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type="application/atom+xml" title="Атом-тековник на Википедија" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Минералогија rootpage-Минералогија skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Прејди на содржината</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Мрежно место"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Главно мени" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Главно мени</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Главно мени</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Прегледник </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Посети главна страница [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Главна страница</span></a></li><li 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href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки натпревари\"\u003Eуредувачки натпревар\u003C/a\u003E за \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(2024)\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки натпревари/Средување (2024)\"\u003Eсредување на статии\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E. Прочитајте ги правилата и вклучете се!\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Мрежно место"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Содржина" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Содржина</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почеток</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Историја" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Историја"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Историја</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Историја-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физички_својства" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физички_својства"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Физички својства</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физички_својства-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Кристална_структура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Кристална_структура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Кристална структура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Кристална_структура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хемиски_елементи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хемиски_елементи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Хемиски елементи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хемиски_елементи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Оптика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Оптика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Оптика</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Оптика-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Оптика</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Оптика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Пренос_на_светлина" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пренос_на_светлина"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Пренос на светлина</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пренос_на_светлина-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Систематика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Систематика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Систематика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Систематика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Средини_на_образување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Средини_на_образување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Средини на образување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Средини_на_образување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Биоминералогија" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биоминералогија"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Биоминералогија</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биоминералогија-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Примена" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Примена"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Примена</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Примена-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Збирки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Збирки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Збирки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Збирки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Поврзано" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Поврзано"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Поврзано</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Поврзано-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наводи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наводи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Наводи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наводи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Надворешни_врски" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Надворешни_врски"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Надворешни врски</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Надворешни_врски-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Содржина" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прик./скр. содржина" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прик./скр. содржина</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Минералогија</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Појдете на статија на друг јазик. Достапно на 89 јазици" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 јазици</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — швајцарски германски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швајцарски германски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86" title="علم المعادن — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المعادن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralox%C3%ADa" title="Mineraloxía — астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mineraloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogiya" title="Mineralogiya — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mineralogiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Khòng-bu̍t-ha̍k — јужномински" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="јужномински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мінералогія — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінералогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мінэралёгія — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінэралёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralohiya" title="Mineralohiya — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mineralohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogija" title="Mineralogija — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mineralogija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwynyddiaeth" title="Mwynyddiaeth — велшки" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwynyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="велшки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تامعدنيت — марокански арапски" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تامعدنيت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="марокански арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — германски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="германски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloogia" title="Mineraloogia — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mineraloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ορυκτολογία — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορυκτολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy — англиски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mineralogy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralog%C3%ADa" title="Mineralogía — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mineralogía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogio" title="Mineralogio — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineralogio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — баскиски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانی‌شناسی — персиски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانی‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ralogie" title="Minéralogie — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minéralogie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianreola%C3%ADocht" title="Mianreolaíocht — ирски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mianreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralox%C3%ADa" title="Mineraloxía — галициски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mineraloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галициски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="광물학 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Միներալոգիա — ерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միներալոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="खनिज विज्ञान — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खनिज विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogija" title="Mineralogija — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mineralogija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogio" title="Mineralogio — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mineralogio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — индонезиски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steindafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Steindafræði — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steindafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מינרלוגיה — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינרלוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — јавански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="јавански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖನಿಜ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖನಿಜ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინერალოგია — грузиски" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინერალოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — казашки" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimu_madini" title="Elimu madini — свахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimu madini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="свахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEneroloj%C3%AE" title="Mînerolojî — курдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mînerolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — киргиски" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo%C4%A3ija" title="Mineraloģija — латвиски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mineraloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — луксембуршки" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="луксембуршки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogija" title="Mineralogija — литвански" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineralogija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sv%C3%A1nytan" title="Ásványtan — унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ásványtan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ധാതുവിജ്ഞാനീയം — малајалски" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധാതുവിജ്ഞാനീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малајалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%8Dng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk" title="Kuōng-ŭk-hŏk — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kuōng-ŭk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Эрдэс судлал — монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдэс судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သတ္တုဗေဒ — бурмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бурмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="鉱物学 — јапонски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉱物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogiya" title="Mineralogiya — узбечки" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mineralogiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သတ္တုဗေဒ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သတ္တုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="کانپوهنه — паштунски" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="паштунски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — долногермански" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долногермански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogie" title="Mineralogie — романски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mineralogie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="романски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — русински" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="русински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Минералогия — јакутски" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Минералогия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="јакутски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogjia" title="Mineralogjia — албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mineralogjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mineralogy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%C3%B3gia" title="Mineralógia — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mineralógia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogija" title="Mineralogija — словенечки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mineralogija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Минералогија — српски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минералогија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="српски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogija" title="Mineralogija — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mineralogija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mineralogia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mineralogi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralohiya" title="Mineralohiya — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mineralohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="วิทยาแร่ — тајландски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาแร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Минералшиносӣ — таџикистански" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Минералшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таџикистански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineroloji" title="Mineroloji — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mineroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мінералогія — украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінералогія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Khoáng vật học — виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoáng vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralohiya" title="Mineralohiya — варајски" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mineralohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="矿物学 — ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="矿物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="礦物學 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="礦物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="矿物学 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="矿物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уредување на меѓујазични врски" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди врски</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Преглед на содржинската страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Општо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Список на сите викистраници што водат овде [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Што води овде</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" rel="nofollow" title="Скорешни промени на страници со врски на оваа страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Поврзани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83353" title="Врска до поврзаниот предмет во складиштето за податоци [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Предмет на Википодатоци</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатки за страници"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Изглед"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Изглед</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриј</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Од Википедија — слободната енциклопедија</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mk" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png/280px-Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png/420px-Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png/560px-Mineralogy_between_its_other_sciences_around.png 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>Минералогијата ги применува начелата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија">хемијата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геологија">геологијата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физиката</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Наука за материјалите (страницата не постои)">науката за материјалите</a> во изучувањето на минералите</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Минералогија</b> — гранка на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геологија">геологијата</a> кое ги изучува <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија">хемијата</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура">кристалната структура</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физичко</a>-<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика">оптичките</a> својства на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал">минералите</a>. Одделни дисциплини ги разгледуваат потеклото на минералите и нивното образување, класфикацијата, географска распространетост и примена. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Историја"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Историја</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уреди го одделот „Историја“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Историја"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg/220px-Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg/330px-Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg/440px-Mohs_mineralogy_vol_2_plate_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>Страница од „Расправа за минералогијата“ од <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фридрих Мос (страницата не постои)">Фридрих Мос</a> (1825)</figcaption></figure> <p>Најстарите пишани дела за минералогијата, особено за <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Драг камен">драгите камења</a> се создадени во <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавилон">Вавилон</a>, стариот <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стара Грција">грчко</a>-<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Стар Рим">римски</a> свет, старовековна и средновековна <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Кина">Кина</a>, во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Санскрит">санскритските</a> текстови од <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Индија">древна Индија</a> и во стариот <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Исламски свет">исламски свет</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Попознати книги на оваа тема се „<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Природознание (Плиниј Постариот) (страницата не постои)">Природознание</a>“ (<i>Naturalis Historia</i>) на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Плиниј Постариот">Плиниј Постариот</a>, кој не само што опишува многу видови минерали, туку ги објаснува и нивните својства, и „Книга за драгите камења“ (<i>Китаб ел-Џевахир</i>) од персискиот научник <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ел-Бируни (страницата не постои)">ел-Бируни</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Германска ренесанса">Германскиот ренесансен</a> стручњак <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Георгиј Агрикола (страницата не постои)">Георгиј Агрикола</a> произвел дела како „За металите“ (<i>De re metallica</i>, 1556) и „За природата на камењата“ (<i>De Natura Fossilium</i>, 1546) со кои започнал научниот приод кон оваа проблематика. Систематски изучувања на минералите и карпите се развиле во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ренесанса">постренесансна</a> Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Современата минералогија се заснова на начелата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кристалографија">кристалографијата</a> (самата геметриска кристалографија води потекло од XVIII и XIX век) и на проучување на пресеци со воведувањето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Микроскоп">микроскопот</a> во XVII век.