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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><b>plene scriptum</b></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'fully written') is a word containing an additional letter, usually one which is superfluous – not normally written in that word – nor needed for the proper comprehension of the word. Today, the term applies mostly to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred scripture">sacred scripture</a>. </p><p>Examples of <i>plene scripta</i> appear frequently in classical Hebrew texts, and copyists are obliged to copy them unchanged, to ensure that biblical or other sacred texts are written with universal conformity. The expression <i>plene scriptum</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יתר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yater</i></span>, 'excess'), sometimes simply described in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלא</span></span> (<i>malé</i>, 'full'), is often used in contrast with <i><b>defective scriptum</b></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חסר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥaser</i></span>, 'deficient'), the latter implying a word in which a letter that is normally present has been omitted. Together, <i>plene</i> and <i>defective scripta</i> are sometimes described using the Hebrew phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יתר וחסר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yater we-ḥaser</i></span>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">original</a> use of the phrase <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plene scriptum</i></span> seems to mean <a href="/wiki/Latin_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin character">Latin characters</a> written without using abbreviations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Devarim</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0503.htm#21">Deut. 3:21</a>, the name "Joshua" is written in Hebrew in <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plene" class="extiw" title="wikt:plene">plene scriptum</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהושוע</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yhwšw’</i></span>), as it possesses a superfluous <a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">vav</a>, and which word is normally written with only one vav, as in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהושע</span></span> (<i>yhwš’</i>). Other examples abound of this anomaly, such as the name "Jacob" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יעקוב</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">y’qwb</i></span>) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0326.htm#42">Leviticus 26:42</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew name "Issachar" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִשָּׂשכָר</span></span>), where there is a second letter <i>sin</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ש</span></span>) having no sound, is a classic example of <i>plene scriptum</i>. The word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צידה</span></span> (<i>tsāyiḏ</i>) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0127.htm#3">Genesis 27:3</a>, where the <i>he</i> at the end of the word has no function, is another example of <i>plene scriptum</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or else a case of <a href="/wiki/Qere_and_ketiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Qere and ketiv">qere and ketiv</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> discusses why the Hebrew Bible in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0323.htm#42">Leviticus 23:42–43</a> writes for the plural word 'booths' the Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֻּכֹּת</span></span> (in <i>defective scriptum</i>), but in the verse that immediately follows makes use of the plural word in its usual form, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֻּכּוֹת</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biblical word's <i>plene</i> or defective characteristic has often been used in rabbinic <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> to decide <a href="/wiki/Halachic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halachic">Halachic</a> norms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and the rabbis explain the variations in <i>plene</i> and <i>defective scriptum</i> found in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> as being merely a <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha_LeMoshe_MiSinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakha LeMoshe MiSinai">Halacha le-Moshe mi-Sinai</a></i> (a Law given to Moses at Sinai).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic), paleographers often describe the addition of a <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plene</i></span></i> consonantal letter, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">vav</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a></i> (used in place of the vowels 'o', 'u', 'i', and 'ei'), as employing <i><a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a></i> in its reading, although not all <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plene</i></span></i> letters used in Hebrew words are indeed a <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mater lectionis</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variant_readings">Variant readings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variant readings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethnographer, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Saphir" title="Jacob Saphir">Jacob Saphir</a> (1822–1886), in his 19th century work <i>Iben Safir</i>, mentions the tradition of orthography found in the <i>Halleli Codex</i> of the Pentateuch, in which he laid down the most outstanding examples of <i>plene</i> and <i>defective scriptum</i> copied generation after generation by the <a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">scribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catalan rabbi and Talmudist, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a> (1249 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310</span>), also brings down an exhaustive list of words in his <i>Kiryat