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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源、名字同稱號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源、名字同稱號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源、名字同稱號</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-詞源、名字同稱號-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去詞源、名字同稱號細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-詞源、名字同稱號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-如來" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#如來"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>如來</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-如來-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他稱號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他稱號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>其他稱號</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他稱號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-尊號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#尊號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>尊號</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-尊號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>來源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-來源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去來源細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歷史資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>歷史資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-巴利文經典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴利文經典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>巴利文經典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴利文經典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-石柱同石刻銘文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石柱同石刻銘文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>石柱同石刻銘文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石柱同石刻銘文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現存最古老嘅手抄本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現存最古老嘅手抄本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>現存最古老嘅手抄本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現存最古老嘅手抄本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生平資料來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平資料來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>生平資料來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平資料來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弟子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弟子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>弟子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弟子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>法相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疏仕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疏仕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>疏仕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疏仕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">釋迦牟尼</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有207種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-207" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">207種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8E%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9B_%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B3" title="ጎታማ ቡዳ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጎታማ ቡዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="غوتاما بوذا – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوتاما بوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%95%DC%97%DC%90" title="ܒܘܕܗܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܕܗܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="بوذا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qautama_Budda" title="Qautama Budda – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="قوتاما بودا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gautama" title="Sidharta Gautama – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sidharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C3%A8ran_Sidarta_Gotama" title="Pangèran Sidarta Gotama – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pangèran Sidarta Gotama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 比斯拉馬文" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉馬文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99" title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шигэмүни – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Будда Шигэмүни" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k-gi%C4%83-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گاوتاما بوودا – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاوتاما بوودا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ – 宗卡文" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="The Buddha" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budho_Gotamo" title="Budho Gotamo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budho Gotamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%BAda" title="An Búda – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Búda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BAda_Gaut%C3%A1ma" title="Vúda Gautáma – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vúda Gautáma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddh" title="Buddh – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Buddh" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3t-k%C3%A2-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%AC" title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%94" title="גאוטמה הבודהה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוטמה הבודהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Sziddh%C3%A1rtha" title="Gautama Sziddhártha – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gautama Sziddhártha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Բուդդա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուդդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 伊布文" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama_Buddha" title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddho" title="Buddho – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Buddho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_B%C3%BAdda" title="Gautama Búdda – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gautama Búdda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%88%E8%BF%A6" title="釈迦 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="釈迦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotaama_Buda" title="Gotaama Buda – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gotaama Buda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sidartas.gautamas" title="sidartas.gautamas – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sidartas.gautamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gotama" title="Sidharta Gotama – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sidharta Gotama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="석가모니 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석가모니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بُدھ – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گوتم بُدھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butta" title="Butta – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Butta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 干達文" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="干達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauthama_Buddha" title="Gauthama Buddha – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gauthama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gautama" title="Sidharta Gautama – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidh%C4%81rta_Gautama" title="Sidhārta Gautama – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidhārta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Буда – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%99" title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93" title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Boeddha" title="Gautama Boeddha – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gautama Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B" title="बुद्धो – 巴利文" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda_Siakjamuni" title="Budda Siakjamuni – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budda Siakjamuni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85" title="سدھارتھ گوتم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سدھارتھ گوتم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama" title="Sidarta Gautama – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sidarta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarta_Hawtama" title="Sirarta