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Данскиот научник <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Николас Стено">Николас Стено</a> прв во 1669 г. го открил законот за постојаноста на аглите кај плоските (наречен и прв закон на крисалографијата) при проучување на кварцни кристали.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup> Оваа појава подоцна ќе биде воопштена и опитно утврдена од францускиот минералог Жан Батист Ром Делил во 1783 г.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Неговиот сонародник <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рене Жист Ауи (страницата не постои)">Рене Жист Ауи</a>, наречен „татко на современата кристалографија“, покажал дека кристалите се периодични и утврил дека насоченоста на плоските може да се изрази со рационални броеви, подоцна формализирана во Милеровите показатели.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup> Во 1814 г. шведскиот хемичар <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Јакоб Берцелиус">Јакоб Берцелиус</a> вовел класификација на минералите според нивната хемија наместо според кристалната структура.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Во 1827–1828 г. изучувајќи фосилизирано дрво, шкотскиот геолог Вилијам Никол ја осмилил неговата <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Николова призма (страницата не постои)">Николова призма</a> која ја полазирира светлината. Англискиот металург Хенри Клифтон Сорби покажал дека тенките пресеци (резниња) на минералите можат да се разпознаат според нивните оптички својства користејќи поларизирачки микроскоп.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>15</span></sup> Американскиот минералог <a href="/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Џејмс Двајт Дана">Џејмс Двајт Дана</a> во 1837 г. го објавил неговиот „Минералошки систем“ (<i>A System of Mineralogy</i>), и во подоцнежно издание ја вовел хемиската класификација која е стандардна до денес.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>15</span></sup> Појавата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дифракција">скршнување</a> (дифракција) под дејство на рендгенски зраци прв ја покажал германскиот физичар <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Макс фон Лауе">Макс фон Лауе</a> во 1912 г. Од овој пронајдок произлегла алатката за анализа на кристалната структура на минералите, осмислена од англиските физичари <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Вилијам Хенри Брег">Вилијам Хенри Брег</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Вилијам Лоренс Брег">Вилијам Лоренс Брег</a>, кои биле татко и син.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>4</span></sup> </p><p>Во поново време, со напредокот во опитната техника (како <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Неутронско расејување (страницата не постои)">неутронско расејување</a>) и моќта на сметачите (која овозможува крајно прецизни симулации во атомски размери), минералогијата се занимава и со поопшти проблеми од областа на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неорганска хемија">неорганската хемија</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Физика на тврдите тела (страницата не постои)">физиката на тврдите тела</a>. Сепак, таа и понатаму се задржува на кристалните структури на карпообразувачките минерали (како перовскитите, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глинест минерал (страницата не постои)">глинестите минерали</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Тектосиликат">рамковните силикати</a>). Особено голем напредок е постигнат во сознанијата за односот помеѓу атомската структура на минералите и нивната функција; поистакнати примери би биле точното мерење и предвидување на еластичните својства на минералите, кој дава нов увид во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сеизмологија">сеизмолошкото</a> поведение на карпите и длабински поврзаните дисконтинуитети во сеизмограмите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82" title="Земјин плашт">Земјиниот плашт</a>. Во контекст на врската помеѓу атомските појави и макроскопските својства, <i>минералните науки</i> имаат поголем преклоп со <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Наука за материјалите (страницата не постои)">науката за материјалите</a> отколку со други дисциплини. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Физички_својства"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Физички својства</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уреди го одделот „Физички својства“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Физички својства"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg/220px-Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg/330px-Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg/440px-Calcit_Scalenoeder_-_Egremont%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калцит (страницата не постои)">Калцит</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Карбонатни минерали">карбонатен минерал</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) со <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ромбоедар (страницата не постои)">ромбоедарска</a> кристална структура.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg/220px-Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg/330px-Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg/440px-Aragonite_redbrown_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Арагонит (страницата не постои)">Арагонит</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Орторомпски кристален систем">орторомпски</a> полиморф на калцитот.</figcaption></figure> <p>Прв чекор во препознавањето на еден минерал е разгледување на неговите физички својства. Тие се <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Густина">густина</a> (често изразена во <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Релативна густина (страницата не постои)">специфична тежина</a>); механичка целовитост (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мосова скала">тврдост</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Издржливост (минералогија) (страницата не постои)">издржливост</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цепливост (страницата не постои)">цепливост</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Прелом (минералогија)">прелом</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цепливост (страницата не постои)">двоење</a>); макроскопски визуелни својства (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%98_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сјај (минералогија) (страницата не постои)">сјај</a>, боја, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Огреб (страницата не постои)">огреб</a>/ трага, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Луминисценција">луминисценција</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%95%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Проѕирност">светлопропусност</a>); магнетни и електрични својства; радиоактивност и растворливост во <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хлороводород">хлороводород</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород">H</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>97–113</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>39–53</span></sup> </p><p><i>Тврдоста</i> се одредува со споредба со други минерали. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мосова скала">Мосовата скала</a> има реперни минерали кои носат броеви според нивната тврдост — од 1 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Талк (страницата не постои)">талк</a>) до 10 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дијамант">дијамант</a>). Потврдиот минерал гребе помек, така што на оваа скала можеме да ставиме и непознат минерал, гледајќи кои минерали ги гребе, а кои го гребат него. Неколку минерали како <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калцит (страницата не постои)">калцитот</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кијанит (страницата не постои)">кијанитот</a> имаат тврдост која е значително зависна од насоката.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>254–255</span></sup> Тврдоста може да се изрази и на апсолутна скала користејќи <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Склерометар (страницата не постои)">склерометар</a>; во споредба со апсолутната, Мосовата скала е нелинеарна.