CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vagina - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"115a9f48-856e-4e94-a957-e4451a6c974f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vagina","wgTitle":"Vagina","wgCurRevisionId":1279583662,"wgRevisionId":1279583662,"wgArticleId":32476,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Source attribution","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles to be split from November 2024","All articles to be split","Good articles","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from August 2020","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Vagina","Human female reproductive system","Mammal female reproductive system","Women and sexuality","Women's health","Anatomy","Gynaecology","Sex organs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vagina","wgRelevantArticleId":32476,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5880","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="927"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png/800px-Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="618"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png/640px-Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="494"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vagina - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Vagina rootpage-Vagina skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vagina" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vagina" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vagina" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vagina" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gross_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gross anatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaginal_opening_and_hymen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Vaginal opening and hymen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaginal_opening_and_hymen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Variations and size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Microanatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_and_nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_and_nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Blood and nerve supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_and_nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Function </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Function subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Secretions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual stimulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childbirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childbirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Childbirth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childbirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaginal_microbiota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaginal_microbiota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Vaginal microbiota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaginal_microbiota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Clinical significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Clinical significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelvic_examinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelvic_examinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pelvic examinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelvic_examinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infections,_diseases,_and_safe_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infections,_diseases,_and_safe_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Infections, diseases, and safe sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infections,_diseases,_and_safe_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_aging_and_childbirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_aging_and_childbirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Effects of aging and childbirth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_aging_and_childbirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomalies_and_other_health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomalies_and_other_health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Anomalies and other health issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomalies_and_other_health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perceptions,_symbolism_and_vulgarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions,_symbolism_and_vulgarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Perceptions, symbolism and vulgarity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions,_symbolism_and_vulgarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Influence on modification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vagina</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%84" title="مهبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachina" title="Vachina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vachina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagin" title="Vagin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vagin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="যোনি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যোনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxina" title="Vaxina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vaxina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tako" title="Tako – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tako" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinqi" title="Chinqi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chinqi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faql%C4%B1q_yolu_(anatomiya)" title="Uşaqlıq yolu (anatomiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaqlıq yolu (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="যোনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puki" title="Puki – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Puki" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-bai" title="Chi-bai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chi-bai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%81%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Инәлек еңсәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инәлек еңсәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Похва чалавека (рэпрадуктыўная сістэма) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Похва чалавека (рэпрадуктыўная сістэма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Похва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Похва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जञनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जञनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putay" title="Putay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Putay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Влагалище – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Влагалище" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fud" title="Fud – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouhin" title="Gouhin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouhin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Хĕрарăм арама органĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрарăм арама органĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilat" title="Bilat – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bilat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochva" title="Pochva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pochva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbutu" title="Mbutu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbutu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwain" title="Gwain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skede_(k%C3%B8nsorgan)" title="Skede (kønsorgan) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skede (kønsorgan)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="ڤاجينة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤاجينة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasche" title="Dasche – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Dasche" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%96%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A9_%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަންހެނާގެ ޖިންސީ ގުނަވަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަންހެނާގެ ޖިންސީ ގުނަވަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupp_(anatoomia)" title="Tupp (anatoomia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tupp (anatoomia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κόλπος (ανατομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόλπος (ανατομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagino" title="Vagino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vagino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagina" title="Bagina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bagina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%86" title="واژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagin" title="Vagin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vagin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagina" title="Fagina – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fagina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faighin" title="Faighin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faighin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faighean" title="Faighean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Faighean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxina" title="Vaxina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vaxina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%84" title="屄 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="屄" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Chṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88" title="질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27aurar_Mace" title="Al'aurar Mace – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al'aurar Mace" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հեշտոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեշտոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="योनि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योनि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagina" title="Wagina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wagina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodnica" title="Rodnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rodnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagino" title="Vagino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vagino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uki" title="Uki – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Uki" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1gine" title="Vágine – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vágine" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%91%A6%E1%93%B1%E1%92%83" title="ᐅᑦᓱᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᑦᓱᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlunu" title="Inhlunu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlunu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legg%C3%B6ng" title="Leggöng – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leggöng" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7" title="נרתיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נרתיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawadonan" title="Pawadonan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pawadonan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಯೋನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೋನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D" title="საშო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საშო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%88%D0%B5)" title="Қынап (мүше) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қынап (мүше)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma" title="Kuma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajen" title="Vajen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vajen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AA" title="Zê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ຊ່ອງຄອດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊ່ອງຄອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksts" title="Maksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C5%A1tis_(lytinis_organas)" title="Makštis (lytinis organas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makštis (lytinis organas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C9%94l%C9%94%CC%81" title="Libɔlɔ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libɔlɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vibna" title="vibna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vibna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCvely" title="Hüvely – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hüvely" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="योनि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="योनि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вагина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вагина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalan-jaza" title="Lalan-jaza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalan-jaza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="യോനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="योनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فاجاينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاجاينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraj" title="Faraj – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Faraj" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_pantek" title="Lubang pantek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lubang pantek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%AD-b%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Cĭ-bā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭ-bā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မိန်းမ မျိုးပွားအင်္ဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိန်းမ မျိုးပွားအင်္ဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="योनीमार्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="योनीमार्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="मासि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मासि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A3" title="膣 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="膣" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagine" title="Vagine – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Vagine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%81%AD%EA%84%B2" title="ꁭꄲ – Sichuan Yi" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꁭꄲ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="Sichuan Yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꆇꉙ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੋਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پھدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%9A%DA%81%DB%90_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87" title="د ښځې تناسلي آله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ښځې تناسلي آله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochwa_(anatomia)" title="Pochwa (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pochwa (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagin" title="Vagin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vagin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakha" title="Rakha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rakha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Влагалище – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Влагалище" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="योनिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="योनिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱣᱟᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱣᱟᱡᱟᱭᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaggina" title="Vaggina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vaggina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="යෝනි මාර්ගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යෝනි මාර්ගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1va_(vag%C3%ADna)" title="Pošva (vagína) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pošva (vagína)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C5%BEnica" title="Nožnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nožnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siil" title="Siil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8E" title="زێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вагина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вагина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Heunceut" title="Liang Heunceut – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Liang Heunceut" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%A4tin" title="Emätin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emätin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slida" title="Slida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluban" title="Kaluban – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaluban" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="யோனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D2%97%D0%B8%D2%A3%D1%81%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Аналык җиңсәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аналык җиңсәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="యోని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యోని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ช่องคลอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่องคลอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%88%95%E1%8C%93%E1%88%95" title="ጉሕጓሕ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጉሕጓሕ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Маҳбал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҳбал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8" title="ᎤᎴᏍᏓᎸ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎴᏍᏓᎸ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajina" title="Vajina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vajina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagina" title="Wagina – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wagina" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Піхва ссавців – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піхва ссавців" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اندام نہانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اندام نہانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiyaem" title="Saiyaem – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saiyaem" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vagina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Âm đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupp_(anatoomia)" title="Tupp (anatoomia) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tupp (anatoomia)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puday" title="Puday – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puday" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%81%93" title="阴道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阴道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%81%93" title="陰道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="陰道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1si" title="Kısi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kısi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%81%93" title="阴道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阴道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parji" title="Parji – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Parji" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepek" title="Pepek – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pepek" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vagina" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vagina">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vagina">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vagina" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vagina" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&oldid=1279583662" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vagina&id=1279583662&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVagina">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVagina">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vagina&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vagina&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vagina" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5880" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the female reproductive tract</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the birth canal. For the external female genitals, see <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vagina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vagina (disambiguation)">Vagina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into a new article titled <a href="/wiki/Human_Vagina" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Vagina">Human Vagina</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Vagina#Split_request" title="Talk:Vagina">Discuss</a>) (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Vagina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png/200px-Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png/300px-Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png/400px-Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="927" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Normal adult human vagina, before (left) and after (right) menopause</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/250px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/330px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/500px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="334" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of the female human reproductive tract and ovaries</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus" title="Urogenital sinus">Urogenital sinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct" title="Paramesonephric duct">paramesonephric ducts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Superior part to <a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">uterine artery</a>, middle and inferior parts to <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">vaginal artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Uterovaginal venous plexus, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal vein">vaginal vein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic plexus</li><li>Parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic plexus</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Upper part to <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_lymph_nodes" title="Internal iliac lymph nodes">internal iliac lymph nodes</a>, lower part to <a href="/wiki/Superficial_inguinal_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial inguinal lymph nodes">superficial inguinal lymph nodes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">vagina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014621">D014621</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/09.1.04.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A09.1.04.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3523">3523</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma19949">19949</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880" class="extiw" title="d:Q5880">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and other animals, the vagina (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: vaginas or vaginae)<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-1">[1]</a> is the elastic, muscular <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">reproductive organ</a> of the female <a href="/wiki/Genital_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital tract">genital tract</a>. In humans, it extends from the <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vulval vestibule</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> (neck of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>). The <a href="#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen">vaginal introitus</a> is normally partly covered by a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosal tissue</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a>. The vagina allows for <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. It also channels <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">menstrual flow</a>, which occurs in humans and closely related <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>. To accommodate smoother penetration of the vagina during sexual intercourse or other <a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a>, vaginal moisture increases during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a> in human females and other female mammals. This increase in moisture provides <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal lubrication</a>, which reduces friction. The texture of the vaginal walls creates friction for the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> during sexual intercourse and stimulates it toward <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, enabling <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. Along with pleasure and bonding, women's sexual behavior with other people can result in <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs), the risk of which can be reduced by recommended <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> practices. <a href="#Infections,_diseases,_and_safe_sex">Other health issues</a> may also affect the human vagina. The vagina has evoked strong reactions in societies throughout history, including negative perceptions and language, cultural <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a>, and their use as symbols for <a href="/wiki/Female_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sexuality">female sexuality</a>, spirituality, or regeneration of life. In <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">common speech</a>, the word "vagina" is often used incorrectly to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> or to the female genitals in general. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2></div> The term vagina is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> vāgīna, meaning "sheath" or "<a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">scabbard</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-1">[1]</a> The vagina may also be referred to as the birth canal in the context of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nevid-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipsky-3">[3]</a> Although by its dictionary and anatomical definitions, the term vagina refers exclusively to the specific internal structure, it is <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquially</a> used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> or to both the vagina and vulva.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-5">[5]</a> Using the term vagina to mean "vulva" can pose medical or legal confusion; for example, a person's interpretation of its location might not match another's interpretation of the location.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-6">[6]</a> Medically, one description of the vagina is that it is the canal between the <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a> (or remnants of the hymen) and the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, while a legal description is that it begins at the vulva (between the <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a> It may be that the incorrect use of the term vagina is due to not as much thought going into the anatomy of the female genitals as has gone into the study of male genitals, and that this has contributed to an absence of correct vocabulary for the external female genitalia among both the general public and health professionals. Because a better understanding of female genitalia can help combat sexual and psychological harm with regard to female development, researchers endorse correct terminology for the vulva.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sáenz-Herrero-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_anatomy">Gross anatomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_support_structures" title="Vaginal support structures">Vaginal support structures</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram illustrating female pelvic anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png/330px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png/500px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png/960px-Blausen_0400_FemaleReproSystem_02b.png 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Pelvic anatomy including organs of the female reproductive system</figcaption></figure> The human vagina is an elastic, muscular canal that extends from the vulva to the cervix.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> The opening of the vagina lies in the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_triangle" title="Urogenital triangle">urogenital triangle</a>. The urogenital triangle is the front triangle of the <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a> and also consists of the urethral opening and associated parts of the external genitalia.<a href="#cite_note-Drake-11">[11]</a> The vaginal canal travels upwards and backwards, between the urethra at the front, and the rectum at the back. Near the upper vagina, the cervix protrudes into the vagina on its front surface at approximately a 90 degree angle.<a href="#cite_note-Mulhall-12">[12]</a> The vaginal and urethral openings are protected by the labia.<a href="#cite_note-Kinetics2009-13">[13]</a> When not <a href="/wiki/Sexually_aroused" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually aroused">sexually aroused</a>, the vagina is a collapsed tube, with the front and back walls placed together. The lateral walls, especially their middle area, are relatively more rigid. Because of this, the collapsed vagina has an H-shaped cross section.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckmann_2-14">[14]</a> Behind, the upper vagina is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Recto-uterine_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Recto-uterine pouch">recto-uterine pouch</a>, the middle vagina by loose <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, and the lower vagina by the <a href="/wiki/Perineum#Body" title="Perineum">perineal body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a> Where the vaginal <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> surrounds the cervix of the uterus, it is divided into four continuous regions (<a href="/wiki/Vaginal_fornices" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal fornices">vaginal fornices</a>); these are the anterior, posterior, right lateral, and left lateral fornices.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> The posterior fornix is deeper than the anterior fornix.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> Supporting the vagina are its upper, middle, and lower third muscles and ligaments. The upper third are the <a href="/wiki/Levator_ani" title="Levator ani">levator ani</a> muscles, and the transcervical, <a href="/wiki/Pubocervical_ligament" title="Pubocervical ligament">pubocervical</a>, and sacrocervical ligaments.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baggish-16">[16]</a> It is supported by the upper portions of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_ligament" title="Cardinal ligament">cardinal ligaments</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parametrium" title="Parametrium">parametrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arulkumaran_1-17">[17]</a> The middle third of the vagina involves the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">urogenital diaphragm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a> It is supported by the levator ani muscles and the lower portion of the cardinal ligaments.<a href="#cite_note-Arulkumaran_1-17">[17]</a> The lower third is supported by the perineal body,<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_Obstetrics-18">[18]</a> or the urogenital and <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic diaphragm">pelvic diaphragms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2-19">[19]</a> The lower third may also be described as being supported by the perineal body and the pubovaginal part of the levator ani muscle.<a href="#cite_note-Baggish-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaginal_opening_and_hymen">Vaginal opening and hymen</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/220px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/330px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg/440px-Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>A human vulva with vaginal opening labeled</figcaption></figure> The vaginal opening (also known as the vaginal introitus and the Latin ostium vaginae)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> is at the posterior end of the <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vulval vestibule</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">urethral opening</a>. The term introitus is more technically correct than "opening", since the vagina is usually collapsed, with the opening closed. The opening to the vagina is normally obscured by the <a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">labia minora</a> (inner lips), but may be exposed after <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">vaginal delivery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a> is a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosal tissue</a> that surrounds or partially covers the vaginal opening.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> The effects of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">intercourse</a> and childbirth on the hymen vary. Where it is broken, it may completely disappear or remnants known as carunculae myrtiformes may persist. Otherwise, being very elastic, it may return to its normal position.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-22">[22]</a> Additionally, the hymen may be lacerated by disease, injury, <a href="/wiki/Medical_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical examination">medical examination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a>. For these reasons, <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> cannot be definitively determined by examining the hymen.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perlman-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations_and_size">Variations and size</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_vaginal_size" title="Human vaginal size">Human vaginal size</a></div> The length of the vagina <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">varies</a> among women of child-bearing age. Because of the presence of the cervix in the front wall of the vagina, there is a difference in length between the front wall, approximately 7.5 cm (2.5 to 3 in) long, and the back wall, approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wylie-24">[24]</a> During sexual arousal, the vagina expands both in length and width. If a woman stands upright, the vaginal canal points in an upward-backward direction and forms an angle of approximately 45 degrees with the uterus.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier_Obstetrics-18">[18]</a> The vaginal opening and hymen also vary in size; in children, although the hymen commonly appears <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a>-shaped, many shapes are possible.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emans-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the reproductive system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_508.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawn anatomic illustration as described in caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sobo_1906_508.png/220px-Sobo_1906_508.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sobo_1906_508.png/330px-Sobo_1906_508.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sobo_1906_508.png/440px-Sobo_1906_508.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>An illustration showing a cut-away portion of the vagina and upper female genital tract (only one ovary and fallopian tube shown). Circular folds (also called rugae) of vaginal mucosa can be seen.</figcaption></figure> The vaginal plate is the precursor to the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-26">[26]</a> During development, the vaginal plate begins to grow where the fused ends of the <a href="/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct" title="Paramesonephric duct">paramesonephric ducts</a> (Müllerian ducts) enter the back wall of the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus" title="Urogenital sinus">urogenital sinus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_tubercle" title="Sinus tubercle">sinus tubercle</a>. As the plate grows, it significantly separates the cervix and the urogenital sinus; eventually, the central cells of the plate break down to form the vaginal <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-26">[26]</a> This usually occurs by the twenty to twenty-fourth week of development. If the lumen does not form, or is incomplete, membranes known as <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_septum" title="Vaginal septum">vaginal septa</a> can form across or around the tract, causing obstruction of the outflow tract later in life.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-26">[26]</a> There are conflicting views on the embryologic origin of the vagina. The majority view is Koff's 1933 description, which posits that the upper two-thirds of the vagina originate from the caudal part of the Müllerian duct, while the lower part of the vagina develops from the urogenital sinus.<a href="#cite_note-Herrington-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodruff-28">[28]</a> Other views are Bulmer's 1957 description that the vaginal epithelium derives solely from the urogenital sinus epithelium,<a href="#cite_note-New_insights-29">[29]</a> and Witschi's 1970 research, which reexamined Koff's description and concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Sinovaginal_bulb" title="Sinovaginal bulb">sinovaginal bulbs</a> are the same as the lower portions of the <a href="/wiki/Wolffian_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffian duct">Wolffian ducts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodruff-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grigoris-30">[30]</a> Witschi's view is supported by research by Acién et al., Bok and Drews.<a href="#cite_note-Woodruff-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grigoris-30">[30]</a> Robboy et al. reviewed Koff and Bulmer's theories, and support Bulmer's description in light of their own research.<a href="#cite_note-New_insights-29">[29]</a> The debates stem from the complexity of the interrelated tissues and the absence of an animal model that matches human vaginal development.<a href="#cite_note-New_insights-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurman-31">[31]</a> Because of this, study of human vaginal development is ongoing and may help resolve the conflicting data.<a href="#cite_note-Woodruff-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">Vaginal epithelium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagina_(mucosa).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Micrograph of vaginal wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG/250px-Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG/330px-Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG/500px-Vagina_%28mucosa%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Medium-power magnification <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">micrograph</a> of a <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stained</a> slide showing a portion of a vaginal wall. <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">Stratified squamous epithelium</a> and underling connective tissue can be seen. The deeper muscular layers are not shown. The black line points to a fold in the mucosa.</figcaption></figure> The vaginal wall from the lumen outwards consists firstly of a <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a> that is not <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Keratinized" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">keratinized</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a> (a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>) underneath it. Secondly, there is a layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> with bundles of circular fibers internal to longitudinal fibers (those that run lengthwise). Lastly, is an outer layer of connective tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a>. Some texts list four layers by counting the two sublayers of the mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) separately.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arulkumaran-33">[33]</a> The smooth <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</a> within the vagina has a weak contractive force that can create some pressure in the lumen of the vagina. Much stronger contractive force, such as during childbirth, comes from muscles in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> that are attached to the adventitia around the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Bitzer-34">[34]</a> The lamina propria is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The muscular layer is composed of smooth muscle fibers, with an outer layer of longitudinal muscle, an inner layer of circular muscle, and oblique muscle fibers between. The outer layer, the adventitia, is a thin dense layer of connective tissue and it blends with loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a> and nerve fibers that are between pelvic organs.<a href="#cite_note-Mulhall-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arulkumaran-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wylie-24">[24]</a> The vaginal mucosa is absent of glands. It forms folds (transverse ridges or <a href="/wiki/Rugae" title="Rugae">rugae</a>), which are more prominent in the outer third of the vagina; their function is to provide the vagina with increased surface area for extension and stretching.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugae_vaginales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up photograph of vagina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rugae_vaginales.jpg/220px-Rugae_vaginales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rugae_vaginales.jpg/330px-Rugae_vaginales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rugae_vaginales.jpg/440px-Rugae_vaginales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Folds of mucosa (or <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_rugae" title="Vaginal rugae">vaginal rugae</a>) are shown in the front third of a vagina.</figcaption></figure> The epithelium of the ectocervix (the portion of the uterine cervix extending into the vagina) is an extension of, and shares a border with, the vaginal epithelium.<a href="#cite_note-Junctions-35">[35]</a> The vaginal epithelium is made up of layers of cells, including the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_basale" title="Stratum basale">basal cells</a>, the parabasal cells, the superficial <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell">squamous flat cells</a>, and the intermediate cells.<a href="#cite_note-Mayeaux-36">[36]</a> The basal layer of the epithelium is the most mitotically active and reproduces new cells.<a href="#cite_note-Blaustein2002-37">[37]</a> The superficial cells <a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">shed</a> continuously and basal cells replace them.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckmann-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robboy-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> induces the intermediate and superficial cells to fill with <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robboy-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Cells from the lower basal layer transition from active metabolic activity to death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>). In these mid-layers of the epithelia, the cells begin to lose their <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blaustein2002-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The cells retain a usually high level of glycogen compared to other epithelial tissue in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Blaustein2002-37">[37]</a> Under the influence of maternal estrogen, the vagina of a newborn is lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (or mucosa) for two to four weeks after birth. Between then to <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, the epithelium remains thin with only a few layers of cuboidal cells without glycogen.<a href="#cite_note-Robboy-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-42">[42]</a> The epithelium also has few rugae and is red in color before puberty.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a> When puberty begins, the mucosa thickens and again becomes stratified squamous epithelium with glycogen containing cells, under the influence of the girl's rising estrogen levels.<a href="#cite_note-Robboy-39">[39]</a> Finally, the epithelium thins out from <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> onward and eventually ceases to contain glycogen, because of the lack of estrogen.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckmann-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gad-43">[43]</a> Flattened squamous cells are more resistant to both abrasion and infection.<a href="#cite_note-G_and_H-42">[42]</a> The permeability of the epithelium allows for an effective response from the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> since <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> and other immune components can easily reach the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> The vaginal epithelium differs from the similar tissue of the skin. The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> of the skin is relatively resistant to water because it contains high levels of lipids. The vaginal epithelium contains lower levels of lipids. This allows the passage of water and water-soluble substances through the tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> Keratinization happens when the epithelium is exposed to the dry external atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> In abnormal circumstances, such as in <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_prolapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital prolapse">pelvic organ prolapse</a>, the mucosa may be exposed to air, becoming dry and keratinized.