Hawtama – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirarta Hawtama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Будга Ґаутама – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будга Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budha" title="Budha – 盧安達文" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Budha" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="盧安達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83" title="गौतमबुद्धः – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गौतमबुद्धः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%BB%DA%8C" title="گوتم ٻڌ – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گوتم ٻڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 桑戈文" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="桑戈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%81%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC" title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ – 撣文" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="撣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C3%A1rtha_Gautama_Buddha" title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puta_Kotama" title="Puta Kotama – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Puta Kotama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootama_buuda" title="Gootama buuda – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gootama buuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сидарта Гаутама – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сидарта Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 塞索托文" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="塞索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ciya-mo-ni" title="Se-ciya-mo-ni – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Se-ciya-mo-ni" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கௌதம புத்தர் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கௌதம புத்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE)" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо) – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta" title="Sidarta – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sidarta" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Buda" title="Gotama Buda – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotama Buda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 大溪地文" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="大溪地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بدھ – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوتم بدھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch-ca_M%C3%A2u-ni" title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Bouda" title="Gotama Bouda – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gotama Bouda" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – 沃洛夫文" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="释迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGautam_Buddha" title="UGautam Buddha – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UGautam Buddha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%90" title="גאוטאמא בודהא – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאוטאמא בודהא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swzgyahmouzniz" title="Swzgyahmouzniz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swzgyahmouzniz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddha" title="Boeddha – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="释迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-khia-m%C3%B4%CD%98-n%C3%AE" title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu 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accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9441" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>釋迦牟尼</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Abanindranath_Tagore_-_The_Victory_of_Buddha%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="6553" /></a><figcaption>依幅畫描繪釋迦牟尼贏咗：佢成功克服<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AD%94" title="天魔">天魔</a>嘅誘惑同埋其他難關，終於<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="成佛">成咗佛</a>，準備好去帶領世人一齊向成佛之路邁進。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>釋迦牟尼</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/釋迦牟尼/#yue"><span>sik<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> gaa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> mou<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> nei<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>：<span lang="sa"><b>शाक्यमुनि</b></span>，拉丁轉寫：Śākyamuni），原名係<ruby><rb><b>喬達摩·悉達多</b></rb><rt><span>kiu<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> daat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> mo<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> sik<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> daat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> do<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>：<span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">Gotama Siddhattha</span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>：<span lang="sa"><b>सिद्धार्थ गौतम</b></span>，轉寫：Gautama Siddhārtha），係個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>嘅釋迦族人，佢創立咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>。等佢成佛之後改名<b>釋迦牟尼</b>，尊稱做<b>佛陀</b>（<span>fat<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> to<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>：<span lang="sa"><b>बुद्ध</b></span>，轉寫：Buddha），係徹悟宇宙、人生真相嘅人嘅意思。 </p><p>根據佛教傳統，佛陀教導一種【中道】，介乎感官放縱同嚴苛苦行之間，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可以引導人從【無明】、【執著】、【輪迴】同埋【苦】中得到【解脫】。佛陀嘅核心教義可以用【四聖諦】同【八正道】來概括，係一種【心靈訓練】，包括【佛教倫理】訓練同埋對他人嘅【慈悲】，仲有修習【佛教禪修】，例如【攝念】、【正念】同埋【禪定】。佛陀教義嘅另一個重要元素就係【五蘊】同【緣起】嘅概念，描述所有「法」（包括精神狀態同實在嘅「事物」）係點樣依賴其他「法」而生起同消滅，冇自身嘅「【自性】」。 </p><p>佛陀去世幾個世紀之後，人哋開始用【佛陀】呢個稱號嚟稱呼佢，意思係「覺醒者」或「開悟者」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>佢嘅教義由佛教徒結集成【律藏】（即係出家人嘅戒律）同【經藏】（根據佛陀講經而編輯嘅教義集）。呢啲教義一開始係用【中古印度雅利安語】方言透過【口頭傳統】傳承落嚟嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>後來嘅世代仲寫咗更多經文，例如系統性嘅論述叫做【阿毗達磨】、佛陀嘅傳記、講述佛陀前世事蹟嘅【本生經】，同埋其他經典，即係【大乘經典】。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox20031–7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox20031–7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>佛教喺印度次大陸以外傳播開去，演變成各種傳統同修行方式。佛陀喺其他宗教傳統中都受到認可，例如喺【印度教】中，佛陀被視為【毗濕奴】嘅化身。佛陀嘅遺產唔單止體現喺宗教制度上，仲包括受佢嘅生平同教義啟發而創作嘅圖像同藝術品，由【無相】符號到各種文化風格嘅【有相】描繪都有。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源、名字同稱號"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90.E3.80.81.E5.90.8D.E5.AD.97.E5.90.8C.E7.A8.B1.E8.99.9F"></span>詞源、名字同稱號</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源、名字同稱號"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_(Niche_V1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/220px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/330px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/440px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>二世紀嘅佛陀雕像，阿富汗【哈達】嘅【塔帕肖托爾】寺院</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛"><span id=".E6.82.89.E9.81.94.E5.A4.9A.C2.B7.E5.96.AC.E9.81.94.E6.91.A9.E5.90.8C.E9.87.8B.E8.BF.A6.E7.89.9F.E5.B0.BC.E4.BD.9B"></span>悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 悉達多·喬達摩同釋迦牟尼佛"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據唐納德·洛佩茲（Donald Lopez Jr.）嘅講法：「……喺中國、韓國、日本同西藏，佢通常被稱為佛陀或釋迦牟尼，而喺斯里蘭卡同東南亞，佢通常被稱為喬達摩佛陀或沙門喬達摩（『苦行者喬達摩』）。」<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「佛陀」，即「覺醒者」或「開悟者」，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係梵文「【覺】」（बुध्）嘅陽性形式，意思係「醒來、覺醒、觀察、留意、注意、學習、意識到、知道、再次意識到」，<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「覺醒」，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「開放」（好似花朵咁），<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「從無明嘅深眠中醒覺，並開放意識去包容所有知識對象嘅人」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢個唔係個人名，而係達到【菩提】（覺醒、開悟）嘅人嘅稱號。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「覺」係「形成同保留概念、推理、辨別、判斷、理解、明白」嘅能力，<sup id="cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係分辨真理（【諦】）同虛假嘅能力。 </p><p>佢嘅族姓係喬達摩（巴利文：Gotama）。佢嘅名字「悉達多」（梵文；巴利文係「悉達塔」；藏文係「頓珠」；中文係「悉達多」；日文係「悉達多/悉多」；韓文係「悉達」）嘅意思係「實現目標嘅人」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「喬達摩」呢個族姓嘅意思係「喬達摩嘅後裔」，而「喬達摩」嘅意思係「最有光明嘅人」，<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢個名係因為【剎帝利】族採用咗佢哋族中祭司嘅名字而來。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>雖然「佛陀」呢個詞喺阿含經同巴利文經典中都有用到，但最早嘅「佛陀」書面記錄係嚟自公元前三世紀中葉，即係幾份【阿育王】（約公元前269至232年在位）嘅【阿育王石柱詔文】提到佛陀同佛教嘅時候。