Sefer</i>, showing which words are to be written by scribes in <i>plene scriptum</i> and which words are to be written in <i><a href="/wiki/Defective_script" title="Defective script">defective scriptum</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Norzi" title="Jedidiah Norzi">Jedidiah Norzi</a> (1560–1626) wrote a popular work on Hebrew orthography contained in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Books_Of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Books Of Moses">Five Books of Moses</a>, and in the five <i><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Megillot</a></i>, with examples of <i>plene</i> and defective writings, which was later named <i>Minḥat Shai</i>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(book)#Tikkun_soferim" title="Tikkun (book)">Tikkun Soferim</a></i> (the model text for copying Torah scrolls by scribes), the word <i>plene</i> is always used in relation to other words written in <i>defective scriptum</i>, not because there is necessarily anything unusual or abnormal about the word being written in such a way, but to ensure a universal layout (conformity) in scribal practices,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where one word in a text must be written as though it were lacking in <i><a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a></i>, and another word in a different text (sometimes even the same word) appearing as though it was not. </p><p>Among Israel's diverse ethnic groups, variant readings have developed over certain words in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> tradition calls for the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ויהיו</span></span> (<i>wyhyw</i>) in the verse <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ויהיו כל ימי נח</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0109.htm#29">Genesis 9:29</a>) to be written in <i>defective scriptum</i> (i.e. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ויהי</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">wyhy</i></span>), but the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jewish community</a> requiring it to be written in <i>plene scriptum</i> (i.e. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ויהיו</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>mineso</i> in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גדול עוני מנשוא</span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0104.htm#13">Genesis 4:13</a>) is written in Sephardic Torah scrolls in <i>plene scriptum</i>, with an additional 'waw', but in <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)" title="Torah scroll (Yemenite)">Yemenite Torah scrolls</a>, the same word <i>mineso</i> is written in defective scriptum, without a 'waw' (i.e. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מנשא</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mnšʾ</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">ancient Roman</a> meaning of the phrase <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plene scriptum</i></span></i> may have simply meant <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> characters written without using abbreviations. </p><p>The word <i>plene</i> has also come to denote the horizontal bar or line written above the six double-sounding consonants in ancient Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Codices">codices</a>, whenever their assigned reading is to be read without a <i><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a></i>, or as a non-accentuated Hebrew character. These letters are the <i>bet</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎), <i>gimel</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎), <i>dalet</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎), <i>kaph</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎), <i>pe</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎), and <i>tau</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎). When the <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">accentuation dot</a> appears in the middle of these Hebrew characters, there is no <i>plene</i> bar written above them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin phrases">Latin phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashah" title="Parashah">Parashah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv" title="Qere and Ketiv">Qere and Ketiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">Ktiv hasar niqqud</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For an example of rabbinical hermeneutics, see the commentary of Rabbi Yishmael in the <i><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></i> (<i>Menahot</i> 34b), regarding the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לטטפת</span></span> ('frontlets'), in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0213.htm#16">Exod. 13:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0506.htm#8">Deut. 6:8</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0511.htm#18">Deut. 11:18</a>, by which he learned that <i><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a></i> are made with four compartments; cf. Sanhedrin 3b–4b on the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קרנת</span></span> ('horn of the altar'), in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0304.htm#7">Lev. 4:7</a>, 18, and 25, and by which verses the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Hillel" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Hillel">School of Hillel</a> learned how many blood oblations are required as a first resort to be put on the horns of the altar when bringing a sin-offering, and how many are actually indispensable.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Hooght1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van der Hooght, Evarardi (1939). Augustus Hahn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_j87AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA4-PP1"><i>Biblia Hebraica</i></a> (in Latin). Leipzig. pp. Letter "vaw".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblia+Hebraica&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=Letter+%22vaw%22&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Van+der+Hooght&rft.aufirst=Evarardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_j87AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiri1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Meiri, M.