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta2-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_and_nerve_supply">Blood and nerve supply</h3></div> Blood is supplied to the vagina mainly via the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">vaginal artery</a>, which emerges from a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_artery" title="Internal iliac artery">internal iliac artery</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">uterine artery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snell-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimmern-46">[46]</a> The vaginal arteries <a href="/wiki/Anastamosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastamosis">anastamose</a> (are joined) along the side of the vagina with the cervical branch of the uterine artery; this forms the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_branches_of_uterine_artery" title="Vaginal branches of uterine artery">azygos artery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zimmern-46">[46]</a> which lies on the midline of the anterior and posterior vagina.<a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a> Other arteries which supply the vagina include the <a href="/wiki/Middle_rectal_artery" title="Middle rectal artery">middle rectal artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">internal pudendal artery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> all branches of the internal iliac artery.<a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a> Three groups of lymphatic vessels accompany these arteries; the upper group accompanies the vaginal branches of the uterine artery; a middle group accompanies the vaginal arteries; and the lower group, draining lymph from the area outside the hymen, drain to the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_lymph_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Inguinal lymph node">inguinal lymph nodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Ninety-five percent of the lymphatic channels of the vagina are within 3 mm of the surface of the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Sabater-48">[48]</a> Two main veins drain blood from the vagina, one on the left and one on the right. These form a network of smaller veins, the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">vaginal venous plexus</a>, on the sides of the vagina, connecting with similar venous plexuses of the <a href="/wiki/Uterine_venous_plexus" title="Uterine venous plexus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesical_venous_plexus" title="Vesical venous plexus">bladder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rectal_venous_plexus" title="Rectal venous plexus">rectum</a>. These ultimately drain into the <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">internal iliac veins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a> The nerve supply of the upper vagina is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_hypogastric_plexus" title="Inferior hypogastric plexus">pelvic plexus</a>. The lower vagina is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal nerve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretions">Secretions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_discharge" title="Vaginal discharge">Vaginal discharge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></div> Vaginal secretions are primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, cervix, and vaginal epithelium in addition to minuscule <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">vaginal lubrication</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's glands</a> upon sexual arousal.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> It takes little vaginal secretion to make the vagina moist; secretions may increase during sexual arousal, the middle of or a little prior to <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, or during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dutta-10">[10]</a> Menstruation (also known as a "period" or "monthly") is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">inner lining of the uterus</a> through the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-49">[49]</a> The vaginal mucous membrane varies in thickness and composition during the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> which is the regular, natural change that occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a> (specifically the uterus and <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>) that makes pregnancy possible.<a href="#cite_note-Silverthorn-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-52">[52]</a> Different <a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">hygiene products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">menstrual cups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">sanitary napkins</a> are available to absorb or capture menstrual blood.<a href="#cite_note-Vostral-53">[53]</a> The Bartholin's glands, located near the vaginal opening, were originally considered the primary source for vaginal lubrication, but further examination showed that they provide only a few drops of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sloane-54">[54]</a> Vaginal lubrication is mostly provided by plasma seepage known as <a href="/wiki/Transudate" title="Transudate">transudate</a> from the vaginal walls. This initially forms as sweat-like droplets, and is caused by increased fluid pressure in the tissue of the vagina (<a href="/wiki/Vasocongestion" title="Vasocongestion">vasocongestion</a>), resulting in the release of plasma as transudate from the <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> through the vaginal epithelium.<a href="#cite_note-Sloane-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourcier-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiederman-56">[56]</a> Before and during <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, the mucous glands within the cervix secrete different variations of mucus, which provides an <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile">fertile</a> environment in the vaginal canal that is favorable to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cummings-57">[57]</a> Following menopause, vaginal lubrication naturally decreases.<a href="#cite_note-Sirven-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_stimulation">Sexual stimulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></div> Nerve endings in the vagina can provide pleasurable sensations when the vagina is stimulated during sexual activity. Women may derive pleasure from one part of the vagina, or from a feeling of closeness and fullness during vaginal penetration.<a href="#cite_note-Tara_Lee-59">[59]</a> Because the vagina is not rich in nerve endings, women often do not receive sufficient sexual stimulation, or <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, solely from vaginal penetration.<a href="#cite_note-Tara_Lee-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_Society-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiten-61">[61]</a> Although the literature commonly cites a greater concentration of nerve endings and therefore greater sensitivity near the vaginal entrance (the outer one-third or lower third),<a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_Society-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiten-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg2-62">[62]</a> some scientific examinations of vaginal wall innervation indicate no single area with a greater density of nerve endings.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines-64">[64]</a> Other research indicates that only some women have a greater density of nerve endings in the anterior vaginal wall.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullough-65">[65]</a> Because of the fewer nerve endings in the vagina, childbirth pain is significantly more tolerable.<a href="#cite_note-Weiten-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balon,_Segraves-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal-67">[67]</a> Pleasure can be derived from the vagina in a variety of ways. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penile</a> penetration, pleasure can come from <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">fingering</a>, or specific <a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">sex positions</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_position" title="Missionary position">missionary position</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Spoons_sex_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoons sex position">spoons sex position</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_0-68">[68]</a> Heterosexual couples may engage in fingering as a form of <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">foreplay</a> to incite sexual arousal or as an accompanying act,<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_1-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hales_0-70">[70]</a> or as a type of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Virginity#Definitions_of_virginity_loss" title="Virginity">preserve virginity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intimate-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2-72">[72]</a> Less commonly, they may use non penile-vaginal sexual acts as a primary means of sexual pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-Hales_0-70">[70]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">women who have sex with women</a> commonly engage in fingering as a <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian sexual practices">main form of sexual activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_3-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zenilman_&_Shahmanesh-74">[74]</a> Some women and couples use <a href="/wiki/Sex_toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex toys">sex toys</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Vibrator_(sex_toy)" title="Vibrator (sex toy)">vibrator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildo</a>, for vaginal pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-Taormino-75">[75]</a> Most women require direct stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> to orgasm.<a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_Society-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiten-61">[61]</a> The clitoris plays a part in vaginal stimulation. It is a sex organ of multiplanar structure containing an abundance of nerve endings, with a broad attachment to the pubic arch and extensive supporting tissue to the labia. Research indicates that it forms a tissue cluster with the vagina. This tissue is perhaps more extensive in some women than in others, which may contribute to orgasms experienced vaginally.<a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_Society-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connell-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilchevsky-77">[77]</a> During sexual arousal, and particularly the stimulation of the clitoris, the walls of the vagina lubricate. This begins after ten to thirty seconds of sexual arousal, and increases in amount the longer the woman is aroused.<a href="#cite_note-Heffner-78">[78]</a> It reduces friction or injury that can be caused by insertion of the penis into the vagina or other penetration of the vagina during sexual activity. The vagina lengthens during the arousal, and can continue to lengthen in response to pressure; as the woman becomes fully aroused, the vagina expands in length and width, while the cervix retracts.<a href="#cite_note-Heffner-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silbernagl-79">[79]</a> With the upper two-thirds of the vagina expanding and lengthening, the uterus rises into the <a href="/wiki/Greater_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater pelvis">greater pelvis</a>, and the cervix is elevated above the vaginal floor, resulting in tenting of the mid-vaginal plane.<a href="#cite_note-Heffner-78">[78]</a> This is known as the tenting or ballooning effect.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2-80">[80]</a> As the elastic walls of the vagina <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_contraction" title="Vaginal contraction">stretch or contract</a>, with support from the pelvic muscles, to wrap around the inserted penis (or other object),<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg2-62">[62]</a> this creates friction for the penis and helps to cause a man to experience orgasm and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, which in turn enables <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Publishing-81">[81]</a> An area in the vagina that may be an <a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">erogenous zone</a> is the <a href="/wiki/G-spot" title="G-spot">G-spot</a>. It is typically defined as being located at the anterior wall of the vagina, a couple or few inches in from the entrance, and some women experience intense pleasure, and sometimes an orgasm, if this area is stimulated during sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullough-65">[65]</a> A G-spot orgasm may be responsible for <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">female ejaculation</a>, leading some doctors and researchers to believe that G-spot pleasure comes from the <a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's glands</a>, a female <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, rather than any particular spot on the vaginal wall; other researchers consider the connection between the Skene's glands and the G-spot area to be weak.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullough-65">[65]</a> The G-spot's existence (and existence as a distinct structure) is still under dispute because reports of its location can vary from woman to woman, it appears to be nonexistent in some women, and it is hypothesized to be an extension of the clitoris and therefore the reason for orgasms experienced vaginally.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balon,_Segraves-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilchevsky-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childbirth">Childbirth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></div> The vagina is the birth canal for the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">delivery</a> of a baby. When labor nears, several signs may occur, including vaginal discharge and the <a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">rupture of membranes</a> (water breaking). The latter results in a gush or small stream of <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a> from the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Linnard-Palmer2017-82">[82]</a> Water breaking most commonly happens at the beginning of labor. It happens before labor if there is a <a href="/wiki/Premature_rupture_of_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature rupture of membranes">premature rupture of membranes</a>, which occurs in 10% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Callahan-83">[83]</a> Among women giving birth for the first time, <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Hicks_contractions" title="Braxton Hicks contractions">Braxton Hicks contractions</a> are mistaken for actual <a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction#Childbirth" title="Uterine contraction">contractions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pillitteri-84">[84]</a> but they are instead a way for the body to prepare for true labor. They do not signal the beginning of labor,<a href="#cite_note-Raines2021-85">[85]</a> but they are usually very strong in the days leading up to labor.<a href="#cite_note-Pillitteri-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raines2021-85">[85]</a> As the body prepares for childbirth, the cervix softens, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">thins</a>, moves forward to face the front, and begins to open. This allows the fetus to settle into the pelvis, a process known as lightening.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2020-86">[86]</a> As the fetus settles into the pelvis, pain from the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerves</a>, increased vaginal discharge, and increased urinary frequency can occur.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2020-86">[86]</a> While lightening is likelier to happen after labor has begun for women who have given birth before, it may happen ten to fourteen days before labor in women experiencing labor for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Orshan-87">[87]</a> The fetus begins to lose the support of the cervix when contractions begin. With <a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a> reaching 10 cm to accommodate the head of the fetus, the head moves from the uterus to the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Linnard-Palmer2017-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutchison2022-88">[88]</a> The elasticity of the vagina allows it to stretch to many times its normal diameter in order to deliver the child.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Vaginal births are more common, but if there is a risk of complications a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> (C-section) may be performed.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-90">[90]</a> The vaginal mucosa has an abnormal accumulation of fluid (<a href="/wiki/Edematous" class="mw-redirect" title="Edematous">edematous</a>) and is thin, with few rugae, a little after birth. The mucosa thickens and rugae return in approximately three weeks once the ovaries regain usual function and estrogen flow is restored. The vaginal opening gapes and is relaxed, until it returns to its approximate pre-pregnant state six to eight weeks after delivery, known as the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">postpartum period</a>; however, the vagina will continue to be larger in size than it was previously.<a href="#cite_note-Ricci-91">[91]</a> After giving birth, there is a phase of vaginal discharge called <a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">lochia</a> that can vary significantly in the amount of loss and its duration but can go on for up to six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaginal_microbiota">Vaginal microbiota</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">Vaginal flora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_microbiota_species_of_the_lower_reproductive_tract_of_women" title="List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women">List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactobacilli_(Gram_stain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/250px-Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/330px-Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/500px-Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Gram stain of lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells in vaginal swab</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">vaginal flora</a> is a complex <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> that changes throughout life, from birth to menopause. The vaginal microbiota resides in and on the outermost layer of the vaginal epithelium.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> This microbiome consists of species and genera, which typically do not cause symptoms or infections in women with normal immunity. The vaginal microbiome is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-PetrovaLievens2015-93">[93]</a> These species <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a> glycogen, breaking it down into sugar. Lactobacilli metabolize the sugar into glucose and lactic acid.<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a> Under the influence of hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), the vaginal ecosystem undergoes cyclic or periodic changes.<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelvic_examinations">Pelvic examinations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a transparent speculum on a white surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg/220px-Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg/330px-Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg/440px-Sp%C3%A9culum_en_plastique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>A disposable plastic bi-valved vaginal <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">speculum</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_examination" title="Pelvic examination">gynecological examination</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervix_uteri,_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a cervix as described in caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg/250px-Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg/330px-Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg/500px-Cervix_uteri%2C_breastfeeding_woman_after_2_births.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A normal <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> of an adult as seen through the vagina (per vaginam or PV) using a <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)#Vaginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">bivalved vaginal speculum</a>. The blades of the speculum are above and below and stretched vaginal walls are seen on the left and right.</figcaption></figure> Vaginal health can be assessed during a <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_examination" title="Pelvic examination">pelvic examination</a>, along with the health of most of the organs of the female reproductive system.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vickery-97">[97]</a> Such exams may include the <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a> (or cervical smear). In the United States, Pap test screening is recommended starting around 21 years of age until the age of 65.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> However, other countries do not recommend pap testing in non-sexually active women.<a href="#cite_note-US2012-99">[99]</a> Guidelines on frequency vary from every three to five years.<a href="#cite_note-US2012-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saslow2012-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-cancer.org-101">[101]</a> Routine pelvic examination on women who are not pregnant and lack symptoms may be more harmful than beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-Qa2014-102">[102]</a> A normal finding during the pelvic exam of a pregnant woman is a bluish tinge to the vaginal wall.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a> Pelvic exams are most often performed when there are unexplained symptoms of discharge, pain, unexpected bleeding or urinary problems.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mayo-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-AW2007-104">[104]</a> During a pelvic exam, the vaginal opening is assessed for position, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>, presence of the hymen, and shape. The vagina is assessed internally by the examiner with gloved fingers, before the speculum is inserted, to note the presence of any weakness, lumps or <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodules</a>. Inflammation and discharge are noted if present. During this time, the Skene's and Bartolin's glands are palpated to identify abnormalities in these structures. After the digital examination of the vagina is complete, the speculum, an instrument to visualize internal structures, is carefully inserted to make the cervix visible.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a> Examination of the vagina may also be done during a <a href="/wiki/Cavity_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavity search">cavity search</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stering-105">[105]</a> Lacerations or other injuries to the vagina can occur during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a> These can be tears, bruises, inflammation and abrasions. Sexual assault with objects can damage the vagina and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> examination may reveal the presence of foreign objects.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a> If consent is given, a pelvic examination is part of the assessment of sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-106">[106]</a> Pelvic exams are also performed during pregnancy, and women with high risk pregnancies have exams more often.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Intravaginal_administration" title="Intravaginal administration">Intravaginal administration</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a> where the medication is inserted into the vagina as a creme or tablet. <a href="/wiki/Pharmacological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacological">Pharmacologically</a>, this has the potential advantage of promoting <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_effect" title="Therapeutic effect">therapeutic effects</a> primarily in the vagina or nearby structures (such as the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_portion_of_cervix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal portion of cervix">vaginal portion of cervix</a>) with limited systemic <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> compared to other routes of administration.<a href="#cite_note-Ranade-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehne-109">[109]</a> Medications used to ripen the cervix and induce labor are commonly administered via this route, as are estrogens, contraceptive agents, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal medication">antifungals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal rings</a> can also be used to deliver medication, including <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring" title="Contraceptive vaginal ring">contraceptive vaginal rings</a>. These are inserted into the vagina and provide continuous, low dose and consistent drug levels in the vagina and throughout the body.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Before the baby emerges from the womb, an injection for pain control during childbirth may be administered through the vaginal wall and near the <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal nerve</a>. Because the pudendal nerve carries motor and sensory fibers that innervate the pelvic muscles, a <a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve#Anesthesia" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal nerve block</a> relieves birth pain. The medicine does not harm the child, and is without significant complications.<a href="#cite_note-Maclean2011-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infections,_diseases,_and_safe_sex">Infections, diseases, and safe sex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_disease" title="Vaginal disease">Vaginal disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></div> Vaginal infections or diseases include <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">yeast infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">vaginitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs) and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. Lactobacillus gasseri and other Lactobacillus species in the vaginal flora provide some protection from infections by their secretion of <a href="/wiki/Bacteriocins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriocins">bacteriocins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The healthy vagina of a woman of child-bearing age is <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/PH#Living_systems" title="PH">pH</a> normally ranging between 3.8 and 4.5.<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a> The low pH prohibits growth of many strains of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> microbes.<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a> The acidic balance of the vagina may also be affected by semen,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> pregnancy, menstruation, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> or other illness, <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">birth control pills</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, poor diet, and stress.<a href="#cite_note-Leifer-116">[116]</a> Any of these changes to the acidic balance of the vagina may contribute to yeast infection.<a href="#cite_note-AAOS-117">[117]</a> An elevated pH (greater than 4.5) of the vaginal fluid can be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria as in <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">bacterial vaginosis</a>, or in the parasitic infection <a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">trichomoniasis</a>, both of which have vaginitis as a symptom.<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alldredge-118">[118]</a> Vaginal flora populated by a number of different bacteria characteristic of bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> During a pelvic exam, samples of vaginal fluids may be taken to screen for sexually transmitted infections or other infections.<a href="#cite_note-Damico-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Because the vagina is self-cleansing, it usually does not need special hygiene.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes-121">[121]</a> Clinicians generally discourage the practice of <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">douching</a> for maintaining vulvovaginal health.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Since the vaginal flora gives protection against disease, a disturbance of this balance may lead to infection and abnormal discharge.<a href="#cite_note-Grimes-121">[121]</a> Vaginal discharge may indicate a vaginal infection by color and odor, or the resulting symptoms of discharge, such as irritation or burning.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright-124">[124]</a> Abnormal vaginal discharge may be caused by STIs, diabetes, douches, fragranced soaps, bubble baths, birth control pills, yeast infection (commonly as a result of antibiotic use) or another form of vaginitis.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-123">[123]</a> While vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina, and is attributed to infection, hormonal issues, or irritants,<a href="#cite_note-Ferri-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sommers-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">vaginismus</a> is an involuntary tightening of the vagina muscles during vaginal penetration that is caused by a <a href="/wiki/Conditioned_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditioned reflex">conditioned reflex</a> or disease.<a href="#cite_note-Ferri-125">[125]</a> Vaginal discharge due to yeast infection is usually thick, creamy in color and odorless, while discharge due to bacterial vaginosis is gray-white in color, and discharge due to trichomoniasis is usually a gray color, thin in consistency, and has a fishy odor. Discharge in 25% of the trichomoniasis cases is yellow-green.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a> and trichomoniasis are some STIs that may affect the vagina, and health sources recommend <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> (or barrier method) practices to prevent the transmission of these and other STIs.<a href="#cite_note-Hales-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-128">[128]</a> Safe sex commonly involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">female condoms</a> (which give women more control). Both types can help avert pregnancy by preventing semen from coming in contact with the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Knox_and_Schacht-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_and_Gupta-130">[130]</a> There is, however, little research on whether female condoms are as effective as male condoms at preventing STIs,<a href="#cite_note-Kumar_and_Gupta-130">[130]</a> and they are slightly less effective than male condoms at preventing pregnancy, which may be because the female condom fits less tightly than the male condom or because it can slip into the vagina and spill semen.<a href="#cite_note-Hornstein_and_Schwerin-131">[131]</a> The vaginal lymph nodes often trap <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancerous</a> cells that originate in the vagina. These nodes can be assessed for the presence of disease. Selective surgical removal (rather than total and more invasive removal) of vaginal lymph nodes reduces the risk of complications that can accompany more radical surgeries. These selective nodes act as sentinel lymph nodes.<a href="#cite_note-Sabater-48">[48]</a> Instead of surgery, the lymph nodes of concern are sometimes treated with <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> administered to the patient's pelvic, inguinal lymph nodes, or both.<a href="#cite_note-NIHI-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">vulvar cancer</a> are very rare, and primarily affect older women.<a href="#cite_note-Salhan-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paludi-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> (which is relatively common) increases the risk of vaginal cancer,<a href="#cite_note-cancer.org2-135">[135]</a> which is why there is a significant chance for vaginal cancer to occur at the same time as, or after, cervical cancer. It may be that their causes are the same.<a href="#cite_note-cancer.org2-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salhan-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chi-136">[136]</a> Cervical cancer may be prevented by pap smear screening and <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccines</a>, but HPV vaccines only cover HPV types 16 and 18, the cause of 70% of cervical cancers.<a href="#cite_note-Berek-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bibbo-138">[138]</a> Some symptoms of cervical and vaginal cancer are <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">dyspareunia</a>, and abnormal <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">vaginal bleeding</a> or vaginal discharge, especially <a href="/wiki/Postcoital_bleeding" title="Postcoital bleeding">after sexual intercourse</a> or menopause.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington-140">[140]</a> However, most cervical cancers are <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> (present no symptoms).<a href="#cite_note-Daniels-139">[139]</a> Vaginal intracavity brachytherapy (VBT) is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial</a>, vaginal and cervical cancer. An applicator is inserted into the vagina to allow the administration of radiation as close to the site of the cancer as possible.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Survival rates increase with VBT when compared to external beam radiation therapy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> By using the vagina to place the emitter as close to the cancerous growth as possible, the systemic effects of radiation therapy are reduced and cure rates for vaginal cancer are higher.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Research is unclear on whether treating cervical cancer with radiation therapy increases the risk of vaginal cancer.<a href="#cite_note-cancer.org2-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_aging_and_childbirth">Effects of aging and childbirth</h3></div> Age and hormone levels significantly correlate with the pH of the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-144">[144]</a> Estrogen, glycogen and lactobacilli impact these levels.<a href="#cite_note-Long-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mack-146">[146]</a> At birth, the vagina is acidic with a pH of approximately 4.5,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-144">[144]</a> and ceases to be acidic by three to six weeks of age,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_2-147">[147]</a> becoming alkaline.<a href="#cite_note-Schafermeyer-148">[148]</a> Average vaginal pH is 7.0 in pre-pubertal girls.<a href="#cite_note-Long-145">[145]</a> Although there is a high degree of variability in timing, girls who are approximately seven to twelve years of age will continue to have labial development as the hymen thickens and the vagina elongates to approximately 8 cm. The vaginal mucosa thickens and the vaginal pH becomes acidic again. Girls may also experience a thin, white vaginal discharge called <a href="/wiki/Leukorrhea" title="Leukorrhea">leukorrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schafermeyer-148">[148]</a> The vaginal microbiota of adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 years is similar to women of reproductive age,<a href="#cite_note-Mack-146">[146]</a> who have an average vaginal pH of 3.8–4.5,<a href="#cite_note-King-94">[94]</a> but research is not as clear on whether this is the same for premenarcheal or perimenarcheal girls.<a href="#cite_note-Mack-146">[146]</a> The vaginal pH during menopause is 6.5–7.0 (without <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)">hormone replacement therapy</a>), or 4.5–5.0 with hormone replacement therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Mack-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Side-by-side illustration depicting thinning effects of menopause on musoca of vaginal wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/220px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/330px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png/440px-Vaginal_Mucosa_Normal_vs_Menopause.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Pre-menopausal vaginal mucosa (left) versus menopausal vaginal mucosa (right)</figcaption></figure> After menopause, the body produces less estrogen. This causes <a href="/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis" title="Atrophic vaginitis">atrophic vaginitis</a> (thinning and inflammation of the vaginal walls),<a href="#cite_note-Beckmann-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Di_Saia-149">[149]</a> which can lead to vaginal itching, burning, bleeding, soreness, or <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dryness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal dryness">vaginal dryness</a> (a decrease in lubrication).<a href="#cite_note-Ward-150">[150]</a> Vaginal dryness can cause discomfort on its own or discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuiling-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">Hot flashes</a> are also characteristic of menopause.<a href="#cite_note-Leifer-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2-152">[152]</a> Menopause also affects the composition of vaginal support structures. The vascular structures become fewer with advancing age.<a href="#cite_note-Mulhall_2-153">[153]</a> Specific <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagens</a> become altered in composition and ratios. It is thought that the weakening of the support structures of the vagina is due to the physiological changes in this connective tissue.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-154">[154]</a> Menopausal symptoms can be eased by estrogen-containing vaginal creams,<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2-152">[152]</a> non-prescription, non-hormonal medications,<a href="#cite_note-Ward-150">[150]</a> vaginal estrogen rings such as the <a href="/wiki/Femring" class="mw-redirect" title="Femring">Femring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smith-155">[155]</a> or other hormone replacement therapies,<a href="#cite_note-Jones_2-152">[152]</a> but there are risks (including adverse effects) associated with hormone replacement therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Greenstein-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moscou-157">[157]</a> Vaginal creams and vaginal estrogen rings may not have the same risks as other hormone replacement treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Gladson-158">[158]</a> Hormone replacement therapy can treat vaginal dryness,<a href="#cite_note-Smith-155">[155]</a> but a <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant#Vaginal_lubricants" title="Personal lubricant">personal lubricant</a> may be used to temporarily remedy vaginal dryness specifically for sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Schuiling-151">[151]</a> Some women have an increase in sexual desire following menopause.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-150">[150]</a> It may be that menopausal women who continue to engage in sexual activity regularly experience vaginal lubrication similar to levels in women who have not entered menopause, and can enjoy sexual intercourse fully.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-150">[150]</a> They may have less vaginal atrophy and fewer problems concerning sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Lowdermilk-159">[159]</a> Vaginal changes that happen with aging and childbirth include mucosal redundancy, rounding of the posterior aspect of the vagina with shortening of the distance from the distal end of the anal canal to the vaginal opening, <a href="/wiki/Diastasis_(pathology)" title="Diastasis (pathology)">diastasis</a> or disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Pubococcygeus_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubococcygeus muscle">pubococcygeus muscles</a> caused by poor repair of an <a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">episiotomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bleb_(medicine)" title="Bleb (medicine)">blebs</a> that may protrude beyond the area of the vaginal opening.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a> Other vaginal changes related to aging and childbirth are <a href="/wiki/Stress_urinary_incontinence" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress urinary incontinence">stress urinary incontinence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectocele" title="Rectocele">rectocele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cystocele" title="Cystocele">cystocele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a> Physical changes resulting from pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause often contribute to stress urinary incontinence. If a woman has weak <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> muscle support and tissue damage from childbirth or pelvic surgery, a lack of estrogen can further weaken the pelvic muscles and contribute to stress urinary incontinence.<a href="#cite_note-Gulanick-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_organ_prolapse" title="Pelvic organ prolapse">Pelvic organ prolapse</a>, such as a rectocele or cystocele, is characterized by the descent of pelvic organs from their normal positions to impinge upon the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-niddk_Cystocele-163">[163]</a> A reduction in estrogen does not cause rectocele, cystocele or <a href="/wiki/Uterine_prolapse" title="Uterine prolapse">uterine prolapse</a>, but childbirth and weakness in pelvic support structures can.<a href="#cite_note-Lowdermilk-159">[159]</a> Prolapse may also occur when the pelvic floor becomes injured during a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a>, gynecological cancer treatment, or heavy lifting.<a href="#cite_note-Ramaseshan-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-niddk_Cystocele-163">[163]</a> Pelvic floor exercises such as <a href="/wiki/Kegel_exercise" title="Kegel exercise">Kegel exercises</a> can be used to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> preventing or arresting the progression of prolapse.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22161382-165">[165]</a> There is no evidence that doing Kegel exercises <a href="/wiki/Isotonic_contraction" title="Isotonic contraction">isotonically</a> or with some form of weight is superior; there are greater risks with using weights since a foreign object is introduced into the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> During the third stage of labor, while the infant is being born, the vagina undergoes significant changes. A gush of blood from the vagina may be seen right before the baby is born. Lacerations to the vagina that can occur during birth vary in depth, severity and the amount of adjacent tissue involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[167]</a> The laceration can be so extensive as to involve the rectum and <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>. This event can be especially distressing to a new mother.<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> When this occurs, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a> develops and stool can leave through the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-:2-167">[167]</a> Close to 85% of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_vaginal_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous vaginal birth">spontaneous vaginal births</a> develop some form of tearing. Out of these, 60–70% require <a href="/wiki/Suturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suturing">suturing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kettle_et_al_2017-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-170">[170]</a> Lacerations from labor do not always occur.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3></div> The vagina, including the vaginal opening, may be altered as a result of surgeries such as an episiotomy, <a href="/wiki/Vaginectomy" title="Vaginectomy">vaginectomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginoplasty" title="Vaginoplasty">vaginoplasty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Labiaplasty" title="Labiaplasty">labiaplasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabers-171">[171]</a> Those who undergo vaginoplasty are usually older and have given birth.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a> A thorough examination of the vagina before a vaginoplasty is standard, as well as a referral to a <a href="/wiki/Urogynecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogynecologist">urogynecologist</a> to diagnose possible vaginal disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a> With regard to labiaplasty, reduction of the labia minora is quick without hindrance, complications are minor and rare, and can be corrected. Any scarring from the procedure is minimal, and long-term problems have not been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Siemionow-160">[160]</a> During an episiotomy, a surgical incision is made during the second stage of labor to enlarge the vaginal opening for the baby to pass through.