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>【藍毗尼】嘅阿育王石柱銘文記錄咗國王朝聖到佛陀誕生地藍毗尼嘅事，將佛陀稱為【釋迦牟尼佛】<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Px2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Px2 (無呢版)">Template:Px2</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（【婆羅米文】：𑀩𑀼𑀥 <a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a> Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī，「釋迦族嘅聖人佛陀」）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultzsch1925164_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultzsch1925164-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>釋迦牟尼（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>：<span lang="sa"><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:शाक्यमुनि">शाक्यमुनि</a></span>, <span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">sa</span>)嘅意思係「【釋迦族】嘅聖人」。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002230_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002230-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="如來"><span id=".E5.A6.82.E4.BE.86"></span>如來</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 如來"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「如來」（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>；<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">pi</span>）係佛陀喺【巴利文經藏】中經常用嚟稱呼自己或其他佛陀嘅詞。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢個詞嘅確切意思仲未知，但通常認為係「如是而去嘅人」（tathā-gata）、「如是而來嘅人」（tathā-āgata），有時都解釋做「如是不去嘅人」（tathā-agata）。呢啲解釋都認為如來係超越一切嚟去，超越一切【無常】現象。<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「如來」係「無法衡量」、「難以理解」、「難以捉摸」同「無法理解」嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他稱號"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.A8.B1.E8.99.9F"></span>其他稱號</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 其他稱號"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>經典文獻中經常見到一系列其他【稱號】，描述咗佛陀一啲完美嘅品質：<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>【世尊】（Bhagavato） – 最常用嘅稱號之一，同「如來」一樣<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>【三藐三佛陀】（Sammasambuddho） – 【正等正覺】</li> <li>【明行足】（Vijja-carana-sampano） – 具備最高知識同理想品行</li> <li>【善逝】（Sugata） – 善去或善說</li> <li>【世間解】（Lokavidu） – 知曉【佛教宇宙論】中嘅諸多世界</li> <li>【無上士調御丈夫】（Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi） – 無上調教眾生嘅導師</li> <li>【天人師】（Satthadeva-Manussanam） – 【天】同人嘅老師</li> <li>【阿羅漢】（Araham） – 值得尊敬。【阿羅漢】係「已經斷盡煩惱，修行聖潔生活，做該做嘅事，放下重擔，達到真正目標，斷除存在嘅束縛，通過最終智慧完全解脫嘅人」</li> <li>【耆那】（Jina） – 勝利者。雖然呢個詞更常用嚟稱呼【耆那教】中達到【解脫】嘅個人，但都係佛陀嘅另一個稱號<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>【巴利文經藏】仲有好多其他描述佛陀嘅稱號同美譽，包括：全見者、超越一切嘅聖人、人中之牛、商隊領袖、驅散黑暗者、眼目、車乘之首、渡者之首、法王（Dharmaraja）、太陽嘅親人、世間救主（Lokanatha）、獅子（Siha）、法主、具最勝慧者（Varapañña）、光明者、人類嘅火炬、無上醫王同外科醫生、戰場勝利者，同埋力量掌控者。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一個喺南亞同東南亞碑文中常見嘅稱號係「大沙門」，意思係「偉大嘅苦行者、隱士」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="尊號"><span id=".E5.B0.8A.E8.99.9F"></span>尊號</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 尊號"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>釋迦牟尼世尊</b> <ul><li><b>釋迦尊</b></li> <li><b>釋尊</b></li></ul></li> <li><b>釋迦牟尼佛陀</b> <ul><li><b>釋迦牟尼佛</b></li> <li><b>釋迦佛</b></li></ul></li> <li><b>釋迦牟尼如來</b> <ul><li><b>釋迦如來</b></li></ul></li> <li><b>多陀阿伽度</b></li> <li><b>阿羅訶（應供）</b></li> <li><b>三藐三佛陀（正徧智）</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="來源"><span id=".E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 來源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史資料"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>歷史資料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 歷史資料"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="巴利文經典"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E5.88.A9.E6.96.87.E7.B6.93.E5.85.B8"></span>巴利文經典</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 巴利文經典"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期佛教文本 (無呢版)">早期佛教文本</a></div> <p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>嘅證據，印度學者同巴利文專家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%B4%E4%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯卡·馮·希奴伯 (無呢版)">奧斯卡·馮·希奴伯</a>話，有啲巴利文經典保留咗好古老嘅地名、語法同歷史資料，呢啲資料可能係由佛陀在世嗰陣流傳落嚟嘅。當中包括《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大般涅槃經 (無呢版)">大般涅槃經</a>》，記錄咗佛陀最後幾日嘅詳細情況。希奴伯推測呢篇經文最遲喺公元前350-320年間寫成，如果採用佛陀生平嘅短年代學說，就可以將呢篇經文嘅歷史記憶追溯到六十年前嘅真實事件。不過佢都指出，呢啲文本原本更多係當做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%BE%92%E5%82%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖徒傳 (無呢版)">聖徒傳</a>，而唔係準確嘅歷史記錄。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>約翰·S·斯特朗認為，喺巴利文、中文、藏文同梵文保存嘅典籍入面，有啲生平片段係最早期嘅資料。呢啲包括《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E6%B1%82%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖求經 (無呢版)">聖求經</a>》同埋其他語言版本嘅相關經文。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong20015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="石柱同石刻銘文"><span id=".E7.9F.B3.E6.9F.B1.E5.90.8C.E7.9F.B3.E5.88.BB.E9.8A.98.E6.96.87"></span>石柱同石刻銘文</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 石柱同石刻銘文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_inscription_(complete).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/188px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/282px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/376px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3217" data-file-height="3094" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:57px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/188px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/282px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/376px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%9F%B3%E6%9F%B1%E9%8A%98%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藍毗尼石柱銘文 (無呢版)">藍毗尼石柱銘文</a>（約公元前250年），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅米文字 (無呢版)">婆羅米文字</a>寫住「𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂」（Bu-dhe，佛陀）同「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釋迦族 (無呢版)">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牟尼 (無呢版)">𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a> 」（<a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a>，Sa-kya-mu-nī，「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釋迦族 (無呢版)">釋迦族</a>嘅聖人」）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>喺喬達摩佛陀在世嗰陣或者之後一兩個世紀，冇搵到任何關於佢嘅書面記錄。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但係到咗公元前3世紀中，有幾條<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E7%9F%B3%E6%9F%B1%E6%B3%95%E6%95%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿育王石柱法敕 (無呢版)">阿育王石柱法敕</a>（約公元前268年至232年在位）就提到咗佛陀同佛教。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 特別係<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%9F%B3%E6%9F%B1%E9%8A%98%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藍毗尼石柱銘文 (無呢版)">藍毗尼石柱銘文</a>，記錄咗皇帝去藍毗尼朝聖，因為嗰度係佛陀嘅誕生地。佢喺銘文入面稱佛陀做「釋迦牟尼佛」（用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅米文字 (無呢版)">婆羅米文字</a>寫：𑀩𑀼𑀥 <a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a>，Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī，即係「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釋迦族 (無呢版)">釋迦族</a>嘅聖人佛陀」）。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一條佢嘅法敕（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%B3%95%E6%95%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小石法敕 (無呢版)">小石法敕第3號</a>）仲提到幾個「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" title="達摩">法</a>」文本嘅名（喺佛教入面，「法」係「達摩」嘅另一個講法），<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 證實喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a>時期已經有書面嘅佛教傳統。呢啲文本可能係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴利文三藏 (無呢版)">巴利文三藏</a>嘅前身。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E8%83%A1%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴爾胡特 (無呢版)">巴爾胡特</a>一幅浮雕入面，都有提到「釋迦牟尼」，個浮雕大約係公元前100年嘅作品，講嘅係佛陀嘅證悟同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A8%B9" title="菩提樹">菩提樹</a>。上面寫住「Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho」（「世尊釋迦牟尼嘅菩提」）。<sup id="cite_ref-KTSS80_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTSS80-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JL_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JL-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="現存最古老嘅手抄本"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E5.AD.98.E6.9C.80.E5.8F.A4.E8.80.81.E5.98.85.E6.89.8B.E6.8A.84.E6.9C.AC"></span>現存最古老嘅手抄本</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 現存最古老嘅手抄本"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現存最古老嘅佛教手抄本係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犍陀羅佛教文本 (無呢版)">犍陀羅佛教文本</a>，喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犍陀羅 (無呢版)">犍陀羅</a>（即係而家巴基斯坦西北同阿富汗東部）搵到嘅，用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犍陀羅語 (無呢版)">犍陀羅語</a>寫嘅。呢啲手抄本嘅年代由公元前1世紀到公元3世紀。