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>52</span></sup> </p><p><i>Издржливоста</i> се однесува на поведението на минералот кога ќе се скрши, здроби, свитка или раскине. Минералот може да биде <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кршливост (страницата не постои)">кршлив</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ковливост (страницата не постои)">ковлив</a>, пресеклив (сектилнен), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ковливост (страницата не постои)">растеглив</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Крутост">свитлив</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Изобличување">еластичен</a>. Важно влијание на издржливоста а видот на присутната хемиска врска (на пр. <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јонска врска">јонска</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Метална врска">метална</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>255–256</span></sup> </p><p>Меѓу другите мерки за механичка целовитост, <i>цепливоста</i> е склоноста кон кршење долж извесни кристалографски рамнини. Се опишува по одликата (на пр. совршена или добра) и по насоченоста на рамнината според кристалографска номенклатура. </p><p><i>Двоењето</i> е склоноста за кршење по рамнини на слабост под дејство на притисок, близнење или езгорастворање. Кога кршењето не се одвива по рамнини, тогаш тоа има понеуреден облик на <i>прелом</i> кој може да биде <i>школкест</i>, <i>влакнест</i>, <i>игличест</i>, <i>жилетен</i> или <i>нерамномерен</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>253–254</span></sup> </p><p>Ако минералот е добро кристализиран, тој ќе има и карактеристичен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хабитус (минералогија) (страницата не постои)">хабитус</a> (на пр. шестаголен, стоплчест, гроздест) кој ја одразува неговата <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура">кристалната структура</a> или внатрешното устројство на атомите.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>40–41</span></sup> Тој е засегнат и од негостатоците на кристалот како и од <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Близнење (страницата не постои)">близнењето</a>. Многу кристали се <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полиморфизам (крсталографија) (страницата не постои)">полиморфни</a>, т.е. имаат повеќе од една можна кристална структура зависно од чинители како притисокот и температурата.<sup id="cite_ref-Ness_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>66–68</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>126</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Кристална_структура"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Кристална структура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уреди го одделот „Кристална структура“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Кристална структура"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Perovskite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Perovskite.jpg/220px-Perovskite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Perovskite.jpg/330px-Perovskite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Perovskite.jpg/440px-Perovskite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Кристална структура на перовскитот. Црвените топчиња се кислород, сините се силициум, а зелените се магнезиум или железо.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4650192">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Главна статија: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура">Кристална структура</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4650192"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Поврзано: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кристалографија">Кристалографија</a></div> <p>Кристалната структура е распоредот на атомите во кристалот. Таа се претставува со <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кристална решетка (страницата не постои)">решетка</a> на точки која повторува основна шема наречена единична ќелија во три димензии. Решетката се одликува со нејзините симетрии и димензиите на едиичната ќелија. Овие димензии се претставени со три <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Милерови показатели (страницата не постои)">Милерови показатели</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>91–92</span></sup> Решетката останува непроменета со извесни симетриски операции околу некоја точка на решетката: одразување, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вртежна симетрија (страницата не постои)">вртење</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Точка на симетрија (страницата не постои)">превртување</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Несопствено вртење (страницата не постои)">вртежно превртување</a>, комбинација од вртење и превртување. Заедно тие го сочинуваат математичкиот објект наречен <i>кристалографска точковна група</i> или <i>кристална класа</i>. Постојат 32 можни кристални класи. Покрај тоа, постојат операции кои ги поместуваат сите точки: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Транслациона симетрија (страницата не постои)">транслација</a>, завојна оска и лизговна рамнина. Во комбинација со точковните симетрии, тие сочинуваат 230 можни <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Просторна група (страницата не постои)">просторни групи</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>125–126</span></sup> </p><p>Установите имаат опрема за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Рендгенско зрачење">рендгенска</a> анализа на прашоци со кои ја одредуваат кристалната стуктура на минералите.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>54–55</span></sup> Рендгенските зраци имаат бранови должини од ист величински ред како растојанијата меѓу атомите. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дифракција">Скршнувањето</a> (дифракцијата) констуктивната и деструктивна интерференција помеѓу брановите расеани по разни атоми, дава карактеристични шеми на голема и мала густина кои зависат од геометријата на кристалот. Кај еден примерок здробен во прашок, рендгенските зраци примерочат произволна распределба на сите кристални насоки.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinnebier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinnebier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Свивањето на прашокот ги разликува минералите кои делуваат исто на око, како на пример <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86" title="Кварц">кварцот</a> и неговите полимофри <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тридимит (страницата не постои)">тридимитот</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кристобалит (страницата не постои)">кристобалитот</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>54</span></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Изоморфизам (кристалографија) (страницата не постои)">Изоморфните</a> минерали со различен состав имаат слични шеми на прашочно скршнување, при што главната разлика е во просторот меѓу линиите и нивната јачина. на пример, кристалната структура на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Халит (страницата не постои)">халитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Натриум">Na</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a>) е од просторната група <i>Fm3m</i>; оваа структура ја дели со <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Силвит (страницата не постои)">силвитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калиум">K</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Периклас (страницата не постои)">перикласот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезиум">Mg</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">O</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бунзенит (страницата не постои)">бунзенитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел">Ni</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">O</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Галенит (страницата не постои)">галенитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">Pb</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур">S</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алабандит (страницата не постои)">алабандитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Mn</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур">S</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хлораргирит (страницата не постои)">хлораргиритот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">Ag</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a>), и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Титан нитрид (страницата не постои)">озборнитот</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан">Ti</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">N</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>150–151</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хемиски_елементи"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B8"></span>Хемиски елементи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уреди го одделот „Хемиски елементи“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Хемиски елементи"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4650192"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Поврзано: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аналитичка хемија">Аналитичка хемија</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg/170px-Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg/255px-Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg/340px-Portable_Micro-X-ray_fluorescence_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Пренослива рендгенофлуоресцентна микросондажна машина</figcaption></figure> <p>Иако некои минерали се сами по себе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемиски елемент">хемиски елементи</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур">сулфурот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар">бакарот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">среброто</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">златото</a>), речиси сите се <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хемиско соединение">соединенија</a>. Класичниот метод за утврдување на составот е <i>мокра хемиска анализа</i>, која подразбира растворање на минералот во киселина, како на пример <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Хлороводородна киселина">хлороводородната</a> (HCl). Потоа елементите во растворот се утврдуваат по пат на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Колориметрија (страницата не постои)">колориметрија</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Титрација">зафатнинска</a> или <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гравиметриска анализа (страницата не постои)">гравиметриска анализа</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>224–225</span></sup> </p><p>Од 1960 г. наваму највеќето хемиски анализи се вршат со инструменти. Еден од нив, наречен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Атомовпивна спектрометрија (страницата не постои)">атомовпивна спектрометрија</a>, е сличен на мократа хемија по тоа што примерокот мора да се раствори, но постапката е многу побрза и поевтина. Растворот се испарува и спектарот на нафатената супстанција се мери во видливиот и ултравиолетовиот спектар.