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> Although its routine use is no longer recommended,<a href="#cite_note-ACOG165-172">[172]</a> and not having an episiotomy is found to have better results than an episiotomy,<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> it is one of the most common medical procedures performed on women. The incision is made through the skin, vaginal epithelium, subcutaneous fat, perineal body and superficial transverse perineal muscle and extends from the vagina to the anus.<a href="#cite_note-medline_482-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-174">[174]</a> Episiotomies can be painful after delivery. Women often report pain during sexual intercourse up to three months after laceration repair or an episiotomy.<a href="#cite_note-kettle_et_al_2017-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernando-170">[170]</a> Some surgical techniques result in less pain than others.<a href="#cite_note-kettle_et_al_2017-169">[169]</a> The two types of episiotomies performed are the medial incision and the medio-lateral incision. The median incision is a perpendicular cut between the vagina and the anus and is the most common.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The medio-lateral incision is made between the vagina at an angle and is not as likely to tear through to the anus. The medio-lateral cut takes more time to heal than the median cut.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-44">[44]</a> Vaginectomy is surgery to remove all or part of the vagina, and is usually used to treat malignancy.<a href="#cite_note-Tabers-171">[171]</a> Removal of some or all of the sexual organs can result in damage to the nerves and leave behind scarring or <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">adhesions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-176">[176]</a> Sexual function may also be impaired as a result, as in the case of some cervical cancer surgeries. These surgeries can impact pain, elasticity, vaginal lubrication and sexual arousal. This often resolves after one year but may take longer.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-176">[176]</a> Women, especially those who are older and have had multiple births, may choose to surgically correct vaginal laxity. This surgery has been described as vaginal tightening or rejuvenation.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-177">[177]</a> While a woman may experience an improvement in <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> and sexual pleasure by undergoing vaginal tightening or rejuvenation,<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-177">[177]</a> there are risks associated with the procedures, including infection, narrowing of the vaginal opening, insufficient tightening, decreased sexual function (such as <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">pain during sexual intercourse</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">rectovaginal fistula</a>. Women who undergo this procedure may unknowingly have a medical issue, such as a prolapse, and an attempt to correct this is also made during the surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a> Surgery on the vagina can be elective or cosmetic. Women who seek cosmetic surgery can have <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> conditions, physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their genitals. Concerns over average genital appearance or measurements are largely unavailable and make defining a successful outcome for such surgery difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd-179">[179]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgeries</a> are available to <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people. Although not all <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> conditions require surgical treatment, some choose genital surgery to correct atypical anatomical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomalies_and_other_health_issues">Anomalies and other health issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atresia" title="Vaginal atresia">Vaginal atresia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagina_US.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ultrasonograph depicting urinary bladder at the top, above the uterus to its bottom-left and vagina to its bottom-right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vagina_US.png/220px-Vagina_US.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vagina_US.png/330px-Vagina_US.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vagina_US.png/440px-Vagina_US.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> (1), uterus (2), and vagina (3)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_anomalies" title="Vaginal anomalies">Vaginal anomalies</a> are defects that result in an abnormal or absent vagina.<a href="#cite_note-emed2-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The most common obstructive vaginal anomaly is an <a href="/wiki/Imperforate_hymen" title="Imperforate hymen">imperforate hymen</a>, a condition in which the hymen obstructs menstrual flow or other vaginal secretions.<a href="#cite_note-Pfeifer-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhu-184">[184]</a> Another vaginal anomaly is a <a href="/wiki/Transverse_vaginal_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse vaginal septum">transverse vaginal septum</a>, which partially or completely blocks the vaginal canal.<a href="#cite_note-Pfeifer-183">[183]</a> The precise cause of an obstruction must be determined before it is repaired, since corrective surgery differs depending on the cause.<a href="#cite_note-Coran-185">[185]</a> In some cases, such as isolated <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_agenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal agenesis">vaginal agenesis</a>, the external genitalia may appear normal.<a href="#cite_note-Nucci-186">[186]</a> Abnormal openings known as <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistulas</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a> to enter the vagina, resulting in incontinence.<a href="#cite_note-Bodner-Adler-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Köckerling-188">[188]</a> The vagina is susceptible to fistula formation because of its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal</a> tracts.<a href="#cite_note-Priyadarshi-189">[189]</a> Specific causes are manifold and include obstructed labor, hysterectomy, <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancy</a>, radiation, <a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">episiotomy</a>, and bowel disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Raassen-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maslekar-191">[191]</a> A small number of vaginal fistulas are <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-192">[192]</a> Various surgical methods are employed to repair fistulas.<a href="#cite_note-Tenggardjaja-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodner-Adler-187">[187]</a> Untreated, fistulas can result in significant <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a> and have a profound impact on <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bodner-Adler-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_evisceration" title="Vaginal evisceration">Vaginal evisceration</a> is a serious complication of a <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_hysterectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal hysterectomy">vaginal hysterectomy</a> and occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cuff" title="Vaginal cuff">vaginal cuff</a> <a href="/wiki/Wound_dehiscence" title="Wound dehiscence">ruptures</a>, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> to protrude from the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cronin-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cysts</a> may also affect the vagina. Various types of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cysts" title="Vaginal cysts">vaginal cysts</a> can develop on the surface of the vaginal epithelium or in deeper layers of the vagina and can grow to be as large as 7 cm.<a href="#cite_note-lall-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Often, they are an incidental finding during a routine pelvic examination.<a href="#cite_note-:0-197">[197]</a> Vaginal cysts can mimic other structures that protrude from the vagina such as a rectocele and cystocele.<a href="#cite_note-lall-195">[195]</a> Cysts that can be present include <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Müllerian cyst">Müllerian cysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gartner%27s_duct_cyst" title="Gartner's duct cyst">Gartner's duct cysts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">epidermoid cysts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> A vaginal cyst is most likely to develop in women between the ages of 30 and 40.<a href="#cite_note-lall-195">[195]</a> It is estimated that 1 out of 200 women has a vaginal cyst.<a href="#cite_note-lall-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marisa_R.-200">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst" title="Bartholin's cyst">Bartholin's cyst</a> is of vulvar rather than vaginal origin,<a href="#cite_note-Robboy_2-201">[201]</a> but it presents as a lump at the vaginal opening.<a href="#cite_note-Marx-202">[202]</a> It is more common in younger women and is usually without symptoms,<a href="#cite_note-Cash-203">[203]</a> but it can cause pain if an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> forms,<a href="#cite_note-Cash-203">[203]</a> block the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vulval vestibule</a> if large,<a href="#cite_note-Sternberg-204">[204]</a> and impede walking or cause painful sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Cash-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vulva#Society_and_culture" title="Vulva">Vulva § Society and culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptions,_symbolism_and_vulgarity">Perceptions, symbolism and vulgarity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eurotophobia" title="Eurotophobia">Eurotophobia</a></div> Various perceptions of the vagina have existed throughout history, including the belief it is the center of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desire</a>, a metaphor for life via birth, inferior to the penis, unappealing to sight or smell, or <a href="/wiki/Vulgarity" title="Vulgarity">vulgar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutcherson-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaFont-207">[207]</a> These views can largely be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">sex differences</a>, and how they are interpreted. <a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary psychologist">evolutionary psychologist</a>, stated that because a penis is significantly larger than a clitoris and is readily visible while the vagina is not, and males urinate through the penis, boys are taught from childhood to touch their penises while girls are often taught that they should not touch their own genitalia, which implies that there is harm in doing so. Buss attributed this as the reason many women are not as familiar with their genitalia, and that researchers assume these sex differences explain why boys learn to masturbate before girls and do so more often.<a href="#cite_note-Buss-208">[208]</a> The word vagina is commonly avoided in conversation,<a href="#cite_note-Blackledge-209">[209]</a> and many people are confused about the vagina's anatomy and may be unaware that it is not used for urination.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal2-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hickling-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankin-212">[212]</a> This is exacerbated by phrases such as "boys have a penis, girls have a vagina", which causes children to think that girls have one orifice in the pelvic area.<a href="#cite_note-Hickling-211">[211]</a> Author Hilda Hutcherson stated, "Because many [women] have been conditioned since childhood through verbal and nonverbal cues to think of [their] genitals as ugly, smelly and unclean, [they] aren't able to fully enjoy intimate encounters" because of fear that their partner will dislike the sight, smell, or taste of their genitals. She argued that women, unlike men, did not have locker room experiences in school where they compared each other's genitals, which is one reason so many women wonder if their genitals are normal.<a href="#cite_note-Hutcherson-206">[206]</a> Scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Blackledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Blackledge (page does not exist)">Catherine Blackledge</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Blackledge" class="extiw" title="pl:Catherine Blackledge">pl</a>] stated that having a vagina meant she would typically be treated less well than her vagina-less counterparts and subject to inequalities (such as <a href="/wiki/Job_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Job inequality">job inequality</a>), which she categorized as being treated like a second-class citizen.<a href="#cite_note-Blackledge-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattien_stone_yoni.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a large stone yoni in a museum display case" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/250px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/330px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cattien_stone_yoni.png/500px-Cattien_stone_yoni.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>The womb represents a powerful symbol as the <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Pictured is a stone yoni found in Cát Tiên sanctuary, Lâm Đồng, Vietnam.</figcaption></figure> Negative views of the vagina are simultaneously contrasted by views that it is a powerful symbol of female sexuality, spirituality, or life. Author Denise Linn stated that the vagina "is a powerful symbol of womanliness, openness, acceptance, and receptivity. It is the inner valley spirit".<a href="#cite_note-Linn-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> placed significant value on the vagina,<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur-214">[214]</a> postulating the concept that vaginal orgasm is separate from clitoral orgasm, and that, upon reaching puberty, the proper response of mature women is a changeover to vaginal orgasms (meaning orgasms without any clitoral stimulation). This theory made many women feel inadequate, as the majority of women cannot achieve orgasm via vaginal intercourse alone.<a href="#cite_note-Zastrow-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irvine-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gould-217">[217]</a> Regarding religion, the womb represents a powerful symbol as the <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, which represents "the feminine potency", and this may indicate the value that Hindu society has given female sexuality and the vagina's ability to deliver life;<a href="#cite_note-Wignaraja-218">[218]</a> however, yoni as a representation of "womb" is not the primary denotation.<a href="#cite_note-lochtefeld784-219">[219]</a> While, in ancient times, the vagina was often considered equivalent (<a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a>) to the penis, with anatomists <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> (129 AD – 200 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Vesalius</a> (1514–1564) regarding the organs as structurally the same except for the vagina being inverted, anatomical studies over latter centuries showed the clitoris to be the penile equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connell-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Angier-220">[220]</a> Another perception of the vagina was that the release of vaginal fluids would cure or remedy a number of ailments; various methods were used over the centuries to release "female seed" (via vaginal lubrication or female ejaculation) as a treatment for suffocatio ex semine retento (suffocation of the womb, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'suffocation from retained seed'), <a href="/wiki/Green_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Green sickness">green sickness</a>, and possibly for <a href="/wiki/Female_hysteria" title="Female hysteria">female hysteria</a>. Reported methods for treatment included a <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> rubbing the walls of the vagina or insertion of the penis or penis-shaped objects into the vagina. Symptoms of the female hysteria diagnosis – a concept that is no longer recognized by medical authorities as a medical disorder – included faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and a propensity for causing trouble.<a href="#cite_note-Maines-221">[221]</a> It may be that women who were considered suffering from female hysteria condition would sometimes undergo "pelvic massage" – stimulation of the genitals by the doctor until the woman experienced "hysterical paroxysm" (i.e., orgasm). In this case, paroxysm was regarded as a medical treatment, and not a sexual release.<a href="#cite_note-Maines-221">[221]</a> The vagina has been given many vulgar names, three of which are <a href="/wiki/Pussy" title="Pussy">pussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twat" title="Twat">twat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a>. Cunt is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Derogatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Derogatory">derogatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> referring to people of either sex. This usage is relatively recent, dating from the late nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-222">[222]</a> Reflecting <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">different national usages</a>, cunt is described as "an unpleasant or stupid person" in the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Oxford_English_Dictionary_of_Current_English" title="Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English">Compact Oxford English Dictionary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Compact-223">[223]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> has a usage of the term as "usually disparaging and obscene: woman",<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> noting that it is used in the United States as "an offensive way to refer to a woman".<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House</a> defines it as "a despicable, contemptible or foolish man".<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-222">[222]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminists</a> of the 1970s sought to eliminate disparaging terms such as cunt.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Twat is widely used as a derogatory epithet, especially in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, referring to a person considered obnoxious or stupid.<a href="#cite_note-dict-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford_dic-228">[228]</a> Pussy can indicate "<a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>", and "the human vulva or vagina" or by extension "sexual intercourse with a woman".<a href="#cite_note-OED_1-229">[229]</a> In English, the use of the word pussy to refer to women is considered derogatory or demeaning, treating people as sexual objects.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature_and_art">In literature and art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vagina_and_vulva_in_art" title="Vagina and vulva in art">Vagina and vulva in art</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Vagina_loquens" title="Vagina loquens">vagina loquens</a>, or "talking vagina", is a significant tradition in literature and art, dating back to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> <a href="/wiki/Motif_(folkloristics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (folkloristics)">motifs</a> of the "talking cunt".<a href="#cite_note-ozark-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zizek-232">[232]</a> These tales usually involve vaginas talking by the effect of magic or charms, and often admitting to their lack of <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ozark-231">[231]</a> Other folk tales relate the vagina as having teeth – <a href="/wiki/Vagina_dentata" title="Vagina dentata">vagina dentata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "toothed vagina"). These carry the implication that sexual intercourse might result in injury, <a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">emasculation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> for the man involved. These stories were frequently told as <a href="/wiki/Cautionary_tale" title="Cautionary tale">cautionary tales</a> warning of the dangers of unknown women and to discourage <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WhatsUp-233">[233]</a> In 1966, the French artist <a href="/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle" title="Niki de Saint Phalle">Niki de Saint Phalle</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Dadaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaist">Dadaist</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tinguely" title="Jean Tinguely">Jean Tinguely</a> and Per Olof Ultvedt on a large sculpture installation entitled "hon-en katedral" (also spelled "Hon-en-Katedrall", which means "she-a cathedral") for Moderna Museet, in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden. The outer form is a giant, reclining sculpture of a woman which visitors can enter through a door-sized vaginal opening between her spread legs.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues">The Vagina Monologues</a>, a 1996 episodic play by <a href="/wiki/Eve_Ensler" title="Eve Ensler">Eve Ensler</a>, has contributed to making female sexuality a topic of public discourse. It is made up of a varying number of monologues read by a number of women. Initially, Ensler performed every monologue herself, with subsequent performances featuring three actresses; latter versions feature a different actress for every role. Each of the monologues deals with an aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">feminine experience</a>, touching on matters such as sexual activity, love, rape, menstruation, female genital mutilation, masturbation, birth, orgasm, the various common names for the vagina, or simply as a physical aspect of the body. A recurring theme throughout the pieces is the vagina as a tool of female empowerment, and the ultimate embodiment of individuality.<a href="#cite_note-Ensler-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coleman-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_modification">Influence on modification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></div> Societal views, influenced by tradition, a lack of knowledge on anatomy, or <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, can significantly impact a person's decision to alter their own or another person's genitalia.<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knox-237">[237]</a> Women may want to alter their genitalia (vagina or vulva) because they believe that its appearance, such as the length of the labia minora covering the vaginal opening, is not normal, or because they desire a smaller vaginal opening or tighter vagina. Women may want to remain youthful in appearance and sexual function. These views are often influenced by the media,<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banyard-238">[238]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Banyard-238">[238]</a> and women can have low self-esteem as a result.<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a> They may be embarrassed to be naked in front of a sexual partner and may insist on having sex with the lights off.<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a> When modification surgery is performed purely for cosmetic reasons, it is often viewed poorly,<a href="#cite_note-Cardozo-178">[178]</a> and some doctors have compared such surgeries to <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM).<a href="#cite_note-Banyard-238">[238]</a> Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting, is genital modification with no health benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Crooks-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a> The most severe form is Type III FGM, which is <a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">infibulation</a> and involves removing all or part of the <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a> and the vagina being closed up. A small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, and the vagina is opened up for sexual intercourse and childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a> Significant controversy surrounds female genital mutilation,<a href="#cite_note-Crooks-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and other health organizations campaigning against the procedures on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, stating that it is "a violation of the human rights of girls and women" and "reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes".<a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a> Female genital mutilation has existed at one point or another in almost all human civilizations,<a href="#cite_note-Momoh-241">[241]</a> most commonly to exert control over the sexual behavior, including masturbation, of girls and women.<a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-241">[241]</a> It is carried out in several countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, on girls from a few days old to mid-adolescent, often to reduce sexual desire in an effort to preserve vaginal virginity.<a href="#cite_note-Crooks-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comfort_Momoh" title="Comfort Momoh">Comfort Momoh</a> stated it may be that female genital mutilation was "practiced in ancient Egypt as a sign of distinction among the aristocracy"; there are reports that traces of infibulation are on Egyptian mummies.<a href="#cite_note-Momoh-241">[241]</a> Custom and tradition are the most frequently cited reasons for the practice of female genital mutilation. Some cultures believe that female genital mutilation is part of a girl's initiation into adulthood and that not performing it can disrupt social and political cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Momoh-241">[241]</a> In these societies, a girl is often not considered an adult unless she has undergone the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png/250px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png/330px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png/500px-Cambridge_Natural_History_Mammalia_Fig_047.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>1902 illustration of the female reproductive system of a <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbit</a> (vagina labeled "va")</figcaption></figure> The vagina is a structure of animals in which the female is <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internally fertilized</a>, rather than by <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_insemination" title="Traumatic insemination">traumatic insemination</a> used by some invertebrates. Although research on the vagina is especially lacking for different animals, its location, structure and size are documented as varying among species. In <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">therian mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placentals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>), the vagina leads from the uterus to the exterior of the female body. Female placentals have two openings in the vulva; these are the urethral opening for the urinary tract and the vaginal opening for the genital tract. Depending on the species, these openings may be within the internal <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus#Other_animals" title="Urogenital sinus">urogenital sinus</a> or on the external vestibule.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Female marsupials <a href="/wiki/Marsupial#Female_reproductive_system" title="Marsupial">have two lateral vaginas</a>, which lead to separate uteri, but both open externally through the same orifice;<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> a third canal, which is known as the median vagina, and can be transitory or permanent, is used for birth.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-244">[244]</a> The female <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a> does not have an external vaginal opening. Instead, the vagina <a href="/wiki/Female_genitalia_of_spotted_hyenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genitalia of spotted hyenas">exits through the clitoris</a>, allowing the females to urinate, copulate and give birth through the clitoris.<a href="#cite_note-courtship-245">[245]</a> In female <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">canids</a>, the vagina contracts during copulation, forming a <a href="/wiki/Canine_reproduction#Copulation" title="Canine reproduction">copulatory tie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bekoff-246">[246]</a> Female <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> have vaginal folds that are not found in other mammals.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">Monotremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> and is the single external opening for the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Some of these vertebrates have a part of the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> that leads to the cloaca.<a href="#cite_note-Iannaccone-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fishbeck-250">[250]</a> Chickens have a vaginal aperture that opens from the vertical apex of the cloaca. The vagina extends upward from the aperture and becomes the egg gland.<a href="#cite_note-Fishbeck-250">[250]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a>, there is neither oviduct nor vagina and instead the egg travels directly through the body cavity (and is fertilised externally as in most <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and amphibians). In insects and other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, the vagina can be a part of the oviduct (see <a href="/wiki/Insect_reproductive_system" title="Insect reproductive system">insect reproductive system</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-251">[251]</a> Birds have a cloaca into which the urinary, reproductive tract (vagina) and gastrointestinal tract empty.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Females of some waterfowl species have developed vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils to protect themselves from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">sexual coercion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twenty_six-253">[253]</a> A lack of research on the vagina and other female genitalia, especially for different animals, has stifled knowledge on female sexual anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-Yong_E-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> One explanation for why male genitalia is studied more includes penises being significantly simpler to analyze than female genital cavities, because male genitals usually protrude and are therefore easier to assess and measure. By contrast, female genitals are more often concealed, and require more dissection, which in turn requires more time.<a href="#cite_note-Yong_E-254">[254]</a> Another explanation is that a main function of the penis is to impregnate, while female genitals may alter shape upon interaction with male organs, especially as to benefit or hinder <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yong_E-254">[254]</a> Non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> are optimal models for human biomedical research because humans and non-human primates share physiological characteristics as a result of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmento-256">[256]</a> While menstruation is heavily associated with human females, and they have the most pronounced menstruation, it is also typical of <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> relatives and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-258">[258]</a> Female <a href="/wiki/Macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaques">macaques</a> menstruate, with a cycle length over the course of a lifetime that is comparable to that of female humans. Estrogens and <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">menstrual cycles</a> and during premenarche and postmenopause are also similar in female humans and macaques; however, only in macaques does keratinization of the epithelium occur during the <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular phase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmento-256">[256]</a> The vaginal pH of macaques also differs, with near-neutral to slightly alkaline median values and is widely variable, which may be due to its lack of lactobacilli in the vaginal flora.<a href="#cite_note-Sarmento-256">[256]</a> This is one reason why, although macaques are used for studying HIV transmission and testing <a href="/wiki/Microbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbicides">microbicides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sarmento-256">[256]</a> animal models are not often used in the study of sexually transmitted infections, such as trichomoniasis. Another is that such conditions' causes are inextricably bound to humans' genetic makeup, making results from other species difficult to apply to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/20px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/40px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_vagina" title="Artificial vagina">Artificial vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supravaginal_portion_of_cervix" title="Supravaginal portion of cervix">Supravaginal portion of cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_inversion" title="Uterine inversion">Uterine inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_dilator" title="Vaginal dilator">Vaginal dilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_photoplethysmograph" title="Vaginal photoplethysmograph">Vaginal photoplethysmograph</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1962">Oxford Dictionary of English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 1962. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957112-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957112-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161739/https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1962">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.pages=1962&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957112-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanecAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nevid-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Nevid_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNevidRathusRubenstein1998" class="citation book cs1">Nevid J, Rathus S, Rubenstein H (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H65N8vmbgTYC&pg=PA297">Health in the New Millennium: The Smart Electronic Edition (S.E.E.)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57259-171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57259-171-4"><bdi>978-1-57259-171-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161746/https://books.google.com/books?id=H65N8vmbgTYC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+in+the+New+Millennium%3A+The+Smart+Electronic+Edition+%28S.E.E.%29&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57259-171-4&rft.aulast=Nevid&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rathus%2C+S&rft.au=Rubenstein%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH65N8vmbgTYC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipsky-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Lipsky_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipsky2006" class="citation book cs1">Lipsky MS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtZ_XdSymSIC&pg=PA96">American Medical Association Concise Medical Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Reference">Random House Reference</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72180-9"><bdi>978-0-375-72180-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161740/https://books.google.com/books?id=DtZ_XdSymSIC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Medical+Association+Concise+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Random+House+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-72180-9&rft.aulast=Lipsky&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtZ_XdSymSIC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalton-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton_4-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalton2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalton M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr6ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Forensic Gynaecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06429-4"><bdi>978-1-107-06429-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917163313/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr6ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+Gynaecology&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06429-4&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKr6ZBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesWearFriedman2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones T, Wear D, Friedman LD (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqRvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT231">Health Humanities Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7367-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7367-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-7367-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161741/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqRvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT231">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Humanities+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7367-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Wear%2C+D&rft.au=Friedman%2C+LD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqRvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkpatrick-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfsxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Human Sexuality: Personality and Social Psychological Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-3656-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-3656-3"><bdi>978-1-4684-3656-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422221613/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfsxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+Personality+and+Social+Psychological+Perspectives&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-3656-3&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfsxBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2007" class="citation book cs1">Hill CA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUJsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA266">Human Sexuality: Personality and Social Psychological Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-2012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-2012-0"><bdi>978-1-5063-2012-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603161753/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUJsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2016. <q>Little thought apparently has been devoted to the nature of female genitals in general, likely accounting for the reason that most people use incorrect terms when referring to female external genitals. The term typically used to talk about female genitals is vagina, which is actually an internal sexual structure, the muscular passageway leading outside from the uterus. The correct term for the female external genitals is vulva, as discussed in chapter 6, which includes the clitoris, labia majora, and labia minora.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+Personality+and+Social+Psychological+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-2012-0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUJsCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sáenz-Herrero-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Sáenz-Herrero_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSáenz-Herrero2014" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz-Herrero M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-unSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">Psychopathology in Women: Incorporating Gender Perspective into Descriptive Psychopathology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05870-2"><bdi>978-3-319-05870-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422221614/https://books.google.com/books?id=-unSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2016. <q>In addition, there is a current lack of appropriate vocabulary to refer to the external female genitals, using, for example, 'vagina' and 'vulva' as if they were synonyms, as if using these terms incorrectly were harmless to the sexual and psychological development of women.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychopathology+in+Women%3A+Incorporating+Gender+Perspective+into+Descriptive+Psychopathology&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05870-2&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz-Herrero&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-unSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snell-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snell_9-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnell2004" class="citation book cs1">Snell RS (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5s7jDVQkCfoC&pg=PA98">Clinical Anatomy: An Illustrated Review with Questions and Explanations</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4316-7"><bdi>978-0-7817-4316-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000538/https://books.google.com/books?id=5s7jDVQkCfoC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Anatomy%3A+An+Illustrated+Review+with+Questions+and+Explanations&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4316-7&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5s7jDVQkCfoC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutta-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_10-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutta2014" class="citation book cs1">Dutta DC (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">DC Dutta's Textbook of Gynecology</a>. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 2–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5152-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5152-068-9"><bdi>978-93-5152-068-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043225/https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DC+Dutta%27s+Textbook+of+Gynecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=JP+Medical+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-5152-068-9&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40yVAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Drake_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrakeVoglMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fojKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246">Gray's Basic Anatomy E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-50850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-50850-6"><bdi>978-0-323-50850-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604234718/https://books.google.com/books?id=fojKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Basic+Anatomy+E-Book&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-323-50850-6&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Vogl%2C+AW&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfojKDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulhall-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulhall_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulhall_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGingerYang2011" class="citation book cs1">Ginger VA, Yang CC (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpIadil3YsQC&pg=PA13">"Functional Anatomy of the Female Sex Organs"</a>. In Mulhall JP, Incrocci L, Goldstein I, Rosen R (eds.). Cancer and Sexual Health. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. 13, 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-915-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-915-4"><bdi>978-1-60761-915-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216021705/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpIadil3YsQC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Anatomy+of+the+Female+Sex+Organs&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+Sexual+Health&rft.pages=13%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60761-915-4&rft.aulast=Ginger&rft.aufirst=VA&rft.au=Yang%2C+CC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpIadil3YsQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinetics2009-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinetics2009_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRansons2009" class="citation book cs1">Ransons A (May 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GZ7N4wOeGYC&pg=PA221">"Reproductive Choices"</a>. Health and Wellness for Life. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6850-5"><bdi>978-0-7360-6850-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506004528/https://books.google.com/books?id=2GZ7N4wOeGYC&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reproductive+Choices&rft.btitle=Health+and+Wellness+for+Life&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics+10%25&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-6850-5&rft.aulast=Ransons&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GZ7N4wOeGYC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckmann_2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Beckmann_2_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Beckmann CR (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA37">Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8807-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8807-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-8807-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215191755/https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017. <q>Because the vagina is collapsed, it appears H-shaped in cross section.