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生平資料來源"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>生平資料來源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 生平資料來源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期嘅典籍包括《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E6%B1%82%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖求經 (無呢版)">聖求經</a>》（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中部">中部</a>第26經）、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大般涅槃經 (無呢版)">大般涅槃經</a>》（<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="長部">長部</a>第16經）、《大薩遮迦經》（中部第36經）、《大本經》（長部第14經）同《未曾有法經》（中部第123經），呢啲經入面有啲精選嘅記載可能比較古老，但唔係完整嘅生平記錄。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本生經 (無呢版)">本生經</a>講述喬達摩佛陀以前做<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>嘅故事，第一個本生經集可以追溯到最早期嘅佛教文本。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchober200220_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchober200220-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《大本經》同《未曾有法經》都講到佛陀出世嗰陣發生嘅神奇事件，例如菩薩由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%9C%E7%8E%87%E5%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兜率天 (無呢版)">兜率天</a>落返人間入胎。 </p><p>詳細講述悉達多·喬達摩一生嘅資料，主要係由唔同嘅、有時仲會矛盾嘅傳統傳記組成，呢啲傳記都係比較後期嘅作品。當中包括《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛所行讚 (無呢版)">佛所行讚</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普曜經 (無呢版)">普曜經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大事 (無呢版)">大事</a>》同《因緣故事》。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200532_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺呢啲入面，《佛所行讚》係最早嘅完整傳記，係詩人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬鳴 (無呢版)">馬鳴</a>喺公元1世紀寫嘅史詩。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1883_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1883-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowell1894_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowell1894-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillemen2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillemen2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 《普曜經》係之後最早嘅傳記，係公元3世紀嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大乘 (無呢版)">大乘</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="說一切有部 (無呢版)">說一切有部</a>傳記。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《大事》係嚟自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大眾部 (無呢版)">大眾部</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%AA%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="說出世部 (無呢版)">說出世部</a>嘅另一個主要傳記，可能係喺公元4世紀之前慢慢寫成嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%97%8F%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法藏部 (無呢版)">法藏部</a>嘅佛陀傳記係最詳盡嘅，叫做《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛本行集經 (無呢版)">佛本行集經</a>》，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1875_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1875-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 有唔同嘅中文譯本，年代由公元3世紀到6世紀。《因緣故事》係嚟自斯里蘭卡<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="上座部">上座部</a>嘅傳統，係由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="覺音 (無呢版)">覺音</a>喺公元5世紀寫成嘅。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwearer2004177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwearer2004177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="弟子"><span id=".E5.BC.9F.E5.AD.90"></span>弟子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 弟子"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>大迦葉</b>：苦行第一</li> <li><b>目犍連</b>：神通第一</li> <li><b>富樓那</b>：說法第一</li> <li><b>須菩提</b>：解空第一</li> <li><b>舍利弗</b>：智慧第一</li> <li><b>羅睺羅</b>：密行第一</li> <li><b>阿難陀</b>：多聞第一</li> <li><b>優婆離</b>：持戒第一</li> <li><b>阿尼律陀</b>：天眼第一</li> <li><b>迦旃延</b>：議論第一</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法相"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E7.9B.B8"></span>法相</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 法相"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg/93px-SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg/140px-SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg/187px-SeatedBuddhaGandhara2ndCenturyOstasiatischeMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhaStThailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BuddhaStThailand.jpg/120px-BuddhaStThailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BuddhaStThailand.jpg/180px-BuddhaStThailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BuddhaStThailand.jpg/240px-BuddhaStThailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parinibbana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Parinibbana.jpg/120px-Parinibbana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Parinibbana.jpg/180px-Parinibbana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Parinibbana.jpg/240px-Parinibbana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/89px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/133px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/178px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢： <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="commons:Gautama Buddha">釋迦牟尼</a></b>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gautama Buddha">類</a>）</div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疏仕"><span id=".E7.96.8F.E4.BB.95"></span>疏仕</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 疏仕"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis (2008)</a>， p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin (1998)</a>， p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin (1998)</a>， pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000)</a>， pp. 4–7, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000)</a>， p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox20031–7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox20031–7_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox2003">Cox (2003)</a>， p. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Lopez Jr.，《科學佛陀：佢短暫而快樂嘅一生》，耶魯大學出版社，p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 398.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBuswellLopez2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_10-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_10-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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.saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-WilliamsErnst_LeumannCarl_Cappeller2002" class="citation book cs1">Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《梵英詞典：按詞源同語言學排列，並參考印歐語系相關語言》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>梵</span><span class="zit3">英詞典：按詞源同語言學排列，並參考印歐語系相關語言</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Motilal Banarsidass。頁 733。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Special:書本來源/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC">歸檔</a>喺11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%A2%B5%E8%8B%B1%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%9A%E6%8C%89%E8%A9%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%A6%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=733&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.au=Sir+Monier+Monier-Williams&rft.au=Ernst+Leumann&rft.au=Carl+Cappeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_11-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_11-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeown2003">Keown (2003)</a>， p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_12-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 398, entry "Buddha".<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBuswellLopez2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 817.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBuswellLopez2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50839613"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈希臘嘅赫利俄斯定印度嘅蘇利耶？太陽神圖像由印度到犍陀羅嘅傳播〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>希</span><span class="zit3">臘嘅赫利俄斯定印度嘅蘇利耶？太陽神圖像由印度到犍陀羅嘅傳播</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《連接古代西方同東方。獻給戈查·R·策茨克拉澤教授嘅研究，由J. Boardman、J. Hargrave、A. Avram同A. Podossinov編輯，古代專題論文集》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>連</span><span class="zit3">接古代西方同東方。獻給戈查·R·策茨克拉澤教授嘅研究，由J. Boardman、J. Hargrave、A. Avram同A. Podossinov編輯，古代專題論文集</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>: 946。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913004936/https://www.academia.edu/50839613">歸檔</a>喺13 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%90%8C%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E3%80%82%E7%8D%BB%E7%B5%A6%E6%88%88%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E7%AD%96%E8%8C%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%BE%A4%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%98%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1J.