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>225–226</span></sup> Други техники се рендгенофлуоресцентна анализа, електронска микросондажна анализа, атомска сондажна топографија и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Атомооддавна спектрометрија (страницата не постои)">оптичка оддавна спектрографија</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>227–232</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Оптика"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Оптика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уреди го одделот „Оптика“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Оптика"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1483_Olivine_Adcumulate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>Фотомикрографија на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оливин (страницата не постои)">оливински</a> збир од <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Архаик (страницата не постои)">архаички</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Коматит (страницата не постои)">коматит</a> од Егну, Западна Авсралија.</figcaption></figure> <p>Покрај макроскопските својства како боја или сјај, минералите имаат својства за чие набљудување е потребен поларизирачки миксорскоп. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Пренос_на_светлина"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.81.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Пренос на светлина</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уреди го одделот „Пренос на светлина“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Пренос на светлина"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Кога светлината преминува од воздух или <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум">вакуум</a> во проѕирен кристал, дел од неа се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Одбивање (физика)">одбива</a> од површината, а друг се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Прекршување (физика)">прекршува</a>. Второспоменатото е закривување на нејзината патека кое се појавува бидејќи <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Брзина на светлината">брзината на светлината</a> се менува кога минува низ кристал; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Снелов закон">Снеловиот закон</a> вели дека <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Агол">аголот</a> на закривување е зависен од <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Показател на прекршување">показателот на прекршување</a> — соодносот помеѓу брзината во вакуум и брзината во кристал. Кристалите чија група на точковна симетрија спаѓа во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Коцкест кристален систем">коцкест систем</a> се <i>изотропни</i>: показателот не зависи од насоката. Сите други кристали се <i>анизотропни</i>: светлината која минува низ нив се двои на два рамнински <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Поларизација (бранови)">поларизирани</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Зрак (страницата не постои)">зрака</a> кои патуваат со различни брзини и се прекршуваат под различни агли.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>289–291</span></sup> </p><p>Поларизирачкиот микрископ е сличен на обичниот микроскоп со таа разлика што има два рамнински полазирирани филтри, (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Поларизатор (страницата не постои)">поларизатор</a></i>) од примерокот и анализатор над него, поларизирани под меѓусебно прав агол. Светлината последователно минува низ поларизаторот, примерокот и анализаторот. Ако нема примерок, анализаторот ја попречува сета светлина од поларизаторот. Меѓутоа, анизотропниот примерок ја менува поларизацијата, пропуштајќи дел од светлината. Како примероци се користат тенки пресеци и прашоци.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>293–294</span></sup> </p><p>Кога се набљудува изотропен кристал, тој изгледа темен бидејќи не ја менува поларизацијата на светлината. Меѓутоа, кога истиот ќе се потопи во избаждарена течност со понизок показател на прекршување, а микроскопот не е изострен, околу рабовите на кристалот се јавува сјајна линија наречена <i>Бекеова линија</i>. Присуството или отсуството на вакви линии во течностите со различни показатели ни дава да го процениме показателот на кристалот, обично до точност од <span class="texhtml">± 0,003</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>294–295</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Систематика"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Систематика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уреди го одделот „Систематика“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Систематика"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Hanksite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hanksite.JPG/220px-Hanksite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hanksite.JPG/330px-Hanksite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hanksite.JPG/440px-Hanksite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ханксит (страницата не постои)">Ханксит</a>, Na<sub>22</sub>K(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>9</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cl, еден од малкуте минерали кој истовремено се смета за карбонат и за сулфат.</figcaption></figure> <p>Под систематска минералогија се подразбира препознавањето и класификацијата на миералите според нивните својства. Во минатото минералогијата посветувала многу внимание на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Таксономија">таксономијата</a> на карпообразувачките минерали. Во 1959 г. Меѓународното минералошко здружение почнало со рационализација на номенклатурата и уредување на воведувањето на нови имиња.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Денес има преку 6.000 именувани и неименувани минерали, а секоја година се откриваат нови 100.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Прирачникот за минералогија ги дели минералите на следниве класи: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Самороден елемент (страницата не постои)">самородни елементи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Сулфиден минерал">сулфиди</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сулфосол (страницата не постои)">сулфосоли</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Оксид">оксиди</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хидроксид">хидроксиди</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Халидни минерали (страницата не постои)">халиди</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Карбонатни минерали">карбонати, нитрати и борати</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Сулфатен минерал">сулфати, хромати, молибдати и волфрамати</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фосфатни минерали">фосфати, арсенати и ванадати</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Силикатни минерали">силикати</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Средини_на_образување"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Средини на образување</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Уреди го одделот „Средини на образување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Средини на образување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Минералите се образуваат и развиваат во многу различни средини. Примерите се движат од местата на кристализација при високи температура и притисок во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Магматски карпи">магматска</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Магма">топеница</a> длабоко во <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земјина кора">Земјината кора</a>, па сè до нискотемпературното таложење од пресолените води на Земјината површина. </p><p>Можни начини на образба:<sup id="cite_ref-ramsdell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsdell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сублимација">сублимација</a> од <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан">вулкански</a> гасови</li> <li>напластување на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Воден раствор">водени раствори</a> и хидротермална располница</li> <li>кристализација од <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Магма">магма</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава">лава</a></li> <li>прекристализација поради <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метаморфизам (страницата не постои)">метаморфни</a> процеси и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метасоматоза (страницата не постои)">метасоматоза</a></li> <li>кристализација при <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дијагенеза (страницата не постои)">дијагенеза</a> на талозите</li> <li>образување со <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Оксидација">оксидација</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Трошење (страницата не постои)">трошење</a> на карпите изложени на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Земјина атмосфера">атмосферата</a> или во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва">почвата</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Биоминералогија"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Биоминералогија</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Уреди го одделот „Биоминералогија“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Биоминералогија"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Биоминералогијата е поле кое ги вкрстува минералогијата, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија">палеонтологијата</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биологија">биологијата</a>. It is the study of how растенијата и животните ги стабилизираат минералите под биолшка контрола, како и низообразбата на минералната замена на тие минерали по таложењето.