</a> (1956). Moshe Hirschler (ed.). <i>Kiryat Sefer</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem, IL: HaMasorah. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233177823">233177823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiryat+Sefer&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+IL&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=HaMasorah&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233177823&rft.aulast=Meiri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Sukkah</i> 6b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abi-Zimra1749" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">Ibn Abi-Zimra, David</a> (1749). Ashkenazi, David (ed.). <i>The Responsa of the Radbaz</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Venice. s.v. Part III, <i>responsum</i> # 594. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741067500">741067500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Responsa+of+the+Radbaz&rft.place=Venice&rft.pages=s.v.+Part+III%2C+%27%27responsum%27%27+%23+594&rft.date=1749&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741067500&rft.aulast=Ibn+Abi-Zimra&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span>, (reprinted in Israel, n.d.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1986–1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lyons, David (1986–1987). Avigdor Shinan (ed.). "Acrostics used as a signature device in the Masoretic lists". <i>Kiryat Sefer</i> (in Hebrew). <b>61</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University Library">Hebrew University Library</a> of Jerusalem. page 144, s.v. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הרים</span></span> (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3408.htm#11">Daniel 8:11</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiryat+Sefer&rft.atitle=Acrostics+used+as+a+signature+device+in+the+Masoretic+lists&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=page-144%2C+s.v.+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hebrew-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22he%22+dir%3D%22rtl%22%3E%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Hebrew-language+text+%28in+Daniel+8%3A11%29&rft.date=1986%2F1987&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaphir1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Saphir" title="Jacob Saphir">Saphir, J.</a> (1874) [first printing Lyck 1866]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=22332&st=&pgnum=210&hilite="><i>Iben Safir</i></a> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Mainz, DE: Jechiel Bril. pp. 210–224. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192076334">192076334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iben+Safir&rft.place=Mainz%2C+DE&rft.pages=210-224&rft.pub=Jechiel+Bril&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192076334&rft.aulast=Saphir&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D22332%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D210%26hilite%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_B._Shapiro" title="Marc B. Shapiro">Shapiro, Marc B.</a> (1993). "Maimonides' thirteen principles: The last word in Jewish theology?". <i>The Torah U-Madda Journal</i>. <b>4</b>. Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary / <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>: 199–200. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914883">40914883</a>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Torah+U-Madda+Journal&rft.atitle=Maimonides%27+thirteen+principles%3A+The+last+word+in+Jewish+theology%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=199-200&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1984" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Jonathan P. (1984). <i>The Scribes of Qumran</i>. Ann Arbor, MI. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634620432">634620432</a>. <q>Studies in the early history of Jewish scribal customs, with special reference to the Qumran biblical scrolls and to the Tannaitic traditions of 'Massekheth Soferim'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scribes+of+Qumran&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634620432&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> <dl><dd>derived from</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1971" class="citation thesis cs1">Siegel, Jonathan P. (1971). <i><span style="color:gray">[no title cited]</span></i> (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Religion. Montreal, QC: <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_University" title="Sir George Williams University">Sir George Williams University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%3Cspan+style%3D%22color%3Agray%22%3E%5Bno+title+cited%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=Sir+George+Williams+University&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalehn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yihya_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yihya Saleh">Saleh, Yihya</a> (n.d.). <i>Ḥeleḳ ha-Diḳdūḳ</i>. <a href="/wiki/San%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="San'a">San'a</a> (in Hebrew). s.v. פרשת נח.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ele%E1%B8%B3+ha-Di%E1%B8%B3d%C5%AB%E1%B8%B3&rft.series=San%27a&rft.pages=s.v.+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA+%D7%A0%D7%97&rft.aulast=Saleh&rft.aufirst=Yihya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.ebr.448"><i>Heb. Ms. 448</i></a>. Vatican Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heb.+Ms.+448&rft.pub=Vatican+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.vatlib.it%2Fview%2FMSS_Vat.ebr.448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlene+scriptum" class="Z3988"></span> — 11th–12th century <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> Torah scroll, showing in its folios the <i>plene</i> bar written above six of the double-sounding consonants (<b>בג"ד כפ"ת</b>) whenever they are to be read without a <i><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&oldid=1253253969">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plene_scriptum&oldid=1253253969</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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