+Boardman%E3%80%81J.+Hargrave%E3%80%81A.+Avram%E5%90%8CA.+Podossinov%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%98%85%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%84%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%98%85%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%EF%BC%9F%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E7%94%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%B0%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%98%85%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&rft.pages=946&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50839613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Witzel, Michael (2012)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈仙人〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>仙</span><span class="zit3">人</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《布里爾印度教百科全書在線》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>布</span><span class="zit3">里爾印度教百科全書在線</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Brill。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E5%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonellKeith1912" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《吠陀名稱同主題索引》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>吠</span><span class="zit3">陀名稱同主題索引</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。第1卷。John Murray。頁 240。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft.au=Keith%2C+Arthur+Berriedale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBary20118_17-2">16.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBary2011">Bary (2011)</a>， p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-1">17.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015_18-2">17.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultzsch1925164-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultzsch1925164_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHultzsch1925">Hultzsch (1925)</a>， p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002230-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002230_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaroni2002">Baroni (2002)</a>， p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"_22-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"_22-1">20.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. Entry "Tathāgata".<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBuswellLopez2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (無呢版)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalmers-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chalmers_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalmers, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm">皇家亞洲學會學報，1898年。第103-115頁</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054158/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bert.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期13 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey1995-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey1995_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Harvey，《無我嘅心》。Curzon Press 1995，第227頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFDhammananda" class="citation cs2">Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《佛陀嘅偉大品德》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>佛</span><span class="zit3">陀嘅偉大品德</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>，佛法開示，原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826165459/http://dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf">歸檔</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">，喺<span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013搵到</span> </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%98%85%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E5%BE%B7&rft.pub=%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E9%96%8B%E7%A4%BA&rft.aulast=Dhammananda&rft.aufirst=Ven.+Dr.+K.+Sri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhammatalks.net%2FBooks6%2FBhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roshen_Dalal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roshen Dalal (無呢版)">Roshen Dalal</a> (2014)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《印度宗教：九大主要信仰嘅簡明指南》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>印</span><span class="zit3">度宗教：九大主要信仰嘅簡明指南</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguin Books (無呢版)">Penguin Books</a>。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9788184753967" title="Special:書本來源/9788184753967"><bdi>9788184753967</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ">歸檔</a>喺11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9A%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%98%85%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184753967&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87k0AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span> 詞條：「耆那」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, David N. (2006) 《佛陀名單全書 - 詳解》。Vipassana Foundation，表605第429頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hinüber2008">von Hinüber (2008)</a>， pp. 198–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Witzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Witzel (無呢版)">Witzel, Michael</a> (2009)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈移動嘅目標？晚吠陀同早期佛教時期嘅文本、語言、考古同歷史〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>移</span><span class="zit3">動嘅目標？晚吠陀同早期佛教時期嘅文本、語言、考古同歷史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《印度-伊朗研究期刊》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>印</span><span class="zit3">度-伊朗研究期刊</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>52</b> (2–3): 287–310。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859">10.1163/001972409X12562030836859</a>。<a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7246">0019-7246</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154283219">154283219</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%98%85%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99%EF%BC%9F%E6%99%9A%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%90%8C%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%81%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E3%80%81%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154283219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-7246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A8457940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20015-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong20015_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrong2001">Strong (2001)</a>， p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_31-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_31-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeise2013">Weise (2013)</a>， pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brill_32-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brill_32-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2016" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25308643"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈附錄X 亞歷山大時期嘅犍陀羅有冇佛教？〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>附</span><span class="zit3">錄X 亞歷山大時期嘅犍陀羅有冇佛教？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《婆羅門點樣贏咗：附錄X 亞歷山大時期嘅犍陀羅有冇佛教？》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>婆</span><span class="zit3">羅門點樣贏咗：附錄X 亞歷山大時期嘅犍陀羅有冇佛教？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《婆羅門點樣贏咗》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>婆</span><span class="zit3">羅門點樣贏咗</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Brill。頁 483–489,附錄第6頁。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004315518_016">10.1163/9789004315518_016</a>。