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Се служи со приоди од хемиската минералогија (особено со проучување на изотопите) за да ги одреди растежните облици на живите растенија и животни<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> како и изворните минерални состојки на фосилите.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Новиот приод наречен минерална еволуција ја истражува коеволуцијата на геосферата и биосферата, вклучувајќи ја улогата на минералите во настанокот на живиот свет и процеси како минерално катализирана органска синтеза и селективното нафаќање на органски молекули на минерални површини.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Примена"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Примена</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Уреди го одделот „Примена“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Примена"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Минералите играат суштинска улога за разни потреби на човечкото општество. Такви се <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Руда">рудите</a> од кои се прават важни делови на метални производи во разни <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Стока (економија)">стоки</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Машинерија">машинерија</a>, но и неопходни составници на градежни материјали како <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Варовник">варовникот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мермер">мермерот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гранит">гранитот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Грагор">грагорот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Стакло">стаклото</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гипс (материјал) (страницата не постои)">гипсот</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент">цементот</a> итн.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsdell_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsdell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> МИнералите се користат и како <a href="/wiki/%D0%83%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѓубриво">ѓубрива</a> за збогатување на приносите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Земјоделство">земјоделството</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Збирки"><span id=".D0.97.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Збирки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Уреди го одделот „Збирки“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Збирки"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG/250px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG/375px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG/500px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde_Berlin_February_2008_0023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Минералошка збирка во Природонаучниот музеј во Берлин</figcaption></figure> <p>Најзначајна минералошка поставка во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Македонија">Македонија</a> е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Минерали_и_карпи" title="Природонаучен музеј на Македонија">Минералошката збирка</a> во Одделението за геологија и палеонтологија на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Природонаучен музеј на Македонија">Природонаучниот музеј</a> во Скопје. Во неа се опфатени многу минерали кои автохтони за државата, но има разни други минерали од општо значење. Музејот поседува околку 2.190 видови минерали и карпи, од кои 108 се постојано изложени.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Најпосетувани големи збирки во светот се сместени во Салата на геологијата, драгите камења и минерали на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Смитсонова установа (страницата не постои)">Смитсоновата установа</a> во <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вашингтон">Вашингтон</a>, Природонаучниот музеј во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лос Анџелес">Лос Анџелес</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карнегиев природонаучен музеј (страницата не постои)">Карнегиевиот природонаучен музеј</a> во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Питсбург">Питсбург</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Природонаучен музеј (Лондон) (страницата не постои)">Природонаучниот музеј</a> во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон">Лондон</a> и приватниот музеј „Мим“ во <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бејрут">Бејрут</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Либан">Либан</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Поврзано"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BE.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BE"></span>Поврзано</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Уреди го одделот „Поврзано“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Поврзано"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Список на минерали (страницата не постои)">Список на минерали</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Петрологија">Петрологија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија">Металургија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Список на минералози (страницата не постои)">Список на минералози</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наводи"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Наводи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Уреди го одделот „Наводи“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Наводи"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Needham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Needham_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Needham_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Needham_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1959" class="citation book">Needham, Joseph (1959). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencecivilisat00need_228"><i>Science and civilisation in China</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencecivilisat00need_228/page/n749">637</a>–638. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0521058018" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0521058018"><bdi>978-0521058018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=637-638&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0521058018&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencecivilisat00need_228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5289462">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ness-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-3">2,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-4">2,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-5">2,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ness_2-6">2,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNesse2012" class="citation book">Nesse, William D. (2012). <i>Introduction to mineralogy</i> (2. изд.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0199827381" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0199827381"><bdi>978-0199827381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+mineralogy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199827381&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.iucr.org/dictionary/Law_of_the_constancy_of_interfacial_angles">„Law of the constancy of interfacial angles“</a>. <i>Online dictionary of crystallography</i>. International Union of Crystallography. 24 август 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на 22 септември 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law+of+the+constancy+of+interfacial+angles&rft.btitle=Online+dictionary+of+crystallography&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Crystallography&rft.date=2014-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.iucr.org%2Fdictionary%2FLaw_of_the_constancy_of_interfacial_angles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_4-2">4,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRafferty2012" class="citation book">Rafferty, John P. (2012). <i>Geological sciences</i> (1. изд.). New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Educational Services. стр. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781615304950" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781615304950"><bdi>9781615304950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14-15&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Pub.+in+association+with+Rosen+Educational+Services&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781615304950&rft.aulast=Rafferty&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-3">5,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-4">5,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_5-5">5,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinPhilpotts2013" class="citation book">Klein, Cornelis; Philpotts, Anthony R. (2013). <i>Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780521145213" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780521145213"><bdi>9780521145213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+materials+%3A+introduction+to+mineralogy+and+petrology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780521145213&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Philpotts%2C+Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-0">6,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-1">6,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-2">6,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-3">6,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-4">6,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-5">6,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-6">6,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-7">6,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-8">6,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-9">6,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_6-10">6,10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1993" class="citation book">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). <i>Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)</i> (21. изд.