et de la jeune noblesse des deux sexes qui chantait des hymnes à sa louange<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ultérieurement, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_le_Pieux" title="Antonin le Pieux">Antonin le Pieux</a> consacre un bouclier à son prédécesseur défunt <a href="/wiki/Hadrien" title="Hadrien">Hadrien</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et le Sénat accorde à <a href="/wiki/Claude_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude II">Claude II</a> un bouclier d'or exposé dans la <a href="/wiki/Curie_Julia" title="Curie Julia">curie</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Res_gestae_(Auguste)" title="Res gestae (Auguste)">Res gestae</a></i>, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatAug-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CatAug_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-CatAug_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#CatAug">Auguste, Catalogue de l’exposition au Grand Palais, 2014</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L&#39;Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_fr.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1952%2C+00165&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1952, 165</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_fr.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+40365&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle">VI, 40365</a> = <a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L&#39;Année épigraphique">AE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_fr.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1994%2C+00227&amp;r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1994, 00227</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christine Perez, <i>Images monétaires et pratiques sémiologiques / Coin images and semiological practice</i>, Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, Vol. 11, 1985. pp. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Petit" title="Paul Petit">Paul Petit</a>, <i>Histoire générale de l’Empire romain</i>, Seuil, 1974, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2020026775" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2020026775"><span class="nowrap">2020026775</span></a>)</small>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9tone" title="Suétone">Suétone</a>, <i>Caligula</i>, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Auguste" title="Histoire Auguste">Histoire Auguste</a>, <i>Vie d'Antonin</i>, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eutrope_(historien)" title="Eutrope (historien)">Eutrope</a>, <i>Abrégé de l'Histoire romaine</i>, IX, 8&#160;; <a href="/wiki/Histoire_Auguste" title="Histoire Auguste">Histoire Auguste</a>, <i>Vie de Claude</i>, 3</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouclier_honorifique&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="CatAug"><span class="nom_auteur">collectif</span>, <cite class="italique">Auguste&#160;: Catalogue de l’exposition au Grand Palais, Paris</cite>, Paris, Réunion des musées nationaux-Grand Palais, <time>2014</time>, 319&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7118-6173-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7118-6173-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7118-6173-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Auguste&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=R%C3%A9union+des+mus%C3%A9es+nationaux-Grand+Palais&amp;rft.stitle=Catalogue+de+l%E2%80%99exposition+au+Grand+Palais%2C+Paris&amp;rft.aulast=collectif&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.tpages=319&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7118-6173-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ABouclier+honorifique"></span></span></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique" title="Portail de la Rome antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/29px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/43px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/58px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="316" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique" title="Portail:Rome antique">Portail de la Rome antique</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐nsrkh Cached time: 20241125004732 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.124 seconds Real time usage: 0.199 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 626/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8914/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1921/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5353/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.055/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3478282/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 175.452 1 -total 35.44% 62.186 1 Modèle:Portail 21.03% 36.891 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 17.18% 30.134 1 Modèle:Ouvrage 14.46% 25.377 1 Modèle:Unité 11.82% 20.742 1 Modèle:ISBN 9.51% 16.691 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 3.93% 6.889 1 Modèle:Harvsp 3.80% 6.660 1 Modèle:Citation 3.38% 5.922 1 Modèle:Portail_Rome_antique --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:6254280-0!canonical and timestamp 20241125004732 and revision id 197137102. 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