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-31551-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-90-04-31551-8"><bdi>978-90-04-31551-8</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162155/https://www.academia.edu/25308643">歸檔</a>喺2022年4月24號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2022年5月1號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84X+%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%98%85%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E6%9C%89%E5%86%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9F&rft.btitle=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E9%BB%9E%E6%A8%A3%E8%B4%8F%E5%92%97%EF%BC%9A%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84X+%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E5%98%85%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E6%9C%89%E5%86%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9F&rft.pages=483-489%2C%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84%E7%AC%AC6%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004315518_016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31551-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25308643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2017" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《希臘佛陀：皮浪喺中亞遇到早期佛教》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>希</span><span class="zit3">臘佛陀：皮浪喺中亞遇到早期佛教</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。普林斯頓大學出版社。頁 168。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-17632-1" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-691-17632-1"><bdi>978-0-691-17632-1</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Greek_Buddha/53GYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA168&printsec=frontcover">歸檔</a>喺2023年1月11號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2022年5月1號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%EF%BC%9A%E7%9A%AE%E6%B5%AA%E5%96%BA%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%87%E5%88%B0%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17632-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53GYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPrebish2010" class="citation book cs1">Prebish, Charles S. (2010年11月1號)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cILDj-pXQVYC&pg=PA29"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《佛教：現代觀點》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>佛</span><span class="zit3">教：現代觀點</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。賓夕法尼亞州立大學出版社。頁 29。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-271-03803-2" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-271-03803-2"><bdi>978-0-271-03803-2</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9A%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-03803-2&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcILDj-pXQVYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhamma"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈dhamma嘅定義〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>d</span><span class="zit3">hamma嘅定義</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i>Dictionary.com</i>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125120313/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhamma">歸檔</a>喺2020年11月25號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2020年10月27號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=dhamma%E5%98%85%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdhamma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_37-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_37-1">34.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_37-2">34.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhammika1993">Dhammika (1993)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈為咗真正嘅法可以長存：阿育王精選嘅經文〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>為</span><span class="zit3">咗真正嘅法可以長存：阿育王精選嘅經文</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Access_to_Insight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Access to Insight (無呢版)">Access to Insight</a></i>。Bhikkhu, Thanissaro翻譯。1993。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028112019/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html">歸檔</a>喺2017年10月28號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2016年1月8號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=%E7%82%BA%E5%92%97%E7%9C%9F%E6%AD%A3%E5%98%85%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%95%B7%E5%AD%98%EF%BC%9A%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8%E5%98%85%E7%B6%93%E6%96%87&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Fasoka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KTSS80-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KTSS80_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSarao2020" class="citation book cs1">Sarao, K. T. S. (2020年9月16號)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《菩提伽耶摩訶菩提寺嘅歷史》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>菩</span><span class="zit3">提伽耶摩訶菩提寺嘅歷史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Springer Nature。頁 80。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-981-15-8067-3" title="Special:書本來源/978-981-15-8067-3"><bdi>978-981-15-8067-3</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053951/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">歸檔</a>喺2023年1月11號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2022年5月1號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BC%BD%E8%80%B6%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%BA%E5%98%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.isbn=978-981-15-8067-3&rft.aulast=Sarao&rft.aufirst=K.+T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5n9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JL-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JL_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFLeoshko2017" class="citation book cs1">Leoshko, Janice (2017)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《聖跡：英國人喺南亞探索佛教》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>聖</span><span class="zit3">跡：英國人喺南亞探索佛教</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Routledge。頁 64。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-351-55030-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-351-55030-7"><bdi>978-1-351-55030-7</bdi></a>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">歸檔</a>喺2023年1月11號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年10月5號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%81%96%E8%B7%A1%EF%BC%9A%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%96%BA%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-55030-7&rft.aulast=Leoshko&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgS4rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527215100/https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈古代犍陀羅佛教卷軸〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>古</span><span class="zit3">代犍陀羅佛教卷軸</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。華盛頓大學出版社。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">原著</a>喺2017年5月27號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2008年9月4號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8D%B7%E8%BB%B8&rft.pub=%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fuwpress%2Fsearch%2Fbooks%2FSALANC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchober200220-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchober200220_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchober2002">Schober (2002)</a>， p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200532-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200532_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2005">Fowler (2005)</a>， p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1883-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1883_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeal1883">Beal (1883)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowell1894-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowell1894_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowell1894">Cowell (1894)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillemen2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillemen2009_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillemen2009">Willemen (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2008)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《馬鳴嘅佛陀傳》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>馬</span><span class="zit3">鳴嘅佛陀傳</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span> (第1版)。紐約：紐約大學出版社。頁 xix。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-8147-6216-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-8147-6216-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-6216-5</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4%E5%98%85%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%82%B3&rft.place=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84&rft.pages=xix&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC1%E7%89%88&rft.pub=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6216-5&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi_49-0">45.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi_49-1">45.