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/047157452X" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/047157452X"><bdi>047157452X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy+%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=21&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=047157452X&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashcroft-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAshcroftMermin1977" class="citation book">Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1977). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Бара бесплатно членство"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solidstatephysic00ashc"><i>Solid state physics</i></a></span> (27 препеч. изд.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780030839931" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780030839931"><bdi>9780030839931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=27+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780030839931&rft.aulast=Ashcroft&rft.aufirst=Neil+W.&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolidstatephysic00ashc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinnebier-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dinnebier_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDinnebierBillinge2008" class="citation book">Dinnebier, Robert E.; Billinge, Simon J.L. (2008). „1. Principles of powder diffraction“. Во Dinnebier, Robert E.; Billinge, Simon J.L. (уред.). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powderdiffractio00redi"><i>Powder diffraction : theory and practice</i></a></span> (Препеч. изд.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. стр. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powderdiffractio00redi/page/n23">1</a>–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780854042319" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780854042319"><bdi>9780854042319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Principles+of+powder+diffraction&rft.btitle=Powder+diffraction+%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-19&rft.edition=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780854042319&rft.aulast=Dinnebier&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Billinge%2C+Simon+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowderdiffractio00redi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2006" class="citation journal">Parsons, Ian (октомври 2006). „International Mineralogical Association“. <i>Elements</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 388. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgselements.2.6.388">10.2113/gselements.2.6.388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=International+Mineralogical+Association&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=388&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgselements.2.6.388&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHigginsSmith2010" class="citation journal">Higgins, Michael D.; Smith, Dorian G. W. (октомври 2010). „A census of mineral species in 2010“. <i>Elements</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=A+census+of+mineral+species+in+2010&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=346&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Dorian+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsdell-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ramsdell_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ramsdell_11-1">11,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoses1918" class="citation encyclopaedia">Moses, Alfred J. (1918–1920). „Mineralogy“. Во Ramsdell, Lewis S. (уред.). <i>Encyclopedia Americana: International Edition</i>. <b>19</b>. New York: Americana Corporation. стр. 164–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mineralogy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+International+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164-168&rft.pub=Americana+Corporation&rft.date=1918%2F1920&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScurfield1979" class="citation journal">Scurfield, Gordon (1979). „Wood Petrifaction: an aspect of biomineralogy“. <i>Australian Journal of Botany</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 377–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fbt9790377">10.1071/bt9790377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Wood+Petrifaction%3A+an+aspect+of+biomineralogy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-390&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Fbt9790377&rft.aulast=Scurfield&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChristoffersenBalic-ZunicPehrsonChristoffersen2001" class="citation journal">Christoffersen, M.R.; Balic-Zunic, T.; Pehrson, S.; Christoffersen, J. (2001). „Kinetics of Growth of Columnar Triclinic Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystals“. <i>Crystal Growth & Design</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 463–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcg015547j">10.1021/cg015547j</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Growth+%26+Design&rft.atitle=Kinetics+of+Growth+of+Columnar+Triclinic+Calcium+Pyrophosphate+Dihydrate+Crystals&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=463-466&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcg015547j&rft.aulast=Christoffersen&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Balic-Zunic%2C+T.&rft.au=Pehrson%2C+S.&rft.au=Christoffersen%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChandrajithWijewardanaDissanayakeAbeygunasekara2006" class="citation journal">Chandrajith, R.; Wijewardana, G.; Dissanayake, C.B.; Abeygunasekara, A. (2006). „Biomineralogy of human urinary calculi (kidney stones) from some geographic regions of Sri Lanka“. <i>Environmental Geochemistry and Health</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 393–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10653-006-9048-y">10.1007/s10653-006-9048-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16791711">16791711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24627795">24627795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Geochemistry+and+Health&rft.atitle=Biomineralogy+of+human+urinary+calculi+%28kidney+stones%29+from+some+geographic+regions+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-399&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24627795&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16791711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10653-006-9048-y&rft.aulast=Chandrajith&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Wijewardana%2C+G.&rft.au=Dissanayake%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Abeygunasekara%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLowenstam1954" class="citation journal">Lowenstam, Heitz A (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016220140/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/4626/">„Environmental relations of modification compositions of certain carbonate secreting marine invertebrates“</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PNAS...40...39L">1954PNAS...40...39L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.40.1.39">10.1073/pnas.40.1.39</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC527935">527935</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589423">16589423</a>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/4626/">изворникот</a> на 2015-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Environmental+relations+of+modification+compositions+of+certain+carbonate+secreting+marine+invertebrates&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC527935&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16589423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.40.1.39&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1954PNAS...40...39L&rft.aulast=Lowenstam&rft.aufirst=Heitz+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F4626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2016" class="citation news">Amos, Jonathan (13 февруари 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35569659">„Earth's rarest minerals catalogued“</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на 17 септември 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+rarest+minerals+catalogued&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-35569659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHazenPapineauBleekerDowns2008" class="citation journal">Hazen, Robert M.; Papineau, Dominic; Bleeker, Wouter; Downs, Robert T.; Ferry, John M.; и др. (ноември–декември 2008). „Mineral Evolution“. <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>93</b> (11–12): 1693–1720. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AmMin..93.1693H">2008AmMin..93.1693H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Fam.2008.2955">10.2138/am.2008.2955</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27460479">27460479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Mineral+Evolution&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=1693-1720&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27460479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Fam.2008.2955&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AmMin..93.1693H&rft.aulast=Hazen&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Papineau%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Bleeker%2C+Wouter&rft.au=Downs%2C+Robert+T.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+John+M.&rft.au=McCoy%2C+Timothy+J.&rft.au=Sverjensky%2C+Dimitri+A.