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8807-6&rft.aulast=Beckmann&rft.aufirst=CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0flWgd3OJLEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2008-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2008_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStandringBorley2008" class="citation book cs1">Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1281–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8089-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1281-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baggish-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baggish_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baggish_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaggishKarram2011" class="citation book cs1">Baggish MS, Karram MM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwWldKFVPYYC&pg=PA582">Atlas of Pelvic Anatomy and Gynecologic Surgery - E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-1068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-1068-3"><bdi>978-1-4557-1068-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwWldKFVPYYC&pg=PA582">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Pelvic+Anatomy+and+Gynecologic+Surgery+-+E-Book&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-1068-3&rft.aulast=Baggish&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Karram%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwWldKFVPYYC%26pg%3DPA582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arulkumaran_1-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arulkumaran_1_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arulkumaran_1_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArulkumaranReganPapageorghiouMonga2011" class="citation book cs1">Arulkumaran S, Regan L, Papageorghiou A, Monga A, Farquharson D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lRaWcRYx_7YC&pg=PA472">Oxford Desk Reference: Obstetrics and Gynaecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/OUP_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP Oxford">OUP Oxford</a>. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162087-4"><bdi>978-0-19-162087-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703220025/https://books.google.com/books?id=lRaWcRYx_7YC&pg=PA472">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Desk+Reference%3A+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162087-4&rft.aulast=Arulkumaran&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Regan%2C+L&rft.au=Papageorghiou%2C+A&rft.au=Monga%2C+A&rft.au=Farquharson%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlRaWcRYx_7YC%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier_Obstetrics-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_Obstetrics_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_Obstetrics_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Manual of Obstetrics (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. 2011. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2556-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2556-1"><bdi>978-81-312-2556-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Obstetrics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-312-2556-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithTurek2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith RP, Turek P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ySriOOirL_UC&pg=PT443">Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Reproductive System E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3648-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3648-9"><bdi>978-1-4377-3648-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211240/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySriOOirL_UC&pg=PT443">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netter+Collection+of+Medical+Illustrations%3A+Reproductive+System+E-Book&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-3648-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Turek%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySriOOirL_UC%26pg%3DPT443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRicciKyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Ricci, Susan Scott; Kyle, Terri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaYtFuND7VIC&pg=PA77">Maternity and Pediatric Nursing</a>. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78178-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78178-055-1"><bdi>978-0-78178-055-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternity+and+Pediatric+Nursing&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-78178-055-1&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Susan+Scott&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Terri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaYtFuND7VIC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZink2011" class="citation book cs1">Zink, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQlvzV9V7xIC&pg=PA174">Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. De Gruyter. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11085-727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11085-727-6"><bdi>978-3-11085-727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11085-727-6&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQlvzV9V7xIC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1997" class="citation book cs1">Knight B (1997). Simpson's Forensic Medicine (11th ed.). London: Arnold. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-4452-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-4452-9"><bdi>978-0-7131-4452-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simpson%27s+Forensic+Medicine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-4452-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perlman-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Perlman_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerlmanNakajymaHertweck2004" class="citation book cs1">Perlman SE, Nakajyma ST, Hertweck SP (2004). Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Parthenon. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84214-199-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84214-199-1"><bdi>978-1-84214-199-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+protocols+in+pediatric+and+adolescent+gynecology&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Parthenon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84214-199-1&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Nakajyma%2C+ST&rft.au=Hertweck%2C+SP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWylie2005" class="citation book cs1">Wylie L (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA157">Essential Anatomy and Physiology in Maternity Care</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10041-3"><bdi>978-0-443-10041-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505063932/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgpOvSDxGGYC&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Anatomy+and+Physiology+in+Maternity+Care&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-443-10041-3&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgpOvSDxGGYC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emans-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Emans_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmans2000" class="citation book cs1">Emans SJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3eQZhs4PwrYC">"Physical Examination of the Child and Adolescent"</a>. Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child: A Medical Textbook and Photographic Atlas (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974782-5"><bdi>978-0-19-974782-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044740/https://books.google.com/books?id=3eQZhs4PwrYC">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+Examination+of+the+Child+and+Adolescent&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+the+Sexually+Abused+Child%3A+A+Medical+Textbook+and+Photographic+Atlas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974782-5&rft.aulast=Emans&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3eQZhs4PwrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2012" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds K (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfakBRceodcC&pg=PA423">Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65457-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65457-6"><bdi>978-0-470-65457-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506172501/https://books.google.com/books?id=HfakBRceodcC&pg=PA423">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dewhurst%27s+Textbook+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65457-6&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfakBRceodcC%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrington-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrington_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrington2017" class="citation book cs1">Herrington CS (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc40DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Pathology of the Cervix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51257-0"><bdi>978-3-319-51257-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211425/https://books.google.com/books?id=hc40DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathology+of+the+Cervix&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51257-0&rft.aulast=Herrington&rft.aufirst=CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhc40DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodruff-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodruff_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodruff_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodruff_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodruff_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodruffJanssenGuilletteJr2010" class="citation book cs1">Woodruff TJ, Janssen SJ, Guillette LJ, Jr, Giudice LC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQRAfsjuUgQC&pg=PA33">Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48484-8"><bdi>978-1-139-48484-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211348/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQRAfsjuUgQC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impacts+on+Reproductive+Health+and+Fertility&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48484-8&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Janssen%2C+SJ&rft.au=Guillette%2C+LJ&rft.au=Jr&rft.au=Giudice%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQRAfsjuUgQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_insights-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_insights_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_insights_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_insights_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobboyKuritaBaskinCunha2017" class="citation journal cs1">Robboy S, Kurita T, Baskin L, Cunha GR (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712241">"New insights into human female reproductive tract development"</a>. Differentiation. 97: 9–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diff.2017.08.002">10.1016/j.diff.2017.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4681">0301-4681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712241">5712241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28918284">28918284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Differentiation&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+human+female+reproductive+tract+development&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5712241%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0301-4681&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28918284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.diff.2017.08.002&rft.aulast=Robboy&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kurita%2C+T&rft.au=Baskin%2C+L&rft.au=Cunha%2C+GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5712241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigoris-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoris_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoris_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimbizisCampoTarlatzisGordts2015" class="citation book cs1">Grimbizis GF, Campo R, Tarlatzis BC, Gordts S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGlnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Female Genital Tract Congenital Malformations: Classification, Diagnosis and Management</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5146-3"><bdi>978-1-4471-5146-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211446/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGlnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Genital+Tract+Congenital+Malformations%3A+Classification%2C+Diagnosis+and+Management&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-5146-3&rft.aulast=Grimbizis&rft.aufirst=GF&rft.au=Campo%2C+R&rft.au=Tarlatzis%2C+BC&rft.au=Gordts%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGlnBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurman-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurman_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurman2013" class="citation book cs1">Kurman RJ (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sM3eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-3889-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-3889-6"><bdi>978-1-4757-3889-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043223/https://books.google.com/books?id=sM3eBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaustein%27s+Pathology+of+the+Female+Genital+Tract&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-3889-6&rft.aulast=Kurman&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsM3eBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown L (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2CMHoVR9wC&pg=PA6">Pathology of the Vulva and Vagina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85729-757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85729-757-0"><bdi>978-0-85729-757-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425014619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv2CMHoVR9wC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathology+of+the+Vulva+and+Vagina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85729-757-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYv2CMHoVR9wC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arulkumaran-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arulkumaran_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arulkumaran_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArulkumaranReganPapageorghiouMonga2011" class="citation book cs1">Arulkumaran S, Regan L, Papageorghiou A, Monga A, Farquharson D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lRaWcRYx_7YC&pg=PA471">Oxford Desk Reference: Obstetrics and Gynaecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162087-4"><bdi>978-0-19-162087-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506160720/https://books.google.com/books?id=lRaWcRYx_7YC&pg=PA471">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Desk+Reference%3A+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162087-4&rft.aulast=Arulkumaran&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Regan%2C+L&rft.au=Papageorghiou%2C+A&rft.au=Monga%2C+A&rft.au=Farquharson%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlRaWcRYx_7YC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitzer-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Bitzer_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBitzerLipshultzPastuszakGoldstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Bitzer J, Lipshultz L, Pastuszak A, Goldstein A, Giraldi A, Perelman M (2016). "The Female Sexual Response: Anatomy and Physiology of Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasm in Women". Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Springer New York. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3100-2_18">10.1007/978-1-4939-3100-2_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-3099-9"><bdi>978-1-4939-3099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Female+Sexual+Response%3A+Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Sexual+Desire%2C+Arousal%2C+and+Orgasm+in+Women&rft.btitle=Management+of+Sexual+Dysfunction+in+Men+and+Women&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3100-2_18&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-3099-9&rft.aulast=Bitzer&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Lipshultz%2C+L&rft.au=Pastuszak%2C+A&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+A&rft.au=Giraldi%2C+A&rft.au=Perelman%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junctions-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Junctions_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlaskewiczPudneyAnderson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Blaskewicz CD, Pudney J, Anderson DJ (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123383">"Structure and function of intercellular junctions in human cervical and vaginal mucosal epithelia"</a>. Biology of Reproduction. 85 (1): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.110.090423">10.1095/biolreprod.110.090423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123383">3123383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21471299">21471299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+of+Reproduction&rft.atitle=Structure+and+function+of+intercellular+junctions+in+human+cervical+and+vaginal+mucosal+epithelia.&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3123383%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21471299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.110.090423&rft.aulast=Blaskewicz&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Pudney%2C+J&rft.au=Anderson%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3123383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayeaux-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayeaux_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayeauxCox2011" class="citation book cs1">Mayeaux EJ, Cox JT (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lEtAxpNLewC&pg=SA2-PA29-IA2">Modern Colposcopy Textbook and Atlas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-5383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-5383-5"><bdi>978-1-4511-5383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Colposcopy+Textbook+and+Atlas&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-5383-5&rft.aulast=Mayeaux&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Cox%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lEtAxpNLewC%26pg%3DSA2-PA29-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaustein2002-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blaustein2002_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaustein2002_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaustein2002_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurman2002" class="citation book cs1">Kurman RJ, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C">Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract</a> (5th ed.). Springer. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95203-1"><bdi>978-0-387-95203-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703220003/https://books.google.com/books?id=tuKGMxGRKa8C">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaustein%27s+Pathology+of+the+Female+Genital+Tract&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95203-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtuKGMxGRKa8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckmann-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckmann_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckmann_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckmann_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Beckmann CR (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA241">Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. 241–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8807-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8807-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-8807-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211259/https://books.google.com/books?id=0flWgd3OJLEC&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8807-6&rft.aulast=Beckmann&rft.aufirst=CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0flWgd3OJLEC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robboy-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robboy_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robboy_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robboy_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robboy_39-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobboy2009" class="citation book cs1">Robboy SJ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA111">Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07477-6"><bdi>978-0-443-07477-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043208/https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robboy%27s+Pathology+of+the+Female+Reproductive+Tract&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-443-07477-6&rft.aulast=Robboy&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dab545XL-MBEC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNunnForney2016" class="citation journal cs1">Nunn KL, Forney LJ (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045142">"Unraveling the Dynamics of the Human Vaginal Microbiome"</a>. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 89 (3): 331–337. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0086">0044-0086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045142">5045142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27698617">27698617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Dynamics+of+the+Human+Vaginal+Microbiome&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5045142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0044-0086&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27698617&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Forney%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5045142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Gupta R (2011). Reproductive and developmental toxicology. London: Academic Press. p. 1005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382032-7"><bdi>978-0-12-382032-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+developmental+toxicology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1005&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382032-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_and_H-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_and_H_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_and_H_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall J (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-4574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guyton+and+Hall+textbook+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=993&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gad-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Gad_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGad2008" class="citation book cs1">Gad SC (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4c0Hp3AOi8UC&pg=PA817">Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and Processes</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-25980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-25980-1"><bdi>978-0-470-25980-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506171159/https://books.google.com/books?id=4c0Hp3AOi8UC&pg=PA817">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Manufacturing+Handbook%3A+Production+and+Processes&rft.pages=817&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-25980-1&rft.aulast=Gad&rft.aufirst=SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4c0Hp3AOi8UC%26pg%3DPA817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_44-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMarathePudney2014" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4024347">"The Structure of the Human Vaginal Stratum Corneum and its Role in Immune Defense"</a>. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 71 (6): 618–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faji.12230">10.1111/aji.12230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0897">1600-0897</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4024347">4024347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24661416">24661416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Reproductive+Immunology&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+the+Human+Vaginal+Stratum+Corneum+and+its+Role+in+Immune+Defense&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E623&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4024347%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1600-0897&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24661416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faji.12230&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Marathe%2C+J&rft.au=Pudney%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4024347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutta2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Dutta2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutta2014" class="citation book cs1">Dutta DC (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">DC Dutta's Textbook of Gynecology</a>. JP Medical Ltd. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5152-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5152-068-9"><bdi>978-93-5152-068-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506172128/https://books.google.com/books?id=40yVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DC+Dutta%27s+Textbook+of+Gynecology&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=JP+Medical+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-5152-068-9&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40yVAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmern-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmern_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmern_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmernHaabChapple2007" class="citation book cs1">Zimmern PE, Haab F, Chapple CR (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5cYRhGJsOsC&pg=PA6">Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-346-8"><bdi>978-1-84628-346-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043157/https://books.google.com/books?id=y5cYRhGJsOsC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaginal+Surgery+for+Incontinence+and+Prolapse&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-346-8&rft.aulast=Zimmern&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Haab%2C+F&rft.au=Chapple%2C+CR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5cYRhGJsOsC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Rahilly2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Rahilly R (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202013014/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_6/chapter_32.html">"Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic drainage of the pelvis"</a>. In O'Rahilly R, Müller F, Carpenter S, Swenson R (eds.). Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Dartmouth Medical School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_6/chapter_32.html">the original</a> on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+vessels%2C+nerves+and+lymphatic+drainage+of+the+pelvis&rft.btitle=Basic+Human+Anatomy%3A+A+Regional+Study+of+Human+Structure&rft.pub=Dartmouth+Medical+School&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=O%27Rahilly&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~humananatomy%2Fpart_6%2Fchapter_32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabater-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabater_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabater_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabaterAndresLopez-HonrubiaBerenguer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sabater S, Andres I, Lopez-Honrubia V, Berenguer R, Sevillano M, Jimenez-Jimenez E, Rovirosa A, Arenas M (August 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557121">"Vaginal cuff brachytherapy in endometrial cancer – a technically easy treatment?"</a>. Cancer Management and Research. 9: 351–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCMAR.S119125">10.2147/CMAR.S119125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-1322">1179-1322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557121">5557121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28848362">28848362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Management+and+Research&rft.atitle=Vaginal+cuff+brachytherapy+in+endometrial+cancer+%E2%80%93+a+technically+easy+treatment%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1179-1322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28848362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FCMAR.S119125&rft.aulast=Sabater&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Andres%2C+I&rft.au=Lopez-Honrubia%2C+V&rft.au=Berenguer%2C+R&rft.au=Sevillano%2C+M&rft.au=Jimenez-Jimenez%2C+E&rft.au=Rovirosa%2C+A&rft.au=Arenas%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women2014Men-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134338/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html">"Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet"</a>. Office of Women's Health. December 23, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html">the original</a> on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Menstruation+and+the+menstrual+cycle+fact+sheet&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpublications%2Four-publications%2Ffact-sheet%2Fmenstruation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangikarAhmedVangala2011" class="citation book cs1">Wangikar P, Ahmed T, Vangala S (2011). "Toxicologic pathology of the reproductive system". In Gupta RC (ed.). Reproductive and developmental toxicology. London: Academic Press. p. 1005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382032-7"><bdi>978-0-12-382032-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717387050">717387050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toxicologic+pathology+of+the+reproductive+system&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+developmental+toxicology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1005&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717387050&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382032-7&rft.aulast=Wangikar&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+T&rft.au=Vangala%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverthorn-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Silverthorn_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilverthorn2013" class="citation book cs1">Silverthorn DU (2013). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (6th ed.). Glenview, IL: Pearson Education. pp. 850–890. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-75007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-75007-5"><bdi>978-0-321-75007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Physiology%3A+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.place=Glenview%2C+IL&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E850-%3C%2Fspan%3E890&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-321-75007-5&rft.aulast=Silverthorn&rft.aufirst=DU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood L (2013). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (8th ed.). Belmont, California: Cengage. pp. 735–794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-57743-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-57743-8"><bdi>978-1-111-57743-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Physiology%3A+From+Cells+to+Systems&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-111-57743-8&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vostral-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Vostral_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVostral2008" class="citation book cs1">Vostral SL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWA0yisYPnEC">Under Wraps: A History of Menstrual Hygiene Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. pp. 1–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1385-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-1385-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000252/https://books.google.com/books?id=PWA0yisYPnEC">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Wraps%3A+A+History+of+Menstrual+Hygiene+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1385-1&rft.aulast=Vostral&rft.aufirst=SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWA0yisYPnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloane-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sloane_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sloane_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSloane2002" class="citation book cs1">Sloane E (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PA32">Biology of Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 32, 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1142-3"><bdi>978-0-7668-1142-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628044307/http://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Women&rft.pages=32%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7668-1142-3&rft.aulast=Sloane&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqcYyk7zlHYC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourcier-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourcier_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourcierMcGuireAbrams2004" class="citation book cs1">Bourcier A, McGuire EJ, Abrams P (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sO5a7R1NNwC&pg=PA20">Pelvic Floor Disorders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9194-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9194-7"><bdi>978-0-7216-9194-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044806/https://books.google.com/books?id=4sO5a7R1NNwC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelvic+Floor+Disorders&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-9194-7&rft.aulast=Bourcier&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=McGuire%2C+EJ&rft.au=Abrams%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4sO5a7R1NNwC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiederman-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiederman_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiedermanWhitley2012" class="citation book cs1">Wiederman MW, Whitley BE Jr (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6c11oy8PGMC&q=transudation">Handbook for Conducting Research on Human Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-66340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-66340-7"><bdi>978-1-135-66340-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044837/https://books.google.com/books?id=L6c11oy8PGMC&q=transudation">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Conducting+Research+on+Human+Sexuality&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-66340-7&rft.aulast=Wiederman&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Whitley%2C+BE+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6c11oy8PGMC%26q%3Dtransudation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCummings2006" class="citation book cs1">Cummings M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq06QUuNTugC&pg=PT185">Human Heredity: Principles and Issues</a> (Updated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11308-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11308-9"><bdi>978-0-495-11308-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506171032/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq06QUuNTugC&pg=PT185">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Heredity%3A+Principles+and+Issues&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-495-11308-9&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGq06QUuNTugC%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirven-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Sirven_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSirvenMalamut2008" class="citation book cs1">Sirven JI, Malamut BL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1tL8C9ryMQC&pg=PA230">Clinical Neurology of the Older Adult</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. 230–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6947-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6947-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-6947-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211321/https://books.google.com/books?id=c1tL8C9ryMQC&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Neurology+of+the+Older+Adult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6947-1&rft.aulast=Sirven&rft.aufirst=JI&rft.au=Malamut%2C+BL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1tL8C9ryMQC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tara_Lee-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tara_Lee_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tara_Lee_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee MT (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnRMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT76">Love, Sex and Everything in Between</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-78-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-78-5"><bdi>978-981-4516-78-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506155534/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnRMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT76">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Sex+and+Everything+in+Between&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4516-78-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnRMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sex_and_Society-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_and_Society_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_and_Society_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_and_Society_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sex_and_Society_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&pg=PA590">Sex and Society</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish Corporation">Marshall Cavendish Corporation</a>. 2009. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7907-9"><bdi>978-0-7614-7907-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412102723/https://books.google.com/books?id=YtsxeWE7VD0C&pg=PA590">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Society&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7907-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYtsxeWE7VD0C%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiten-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiten_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeitenDunnHammer2011" class="citation book cs1">Weiten W, Dunn D, Hammer E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423">Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-18663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-18663-0"><bdi>978-1-111-18663-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614031527/http://books.google.com/books?id=CGu96TeAZo0C&pg=PT423">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+Applied+to+Modern+Life%3A+Adjustment+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-18663-0&rft.aulast=Weiten&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Dunn%2C+D&rft.au=Hammer%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGu96TeAZo0C%26pg%3DPT423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg2-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg2_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg2_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergBruessConklin2010" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg JS, Bruess CE, Conklin SC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Sy8PJZGyWUC&pg=PA126">Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-78-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4516-78-5"><bdi>978-981-4516-78-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502022058/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Sy8PJZGyWUC&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Dimensions+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4516-78-5&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Bruess%2C+CE&rft.au=Conklin%2C+SC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Sy8PJZGyWUC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberg-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenberg_63-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergBruessOswalt2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg JS, Bruess CE, Oswalt SB (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102">Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. pp. 102–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4851-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4851-0"><bdi>978-1-4496-4851-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910150644/https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Dimensions+of+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-4851-0&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Bruess%2C+CE&rft.au=Oswalt%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhm3aTuANFroC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hines-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hines_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hines_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHines2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hines T (August 2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmob.2001.115995">10.1067/mob.2001.115995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11518892">11518892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32381437">32381437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.atitle=The+G-Spot%3A+A+modern+gynecologic+myth&rft.volume=185&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32381437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11518892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmob.2001.115995&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullough-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullough_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulloughBullough2014" class="citation book cs1">Bullough VL, Bullough B (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHymAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229">Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 229–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-82509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-82509-6"><bdi>978-1-135-82509-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506163017/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHymAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-82509-6&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=VL&rft.au=Bullough%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHymAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balon,_Segraves-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balon,_Segraves_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balon,_Segraves_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalonSegraves2009" class="citation book cs1">Balon R, Segraves RT (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258">Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Pub</a>. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-905-3"><bdi>978-1-58562-905-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627021747/http://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Manual+of+Sexual+Disorders&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Pub&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-905-3&rft.aulast=Balon&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Segraves%2C+RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuP3Hb0TMLQC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2012" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT96">Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-75571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-75571-4"><bdi>978-0-618-75571-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125644/https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT96">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+From+Cells+to+Society&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-75571-4&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd58z5hgQ2gsC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_0-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_0_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation book cs1">Carroll J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3SZSh-eXsC&pg=PT313">Discovery Series: Human Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 282–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-84189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-84189-8"><bdi>978-1-111-84189-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505002653/https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3SZSh-eXsC&pg=PT313">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+Series%3A+Human+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-84189-8&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgU3SZSh-eXsC%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_1_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2018" class="citation book cs1">Carroll JL (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9A9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299">Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-337-67206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-337-67206-1"><bdi>978-1-337-67206-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211235/https://books.google.com/books?id=9A9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT299">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+Now%3A+Embracing+Diversity&rft.pages=299&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-337-67206-1&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9A9EDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hales_0-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hales_0_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hales_0_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHales2012" class="citation book cs1">Hales D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_B1GzgHEMkC&pg=PT317">An Invitation to Health</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 296–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-82700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-82700-7"><bdi>978-1-111-82700-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211235/https://books.google.com/books?id=t_B1GzgHEMkC&pg=PT317">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invitation+to+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-82700-7&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_B1GzgHEMkC%26pg%3DPT317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intimate-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Intimate_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrongDeVaultCohen2010" class="citation book cs1">Strong B, DeVault C, Cohen TF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjvoSOMB5JMC&pg=PA186">The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-62425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-62425-5"><bdi>978-0-534-62425-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724205226/https://books.google.com/books?id=qjvoSOMB5JMC&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020. <q>Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marriage+and+Family+Experience%3A+Intimate+Relationship+in+a+Changing+Society&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-534-62425-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=DeVault%2C+C&rft.au=Cohen%2C+TF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjvoSOMB5JMC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal_2-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2_72-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT290">272</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501140819/https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT290">Archived</a> May 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT321">page 301</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507064706/https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT321">Archived</a> May 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for two different definitions of outercourse (first of the pages for no-penetration definition; second of the pages for no-penile-penetration definition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2012" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC">Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-75571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-75571-4"><bdi>978-0-618-75571-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930220034/https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+From+Cells+to+Society&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-618-75571-4&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd58z5hgQ2gsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_3-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_3_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll JL (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA272">Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-60274-3"><bdi>978-0-495-60274-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615013659/http://books.google.com/books?id=5f8mQx7ULs4C&pg=PA272">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+Now%3A+Embracing+Diversity&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-60274-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5f8mQx7ULs4C%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenilman_&_Shahmanesh-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Zenilman_&_Shahmanesh_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZenilmanShahmanesh2011" class="citation book cs1">Zenilman J, Shahmanesh M (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lO5BND02eBwC&pg=PA329">Sexually Transmitted Infections: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. pp. 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81294-4"><bdi>978-0-495-81294-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312224711/https://books.google.com/books?id=lO5BND02eBwC&pg=PA329">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Infections%3A+Diagnosis%2C+Management%2C+and+Treatment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-81294-4&rft.aulast=Zenilman&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Shahmanesh%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlO5BND02eBwC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taormino-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Taormino_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaormino2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Taormino" title="Tristan Taormino">Taormino T</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA52">The Big Book of Sex Toys</a>. Quiver. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59233-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59233-355-4"><bdi>978-1-59233-355-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081729/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Sex+Toys&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Quiver&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59233-355-4&rft.aulast=Taormino&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfly-iMkWRkC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connell-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connell_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellSanjeevanHutson2005" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (October 2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd">10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16145367">16145367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26109805">26109805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+clitoris&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=4+Pt+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1189-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26109805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16145367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=HE&rft.au=Sanjeevan%2C+KV&rft.au=Hutson%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharon_Mascall2006" class="citation news cs1">Sharon Mascall (June 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5013866.stm">"Time for rethink on the clitoris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Time+for+rethink+on+the+clitoris&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.au=Sharon+Mascall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F5013866.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilchevsky-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kilchevsky_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilchevsky_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilchevskyVardiLowensteinGruenwald2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kilchevsky A, Vardi Y, Lowenstein L, Gruenwald I (January 2012). "Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Sexual_Medicine" title="The Journal of Sexual Medicine">The Journal of Sexual Medicine</a>. 9 (3): 719–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2011.02623.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22240236">22240236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+the+Female+G-Spot+Truly+a+Distinct+Anatomic+Entity%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E719-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2011.02623.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22240236&rft.aulast=Kilchevsky&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Vardi%2C+Y&rft.au=Lowenstein%2C+L&rft.au=Gruenwald%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html">"G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=G-Spot+Does+Not+Exist%2C+%27Without+A+Doubt%2C%27+Say+Researchers&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fg-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heffner-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heffner_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heffner_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heffner_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeffnerSchust2014" class="citation book cs1">Heffner LJ, Schust DJ (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">The Reproductive System at a Glance</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-60701-5"><bdi>978-1-118-60701-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428170307/https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reproductive+System+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-60701-5&rft.aulast=Heffner&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Schust%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuvcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silbernagl-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Silbernagl_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilbernaglDespopoulos2011" class="citation book cs1">Silbernagl S, Despopoulos A (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WyuCGhv4kvwC&pg=PA310">Color Atlas of Physiology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thieme_Medical_Publishers" title="Thieme Medical Publishers">Thieme</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4851-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-4851-0"><bdi>978-1-4496-4851-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507064443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WyuCGhv4kvwC&pg=PA310">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Physiology&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-4851-0&rft.aulast=Silbernagl&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Despopoulos%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyuCGhv4kvwC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2015" class="citation book cs1">Carroll JL (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271">Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-44603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-44603-8"><bdi>978-1-305-44603-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044828/https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+Now%3A+Embracing+Diversity&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-305-44603-8&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcy9-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewsterBhattacharyaDaviesMeredith2011" class="citation book cs1">Brewster S, Bhattacharya S, Davies J, Meredith S, Preston P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBIuIN40JaQC&pg=PA66">The Pregnant Body Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8712-0"><bdi>978-0-7566-8712-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515122827/https://books.google.com/books?id=yBIuIN40JaQC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pregnant+Body+Book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-8712-0&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+S&rft.au=Davies%2C+J&rft.au=Meredith%2C+S&rft.au=Preston%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBIuIN40JaQC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnard-Palmer2017-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linnard-Palmer2017_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linnard-Palmer2017_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnard-PalmerCoats2017" class="citation book cs1">Linnard-Palmer, Luanne; Coats, Gloria (2017). Safe Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Care. <a href="/wiki/F._A._Davis_Company" title="F. A. Davis Company">F. A. Davis Company</a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2494-8"><bdi>978-0-8036-2494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+Maternity+and+Pediatric+Nursing+Care&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-2494-8&rft.aulast=Linnard-Palmer&rft.aufirst=Luanne&rft.au=Coats%2C+Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callahan-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Callahan_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallahanCaughey2013" class="citation book cs1">Callahan T, Caughey AB (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKC1B3BhlxUC&pg=PA40">Blueprints Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1702-8"><bdi>978-1-4511-1702-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703215955/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKC1B3BhlxUC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blueprints+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1702-8&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Caughey%2C+AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKC1B3BhlxUC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillitteri-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pillitteri_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pillitteri_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPillitteri2013" class="citation book cs1">Pillitteri A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26idAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4698-3322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4698-3322-4"><bdi>978-1-4698-3322-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211312/https://books.google.com/books?id=26idAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal+and+Child+Health+Nursing%3A+Care+of+the+Childbearing+and+Childrearing+Family&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4698-3322-4&rft.aulast=Pillitteri&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26idAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raines2021-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raines2021_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raines2021_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainesCooper2021" class="citation book cs1">Raines, Deborah; Cooper, Danielle B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470546/">Braxton Hicks Contractions</a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262073">29262073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Braxton+Hicks+Contractions&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29262073&rft.aulast=Raines&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Danielle+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK470546%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes2020-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2020_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes2020_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbesWatt2020" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Helen; Watt, Elizabethl (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/jarviss-health-assessment-and-physical-examination/forbes/978-0-7295-4337-8">Jarvis's Health Assessment and Physical Examination</a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 834. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-729-58793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-729-58793-8"><bdi>978-0-729-58793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jarvis%27s+Health+Assessment+and+Physical+Examination&rft.pages=834&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-729-58793-8&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Watt%2C+Elizabethl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fjarviss-health-assessment-and-physical-examination%2Fforbes%2F978-0-7295-4337-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orshan-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Orshan_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrshan2008" class="citation book cs1">Orshan SA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maternitynewborn0000orsh">Maternity, Newborn, and Women's Health Nursing: Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maternitynewborn0000orsh/page/585">585</a>–586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4254-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-4254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternity%2C+Newborn%2C+and+Women%27s+Health+Nursing%3A+Comprehensive+Care+Across+the+Lifespan&rft.pages=585-586&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4254-2&rft.aulast=Orshan&rft.aufirst=SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaternitynewborn0000orsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchison2022-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchison2022_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonMahdyHutchison2022" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, Julia; Mahdy, Heba; Hutchison, Justin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544290/">Stages of Labor</a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335010">31335010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+of+Labor&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31335010&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Mahdy%2C+Heba&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK544290%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark–PattersonDomingoMiller2022" class="citation journal cs1">Clark–Patterson, Gabrielle; Domingo, Mari; Miller, Kristin (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobme.2022.100386">"Biomechanics of pregnancy and vaginal delivery"</a>. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering. 22: 100386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cobme.2022.100386">10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-4511">2468-4511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247811789">247811789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biomedical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Biomechanics+of+pregnancy+and+vaginal+delivery&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=100386&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247811789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2468-4511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cobme.2022.100386&rft.aulast=Clark%E2%80%93Patterson&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft.au=Domingo%2C+Mari&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cobme.2022.100386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH-90"><a href="#cite_ref-NIH_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth">"Pregnancy Labor and Birth"</a>. Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. February 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728021055/https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pregnancy+Labor+and+Birth&rft.pub=Office+on+Women%27s+Health%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpregnancy%2Fchildbirth-and-beyond%2Flabor-and-birth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricci-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Ricci_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRicciKyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Ricci SS, Kyle T (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maternitypediatr0000ricc">Maternity and Pediatric Nursing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maternitypediatr0000ricc/page/431">431</a>–432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8055-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-8055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternity+and+Pediatric+Nursing&rft.pages=431-432&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8055-1&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Kyle%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaternitypediatr0000ricc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcherSGrotegutCA2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, S, Grotegut, CA, James, AH (December 2012). "Lochia patterns among normal women: a systematic review". Journal of Women's Health. 21 (12): 1290–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2012.3668">10.1089/jwh.2012.3668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23101487">23101487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Lochia+patterns+among+normal+women%3A+a+systematic+review.&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1290-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjwh.2012.3668&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23101487&rft.au=Fletcher&rft.au=S&rft.au=Grotegut&rft.au=CA&rft.au=James&rft.au=AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetrovaLievens2015-93"><a href="#cite_ref-PetrovaLievens2015_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrovaLievensMalikImholz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Petrova MI, Lievens E, Malik S, Imholz N, Lebeer S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373506">"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health"</a>. Frontiers in Physiology. 6: 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2015.00081">10.3389/fphys.2015.00081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-042X">1664-042X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373506">4373506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25859220">25859220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Lactobacillus+species+as+biomarkers+and+agents+that+can+promote+various+aspects+of+vaginal+health&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373506%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-042X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25859220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2015.00081&rft.aulast=Petrova&rft.aufirst=MI&rft.au=Lievens%2C+E&rft.au=Malik%2C+S&rft.au=Imholz%2C+N&rft.au=Lebeer%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4373506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_94-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingBrucker2010" class="citation book cs1">King TL, Brucker MC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_rHHCsIpckC&pg=PA951">Pharmacology for Women's Health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. pp. 951–953. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-1073-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-1073-9"><bdi>978-1-4496-1073-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=o_rHHCsIpckC&pg=PA951">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Women%27s+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E953&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-1073-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=Brucker%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_rHHCsIpckC%26pg%3DPA951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damico-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damico_95-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamico2016" class="citation book cs1">Damico D (2016). Health & physical assessment in nursing. Boston: Pearson. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-387640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-387640-6"><bdi>978-0-13-387640-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+%26+physical+assessment+in+nursing&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-13-387640-6&rft.aulast=Damico&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms">"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. National Cancer Institute. February 2, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914111122/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=NCI+Dictionary+of+Cancer+Terms&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickery-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickery_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickeryFries2013" class="citation book cs1">Vickery DM, Fries JF (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXqEAAAAQBAJ">Take Care of Yourself: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Medical Self-Care</a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5218-8"><bdi>978-0-7867-5218-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000858/https://books.google.com/books?id=dXqEAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Care+of+Yourself%3A+The+Complete+Illustrated+Guide+to+Medical+Self-Care&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-5218-8&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Fries%2C+JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXqEAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/knowledge/provider-education/cervical/recommendations.htm">"CDC - Cervical Cancer Screening Recommendations and Considerations - Gynecologic Cancer Curriculum - Inside Knowledge Campaign"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060654/https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/knowledge/provider-education/cervical/recommendations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=CDC+-+Cervical+Cancer+Screening+Recommendations+and+Considerations+-+Gynecologic+Cancer+Curriculum+-+Inside+Knowledge+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcancer%2Fknowledge%2Fprovider-education%2Fcervical%2Frecommendations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2012-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US2012_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US2012_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Moyer VA (September 2016). "Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement". Annals of Internal Medicine. 156 (12): 880–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00424">10.7326/0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711081">22711081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36965456">36965456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Screening+for+cervical+cancer%3A+U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+recommendation+statement.&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E880-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36965456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22711081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00424&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=VA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saslow2012-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Saslow2012_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaslow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saslow D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3915715">"American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology Screening Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer"</a>. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (3): 175–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FLGT.0b013e31824ca9d5">10.1097/LGT.0b013e31824ca9d5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3915715">3915715</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22418039">22418039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lower+Genital+Tract+Disease&rft.atitle=American+Cancer+Society%2C+American+Society+for+Colposcopy+and+Cervical+Pathology%2C+and+American+Society+for+Clinical+Pathology+Screening+Guidelines+for+the+Prevention+and+Early+Detection+of+Cervical+Cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3915715%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22418039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FLGT.0b013e31824ca9d5&rft.aulast=Saslow&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3915715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer.org-101"><a href="#cite_ref-cancer.org_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CervicalCancer/DetailedGuide/cervical-cancer-prevention">"Can Cervical Cancer Be Prevented?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. November 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210123552/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-prevention">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Cervical+Cancer+Be+Prevented%3F&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2FCancer%2FCervicalCancer%2FDetailedGuide%2Fcervical-cancer-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qa2014-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Qa2014_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQaseemHumphreyHarrisStarkey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Harris R, Starkey M, Denberg TD (July 1, 2014). "Screening pelvic examination in adult women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 161 (1): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.691.4471">10.1.1.691.4471</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM14-0701">10.7326/M14-0701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24979451">24979451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12370761">12370761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Screening+pelvic+examination+in+adult+women%3A+a+clinical+practice+guideline+from+the+American+College+of+Physicians.&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.691.4471%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12370761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24979451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM14-0701&rft.aulast=Qaseem&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+LL&rft.au=Harris%2C+R&rft.au=Starkey%2C+M&rft.au=Denberg%2C+TD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988">[Free text] </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayo-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayo_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pelvic-exam/about/pac-20385135">"Pelvic exam - About - Mayo Clinic"</a>. www.mayoclinic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105012302/https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pelvic-exam/about/pac-20385135">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mayoclinic.org&rft.atitle=Pelvic+exam+-+About+-+Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Ftests-procedures%2Fpelvic-exam%2Fabout%2Fpac-20385135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AW2007-104"><a href="#cite_ref-AW2007_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinrichsenLisowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Hinrichsen C, Lisowski P (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rxhPgAACAAJ&q=Anatomy+Workbook+Colin+Hinrichsen">Anatomy Workbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="World Scientific Publishing Company">World Scientific Publishing Company</a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-906-6"><bdi>978-981-256-906-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000703/https://books.google.com/books?id=1rxhPgAACAAJ&q=Anatomy+Workbook+Colin+Hinrichsen">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+Workbook&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-256-906-6&rft.aulast=Hinrichsen&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Lisowski%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rxhPgAACAAJ%26q%3DAnatomy%2BWorkbook%2BColin%2BHinrichsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stering-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Stering_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStering2004" class="citation book cs1">Stering R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rlUcxpsck4C&pg=PA80">Police Officer's Handbook: An Introductory Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Learning</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-4789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-4789-3"><bdi>978-0-7637-4789-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403111503/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rlUcxpsck4C&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police+Officer%27s+Handbook%3A+An+Introductory+Guide&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-4789-3&rft.aulast=Stering&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rlUcxpsck4C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanSchorgeSchafferHalvorson2012" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman B, Schorge J, Schaffer J, Halvorson L, Bradshaw K, Cunningham F (2012). Williams gynecology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-171672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-171672-7"><bdi>978-0-07-171672-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779244257">779244257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Williams+gynecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=371&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779244257&rft.isbn=978-0-07-171672-7&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Schorge%2C+J&rft.au=Schaffer%2C+J&rft.au=Halvorson%2C+L&rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+K&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/prenatal-care-and-tests">"Prenatal care and tests | womenshealth.gov"</a>. womenshealth.gov. December 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418234111/https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/prenatal-care-and-tests">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=womenshealth.gov&rft.atitle=Prenatal+care+and+tests+%7C+womenshealth.gov&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpregnancy%2Fyoure-pregnant-now-what%2Fprenatal-care-and-tests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranade-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Ranade_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanadeCannon2011" class="citation book cs1">Ranade VV, Cannon JB (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBfLKBTQk0cC&pg=PA337">Drug Delivery Systems</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0618-0"><bdi>978-1-4398-0618-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506164911/https://books.google.com/books?id=PBfLKBTQk0cC&pg=PA337">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+Delivery+Systems&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-0618-0&rft.aulast=Ranade&rft.aufirst=VV&rft.au=Cannon%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBfLKBTQk0cC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehne-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehne_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehneRosenthal2014" class="citation book cs1">Lehne RA, Rosenthal L (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1146">Pharmacology for Nursing Care</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29354-9"><bdi>978-0-323-29354-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506162710/https://books.google.com/books?id=udTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1146">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Nursing+Care&rft.pages=1146&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-29354-9&rft.aulast=Lehne&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudTsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrikrishnaCardozo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Srikrishna S, Cardozo L (April 2013). "The vagina as a route for drug delivery: a review". International Urogynecology Journal. 24 (4): 537–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00192-012-2009-3">10.1007/s00192-012-2009-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0937-3462">0937-3462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229421">23229421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25185650">25185650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urogynecology+Journal&rft.atitle=The+vagina+as+a+route+for+drug+delivery%3A+a+review&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.date=2013-04&rft.issn=0937-3462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25185650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23229421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00192-012-2009-3&rft.aulast=Srikrishna&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Cardozo%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/504375_5">"The Benefits of Vaginal Drug Administration—Communicating Effectively With Patients: The Vagina: New Options for the Administration of Medications"</a>. www.medscape.org. Medscape. January 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018010055/http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/504375_5">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medscape.org&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Vaginal+Drug+Administration%E2%80%94Communicating+Effectively+With+Patients%3A+The+Vagina%3A+New+Options+for+the+Administration+of+Medications&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.org%2Fviewarticle%2F504375_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean2011-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Maclean2011_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacleanReid2011" class="citation book cs1">Maclean A, Reid W (2011). "40". In Shaw R (ed.). Gynaecology. Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 599–612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3120-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3120-5"><bdi>978-0-7020-3120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=40&rft.btitle=Gynaecology&rft.place=Edinburgh+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E612&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3120-5&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Reid%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNardisMoscaMastromarino2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nardis C, Mosca L, Mastromarino P (September 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità. 25 (5): 443–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7416%2Fai.2013.1946">10.7416/ai.2013.1946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1120-9135">1120-9135</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24048183">24048183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+di+Igiene%3A+Medicina+Preventiva+e+di+Comunit%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Vaginal+microbiota+and+viral+sexually+transmitted+diseases&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.date=2013-09&rft.issn=1120-9135&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24048183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7416%2Fai.2013.1946&rft.aulast=Nardis&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Mosca%2C+L&rft.au=Mastromarino%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldewijnsSillenPalmansVandecruys2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baldewijns, Silke; Sillen, Mart; Palmans, Ilse; Vandecruys, Paul; Van Dijck, Patrick; Demuyser, Liesbeth (July 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8282898">"The Role of Fatty Acid Metabolites in Vaginal Health and Disease: Application to Candidiasis"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2021.705779">10.3389/fmicb.2021.705779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8282898">8282898</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276639">34276639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Fatty+Acid+Metabolites+in+Vaginal+Health+and+Disease%3A+Application+to+Candidiasis&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8282898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34276639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2021.705779&rft.aulast=Baldewijns&rft.aufirst=Silke&rft.au=Sillen%2C+Mart&rft.au=Palmans%2C+Ilse&rft.au=Vandecruys%2C+Paul&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Demuyser%2C+Liesbeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8282898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewanrajNgcapuLiebenberg2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jewanraj, Janine; Ngcapu, Sinaye; Liebenberg, Lenine J. P. (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286343">"Semen: A modulator of female genital tract inflammation and a vector for HIV-1 transmission"</a>. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 86 (5): e13478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faji.13478">10.1111/aji.13478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1046-7408">1046-7408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286343">9286343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077596">34077596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Reproductive+Immunology&rft.atitle=Semen%3A+A+modulator+of+female+genital+tract+inflammation+and+a+vector+for+HIV-1+transmission&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e13478&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1046-7408&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34077596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faji.13478&rft.aulast=Jewanraj&rft.aufirst=Janine&rft.au=Ngcapu%2C+Sinaye&rft.au=Liebenberg%2C+Lenine+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leifer-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leifer_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leifer_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeifer2014" class="citation book cs1">Leifer G (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5I3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing - E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29358-7"><bdi>978-0-323-29358-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211423/https://books.google.com/books?id=T5I3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Maternity+and+Pediatric+Nursing+-+E-Book&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-29358-7&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5I3BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAOS-117"><a href="#cite_ref-AAOS_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAAOS2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/AAOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AAOS">AAOS</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yMMs8OCqU4C&pg=PA766">AEMT: Advanced Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. p. 766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8428-0"><bdi>978-1-4496-8428-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703215958/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yMMs8OCqU4C&pg=PA766">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AEMT%3A+Advanced+Emergency+Care+and+Transportation+of+the+Sick+and+Injured&rft.pages=766&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-8428-0&rft.au=AAOS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yMMs8OCqU4C%26pg%3DPA766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alldredge-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Alldredge_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlldredgeCorelliErnst2012" class="citation book cs1">Alldredge BK, Corelli RL, Ernst ME (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcVpuHngXK0C&pg=PA1636">Koda-Kimble and Young's Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. 1636–1641. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-713-7"><bdi>978-1-60913-713-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424182703/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcVpuHngXK0C&pg=PA1636">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koda-Kimble+and+Young%27s+Applied+Therapeutics%3A+The+Clinical+Use+of+Drugs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1636-%3C%2Fspan%3E1641&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60913-713-7&rft.aulast=Alldredge&rft.aufirst=BK&rft.au=Corelli%2C+RL&rft.au=Ernst%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcVpuHngXK0C%26pg%3DPA1636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamontSobelAkinsHassan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lamont RF, Sobel JD, Akins RA, Hassan SS, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Romero R (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055920">"The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques"</a>. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 118 (5): 533–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2010.02840.x">10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02840.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0528">1471-0528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3055920">3055920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21251190">21251190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJOG%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Obstetrics+%26+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=The+vaginal+microbiome%3A+new+information+about+genital+tract+flora+using+molecular+based+techniques&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E549&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3055920%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-0528&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21251190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2010.02840.x&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Sobel%2C+JD&rft.au=Akins%2C+RA&rft.au=Hassan%2C+SS&rft.au=Chaiworapongsa%2C+T&rft.au=Kusanovic%2C+JP&rft.au=Romero%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3055920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms">"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. National Cancer Institute. February 2, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914111122/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=NCI+Dictionary+of+Cancer+Terms&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimesSmithFagerberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Grimes JA, Smith LA, Fagerberg K (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wagNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">Sexually Transmitted Disease: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment, and Issues</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 144, 590–592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0135-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-0135-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043222/https://books.google.com/books?id=wagNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Disease%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Diseases%2C+Prevention%2C+Treatment%2C+and+Issues%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Diseases%2C+Prevention%2C+Treatment%2C+and+Issues&rft.pages=144%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-0135-8&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Smith%2C+LA&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwagNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinoVermund2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martino JL, <a href="/wiki/Sten_H._Vermund" title="Sten H. Vermund">Vermund SH</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567125">"Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health"</a>. Epidemiologic Reviews. 24 (2): 109–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxf004">10.1093/epirev/mxf004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567125">2567125</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12762087">12762087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiologic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaginal+douching%3A+evidence+for+risks+or+benefits+to+women%27s+health&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2567125%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12762087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxf004&rft.aulast=Martino&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Vermund%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2567125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrathFoley2016" class="citation book cs1">McGrath J, Foley A (2016). Emergency Nursing Certification (CEN): Self-Assessment and Exam Review. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill Professional">McGraw Hill Professional</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-58715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-58715-3"><bdi>978-1-259-58715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Nursing+Certification+%28CEN%29%3A+Self-Assessment+and+Exam+Review&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-259-58715-3&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Foley%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrightWF2013" class="citation book cs1">Wright, WF (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGlXEntvU34C&pg=PA269">Essentials of Clinical Infectious Diseases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demos_Medical_Publishing" title="Demos Medical Publishing">Demos Medical Publishing</a>. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61705-153-1"><bdi>978-1-61705-153-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211233/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGlXEntvU34C&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61705-153-1&rft.au=Wright&rft.au=WF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGlXEntvU34C%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferri-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferri_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferri_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerri2012" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA1134">Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. pp. 1134–1140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-08373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-08373-7"><bdi>978-0-323-08373-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326122056/http://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA1134">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+Clinical+Advisor+2013&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1134-%3C%2Fspan%3E1140&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-08373-7&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=FF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR3VERnvzzEC%26pg%3DPA1134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommers-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Sommers_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSommersFannin2014" class="citation book cs1">Sommers MS, Fannin E (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIEsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1115">Diseases and Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/F.A._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="F.A. Davis">F.A. Davis</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-4487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-4487-8"><bdi>978-0-8036-4487-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044834/https://books.google.com/books?id=pIEsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1115">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+and+Disorders%3A+A+Nursing+Therapeutics+Manual&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-4487-8&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Fannin%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIEsBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hales-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Hales_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHales2008" class="citation book cs1">Hales D (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA269">An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 269–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-39192-0"><bdi>978-0-495-39192-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231143640/http://books.google.com/books?id=oP91HVIMPRIC&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invitation+to+Health+Brief+2010-2011&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-39192-0&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoP91HVIMPRIC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderBaderLaRosa2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexander W, Bader H, LaRosa JH (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVPHhIM3IZ0C&pg=PA211">New Dimensions in Women's Health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8375-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-8375-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715160215/http://books.google.com/books?id=GVPHhIM3IZ0C&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dimensions+in+Women%27s+Health&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-8375-7&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Bader%2C+H&rft.au=LaRosa%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVPHhIM3IZ0C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox_and_Schacht-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Knox_and_Schacht_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnoxSchacht2007" class="citation book cs1">Knox D, Schacht C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3XD0VEYGSUC&pg=PA296">Choices in Relationships: Introduction to Marriage and the Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 296–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09185-1"><bdi>978-0-495-09185-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211359/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3XD0VEYGSUC&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choices+in+Relationships%3A+Introduction+to+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09185-1&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Schacht%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3XD0VEYGSUC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_and_Gupta-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_and_Gupta_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_and_Gupta_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarGupta2014" class="citation book cs1">Kumar B, Gupta S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">Sexually Transmitted Infections</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2978-1"><bdi>978-81-312-2978-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211232/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Infections&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-312-2978-1&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQ9tAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornstein_and_Schwerin-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornstein_and_Schwerin_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornsteinSchwerin2012" class="citation book cs1">Hornstein T, Schwerin JL (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2iD1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA326">Biology of Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-0033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4354-0033-7"><bdi>978-1-4354-0033-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211314/https://books.google.com/books?id=2iD1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA326">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Women&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4354-0033-7&rft.aulast=Hornstein&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Schwerin%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2iD1CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIHI-132"><a href="#cite_ref-NIHI_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq#section/_45">"Stage I Vaginal Cancer"</a>. National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. February 9, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409134644/https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq#section/_45">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Stage+I+Vaginal+Cancer&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Fvaginal%2Fhp%2Fvaginal-treatment-pdq%23section%2F_45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salhan-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salhan_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salhan_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalhan2011" class="citation book cs1">Salhan S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4g5Wgc3Bh18C&pg=PA270">Textbook of Gynecology</a>. JP Medical Ltd. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5025-369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5025-369-4"><bdi>978-93-5025-369-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506180140/https://books.google.com/books?id=4g5Wgc3Bh18C&pg=PA270">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Gynecology&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=JP+Medical+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-5025-369-4&rft.aulast=Salhan&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4g5Wgc3Bh18C%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paludi-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Paludi_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaludi2014" class="citation book cs1">Paludi MA (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQpvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">The Praeger Handbook on Women's Cancers: Personal and Psychosocial Insights</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2814-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-2814-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506162920/https://books.google.com/books?id=HQpvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praeger+Handbook+on+Women%27s+Cancers%3A+Personal+and+Psychosocial+Insights&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2814-0&rft.aulast=Paludi&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQpvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer.org2-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.org2_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.org2_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancer.org2_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html">"What Are the Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. October 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120444/https://www.cancer.org/cancer/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+the+Risk+Factors+for+Vaginal+Cancer%3F&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fvaginal-cancer%2Fcauses-risks-prevention%2Frisk-factors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chi-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Chi_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiBerchuckDizonYashar2017" class="citation book cs1">Chi D, Berchuck A, Dizon DS, Yashar CM (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4RYIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT87">Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-5510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-5510-2"><bdi>978-1-4963-5510-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211236/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RYIDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT87">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Gynecologic+Oncology&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4963-5510-2&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Berchuck%2C+A&rft.au=Dizon%2C+DS&rft.au=Yashar%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4RYIDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berek-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Berek_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerekHacker2010" class="citation book cs1">Berek JS, Hacker NF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3ODcFV-5oC&pg=PA225">Berek and Hacker's Gynecologic Oncology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9512-8"><bdi>978-0-7817-9512-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berek+and+Hacker%27s+Gynecologic+Oncology&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-9512-8&rft.aulast=Berek&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Hacker%2C+NF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbA3ODcFV-5oC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibbo-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Bibbo_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBibboWilbur2014" class="citation book cs1">Bibbo M, Wilbur D (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FPOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">Comprehensive Cytopathology E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-26576-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-26576-8"><bdi>978-0-323-26576-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211319/https://books.google.com/books?id=2FPOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Cytopathology+E-Book&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-26576-8&rft.aulast=Bibbo&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wilbur%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FPOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielsNicoll2011" class="citation book cs1">Daniels R, Nicoll LH (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUAJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1776">Contemporary Medical-Surgical Nursing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 1776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-41875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-41875-7"><bdi>978-1-133-41875-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703220036/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUAJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1776">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Medical-Surgical+Nursing&rft.pages=1776&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-133-41875-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Nicoll%2C+LH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUAJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWashingtonLeaver2015" class="citation book cs1">Washington CM, Leaver DT (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzMwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749">Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 749. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-28781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-28781-4"><bdi>978-0-323-28781-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044836/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzMwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Radiation+Therapy&rft.pages=749&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-323-28781-4&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Leaver%2C+DT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzMwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radonc.ucla.edu/gynecologic-brachytherapy-treatment">"Cervical, Endometrial, Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers - Gynecologic Brachytherapy"</a>. radonc.ucla.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214015448/http://radonc.ucla.edu/gynecologic-brachytherapy-treatment">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radonc.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Cervical%2C+Endometrial%2C+Vaginal+and+Vulvar+Cancers+-+Gynecologic+Brachytherapy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradonc.ucla.edu%2Fgynecologic-brachytherapy-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabaterAndresLopez-HonrubiaBerenguer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sabater S, Andres I, Lopez-Honrubia V, Berenguer R, Sevillano M, Jimenez-Jimenez E, Rovirosa A, Arenas M (August 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557121">"Vaginal cuff brachytherapy in endometrial cancer – a technically easy treatment?"</a>. Cancer Management and Research. 9: 351–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCMAR.S119125">10.2147/CMAR.S119125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-1322">1179-1322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557121">5557121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28848362">28848362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Management+and+Research&rft.atitle=Vaginal+cuff+brachytherapy+in+endometrial+cancer+%E2%80%93+a+technically+easy+treatment%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1179-1322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28848362&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FCMAR.S119125&rft.aulast=Sabater&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Andres%2C+I&rft.au=Lopez-Honrubia%2C+V&rft.au=Berenguer%2C+R&rft.au=Sevillano%2C+M&rft.au=Jimenez-Jimenez%2C+E&rft.au=Rovirosa%2C+A&rft.au=Arenas%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarkenriderBlockAlektiarGaffney2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harkenrider MM, Block AM, Alektiar KM, Gaffney DK, Jones E, Klopp A, Viswanathan AN, Small W (January–February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612425">"American Brachytherapy Task Group Report: Adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy for early-stage endometrial cancer: A comprehensive review"</a>. Brachytherapy. 16 (1): 95–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2016.04.005">10.1016/j.brachy.2016.04.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612425">5612425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27260082">27260082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brachytherapy&rft.atitle=American+Brachytherapy+Task+Group+Report%3A+Adjuvant+vaginal+brachytherapy+for+early-stage+endometrial+cancer%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2017-01%2F2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5612425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27260082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2016.04.005&rft.aulast=Harkenrider&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Block%2C+AM&rft.au=Alektiar%2C+KM&rft.au=Gaffney%2C+DK&rft.au=Jones%2C+E&rft.au=Klopp%2C+A&rft.au=Viswanathan%2C+AN&rft.au=Small%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5612425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9Qx9oRKO_kC&pg=PA214">Microbial Inhabitants of Humans: Their Ecology and Role in Health and Disease</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84158-0"><bdi>978-0-521-84158-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211238/https://books.google.com/books?id=q9Qx9oRKO_kC&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Inhabitants+of+Humans%3A+Their+Ecology+and+Role+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84158-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9Qx9oRKO_kC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongProberFischer2017" class="citation book cs1">Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw7VDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA362">Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-46132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-46132-0"><bdi>978-0-323-46132-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211310/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw7VDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA362">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Pediatric+Infectious+Diseases+E-Book&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-323-46132-0&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Prober%2C+CG&rft.au=Fischer%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXw7VDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_146-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackOlsenChoffnes2014" class="citation book cs1">Mack A, Olsen L, Choffnes ER (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wl-fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT252">Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease: Workshop Summary</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-29065-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-29065-4"><bdi>978-0-309-29065-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211315/https://books.google.com/books?id=wl-fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT252">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Ecology+in+States+of+Health+and+Disease%3A+Workshop+Summary&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-309-29065-4&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Olsen%2C+L&rft.au=Choffnes%2C+ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwl-fAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_2-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_2_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonNizetMaldonadoRemington2014" class="citation book cs1">Wilson CB, Nizet V, Maldonado Y, Remington JS, Klein JO (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W9b1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1053">Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1053. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-34096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-34096-0"><bdi>978-0-323-34096-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044743/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9b1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1053">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remington+and+Klein%27s+Infectious+Diseases+of+the+Fetus+and+Newborn+E-Book&rft.pages=1053&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-34096-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Nizet%2C+V&rft.au=Maldonado%2C+Y&rft.au=Remington%2C+JS&rft.au=Klein%2C+JO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW9b1BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schafermeyer-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schafermeyer_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schafermeyer_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchafermeyerTenenbeinMaciasSharieff2014" class="citation book cs1">Schafermeyer RW, Tenenbein M, Macias CG, Sharieff G, Yamamoto L (2014). Strange and Schafermeyer's Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Fourth Edition. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill Professional">McGraw Hill Professional</a>. p. 567. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-182924-3"><bdi>978-0-07-182924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+and+Schafermeyer%27s+Pediatric+Emergency+Medicine%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-182924-3&rft.aulast=Schafermeyer&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Tenenbein%2C+M&rft.au=Macias%2C+CG&rft.au=Sharieff%2C+G&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_Saia-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Di_Saia_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDi_Saia2012" class="citation book cs1">Di Saia PH (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmUU5mNbH5kC&pg=PA140">Clinical Gynecologic Oncology</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07419-3"><bdi>978-0-323-07419-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506163839/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmUU5mNbH5kC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Gynecologic+Oncology&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07419-3&rft.aulast=Di+Saia&rft.aufirst=PH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmUU5mNbH5kC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_150-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardHisley2015" class="citation book cs1">Ward S, Hisley S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XozHCQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA147">Maternal-Child Nursing Care Optimizing Outcomes for Mothers, Children, & Families</a>. <a href="/wiki/F._A._Davis_Company" title="F. A. Davis Company">F. A. Davis Company</a>. pp. 147–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-4490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-4490-8"><bdi>978-0-8036-4490-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044842/https://books.google.com/books?id=XozHCQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA147">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal-Child+Nursing+Care+Optimizing+Outcomes+for+Mothers%2C+Children%2C+%26+Families&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-4490-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Hisley%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXozHCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuiling-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuiling_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuiling_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuilingLikis2013" class="citation book cs1">Schuiling, Likis FE (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA305">Women's Gynecologic Health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5637-6"><bdi>978-0-7637-5637-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703215946/https://books.google.com/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Gynecologic+Health&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5637-6&rft.au=Schuiling&rft.au=Likis%2C+FE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpj_ourS3PBMC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones_2-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesDavis2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones RE, Davis KH (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA127">Human Reproductive Biology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382185-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-382185-0"><bdi>978-0-12-382185-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211321/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Reproductive+Biology&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-12-382185-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Davis%2C+KH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4kEdSnS-pkC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulhall_2-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Mulhall_2_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulhallIncrocciGoldstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Mulhall JP, Incrocci L, Goldstein I (2011). Cancer and sexual health. New York: Humana Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-915-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-915-4"><bdi>978-1-60761-915-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728100149">728100149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+sexual+health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728100149&rft.isbn=978-1-60761-915-4&rft.aulast=Mulhall&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Incrocci%2C+L&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Walters_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaltersKarram2015" class="citation book cs1">Walters MD, Karram MM (2015). Urogynecology and reconstructive pelvic surgery (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 60–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-11377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-11377-9"><bdi>978-0-323-11377-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894111717">894111717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urogynecology+and+reconstructive+pelvic+surgery&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894111717&rft.isbn=978-0-323-11377-9&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Karram%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith BT (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7P-9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Pharmacology for Nurses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones & Bartlett Publishers">Jones & Bartlett Publishers</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8940-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8940-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-8940-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043206/https://books.google.com/books?id=7P-9BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Nurses&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-8940-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=BT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7P-9BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenstein-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenstein_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreensteinGreenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Greenstein B, Greenstein A (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JM2vUhP6WAQC&pg=PA186">Concise Clinical Pharmacology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Press" title="Pharmaceutical Press">Pharmaceutical Press</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-576-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-576-9"><bdi>978-0-85369-576-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211422/https://books.google.com/books?id=JM2vUhP6WAQC&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Clinical+Pharmacology&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-576-9&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Greenstein%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJM2vUhP6WAQC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moscou-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Moscou_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoscouSnipe2014" class="citation book cs1">Moscou K, Snipe K (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtHsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA573">Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians - E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-29265-8"><bdi>978-0-323-29265-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704043201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtHsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA573">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Pharmacy+Technicians+-+E-Book&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-29265-8&rft.aulast=Moscou&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Snipe%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtHsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladson-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Gladson_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladson2010" class="citation book cs1">Gladson B (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wgPsqi9nO8C&pg=PA212">Pharmacology for Rehabilitation Professionals - E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0756-4"><bdi>978-1-4377-0756-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211236/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wgPsqi9nO8C&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+for+Rehabilitation+Professionals+-+E-Book&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-0756-4&rft.aulast=Gladson&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wgPsqi9nO8C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowdermilk-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowdermilk_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowdermilk_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLowdermilkPerryCashionAlden2014" class="citation book cs1">Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE, Cashion MC, Alden KR (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urzuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Maternity and Women's Health Care - E-Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39019-4"><bdi>978-0-323-39019-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044807/https://books.google.com/books?id=urzuBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternity+and+Women%27s+Health+Care+-+E-Book&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-39019-4&rft.aulast=Lowdermilk&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Perry%2C+SE&rft.au=Cashion%2C+MC&rft.au=Alden%2C+KR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurzuBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siemionow-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siemionow_160-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiemionowEisenmann-Klein2010" class="citation book cs1">Siemionow MZ, Eisenmann-Klein M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WFZ1pE0AFMC&pg=PA688">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. pp. 688–690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-513-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-513-0"><bdi>978-1-84882-513-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211257/https://books.google.com/books?id=9WFZ1pE0AFMC&pg=PA688">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E690&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-513-0&rft.aulast=Siemionow&rft.aufirst=MZ&rft.au=Eisenmann-Klein%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WFZ1pE0AFMC%26pg%3DPA688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulanick-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Gulanick_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulanickMyers2016" class="citation book cs1">Gulanick M, Myers JL (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NK2ADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Nursing Care Plans - E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-42810-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-42810-1"><bdi>978-0-323-42810-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044804/https://books.google.com/books?id=NK2ADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nursing+Care+Plans+-+E-Book%3A+Nursing+Diagnosis+and+Intervention&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-323-42810-1&rft.aulast=Gulanick&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Myers%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNK2ADQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramaseshan-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaseshan_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaseshan_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamaseshanFeltonRoqueRao2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaseshan AS, Felton J, Roque D, Rao G, Shipper AG, Sanses T (September 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329191">"Pelvic floor disorders in women with gynecologic malignancies: a systematic review"</a>. International Urogynecology Journal. 29 (4): 459–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00192-017-3467-4">10.1007/s00192-017-3467-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0937-3462">0937-3462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329191">7329191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28929201">28929201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urogynecology+Journal&rft.atitle=Pelvic+floor+disorders+in+women+with+gynecologic+malignancies%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0937-3462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28929201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00192-017-3467-4&rft.aulast=Ramaseshan&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Felton%2C+J&rft.au=Roque%2C+D&rft.au=Rao%2C+G&rft.au=Shipper%2C+AG&rft.au=Sanses%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7329191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-niddk_Cystocele-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niddk_Cystocele_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-niddk_Cystocele_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder">"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK"</a>. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092854/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/cystocele-prolapsed-bladder">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Diabetes+and+Digestive+and+Kidney+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cystocele+%28Prolapsed+Bladder%29+%7C+NIDDK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Furologic-diseases%2Fbladder-control-problems-women%2Fcystocele-prolapsed-bladder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/kegel-exercises">"Kegel Exercises | NIDDK"</a>. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422224842/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-control-problems-women/kegel-exercises">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Diabetes+and+Digestive+and+Kidney+Diseases&rft.atitle=Kegel+Exercises+%7C+NIDDK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Furologic-diseases%2Fbladder-control-problems-women%2Fkegel-exercises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22161382-165"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22161382_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagenStark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen S, Stark D (2011). "Conservative prevention and management of pelvic organ prolapse in women". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12 (12): CD003882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003882.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD003882.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22161382">22161382</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205171605">205171605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Conservative+prevention+and+management+of+pelvic+organ+prolapse+in+women&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD003882&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205171605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22161382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003882.pub4&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Stark%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbisonDean2013" class="citation journal cs1">Herbison GP, Dean N (July 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086390">"Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (7): CD002114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002114.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD002114.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086390">7086390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23836411">23836411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Weighted+vaginal+cones+for+urinary+incontinence&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD002114&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7086390%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23836411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002114.pub2&rft.aulast=Herbison&rft.aufirst=GP&rft.au=Dean%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7086390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_167-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurhamChapman2014" class="citation book cs1">Durham R, Chapman L (2014). Maternal-newborn Nursing: The Critical Components of Nursing Care (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-3704-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-3704-7"><bdi>978-0-8036-3704-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829937238">829937238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal-newborn+Nursing%3A+The+Critical+Components+of+Nursing+Care&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829937238&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-3704-7&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Chapman%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kettle C (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/268/1/CD000006.pdf">"Absorbable suture materials for primary repair of episiotomy and second degree tears"</a> (PDF). Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 3 (3): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-5391.2010.01093.x">10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01093.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-5391">1756-5391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7263442">7263442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20556745">20556745</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818225808/http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/268/1/CD000006.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evidence-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Absorbable+suture+materials+for+primary+repair+of+episiotomy+and+second+degree+tears&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7263442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1756-5391&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20556745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1756-5391.2010.01093.x&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.staffs.ac.uk%2F268%2F1%2FCD000006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kettle_et_al_2017-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_et_al_2017_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_et_al_2017_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_et_al_2017_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettleDowswellIsmail2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kettle C, Dowswell T, Ismail KM (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7045987">"Comparative analysis of continuous and interrupted suturing techniques for repair of episiotomy or second degree perineal tear"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (11): CD000947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd000947.pub3">10.1002/14651858.cd000947.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7045987">7045987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23152204">23152204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+continuous+and+interrupted+suturing+techniques+for+repair+of+episiotomy+or+second+degree+perineal+tear&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD000947&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045987%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23152204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd000947.pub3&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Dowswell%2C+T&rft.au=Ismail%2C+KM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernando-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernando_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernando_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernando2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fernando R (January 2011). "Episiotomy or perineal tears: compared with catgut, synthetic sutures reduce risk of short-term pain and need for resuturing; rapidly absorbing sutures comparable to synthetic but reduce the need for suture removal". Evidence-Based Nursing. 14 (1): 17–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Febn1110">10.1136/ebn1110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-6539">1367-6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21163794">21163794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219223164">219223164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Nursing&rft.atitle=Episiotomy+or+perineal+tears%3A+compared+with+catgut%2C+synthetic+sutures+reduce+risk+of+short-term+pain+and+need+for+resuturing%3B+rapidly+absorbing+sutures+comparable+to+synthetic+but+reduce+the+need+for+suture+removal&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2011-01&rft.issn=1367-6539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219223164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21163794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Febn1110&rft.aulast=Fernando&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabers-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabers_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabers_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenes2009" class="citation book cs1">Venes D (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taberscyclopedic00vene_746">Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary</a>. F.A. Davis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taberscyclopedic00vene_746/page/n2467">2433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2977-6"><bdi>978-0-8036-2977-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taber%27s+Cyclopedic+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pages=2433&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-2977-6&rft.aulast=Venes&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaberscyclopedic00vene_746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACOG165-172"><a href="#cite_ref-ACOG165_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_College_of_Obstetricians_Gynecologists'_Committee_on_Practice_Bulletins—Obstetrics2016" class="citation journal cs1">American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (July 2016). "Practice Bulletin No. 165: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 128 (1): e1 – e15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000001523">10.1097/AOG.0000000000001523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27333357">27333357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20952144">20952144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Practice+Bulletin+No.+165%3A+Prevention+and+Management+of+Obstetric+Lacerations+at+Vaginal+Delivery.&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee15%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20952144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27333357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FAOG.0000000000001523&rft.au=American+College+of+Obstetricians+Gynecologists%27+Committee+on+Practice+Bulletins%E2%80%94Obstetrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medline_482-173"><a href="#cite_ref-medline_482_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000482.htm">"Episiotomy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. Medlineplus.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072136/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000482.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Episiotomy%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Fpatientinstructions%2F000482.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllisMahadevan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ellis H, Mahadevan V (2013). Clinical anatomy : applied anatomy for students and junior doctors (13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-37377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-37377-4"><bdi>978-1-118-37377-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856017698">856017698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+anatomy+%3A+applied+anatomy+for+students+and+junior+doctors&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856017698&rft.isbn=978-1-118-37377-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Mahadevan%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVergheseChampaneriaKapoorLatthe2016" class="citation journal cs1">Verghese TS, Champaneria R, Kapoor DS, Latthe PM (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5035659">"Obstetric anal sphincter injuries after episiotomy: systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. International Urogynecology Journal. 