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaretzky2000">Karetzky (2000)</a>， p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1875-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal1875_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeal1875">Beal (1875)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwearer2004177-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwearer2004177_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwearer2004">Swearer (2004)</a>， p. 177.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x23px_佛教_x23px" style="color: #000000;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background-color:#ffd068;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template:佛教主題"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background-color:#ffd068;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:佛教主題 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background-color:#ffd068;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background-color:#ffd068;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x23px_佛教_x23px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="new" title="羅睺羅 (無呢版)">羅睺羅（仔）</a>》 <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/150px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/200px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教思想 (無呢版)">基本思想</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生 (佛教) (無呢版)">生</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">輪迴</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="究竟覺 (無呢版)">無上正等正覺</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">般若</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">菩提</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="成佛">成佛</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%AF%B6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三寶 (佛教) (無呢版)">三寶</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法 (佛教) (無呢版)">法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四聖諦 (無呢版)">四聖諦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八正道 (無呢版)">八正道</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中道 (無呢版)">中道</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苦 (佛教) (無呢版)">苦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四法印 (無呢版)">四法印</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三法印 (無呢版)">三法印</a> 〈<a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煩惱 (無呢版)">煩惱</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三毒 (無呢版)">三毒</a> 〈<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="貪">貪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瞋 (無呢版)">瞋</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="癡 (無呢版)">癡</a>〉<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蓋 (無呢版)">五蓋</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">業</a> 〈<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三業 (無呢版)">三業</a>〉<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唯識 (無呢版)">唯識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛性 (無呢版)">佛性</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教宇宙論 (無呢版)">世界觀</a><br /><small>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三千大千世界 (無呢版)">三千大千世界</a>）</small> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三界 (無呢版)">三界</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欲界 (無呢版)">欲界</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色界 (無呢版)">色界</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無色界 (無呢版)">無色界</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十法界 (無呢版)">十法界</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">迷界</a><br /> </span></p> </div></th><td 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href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四無量心</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%88%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慈無量心 (無呢版)">慈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%82%B2%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="悲無量心 (無呢版)">悲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%9C%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喜無量心 (無呢版)">喜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8D%A8%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="捨無量心 (無呢版)">捨</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Threefold Training"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三學 (無呢版)">三學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_Training" class="extiw" title="en:Threefold Training"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Threefold Training</span></a></span>）</span></span> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尸羅" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="尸羅"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尸羅 (無呢版)">戒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="zh:尸羅"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">尸羅</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三摩地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Samadhi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三摩地 (無呢版)">定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi" class="extiw" title="en:Samadhi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samadhi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="般若" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Prajñā (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">慧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prajñā (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prajñā (Buddhism)</span></a></span>）</span></span> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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title="波羅密">六波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">① <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佈施波羅密 (無呢版)">佈施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ② <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E6%88%92%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持戒波羅密 (無呢版)">持戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8D%E8%BE%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忍辱波羅密 (無呢版)">忍辱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%B2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精進波羅密 (無呢版)">精進</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禪定波羅密 (無呢版)">禪定</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若波羅密 (無呢版)">般若（智慧）</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">十波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方便波羅密 (無呢版)">方便</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="願波羅密 (無呢版)">願</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="力波羅密 (無呢版)">力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智波羅密 (無呢版)">智</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">最上乘禪佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話禪</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">禪修行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%83%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="參禪 (無呢版)">參禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話・話頭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公案 (無呢版)">公案</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%90%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坐禪 (無呢版)">坐禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">以外 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="默照禪 (無呢版)">默照禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唸佛禪 (無呢版)">唸佛禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他修行法 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th id="西藏佛教" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">怛特羅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E8%8C%B6%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼茶羅 (無呢版)">曼茶羅</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">修行位階</a><br /><small>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>）</small> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">覺者</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲聞佛 (無呢版)">聲聞佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%A6%BA%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣覺佛 (無呢版)">緣覺佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四向四果 (無呢版)">四果</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="須陀洹 (無呢版)">須陀洹/預流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯陀含 (無呢版)">斯陀含/一來</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿那含 (無呢版)">阿那含/不還</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿羅漢 (無呢版)">阿羅漢</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修道體系 (無呢版)">僧伽</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七部衆 (無呢版)">四部衆</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">① <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比丘 (無呢版)">比丘</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ② <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比丘尼 (無呢版)">比丘尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E8%A1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在家衆 (無呢版)">優婆塞</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E8%A1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在家衆 (無呢版)">優婆夷</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七部衆 (無呢版)">七部衆</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙彌 (無呢版)">沙彌</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%89%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="式叉摩那 (無呢版)">式叉摩那</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙彌尼 (無呢版)">沙彌尼</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教史 (無呢版)">歷史</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教年表 (無呢版)">年表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結集 (無呢版)">結集</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度佛教史 (無呢版)">印度佛教史</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%98%85%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度佛教嘅衰退 (無呢版)">印度佛教嘅衰退</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育孔雀王</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健馱邏佛教 (無呢版)">健馱邏佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同羅馬帝國 (無呢版)">佛教同羅馬帝國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%8A%E5%98%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絲綢之路上嘅佛教傳播 (無呢版)">絲綢之路上嘅佛教傳播</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法難 (無呢版)">對佛教嘅打壓</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教文化 (無呢版)">文化</a> </span></p> </th><td 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="九華山">九華山</a>》<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊野三山 (無呢版)">熊野三山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8E%E5%B1%B1" title="高野山">高野山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E6%9B%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延曆寺 (無呢版)">比叡山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈場 (無呢版)">靈場</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修行 (無呢版)">修行</a>同生活 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%A7%E6%9C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="僧服 (無呢版)">袈裟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%86" title="佛曆">曆法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安居 (無呢版)">安居</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="念珠 (無呢版)">念珠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來西亞佛教 (無呢版)">大馬</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星加坡佛教 (無呢版)">星加坡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南佛教 (無呢版)">越南</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰國佛教 (無呢版)">泰國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印尼佛教 (無呢版)">印尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊爾佛教 (無呢版)">尼泊爾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老撾佛教 (無呢版)">老撾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯佛教 (無呢版)">俄國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古佛教 (無呢版)">蒙古</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緬甸佛教 (無呢版)">緬甸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉國佛教 (無呢版)">孟加拉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不丹佛教 (無呢版)">不丹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里蘭卡佛教 (無呢版)">斯里蘭卡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度佛教 (無呢版)">印度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨佛教 (無呢版)">柬埔寨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺灣佛教 (無呢版)">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韓國佛教 (無呢版)">韓國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中東佛教 (無呢版)">中東</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗佛教 (無呢版)">伊朗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦佛教 (無呢版)">巴基斯坦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西洋佛教 (無呢版)">西洋</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國佛教 (無呢版)">美國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國佛教 (無呢版)">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國佛教 (無呢版)">法國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳洲佛教 (無呢版)">澳洲</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲佛教 (無呢版)">非洲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中美洲佛教 (無呢版)">中美洲</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教哲學 (無呢版)">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教經濟學 (無呢版)">經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理學 (無呢版)">倫理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教無政府主義 (無呢版)">無政府主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學 (無呢版)">佛學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教社會主義 (無呢版)">社會主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教神觀 (無呢版)">神</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%84%A1%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十四無記 (無呢版)">十四無記</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實踐佛教 (無呢版)">實踐佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教實在論 (無呢版)">實在論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理 (無呢版)">倫理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教原子論 (無呢版)">原子論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人間佛教 (無呢版)">人本主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教末日論 (無呢版)">末日論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教進化論 (無呢版)">進化論</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E7%87%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳燈 (無呢版)">傳燈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9" title="梵天">梵天</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AD%94" title="天魔">魔羅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%91%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="契經 (無呢版)">經</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 儀式語言《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 緊要翻譯語言《<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="唐文">漢譯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏譯</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法句經 (無呢版)">法句經</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%95%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法問 (無呢版)">法問</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劫 (無呢版)">劫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三明 (佛教) (無呢版)">三明</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%BC%8F%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E6%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有漏同無漏 (無呢版)">有漏・無漏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E7%88%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲同無爲 (無呢版)">有爲・無爲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六神通 (無呢版)">六神通</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">宗教/思想比較 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同東亞宗教 (無呢版)">東亞宗教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教同佛教 (無呢版)">基督教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同科學 (無呢版)">科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同心理學 (無呢版)">心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈知主義 (無呢版)">靈知主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%9E%E6%99%BA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同神智學 (無呢版)">神智學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同耆那教 (無呢版)">耆那教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教同印度教 (無呢版)">印度教</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教用語 (無呢版)">概念</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B4%E6%84%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渴愛 (無呢版)">渴愛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空 (佛教) (無呢版)">空</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8B%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="見性 (無呢版)">見性</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="究竟覺 (無呢版)">妙覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道理 (無呢版)">道理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="心智">心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心所 (無呢版)">心所</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無明 (無呢版)">無明</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般涅槃 (無呢版)">般涅槃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煩惱 (無呢版)">煩惱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖人 (佛教) (無呢版)">凡夫同聖人</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提心 (無呢版)">菩提心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛性 (無呢版)">佛性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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