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title="Clinical trials">Clinical trials</a> are often assigned contrived acronyms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nejm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common themes include acronyms excluding words from the acronym and including letters taken from the middle of words.<sup id="cite_ref-thij_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thij-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that the use of acronyms in titles is associated with a higher citation rate of research publications.<sup id="cite_ref-bmj_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acronyms were first used to identify clinical trials in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-annals_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first identified instance was "UGDP", an <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> for University Group Diabetes Program. The first trial title commonly pronounced as an English-language word or words came in 1982 with the publication of "MRFIT", referring to the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, and spoken as "Mr. Fit" or "the Mr. Fit trial".<sup id="cite_ref-annals_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "acronymophilia" was coined in 1994 to refer to the overuse of acronyms in medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An article in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine" title="Annals of Internal Medicine">Annals of Internal Medicine</a> classified clinical trial titles into five broad groups: un-abbreviated titles; <a href="/wiki/Initialisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialisms">initialisms</a> that are not pronounced as English words; <a href="/wiki/Homonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonyms">homonyms</a> pronounced as a recognizable English word but spelled in a novel way; descriptive medical words relating to the study topic, such as CARDIAC and <a href="/wiki/RALES_(trial)" title="RALES (trial)">RALES</a>; medical or health words that are not related to the topic of the study, such as ALIVE or RESCUE; and other English words not related to the topic, with a wide variety of subjects, including myths, places, musical terms, animals, and space, such as ISIS, CASANOVA, and APRICOT.<sup id="cite_ref-annals_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A scientific study ranking acronyms was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>. Some of the negatively graded criteria include using letters that do not begin a word, and including letters in the acronym that are not found in the title. According to their metric, some of the worst names included "METGO: A 48-week, randomized, double-blind, double-observer, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of combination METhotrexate and intramuscular GOld therapy in rheumatoid arthritis", "PERFORM: Prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular Events of ischaemic origin with teRutroban in patients with a history oF ischaemic strOke or tRansient ischaeMic attack", and "TYPHOON: Trial to assess the use of the cYPHer sirolimus-eluting coronary stent in acute myocardial infarction treated with BallOON angioplasty". Their ranking of acronyms shows a decrease in measured quality between 2000 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-bmj_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to the <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Cardiology" title="International Journal of Cardiology">International Journal of Cardiology</a>, Tsung O. Cheng called out his own field as prone to overuse of contrived acronyms, calling it a "persistent problem". He was spurred to write the letter after he reviewed nine articles about a study named "ZAHARA" without finding any explanation of what the acronym meant.<sup id="cite_ref-thij_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thij-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other clinical trials that have been noted in publications for their acronyms include: TORPEDO (Thrombus Obliteration by Rapid Percutaneous Endovenous Intervention (PEVI) in Deep Venous Occlusion)<sup id="cite_ref-nature_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and BATMAN (Bisphosphonate and Anastrozole Trial – Bone Maintenance Algorithm Assessment).<sup id="cite_ref-nature_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CALERIE" title="CALERIE">CALERIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALMANAC" title="ALMANAC">ALMANAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARAMOUNT_trial" title="PARAMOUNT trial">PARAMOUNT trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUPITER_trial" title="JUPITER trial">JUPITER trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravastatin_or_atorvastatin_evaluation_and_infection_therapy_-_thrombolysis_in_myocardial_infarction_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy - thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22">PROVE-IT TIMI 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY trial</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLowe2019" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Derek (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/acronym-fever-we-need-acronym">"Acronym Fever. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.nature.com&rft.atitle=Clinical+trial+names+can+be+quite+AMUSING%2C+but+they+don%27t+include+unicorns+%3A+Spoonful+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nature.com%2Fspoonful%2F2010%2F09%2Fclinical_trial_names_can_be_qu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClinical+trial+naming+conventions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689884/">The ACRONYM (Alternatives for Circumvention of Restrictions On Naming BY Trialists of Their Manuscripts) Report, J Med Humanit 2013</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&oldid=1232822565">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinical_trial_naming_conventions&oldid=1232822565</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_phenomena" title="Category:Medical phenomena">Medical phenomena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clinical_trials" title="Category:Clinical trials">Clinical trials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naming_conventions" title="Category:Naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 July 2024, at 19:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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