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hexiong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112120325/https://musmacscinat.mk/mk/%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%b7%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d0%b5%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%b8%d1%98%d0%b0-%d0%b8-%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b3/">„Одделение за геологија и палеонтологија“</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Природонаучен музеј на Македонија">Природонаучен музеј на Македонија</a></i>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musmacscinat.mk/mk/%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3/">изворникот</a> на 2023-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на 13 јануари 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusmacscinat.mk%2Fmk%2F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B8-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation journal">Wilson, W (2013). „The Opening of the Mim Mineral Museum in Beirut, Lebanon“. <i>The Mineralogical Record</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 61–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mineralogical+Record&rft.atitle=The+Opening+of+the+Mim+Mineral+Museum+in+Beirut%2C+Lebanon&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-83&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLyckberg2013" class="citation news">Lyckberg, Peter (16 октомври 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/article.php/1807/The+MIM+Museum+opening,+Lebanon">„The MIM Museum opening, Lebanon“</a>. Mindat.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на 19 октомври 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+MIM+Museum+opening%2C+Lebanon&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft.aulast=Lyckberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Farticle.php%2F1807%2FThe%2BMIM%2BMuseum%2Bopening%2C%2BLebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.org/site/explore-exhibits/permanent-exhibits/gems-minerals">„Gems and Minerals“</a>. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на 22 мај 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gems+and+Minerals&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum+of+Los+Angeles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.org%2Fsite%2Fexplore-exhibits%2Fpermanent-exhibits%2Fgems-minerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Надворешни_врски"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.B2.D1.80.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Надворешни врски</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Уреди го одделот „Надворешни врски“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Надворешни врски"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">„<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mineralogy?uselang=mk">Минералогија</a>“ на Ризницата <sup><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ризница (Викимедија)">?</a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ih.pmf.ukim.edu.mk/materials/download/1fff04e7fadf897de441a0b1aacdc880">Минералогија</a> — учебник на Петре Макрески, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_-_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Институт за хемија (Природно-математички факултет - Скопје)">Институт за хемија</a> при <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%9C%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ПМФ">ПМФ</a> - Скопје, 2015</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFЈовановски2012" class="citation book">Јовановски, Милорад; и др. (2012). „Основи на минералогијата“. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukim.edu.mk/e-izdanija/GF/Inzhenerska_geologija.pdf"><i>Инженерска геологија</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Скопје: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_-_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Градежен факултет - Скопје">Градежен факултет</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-608-4510-13-0" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-608-4510-13-0"><bdi>978-608-4510-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-608-4510-13-0&rft.aulast=%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukim.edu.mk%2Fe-izdanija%2FGF%2FInzhenerska_geologija.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehemija.mk/prezentacii/fizicka/fh10-simetrija-na-kristali.ppt">Симетрија на кристали</a>, проф. Блаже Димески, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95-%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Е-Хемија">Е-Хемија</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mineralogy-ima.org/">Меѓународно минералошко здружение</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#808080ff;">(англиски)</span></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-преглед"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Предлошка:Геологија"><abbr title="Преглед на предлошкава" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-разговор"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Разговор за предлошка:Геологија"><abbr title="Разговор за предлошкава" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-уреди"><a class="external text" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Уредување на предлошкава" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">у</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геологија">Геологија</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Состав и структура</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геохемија (страницата не постои)">Геохемија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кристалографија">Кристалографија</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Минералогија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Петрологија">Петрологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Седиментологија (страницата не постои)">Седиментологија</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/75px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/100px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Историска геологија (страницата не постои)">Историска геологија</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геохронологија (страницата не постои)">Геохронологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геолошка историја на Земјата (страницата не постои)">Геолошка историја на Земјата</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стратиграфија">Стратиграфија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеонтологија">Палеонтологија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеоклиматологија">Палеоклиматологија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Палеогеографија">Палеогеографија</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Движење</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Структурна геологија (страницата не постои)">Структурна геологија</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геодинамика">Геодинамика</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Тектоника на плочите">Тектоника</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геоморфологија (страницата не постои)">Геоморфологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вулканологија (страницата не постои)">Вулканологија</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Вода</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глациологија (страницата не постои)">Глациологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хидрогеологија (страницата не постои)">Хидрогеологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Морска геологија (страницата не постои)">Морска геологија</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геофизика">Геофизика</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Геодезија">Геодезија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геомагнетизам (страницата не постои)">Геомагнетизам</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геолошки премер (страницата не постои)">Геолошки премер</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сеизмологија">Сеизмологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тектонофизика (страницата не постои)">Тектонофизика</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Примена</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Биогеологија (страницата не постои)">Биогеологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Стопанска геологија (страницата не постои)">Стопанска геологија</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Инженерска геологија 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геолошко вештачење (страницата не постои)">Геолошко вештачење</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геофизичко вештачење (страницата не постои)">Геофизичко вештачење</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рударска геологија (страницата не постои)">Рударска геологија</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Друго</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Преглед на геологијата (страницата не постои)">Преглед на геологијата</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Историја на геологијата (страницата не постои)">Историја на геологијата</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нормативна контрола">Нормативна контрола</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-085589">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Контролен број на Конгресната библиотека">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85085589">sh85085589</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обединета нормативна податотека">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4039457-8">4039457-8</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Национална библиотека на Франција">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932504q">cb11932504q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932504q">(податоци)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историски речник на Швајцарија">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F024471.php">024471</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Национална парламентарна библиотека (Јапонија)">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566086">00566086</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Национална библиотека на Чешка">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115320&CON_LNG=ENG">ph115320</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Национална библиотека на Шпанија">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525383">XX525383</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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