27 (10): 1459–1467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00192-016-2956-1">10.1007/s00192-016-2956-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0937-3462">0937-3462</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5035659">5035659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26894605">26894605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urogynecology+Journal&rft.atitle=Obstetric+anal+sphincter+injuries+after+episiotomy%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1459-%3C%2Fspan%3E1467&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5035659%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0937-3462&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26894605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00192-016-2956-1&rft.aulast=Verghese&rft.aufirst=TS&rft.au=Champaneria%2C+R&rft.au=Kapoor%2C+DS&rft.au=Latthe%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5035659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollandBreitbartJacobsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Holland JC, Breitbart WD, Jacobsen PB (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oy9mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">Psycho-oncology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936331-5"><bdi>978-0-19-936331-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211443/https://books.google.com/books?id=oy9mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psycho-oncology&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936331-5&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Breitbart%2C+WD&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+PB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doy9mBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanMP2016" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, MP (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ-ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287">Female Genital Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84848-7"><bdi>978-1-118-84848-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044746/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ-ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Genital+Plastic+and+Cosmetic+Surgery&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-84848-7&rft.au=Goodman&rft.au=MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJ-ECwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardozo-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardozo_178-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCardozoStaskin2017" class="citation book cs1">Cardozo L, Staskin D (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb7ZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2962">Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology, Fourth Edition - Two-Volume Set</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 2962–2976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-9661-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-9661-3"><bdi>978-1-4987-9661-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044737/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb7ZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2962">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Female+Urology+and+Urogynecology%2C+Fourth+Edition+-+Two-Volume+Set&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2962-%3C%2Fspan%3E2976&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-9661-3&rft.aulast=Cardozo&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Staskin%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBb7ZDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT2962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLloydCrouchMintoLiao2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd J, Crouch NS, Minto CL, Liao LM, Creighton SM (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2004.00517.x">"Female genital appearance: 'normality' unfolds"</a>. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 112 (5): 643–646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2004.00517.x">10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15842291">15842291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=Female+genital+appearance%3A+%27normality%27+unfolds&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E646&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2004.00517.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15842291&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Crouch%2C+NS&rft.au=Minto%2C+CL&rft.au=Liao%2C+LM&rft.au=Creighton%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1471-0528.2004.00517.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticsurgery.org/reconstructive-procedures/gender-confirmation-surgeries">"Gender Confirmation Surgeries"</a>. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612071848/https://www.plasticsurgery.org/reconstructive-procedures/gender-confirmation-surgeries">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+Plastic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Gender+Confirmation+Surgeries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticsurgery.org%2Freconstructive-procedures%2Fgender-confirmation-surgeries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emed2-181"><a href="#cite_ref-emed2_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_S_Amesse2016" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence S Amesse (April 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/273534-overview#a4">"Mullerian Duct Anomalies: Overview, Incidence and Prevalence, Embryology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070642/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/273534-overview">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mullerian+Duct+Anomalies%3A+Overview%2C+Incidence+and+Prevalence%2C+Embryology&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.au=Lawrence+S+Amesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F273534-overview%23a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-renal-and-genitourinary-anomalies/vaginal-anomalies">"Vaginal Anomalies-Pediatrics-Merck Manuals Professional Edition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129072510/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-renal-and-genitourinary-anomalies/vaginal-anomalies">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaginal+Anomalies-Pediatrics-Merck+Manuals+Professional+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fpediatrics%2Fcongenital-renal-and-genitourinary-anomalies%2Fvaginal-anomalies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfeifer-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeifer_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeifer_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfeifer2016" class="citation book cs1">Pfeifer SM (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TyVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Congenital Müllerian Anomalies: Diagnosis and Management</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Publishers">Springer</a>. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27231-3"><bdi>978-3-319-27231-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703215939/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TyVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congenital+M%C3%BCllerian+Anomalies%3A+Diagnosis+and+Management&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-27231-3&rft.aulast=Pfeifer&rft.aufirst=SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TyVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhuWongLang2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhu L, Wong F, Lang J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-l54CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Atlas of Surgical Correction of Female Genital Malformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Publishers">Springer</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7246-4"><bdi>978-94-017-7246-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211243/https://books.google.com/books?id=-l54CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Surgical+Correction+of+Female+Genital+Malformation&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7246-4&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Wong%2C+F&rft.au=Lang%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-l54CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coran-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Coran_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoranCaldamoneAdzickKrummel2012" class="citation book cs1">Coran AG, Caldamone A, Adzick NS, Krummel TM, Laberge JM, Shamberger R (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpabASTwF_sC&pg=PA1599">Pediatric Surgery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-09161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-09161-9"><bdi>978-0-323-09161-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515033701/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpabASTwF_sC&pg=PA1599">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Surgery&rft.pages=1599&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-09161-9&rft.aulast=Coran&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Caldamone%2C+A&rft.au=Adzick%2C+NS&rft.au=Krummel%2C+TM&rft.au=Laberge%2C+JM&rft.au=Shamberger%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpabASTwF_sC%26pg%3DPA1599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nucci-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Nucci_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNucciOliva2015" class="citation book cs1">Nucci MR, Oliva E (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fbLXoJy9MUC&pg=PA77">Gynecologic Pathology E-Book: A Volume in the Series: Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7246-4"><bdi>978-94-017-7246-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211232/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fbLXoJy9MUC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynecologic+Pathology+E-Book%3A+A+Volume+in+the+Series%3A+Foundations+in+Diagnostic+Pathology&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7246-4&rft.aulast=Nucci&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Oliva%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fbLXoJy9MUC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodner-Adler-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodner-Adler_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodner-Adler_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodner-Adler_187-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodner-AdlerHanzalPablikKoelbl2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bodner-Adler B, Hanzal E, Pablik E, Koelbl H, Bodner K (February 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321457">"Management of vesicovaginal fistulas (VVFs) in women following benign gynaecologic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. PLOS ONE. 12 (2): e0171554. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1271554B">2017PLoSO..1271554B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0171554">10.1371/journal.pone.0171554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321457">5321457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28225769">28225769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Management+of+vesicovaginal+fistulas+%28VVFs%29+in+women+following+benign+gynaecologic+surgery%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0171554&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28225769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0171554&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1271554B&rft.aulast=Bodner-Adler&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Hanzal%2C+E&rft.au=Pablik%2C+E&rft.au=Koelbl%2C+H&rft.au=Bodner%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5321457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Köckerling-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Köckerling_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöckerlingAlamNarangDaniels2015" class="citation journal cs1">Köckerling F, Alam NN, Narang SK, Daniels IR, Smart NJ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607815">"Treatment of Fistula-In-Ano with Fistula Plug - a Review Under Special Consideration of the Technique"</a>. Frontiers in Surgery. 2: 55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsurg.2015.00055">10.3389/fsurg.2015.00055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4607815">4607815</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26528482">26528482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Surgery&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Fistula-In-Ano+with+Fistula+Plug+-+a+Review+Under+Special+Consideration+of+the+Technique&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4607815%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26528482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsurg.2015.00055&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ckerling&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Alam%2C+NN&rft.au=Narang%2C+SK&rft.au=Daniels%2C+IR&rft.au=Smart%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4607815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priyadarshi-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Priyadarshi_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriyadarshiSinghBeraKundu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Priyadarshi V, Singh JP, Bera MK, Kundu AK, Pal DK (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870662">"Genitourinary Fistula: An Indian Perspective"</a>. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India. 66 (3): 180–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13224-015-0672-2">10.1007/s13224-015-0672-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870662">4870662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27298528">27298528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology+of+India&rft.atitle=Genitourinary+Fistula%3A+An+Indian+Perspective&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4870662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27298528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13224-015-0672-2&rft.aulast=Priyadarshi&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Singh%2C+JP&rft.au=Bera%2C+MK&rft.au=Kundu%2C+AK&rft.au=Pal%2C+DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4870662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raassen-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Raassen_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaassenNgongoMahendeka2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raassen TJ, Ngongo CJ, Mahendeka MM (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4234894">"Iatrogenic genitourinary fistula: an 18-year retrospective review of 805 injuries"</a>. International Urogynecology Journal. 25 (12): 1699–706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00192-014-2445-3">10.1007/s00192-014-2445-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4234894">4234894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25062654">25062654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urogynecology+Journal&rft.atitle=Iatrogenic+genitourinary+fistula%3A+an+18-year+retrospective+review+of+805+injuries&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1699-%3C%2Fspan%3E706&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4234894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25062654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00192-014-2445-3&rft.aulast=Raassen&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Ngongo%2C+CJ&rft.au=Mahendeka%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4234894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maslekar-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Maslekar_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaslekarSagarHarjiBruce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maslekar S, Sagar PM, Harji D, Bruce C, Griffiths B (December 2012). "The challenge of pouch-vaginal fistulas: a systematic review". Techniques in Coloproctology. 16 (6): 405–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10151-012-0885-7">10.1007/s10151-012-0885-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22956207">22956207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22813363">22813363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techniques+in+Coloproctology&rft.atitle=The+challenge+of+pouch-vaginal+fistulas%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22813363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22956207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10151-012-0885-7&rft.aulast=Maslekar&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sagar%2C+PM&rft.au=Harji%2C+D&rft.au=Bruce%2C+C&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernández_FernándezParodi_Hueck2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández Fernández JÁ, Parodi Hueck L (September 2015). "Congenital recto-vaginal fistula associated with a normal anus (type H fistula) and rectal atresia in a patient. Report of a case and a brief review of the literature". Investigacion Clinica. 56 (3): 301–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26710545">26710545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigacion+Clinica&rft.atitle=Congenital+recto-vaginal+fistula+associated+with+a+normal+anus+%28type+H+fistula%29+and+rectal+atresia+in+a+patient.+Report+of+a+case+and+a+brief+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26710545&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=J%C3%81&rft.au=Parodi+Hueck%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tenggardjaja-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Tenggardjaja_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTenggardjajaGoldman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tenggardjaja CF, Goldman HB (June 2013). "Advances in minimally invasive repair of vesicovaginal fistulas". Current Urology Reports. 14 (3): 253–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11934-013-0316-y">10.1007/s11934-013-0316-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23475747">23475747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27012043">27012043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Urology+Reports&rft.atitle=Advances+in+minimally+invasive+repair+of+vesicovaginal+fistulas&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27012043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23475747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11934-013-0316-y&rft.aulast=Tenggardjaja&rft.aufirst=CF&rft.au=Goldman%2C+HB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronin-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Cronin_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCroninSungMatteson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin B, Sung V, Matteson K (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319233">"Vaginal cuff dehiscence: Risk factors and management"</a>. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 206 (4): 284–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2011.08.026">10.1016/j.ajog.2011.08.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378">0002-9378</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319233">3319233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21974989">21974989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Vaginal+cuff+dehiscence%3A+Risk+factors+and+management&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319233%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9378&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21974989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2011.08.026&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Sung%2C+V&rft.au=Matteson%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3319233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lall-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lall_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lall_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lall_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lall_195-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLallarNandalSharmaShastri2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lallar M, Nandal R, Sharma D, Shastri S (January 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307045">"Large posterior vaginal cyst in pregnancy"</a>. BMJ Case Reports. 2015: bcr2014208874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr-2014-208874">10.1136/bcr-2014-208874</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-790X">1757-790X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307045">4307045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25604504">25604504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Large+posterior+vaginal+cyst+in+pregnancy&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=bcr2014208874&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4307045%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1757-790X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25604504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbcr-2014-208874&rft.aulast=Lallar&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nandal%2C+R&rft.au=Sharma%2C+D&rft.au=Shastri%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4307045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001509.htm">"Vaginal cysts: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. medlineplus.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102003330/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001509.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Vaginal+cysts%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F001509.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsayesNarraDillmanVelcheti2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elsayes KM, Narra VR, Dillman JR, Velcheti V, Hameed O, Tongdee R, Menias CO (October 2007). "Vaginal masses: magnetic resonance imaging features with pathologic correlation". Acta Radiologica. 48 (8): 921–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02841850701552926">10.1080/02841850701552926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0455">1600-0455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17924224">17924224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31444644">31444644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Radiologica&rft.atitle=Vaginal+masses%3A+magnetic+resonance+imaging+features+with+pathologic+correlation&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E921-%3C%2Fspan%3E933&rft.date=2007-10&rft.issn=1600-0455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31444644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17924224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02841850701552926&rft.aulast=Elsayes&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Narra%2C+VR&rft.au=Dillman%2C+JR&rft.au=Velcheti%2C+V&rft.au=Hameed%2C+O&rft.au=Tongdee%2C+R&rft.au=Menias%2C+CO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-198"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstrzenski2002" class="citation book cs1">Ostrzenski A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYlZsGdwqrQC&q=Vaginal+cyst&pg=PA220">Gynecology: Integrating Conventional, Complementary, and Natural Alternative Therapy</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-2761-7"><bdi>978-0-7817-2761-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000717/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYlZsGdwqrQC&q=Vaginal+cyst&pg=PA220">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynecology%3A+Integrating+Conventional%2C+Complementary%2C+and+Natural+Alternative+Therapy&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-2761-7&rft.aulast=Ostrzenski&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYlZsGdwqrQC%26q%3DVaginal%2Bcyst%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoogendamSmink2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoogendam JP, Smink M (April 6, 2017). "Gartner's Duct Cyst". New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (14): e27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMicm1609983">10.1056/NEJMicm1609983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28379795">28379795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gartner%27s+Duct+Cyst&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=e27&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMicm1609983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28379795&rft.aulast=Hoogendam&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Smink%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marisa_R.-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Marisa_R._200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNucciOliva2009" class="citation book cs1">Nucci MR, Oliva E (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7EOW0jm2CoC&q=Vaginal+cyst&pg=PA96">Gynecologic Pathology</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06920-8"><bdi>978-0-443-06920-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000420/https://books.google.com/books?id=r7EOW0jm2CoC&q=Vaginal+cyst&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynecologic+Pathology&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06920-8&rft.aulast=Nucci&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Oliva%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7EOW0jm2CoC%26q%3DVaginal%2Bcyst%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robboy_2-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Robboy_2_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobboy2009" class="citation book cs1">Robboy SJ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA117">Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07477-6"><bdi>978-0-443-07477-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703220034/https://books.google.com/books?id=ab545XL-MBEC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robboy%27s+Pathology+of+the+Female+Reproductive+Tract&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-443-07477-6&rft.aulast=Robboy&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dab545XL-MBEC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Marx_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarxWallsHockberger2013" class="citation book cs1">Marx J, Walls R, Hockberger R (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=PA1314">Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4987-4"><bdi>978-1-4557-4987-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515033915/https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=PA1314">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosen%27s+Emergency+Medicine+-+Concepts+and+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=1314&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-4987-4&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Walls%2C+R&rft.au=Hockberger%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuggC0i_jXAsC%26pg%3DPA1314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cash-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cash_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cash_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cash_203-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCashGlass2017" class="citation book cs1">Cash JC, Glass CA (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tRJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA425">Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Publishing Company">Springer Publishing Company</a>. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-5351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-5351-7"><bdi>978-0-8261-5351-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211347/https://books.google.com/books?id=9tRJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA425">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sternberg%27s+Diagnostic+Surgical+Pathology%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-5351-7&rft.aulast=Cash&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Glass%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tRJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sternberg-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Sternberg_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSternbergMillsCarter2004" class="citation book cs1">Sternberg SS, Mills SE, Carter D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TM5-h0Fo9_4C&pg=PA2335">Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, Volume 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 2335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4051-7"><bdi>978-0-7817-4051-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044848/https://books.google.com/books?id=TM5-h0Fo9_4C&pg=PA2335">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sternberg%27s+Diagnostic+Surgical+Pathology%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=2335&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4051-7&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Mills%2C+SE&rft.au=Carter%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTM5-h0Fo9_4C%26pg%3DPA2335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation book cs1">Stone L (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaKaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164">New Directions in Anthropological Kinship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38424-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38424-5"><bdi>978-0-585-38424-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426221624/https://books.google.com/books?id=uaKaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Directions+in+Anthropological+Kinship&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-585-38424-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuaKaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutcherson-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcherson_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutcherson_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutcherson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutcherson H (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu8tb2o66iIC&pg=PA8">What Your Mother Never Told You about Sex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-52853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-52853-8"><bdi>978-0-399-52853-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506160405/https://books.google.com/books?id=xu8tb2o66iIC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Your+Mother+Never+Told+You+about+Sex&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-399-52853-8&rft.aulast=Hutcherson&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu8tb2o66iIC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaFont-207"><a href="#cite_ref-LaFont_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaFont2003" class="citation book cs1">LaFont S (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtftAAAAMAAJ">Constructing Sexualities: Readings in Sexuality, Gender, and Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-009661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-009661-6"><bdi>978-0-13-009661-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000304/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtftAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Sexualities%3A+Readings+in+Sexuality%2C+Gender%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-009661-6&rft.aulast=LaFont&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtftAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buss-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Buss_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBussMeston2009" class="citation book cs1">Buss DM, Meston CM (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slyflT85lXIC&pg=PA33">Why Women Have Sex: Understanding Sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge (and Everything in Between)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5522-5"><bdi>978-1-4299-5522-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426165657/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyflT85lXIC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Women+Have+Sex%3A+Understanding+Sexual+Motivations+from+Adventure+to+Revenge+%28and+Everything+in+Between%29&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-5522-5&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Meston%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslyflT85lXIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackledge-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackledge_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackledge_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackledge C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath">The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofv00cath/page/4">4</a>–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3455-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3455-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+V%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Female+Sexuality&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3455-8&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofv00cath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal2-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal2_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal MS (2003). Gynecological Health : a Comprehensive Sourcebook for Canadian Women. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Canada">Viking Canada</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-04358-3"><bdi>978-0-670-04358-3</bdi></a>. <q>The urine flows from the bladder through the urethra to the outside. Little girls often make the common mistake of thinking that they're urinating out of their vaginas. A woman's urethra is two inches long, while a man's is ten inches long.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gynecological+Health+%3A+a+Comprehensive+Sourcebook+for+Canadian+Women&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Viking+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-670-04358-3&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickling-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hickling_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hickling_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickling2005" class="citation book cs1">Hickling M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sHjkajLrsQC&pg=PT149">The New Speaking of Sex: What Your Children Need to Know and When They Need to Know It</a>. Wood Lake Publishing. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896836-70-6"><bdi>978-1-896836-70-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429141851/https://books.google.com/books?id=3sHjkajLrsQC&pg=PT149">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Speaking+of+Sex%3A+What+Your+Children+Need+to+Know+and+When+They+Need+to+Know+It&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wood+Lake+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-896836-70-6&rft.aulast=Hickling&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sHjkajLrsQC%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankin_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRankin2011" class="citation book cs1">Rankin L (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs_dBty7pfcC&pg=PT22">Sex, Orgasm, and Coochies: A Gynecologist Answers Your Most Embarrassing Questions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-5522-5"><bdi>978-1-4299-5522-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506170754/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs_dBty7pfcC&pg=PT22">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Orgasm%2C+and+Coochies%3A+A+Gynecologist+Answers+Your+Most+Embarrassing+Questions&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-5522-5&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQs_dBty7pfcC%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Linn_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinn2009" class="citation book cs1">Linn D (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YB5_AT_By6IC&pg=PA276">Secret Language of Signs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Publishing Group</a>. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55955-5"><bdi>978-0-307-55955-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506171852/https://books.google.com/books?id=YB5_AT_By6IC&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Language+of+Signs&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-55955-5&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYB5_AT_By6IC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1992" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur TW (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR2BcRwiG-sC&pg=PA236">Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-54355-3"><bdi>978-0-674-54355-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507064737/https://books.google.com/books?id=XR2BcRwiG-sC&pg=PA236">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sex%3A+Body+and+Gender+from+the+Greeks+to+Freud&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-54355-3&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=TW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXR2BcRwiG-sC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zastrow-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Zastrow_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZastrow2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Zastrow" title="Charles Zastrow">Zastrow C</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tco4YjyZab4C&pg=PT248">Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09510-1"><bdi>978-0-495-09510-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063416/https://books.google.com/books?id=tco4YjyZab4C&pg=PT248">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Social+Work+and+Social+Welfare%3A+Empowering+People&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09510-1&rft.aulast=Zastrow&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtco4YjyZab4C%26pg%3DPT248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvine-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Irvine_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2005" class="citation book cs1">Irvine JM (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PA37">Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-151-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-151-8"><bdi>978-1-59213-151-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429140257/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disorders+of+Desire%3A+Sexuality+and+Gender+in+Modern+American+Sexology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-151-8&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIJXT7ZCTCsC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould SJ</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhIl7e61WOUC&pg=PA767">The Structure of Evolutionary Theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 1262–1263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00613-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00613-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527015618/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhIl7e61WOUC&pg=PA767">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1262-%3C%2Fspan%3E1263&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00613-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhIl7e61WOUC%26pg%3DPA767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wignaraja-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Wignaraja_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWignarajaHussain1989" class="citation book cs1">Wignaraja P, Hussain A (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&pg=PA309">The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University_Press" title="United Nations University Press">United Nations University Press</a>. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9603-8"><bdi>978-0-8039-9603-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507064652/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&pg=PA309">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+in+South+Asia%3A+Development%2C+Democracy+and+Regional+Cooperation&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-9603-8&rft.aulast=Wignaraja&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Hussain%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9DmV9-0on0C%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeld784-219"><a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeld784_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA784">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602132447/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6FsB3psOTIC%26pg%3DPA784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angier-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Angier_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngier1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Angier" title="Natalie Angier">Angier N</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanintimategeo00angi_0">Woman: An Intimate Geography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanintimategeo00angi_0/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-69130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-69130-4"><bdi>978-0-395-69130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%3A+An+Intimate+Geography&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-69130-4&rft.aulast=Angier&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanintimategeo00angi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maines-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maines_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maines_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaines1998" class="citation book cs1">Maines RP (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNKw0XuaSxoC">The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria", the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction</a>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6646-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6646-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703221610/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNKw0XuaSxoC">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+Orgasm%3A+%22Hysteria%22%2C+the+Vibrator%2C+and+Women%27s+Sexual+Satisfaction&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6646-3&rft.aulast=Maines&rft.aufirst=RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNKw0XuaSxoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes2015" class="citation book cs1">Hughes G (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-speaking World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47678-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47678-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703213021/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Swearing%3A+The+Social+History+of+Oaths%2C+Profanity%2C+Foul+Language%2C+and+Ethnic+Slurs+in+the+English-speaking+World&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47678-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIGsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compact-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Compact_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"cunt". Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English (3rd (revised) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cunt&rft.btitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary+of+Current+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cunt">"Definition of CUNT"</a>. Dictionary – Merriam-Webster online. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022230104/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cunt">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Merriam-Webster+online&rft.atitle=Definition+of+CUNT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323233128/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/cunt">"cunt"</a>. Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/cunt">the original</a> on March 23, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnersdictionary.com%2Fsearch%2Fcunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonKlandermans1995" class="citation book cs1">Johnston H, Klandermans B (1995). Social Movements and Culture. Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-500-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-500-0"><bdi>978-1-85728-500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements+and+Culture&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-500-0&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Klandermans%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict-227"><a href="#cite_ref-dict_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/twat?s=t">"Twat"</a>. Dictionary.com. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123154204/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/twat?s=t">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Twat&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftwat%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> This source aggregates material from paper dictionaries, including Random House Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary, and Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford_dic-228"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_dic_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604082811/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/twat">"Definition of twat in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. British and World English lexicon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/twat">the original</a> on June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+twat+in+English&rft.pages=British+and+World+English+lexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftwat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_1-229"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"pussy, n. and adj.2". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pussy%2C+n.+and+adj.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation journal cs1">James D (Winter 1998). "Gender-linked derogatory terms and their use by women and men". American Speech. 73 (4): 399–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455584">10.2307/455584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/455584">455584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Gender-linked+derogatory+terms+and+their+use+by+women+and+men&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F455584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F455584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ozark-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ozark_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ozark_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandolphLegman1992" class="citation book cs1">Randolph V, Legman G (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S93LdPw2KP0C">Unprintable Ozark Folksongs and Folklore: Blow the candle out</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>. pp. 819–820. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-237-8"><bdi>978-1-55728-237-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000549/https://books.google.com/books?id=S93LdPw2KP0C">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unprintable+Ozark+Folksongs+and+Folklore%3A+Blow+the+candle+out&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E819-%3C%2Fspan%3E820&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-237-8&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Legman%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS93LdPw2KP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zizek-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Zizek_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZizek2004" class="citation book cs1">Zizek S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp6-1yQbgmgC">Organs without bodies: Deleuze and consequences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96921-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96921-5"><bdi>978-0-415-96921-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp6-1yQbgmgC">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organs+without+bodies%3A+Deleuze+and+consequences&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96921-5&rft.aulast=Zizek&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPp6-1yQbgmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhatsUp-233"><a href="#cite_ref-WhatsUp_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRankin2010" class="citation book cs1">Rankin L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ybaNhKqGmwC&pg=PA59">What's Up Down There?: Questions You'd Only Ask Your Gynecologist If She Was Your Best Friend</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64436-9"><bdi>978-0-312-64436-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000301/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ybaNhKqGmwC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Up+Down+There%3F%3A+Questions+You%27d+Only+Ask+Your+Gynecologist+If+She+Was+Your+Best+Friend&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-312-64436-9&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ybaNhKqGmwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104232128/http://nikidesaintphalle.org/niki-de-saint-phalle/biography/#1965-1969">"Life & Work"</a>. nikidesaintphalle.org. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikidesaintphalle.org/niki-de-saint-phalle/biography/#1965-1969">the original</a> on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+%26+Work&rft.pub=nikidesaintphalle.org&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikidesaintphalle.org%2Fniki-de-saint-phalle%2Fbiography%2F%231965-1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensler-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Ensler_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnsler2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eve_Ensler" title="Eve Ensler">Ensler E</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G74c4i2SUmAC">The Vagina Monologues: The V-Day Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House LLC</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50658-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50658-1"><bdi>978-0-375-50658-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000553/https://books.google.com/books?id=G74c4i2SUmAC">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vagina+Monologues%3A+The+V-Day+Edition&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50658-1&rft.aulast=Ensler&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG74c4i2SUmAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeman2006" class="citation book cs1">Coleman C (2006). Coming to Read "The Vagina Monologues": A Biomythographical Unravelling of the Narrative. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-494-46655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-494-46655-1"><bdi>978-0-494-46655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+to+Read+%22The+Vagina+Monologues%22%3A+A+Biomythographical+Unravelling+of+the+Narrative&rft.pub=University+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-494-46655-1&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Knox_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnoxSchacht2007" class="citation book cs1">Knox D, Schacht C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3XD0VEYGSUC&pg=PA60">Choices in Relationships: Introduction to Marriage and the Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09185-1"><bdi>978-0-495-09185-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211453/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3XD0VEYGSUC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choices+in+Relationships%3A+Introduction+to+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09185-1&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Schacht%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3XD0VEYGSUC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banyard-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banyard_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banyard_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banyard_238-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanyard2010" class="citation book cs1">Banyard K (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equalityillusion0000bany">The Equality Illusion: The Truth about Women and Men Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equalityillusion0000bany/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25866-6"><bdi>978-0-571-25866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Equality+Illusion%3A+The+Truth+about+Women+and+Men+Today&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25866-6&rft.aulast=Banyard&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fequalityillusion0000bany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crooks-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crooks_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooks_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crooks_239-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrooksBaur2010" class="citation book cs1">Crooks R, Baur K (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&pg=PA55">Our Sexuality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81294-4"><bdi>978-0-495-81294-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506170738/https://books.google.com/books?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-81294-4&rft.aulast=Crooks&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Baur%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpRnPtmdRVwC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO,_FGM-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO,_FGM_240-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/index.html">"Female genital mutilation"</a>. Media centre. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702174226/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+centre&rft.atitle=Female+genital+mutilation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs241%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momoh-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momoh_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momoh_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momoh_241-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momoh_241-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momoh_241-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMomoh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_Momoh" title="Comfort Momoh">Momoh C</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVjIP0RfVAMC&pg=PA5">"Female Genital Mutation"</a>. In Momoh C (ed.). Female Genital Mutilation. Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 5–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85775-693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85775-693-7"><bdi>978-1-85775-693-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613210634/http://books.google.com/books?id=dVjIP0RfVAMC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Female+Genital+Mutation&rft.btitle=Female+Genital+Mutilation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Radcliffe+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85775-693-7&rft.aulast=Momoh&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVjIP0RfVAMC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinzey2020" class="citation book cs1">Linzey, Donald W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rur4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306">Vertebrate Biology: Systematics, Taxonomy, Natural History, and Conservation</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42143-733-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42143-733-0"><bdi>978-1-42143-733-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122190826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rur4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Biology%3A+Systematics%2C+Taxonomy%2C+Natural+History%2C+and+Conservation&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-42143-733-0&rft.aulast=Linzey&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRur4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyndale-Biscoe2005" class="citation book cs1">Tyndale-Biscoe, C. Hugh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&q=vagina">Life of Marsupials</a>. Csiro Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06257-3"><bdi>978-0-643-06257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06257-3&rft.aulast=Tyndale-Biscoe&rft.aufirst=C.+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqtlPZJ9y8EC%26q%3Dvagina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tyndale-BiscoeMarilyn_Renfree1987" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (January 30, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C">Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2"><bdi>978-0-521-33792-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215191713/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Physiology+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33792-2&rft.au=Hugh+Tyndale-Biscoe&rft.au=Marilyn+Renfree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpjovN0vXW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-courtship-245"><a href="#cite_ref-courtship_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzykmanVan_HornEnghBoydston2007" class="citation journal cs1">Szykman M, Van Horn RC, Engh AL, Boydston EE, Holekamp KE (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130193631/http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/Dominance/Papers/SzykmanetalHyenaMatingBehaviour2007.pdf">"Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas"</a> (PDF). Behaviour. 144 (7): 815–846. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Behav.144..815S">2007Behav.144..815S</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.630.5755">10.1.1.630.5755</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853907781476418">10.1163/156853907781476418</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/Dominance/Papers/SzykmanetalHyenaMatingBehaviour2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 30, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=Courtship+and+mating+in+free-living+spotted+hyenas&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E815-%3C%2Fspan%3E846&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.630.5755%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853907781476418&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Behav.144..815S&rft.aulast=Szykman&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Van+Horn%2C+RC&rft.au=Engh%2C+AL&rft.au=Boydston%2C+EE&rft.au=Holekamp%2C+KE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuvalu.santafe.edu%2F~bowles%2FDominance%2FPapers%2FSzykmanetalHyenaMatingBehaviour2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bekoff-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Bekoff_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBekoffDiamond1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bekoff M, Diamond J (May 1976). "Precopulatory and Copulatory Behavior in Coyotes". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mammalogy" title="Journal of Mammalogy">Journal of Mammalogy</a>. 57 (2): 372–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1379696">10.2307/1379696</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1379696">1379696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Precopulatory+and+Copulatory+Behavior+in+Coyotes&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=1976-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1379696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1379696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bekoff&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Diamond%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrinWürsigThewissen2009" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (February 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA427">Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091993-5"><bdi>978-0-08-091993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091993-5&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=W%C3%BCrsig%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+J.+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rkHQpToi9sC%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWürsigOrbach2023" class="citation book cs1">Würsig, Bernd; Orbach, Dara N. (September 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfjYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Sex in Cetaceans: Morphology, Behavior, and the Evolution of Sexual Strategies</a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-35651-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-35651-3"><bdi>978-3-031-35651-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+Cetaceans%3A+Morphology%2C+Behavior%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Sexual+Strategies&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.isbn=978-3-031-35651-3&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCrsig&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Orbach%2C+Dara+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfjYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iannaccone-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Iannaccone_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIannaccone1997" class="citation book cs1">Iannaccone P (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNt2tOsBnc8C&pg=PA315">Biological Aspects of Disease</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 315–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0613-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0613-9"><bdi>978-3-7186-0613-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506182528/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNt2tOsBnc8C&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Aspects+of+Disease&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7186-0613-9&rft.aulast=Iannaccone&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNt2tOsBnc8C%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishbeck-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishbeck_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishbeck_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishbeckSebastiani2012" class="citation book cs1">Fishbeck DW, Sebastiani A (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JijAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Comparative Anatomy: Manual of Vertebrate Dissection</a>. Morton Publishing Company. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61731-004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61731-004-1"><bdi>978-1-61731-004-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424114909/https://books.google.com/books?id=JijAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Anatomy%3A+Manual+of+Vertebrate+Dissection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Morton+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61731-004-1&rft.aulast=Fishbeck&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Sebastiani%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJijAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapmanSimpsonDouglas2013" class="citation book cs1">Chapman RF, Simpson SJ, Douglas AE (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXJEi8fo7CkC&pg=PA314">The Insects: Structure and Function</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 314–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11389-2"><bdi>978-0-521-11389-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506231049/https://books.google.com/books?id=NXJEi8fo7CkC&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+Structure+and+Function&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11389-2&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Simpson%2C+SJ&rft.au=Douglas%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXJEi8fo7CkC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/glossary-definition-cloaca-385197">"What Is a Bird's Cloaca?"</a>. The Spruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113203138/https://www.thespruce.com/glossary-definition-cloaca-385197">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Bird%27s+Cloaca%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruce.com%2Fglossary-definition-cloaca-385197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twenty_six-253"><a href="#cite_ref-twenty_six_253-0">^</a> Brennan, P. L. R., Clark, C. J. & Prum, R. O. Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 277, 1309–14 (2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-Yong_E-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yong_E_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yong_E_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yong_E_254-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYong2014" class="citation web cs1">Yong E (May 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172541/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/05/06/wheres-all-the-animal-vagina-research/">"Where's All The Animal Vagina Research?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2014/05/06/wheres-all-the-animal-vagina-research/">the original</a> on July 7, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where%27s+All+The+Animal+Vagina+Research%3F&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fphenomena%2F2014%2F05%2F06%2Fwheres-all-the-animal-vagina-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2014" class="citation web cs1">Cooper D (May 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/05/07/3999220.htm">"Female genitalia shunned by researchers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Online">ABC Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111010513/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/05/07/3999220.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Female+genitalia+shunned+by+researchers&rft.pub=ABC+Online&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2014%2F05%2F07%2F3999220.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmento-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmento_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmento_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmento_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmento_256-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarmento2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarmento B (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdmoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Vitro Culture Models</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodhead_Publishing" title="Woodhead Publishing">Woodhead Publishing</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100114-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100114-1"><bdi>978-0-08-100114-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703221609/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdmoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitro+Culture+Models&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-08-100114-1&rft.aulast=Sarmento&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdmoBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Burton_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1995" class="citation book cs1">Burton FD (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqNFAQAAIAAJ">The Multimedia Guide to the Non-human Primates: Print Version</a>. Prentice Hall Canada. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-209727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-209727-7"><bdi>978-0-13-209727-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310000719/https://books.google.com/books?id=hqNFAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Multimedia+Guide+to+the+Non-human+Primates%3A+Print+Version&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Canada&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-13-209727-7&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=FD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqNFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin R (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up8WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">How We Do It: The Evolution and Future of Human Reproduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03015-6"><bdi>978-0-465-03015-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703211400/https://books.google.com/books?id=Up8WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Do+It%3A+The+Evolution+and+Future+of+Human+Reproduction&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03015-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUp8WBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarGupta2014" class="citation book cs1">Kumar B, Gupta S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1286">Sexually Transmitted Infections - E-book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 1286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-2978-1"><bdi>978-81-312-2978-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704044853/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1286">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexually+Transmitted+Infections+-+E-book&rft.pages=1286&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-312-2978-1&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQ9tAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVagina" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/OrganSystem/Text/Vagina.shtml">Vagina</a>, Anatomical Atlases, an Anatomical Digital Library (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vaginas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vaginas">Vaginas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vagina" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vagina">vagina</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Template:Women's health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_health" title="Template talk:Women's health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_health_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/20px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/40px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="412" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women114" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBTQ-affirming religious groups">LGBTQ-affirming religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/17px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/26px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/34px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Female_reproductive_system91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template talk:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Female_reproductive_system91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_appendages" title="Uterine appendages">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">Follicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Corpus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_hemorrhagicum" title="Corpus hemorrhagicum">Hemorrhagicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">Luteum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_albicans" title="Corpus albicans">Albicans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_of_follicle" title="Theca of follicle">Thecae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theca_externa" title="Theca externa">Externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_interna" title="Theca interna">Interna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_antrum" title="Follicular antrum">Follicular antrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_fluid" title="Follicular fluid">Follicular fluid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_radiata_(embryology)" title="Corona radiata (embryology)">Corona radiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_pellucida" title="Zona pellucida">Zona pellucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrana_granulosa" title="Membrana granulosa">Membrana granulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perivitelline_space" title="Perivitelline space">Perivitelline space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(female)" title="Germinal epithelium (female)">Germinal epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_(ovaries)" title="Tunica albuginea (ovaries)">Tunica albuginea</a></li> <li>Cortex <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_oophorus" title="Cumulus oophorus">Cumulus oophorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_ovary" title="Stroma of ovary">Stroma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_of_ovary" title="Medulla of ovary">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_ovarii" title="Rete ovarii">Retia ovarii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">Oogonium</a></li> <li>Oocytogenesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">Oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootid">Ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of uterine tube">Isthmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of uterine tube">Ampullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Infundibulum of uterine tube">Infundibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriae_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbriae of uterine tube">Fimbriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostium_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostium of uterine tube">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube#Intramural_part" title="Fallopian tube">Intramural segments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_ligament" title="Ovarian ligament">Ovarian ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary" title="Suspensory ligament of ovary">Suspensory ligaments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">Pampiniform plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesonephric_duct#Female_development" title="Mesonephric duct">Wolffian vestiges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gartner%27s_duct" title="Gartner's duct">Gartner's ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoophoron" title="Epoophoron">Epoophora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_appendages_of_epoophoron" title="Vesicular appendages of epoophoron">Vesicular appendages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroophoron" title="Paroophoron">Paroophora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Fundus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_isthmus" title="Uterine isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_canal" title="Cervical canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_os" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal os">Internal os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_os" class="mw-redirect" title="External os">External os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supravaginal_portion_of_cervix" title="Supravaginal portion of cervix">Supravaginal portion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_horns" title="Uterine horns">Horns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Layers" title="Uterus">Layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine wall">Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimetrium" title="Perimetrium">Perimetrium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametrium" title="Parametrium">Parametrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_epithelium" title="Uterine epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Major_ligaments" title="Uterus">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Round ligament of uterus">Round ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus" title="Broad ligament of the uterus">Broad ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_ligament" title="Cardinal ligament">Cardinal ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterosacral_ligament" title="Uterosacral ligament">Uterosacral ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubocervical_ligament" title="Pubocervical ligament">Pubocervical ligaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_gland" title="Uterine gland">Glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">Urogenital diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vestibular glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal canal">Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_rugae" title="Vaginal rugae">Rugae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Microanatomy">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_fornix" title="Vaginal fornix">Fornices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_support_structures" title="Vaginal support structures">Support structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vulva9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">Labia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mons_pubis" title="Mons pubis">Mons pubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Pudendal_cleft" title="Labia majora">Pudendal cleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiocrural_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiocrural folds">Labiocrural folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Anterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Posterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Function_and_structure" title="Labia majora">Dartos muliebris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_nerves" title="Posterior labial nerves">Posterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_labial_nerves" title="Anterior labial nerves">Anterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">Perineal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_labia_minora" title="Frenulum of labia minora">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_arteries" title="Posterior labial arteries">Posterior labial arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_veins" title="Posterior labial veins">Posterior labial veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia#Structure" title="Labia">Interlabial sulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Root" title="Clitoris">Root</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crus_of_clitoris" title="Crus of clitoris">Crura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule" title="Bulb of vestibule">Bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_clitoris" title="Suspensory ligament of clitoris">Suspensory ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_of_Scarpa#Structure" title="Fascia of Scarpa">Fundiform ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of clitoris">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris" title="Corpus cavernosum of clitoris">Corpora cavernosa</a></li> <li>Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Infra-corporeal residual spongy part</a></li> <li>Angle</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Commissure of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Pars intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Glans" title="Clitoris">Glans</a> <ul><li>Corona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Frenulum" title="Clitoris">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal artery of clitoris">Dorsal arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep artery of clitoris">Deep arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artery_of_bulb_of_vestibule" title="Artery of bulb of vestibule">Arteries of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">Internal pudendal artery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_dorsal_veins_of_clitoris" title="Superficial dorsal veins of clitoris">Superficial dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_dorsal_vein_of_clitoris" title="Deep dorsal vein of clitoris">Deep dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_of_bulb_of_vestibule" class="mw-redirect" title="Vein of bulb of vestibule">Veins of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">Internal pudendal veins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nerves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve of clitoris">Dorsal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">Pudendal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></li> <li>Tunica albuginea</li> <li>Septum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_of_vestibule_of_vagina" title="Fossa of vestibule of vagina">Fossa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen">Vaginal orifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">Hymen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vestibular gland openings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">External urethral orifice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_artery" title="Ovarian artery">Ovarian arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">Uterine artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_vessels_of_uterus" title="Arcuate vessels of uterus">Arcuate artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">Vaginal artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_artery" title="Spiral artery">Spiral arteries</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_vein" title="Ovarian vein">Ovarian veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_vein" title="Uterine vein">Uterine vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_venous_plexus" title="Uterine venous plexus">Uterine venous plexuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">Vaginal venous plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-spot" title="G-spot">G-spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sponge" title="Urethral sponge">Urethral sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_sponge" title="Perineal sponge">Perineal sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectouterine_pouch" title="Rectouterine pouch">Rectouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouch" title="Vesicouterine pouch">Vesicouterine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterotubal_junction" title="Uterotubal junction">Uterotubal junctions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_female_reproductive_system174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_genital_procedures" title="Template:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_genital_procedures" title="Template talk:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_genital_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female genital procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_female_reproductive_system174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Gynecological_surgery" title="Gynecological surgery">Gynecological surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">Oophorectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingoophorectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpingoophorectomy">Salpingoophorectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falloposcopy" title="Falloposcopy">Falloposcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingectomy" title="Salpingectomy">Salpingectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essure" title="Essure">Essure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_reversal" title="Tubal reversal">Tubal reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitoplasty" title="Genitoplasty">Genitoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">Hysterectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy" title="Hysterotomy">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_exenteration" title="Pelvic exenteration">Pelvic exenteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery_embolization" title="Uterine artery embolization">Uterine artery embolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_transplantation" title="Uterus transplantation">Transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Uterine cavity</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hysteroscopy" title="Hysteroscopy">Hysteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_biopsy" title="Endometrial biopsy">Endometrial biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_ablation" title="Endometrial ablation">Endometrial ablation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_myomectomy" title="Uterine myomectomy">Uterine myomectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colposcopy" title="Colposcopy">Colposcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_conization" title="Cervical conization">Cervical conization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loop_electrical_excision_procedure" title="Loop electrical excision procedure">LEEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cerclage" title="Cervical cerclage">Cervical cerclage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_screening" title="Cervical screening">Cervical screening</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervicectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervicectomy">Cervicectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a> insertion</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginectomy" title="Vaginectomy">Vaginectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdoscopy" title="Culdoscopy">Culdoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culdocentesis" title="Culdocentesis">Culdocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_husband_stitch" class="mw-redirect" title="The husband stitch">husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenotomy" title="Hymenotomy">Hymenotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colpocleisis" title="Colpocleisis">Colpocleisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenorrhaphy" title="Hymenorrhaphy">Hymenorrhaphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_wet_mount" title="Vaginal wet mount">Vaginal wet mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_transplantation" title="Vaginal transplantation">Vaginal transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvectomy" title="Vulvectomy">Vulvectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiaplasty" title="Labiaplasty">Labiaplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood_reduction" title="Clitoral hood reduction">Clitoral hood reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulectomy" title="Vestibulectomy">Vestibulectomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_reproductive_system76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Template:Development of the reproductive system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Template talk:Development of the reproductive system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Development of the reproductive system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Development_of_the_reproductive_system76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plate_mesoderm" title="Lateral plate mesoderm">lateral plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">Endoderm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_(embryology)" title="Cloaca (embryology)">Cloaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus" title="Urogenital sinus">Urogenital sinus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">Ectoderm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloacal_membrane" title="Cloacal membrane">Cloacal membrane</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_gonads" title="Development of the gonads">Development of the gonads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadal_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadal ridge">Gonadal ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronephric_duct" title="Pronephric duct">Pronephric duct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonephric_duct" title="Mesonephric duct">Mesonephric duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct" title="Paramesonephric duct">Paramesonephric duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal plate">Vaginal plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus" title="Urogenital sinus">Definitive urogenital sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_tubercle" title="Genital tubercle">Genital tubercle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_phallus" title="Primordial phallus">Primordial phallus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labioscrotal_swelling" title="Labioscrotal swelling">Labioscrotal swelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system#External_genitalia" title="Development of the reproductive system">Urogenital fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum" title="Gubernaculum">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_process" title="Vaginal process">Vaginal process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_of_Nuck" title="Canal of Nuck">Canal of Nuck</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_related_male_and_female_reproductive_organs" title="List of related male and female reproductive organs">List of related male and female reproductive organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">Embryogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2047" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2047" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5880#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1163651/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078718-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141754">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119747664">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119747664">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph320503&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX529613">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636116605606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531857305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A09.1.04.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagina&oldid=1279583662">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagina&oldid=1279583662</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vagina" title="Category:Vagina">Vagina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_female_reproductive_system" title="Category:Human female reproductive system">Human female reproductive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammal_female_reproductive_system" title="Category:Mammal female reproductive system">Mammal female reproductive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_and_sexuality" title="Category:Women and sexuality">Women and sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Women's health</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomy" title="Category:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gynaecology" title="Category:Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_organs" title="Category:Sex organs">Sex organs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2020">Articles with dead external links from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles to be split from November 2024">Articles to be split from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_split" title="Category:All articles to be split">All articles to be split</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2020">Use mdy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 March 2025, at 10:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagina&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Vagina</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 146 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-cfzdx","wgBackendResponseTime":407,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.244","walltime":"2.486","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17836,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":784513,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4819,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1099788,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2020.030 1 -total"," 63.66% 1286.011 1 Template:Reflist"," 38.85% 784.712 183 Template:Cite_book"," 9.50% 191.923 45 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.97% 161.057 18 Template:Navbox"," 4.68% 94.628 1 Template:Women\u0026#039;s_health"," 4.51% 91.020 1 Template:Infobox_anatomy"," 4.33% 87.401 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.24% 85.636 4 Template:Lang"," 4.19% 84.684 25 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.330","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23143960,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","280","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","18.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.9"],["makeCheckSelfFunction \u003ClibraryUtil.lua:59\u003E","40","2.9"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1498\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","260","18.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-xxztx","timestamp":"20250331174154","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vagina","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vagina","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5880","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5880","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T00:25:58Z","dateModified":"2025-03-09T10:59:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Vaginal_Canal_Normal_vs._Menopause.png","headline":"part of the female genital tract"}</script> </body> </html>