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text-align:center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Datoteka:Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/40px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/60px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/120px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1080\" data-file-height=\"1080\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EPridružite se uređivačkom maratonu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_voli_ramazan_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikipedia voli ramazan 2025.\"\u003EWikipedia voli ramazan 2025\u003C/a\u003E, koji traje od 25. 2. do 15. 4. Detaljnije na \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_voli_ramazan_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikipedia voli ramazan 2025.\"\u003Estranici projekta\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"fmbox fmbox-system\" role=\"presentation\" style=\"border:1px solid #409262; text-align:center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Datoteka:Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg/40px-Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"37\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg/60px-Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg/80px-Fnf_as_2023_logo.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1031\" data-file-height=\"951\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EPridružite se uređivačkom maratonu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Feminizam_i_folklor_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Feminizam i folklor 2025.\"\u003EFeminizam i folklor 2025\u003C/a\u003E, koji traje od 1. 2. do 31. 3. Detaljnije na \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Feminizam_i_folklor_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Feminizam i folklor 2025.\"\u003Estranici projekta\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Historija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pokrajina_emevijskog_halifata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pokrajina_emevijskog_halifata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pokrajina emevijskog halifata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pokrajina_emevijskog_halifata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emevijski_emirat_i_Kordopski_halifat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emevijski_emirat_i_Kordopski_halifat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Emevijski emirat i Kordopski halifat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emevijski_emirat_i_Kordopski_halifat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_Tavaifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_Tavaifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Period Tavaifa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_Tavaifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almoravidi,_Almohadi_i_Marinidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almoravidi,_Almohadi_i_Marinidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Almoravidi, Almohadi i Marinidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almoravidi,_Almohadi_i_Marinidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">El-Endelus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 88 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – ačinski" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ačinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="الأندلس – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأندلس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أندلوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أندلوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="الاندلس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاندلس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl-%C6%8Fnd%C9%99l%C3%BCs" title="Əl-Əndəlüs – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əl-Əndəlüs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D3%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Әл-Әндәлүс – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әл-Әндәлүс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Андалус – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андалус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="আন্দালুস – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্দালুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%80ndalus" title="Al-Àndalus – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Àndalus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ئەندەلوس – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندەلوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="preporučen članak"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Endulus" title="El Endulus – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="El Endulus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Αλ-Άνταλους – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Άνταλους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="اندلس (اسلامی) – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندلس (اسلامی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C3%81ndalus" title="Al-Ándalus – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Al-Ándalus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – škotski galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אל-אנדלוס – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-אנדלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="अल अन्दलुस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल अन्दलुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusz" title="Andalusz – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andalusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ալ-Անդալուս – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Անդալուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="アンダルス – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンダルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალ-ანდალუსია – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-ანდალუსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Әл-Андалуси – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әл-Андалуси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%95%88%EB%8B%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="알안달루스 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알안달루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endulus_(dewlet)" title="Endulus (dewlet) – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endulus (dewlet)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andalusia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalusija" title="Al-Andalusija – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Al-Andalusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusa" title="Andalusa – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Andalusa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ел-Андалус – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ел-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അൽ അന്തലൂസ് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽ അന്തലൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andal%C3%B3s" title="Al Andalós – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Al Andalós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="اندلس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اندلس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مسلم اسپين – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مسلم اسپين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlas" title="Indlas – tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Indlas" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andaluz" title="Al Andaluz – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al Andaluz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalus" title="Andalus – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Andalus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ал Андалуз – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ал Андалуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்-அந்தலுஸ் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்-அந்தலுஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Андалус – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Андалус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="อัลอันดะลุส – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลอันดะลุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C3%BCl%C3%BCs" title="Endülüs – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endülüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ئەندەلۇس – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەندەلۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аль-Андалус – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аль-Андалус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="اندلس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اندلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Al-Andalus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安达卢斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ – standardni marokanski tamazigt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵏⴷⵍⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamazigt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安达卢斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%94%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF" title="安達盧斯 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安達盧斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/El-Endelus" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li 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accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alati" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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[j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Srodne_izmjene/El-Endelus" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne izmjene na stranicama koje su povezane sa ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Srodne izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" title="Postavi slike i druge medije [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&oldid=3501021" title="Trajni link ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajni link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Informacije o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=El-Endelus&id=3501021&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEl-Endelus"><span>Skraćeni link</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEl-Endelus"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje / izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=El-Endelus"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=El-Endelus&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&printable=yes" title="Verzija ove stranice za štampanje [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Za štampanje</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Andalus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123559" title="Link na povezane podatke spremišnih stavki [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Preusmjereno sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Andaluz&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Andaluz">El-Andaluz</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/300px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/450px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/600px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Položaj El-Andaluza i kršćanskih kraljevina u periodu oko 1000. godine, tokom vrhunca vladavine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almanzor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almanzor (stranica ne postoji)">Almanzora</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3595132">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-wraplinks a{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding-top:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-navbar{padding-top:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile toccolours plainlist" style="width:18em;width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historija El-Endelusa</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslimansko_osvajanje_%C5%A0panije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslimansko osvajanje Španije (stranica ne postoji)">Muslimanska osvajanja</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3262884">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(711–732)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitka_na_Guadaleteu" title="Bitka na Guadaleteu">Bitka na Guadaleteu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Toulousea_(721)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Toulousea (721) (stranica ne postoji)">Bitka kod Toulousea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Poitiersa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Poitiersa (stranica ne postoji)">Bitka kod Poitiersa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Emevije" title="Emevije">Emevije</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Córdoba">Córdobe</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(756–1031)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kordopski_emirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kordopski emirat">Kordopski emirat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kordopski_halifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kordopski halifat (stranica ne postoji)">Kordopski halifat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almanzor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almanzor (stranica ne postoji)">Almanzor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (stranica ne postoji)">Prvi taifski period</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1009–1110)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almoravidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almoravidi (stranica ne postoji)">Almoravidski period</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1085–1145)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almoravidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almoravidi (stranica ne postoji)">Osvajanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Zalake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Zalake (stranica ne postoji)">Bitka kod Zalake</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (stranica ne postoji)">Drugi taifski period</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1140–1203)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almohadi (stranica ne postoji)">Almohadski period</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1147–1238)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Navas_de_Tolosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Navas de Tolosa (stranica ne postoji)">Bitka kod Navas de Tolosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (stranica ne postoji)">Treći taifski period</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1232–1287)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granadski_emirat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granadski emirat (stranica ne postoji)">Granadski emirat</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262884" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1492)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasridi" title="Nasridi">Nasridi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granadski_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granadski rat (stranica ne postoji)">Granadski rat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> Povezani članci</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirenejsko_poluostrvo" title="Pirenejsko poluostrvo">Pirenejsko poluostrvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekonkvista" title="Rekonkvista">Rekonkvista</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312386">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-pogledaj"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablon:Historija_El-Andaluza" title="Šablon:Historija El-Andaluza"><abbr title="Pogledaj šablon">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-razgovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor_o_%C5%A1ablonu:Historija_El-Andaluza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Razgovor o šablonu:Historija El-Andaluza (stranica ne postoji)"><abbr title="Razgovor o šablonu">r</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ablon:Historija_El-Andaluza&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi šablon">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>El-Andaluz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arapski_jezik" title="Arapski jezik">arapski</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ar">الأنْدَلُس</span>), poznat i kao <b>Muslimanska Španija</b>, bila je srednjovjekovna muslimanska teritorija i kulturno područje koje je tokom svog ranog periodu zauzimalo najveći dio <a href="/wiki/Pirinejsko_poluostrvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirinejsko poluostrvo">Pirinejskog poluostrva</a>, odnosno većinske dijelove današnjeg <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugala</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija">Španije</a>. Tokom svog teritorijalnog vrhunca, El-Andaluz je zauzimao sjeverozapadni dio Iberijskog poluostrva i dio današnje južne Francuske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimanija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimanija (stranica ne postoji)">Septimanije</a> (8. vijek) i gotovo tokom stoljeća (9. i 10. vijek) proširio svoju kontrolu s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraxinet (stranica ne postoji)">Fraxineta</a> preko alpskih prolaza koji povezuju <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italiju</a> sa ostatkom <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_Evropa" title="Zapadna Evropa">Zapadne Evrope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termin se uglavnom koristi za označavanje dijelova poluostrva kojim su upravljali muslimani tokom različitog perioda između 711. i 1492. godine iako su se granice El-Andaluza stalno mijenjale kako je uticaj kršćanske <a href="/wiki/Rekonkvista" title="Rekonkvista">Rekonkviste</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruano(Spain)2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruano(Spain)2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rastao a područje koje su muslimani kontrolisali postepeno smanjivao do područja na jugu poluostrva tj. današnje <a href="/wiki/Andaluzija" title="Andaluzija">Andaluzije</a> a na kraju i do površina na kojoj se prostirao tadašnji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granadski_emirat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granadski emirat (stranica ne postoji)">Granadski emirat</a>. </p><p>Nakon Emevijskog osvajanja Španije, El-Andaluz, tada je u najvećoj mjeri bio podijeljen na pet administrativnih jedinica, koje su u velikoj mjeri teritorijalno odgovara današnjoj Andaluziji, Portugalu i <a href="/wiki/Galicija_(%C5%A0panija)" title="Galicija (Španija)">Galiciji</a>, Kastilji i Leonu, <a href="/wiki/Navara" title="Navara">Navari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" title="Aragón">Aragónu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grofovija_Barcelona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grofovija Barcelona (stranica ne postoji)">Grofoviji Barceloni</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimanija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimanija (stranica ne postoji)">Septimaniji</a>. Kao politički domen, El-Andaluz je periodično mijenjao svoj status pa je tako činio jednu od provincija <a href="/wiki/Emevijski_halifat" title="Emevijski halifat">Emevijskog halifata</a>, padom Emevija proglašen je <a href="/wiki/Kordopski_emirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kordopski emirat">Kordopskim emiratom</a> (oko 750. do 929) koji je potom prerastao u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kordobski_halifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kordobski halifat (stranica ne postoji)">Kordobski halifat</a> (929–1031) i na kraju bio halifat kraljevskog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taifa (stranica ne postoji)">Taifa</a>. </p><p>Tokom vladavine muslimana ovim područjem došlo je višeg stepena kulturne razmjene i saradnje između muslimana i kršćana. Kršćani i Jevreji koji su živjeli u islamskoj državi i bili pod njenom zaštitom podvrgnuti su džizji, dok je država s druge strane istima osigurala unutrašnju autonomiju u prakticiranju svoje religije i ponudila isti nivo zaštite od strane muslimanskih vladara.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tokom perioda Kordopskog halifata, El-Andaluz je bio svjetionik učenja a grad <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(%C5%A0panija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba (Španija)">Córdoba</a>, najveći u Evropi postao je jedan od vodećih kulturnih i ekonomskih centara širom <a href="/wiki/Sredozemlje" title="Sredozemlje">Mediteranskog bazena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evrope</a> i <a href="/wiki/Islamski_svijet" title="Islamski svijet">islamskog svijeta</a>. El-Andaluz je bio izvor mnogih dostignuća koja su doprinjela razvoju i napretku islamske i zapadnjačke nauke, uključujući značajan napredak u oblastima trigonometrije (<a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Aflan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džabir ibn Aflan (stranica ne postoji)">Džabir ibn Aflan</a>), astronomije (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebu_Ishan_Ibrahim_el-Zarkali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebu Ishan Ibrahim el-Zarkali (stranica ne postoji)">el-Zarkali</a>), medicinskih operacija (<a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Zahravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Zahravi (stranica ne postoji)">El-Zahravi</a>), farmakologije (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Zuhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Zuhr (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Zuhr</a>), agronomije (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Bassal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Bassal (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Bassal</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebu_Kajr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebu Kajr (stranica ne postoji)">Ebu Kajr</a>) i mnogih drugih polja ljudskog djelovanja. El-Andaluz je postao glavni obrazovni centar za Evropu i područja oko Sredozemnog mora, kao i kanal za kulturnu i naučnu razmjenu između islamskog i kršćanskog svijeta. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Etimologija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Toponim" title="Toponim">Toponim</a> El-Andaluz je prvi put potvrđen natpisima na kovanicama koje su 716. godine kovali novi vladari Pirinejskog poluostrva. Kovani novac, zvani <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinari</a>, sadržavali su naziv na latinskom i arapskom jeziku.<sup id="cite_ref-MMOA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMOA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glick2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glick2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradicionalno se pretpostavljalo da je etimologija naziva <i>El-Andaluz</i> izvedena iz imena <a href="/wiki/Vandali" title="Vandali">Vandali</a> iako se od 1980-tih godina ova pretpostavka osporava. Godine 1986., Joaquín Vallvé je predložio da je termin <i>El-Andaluz</i> iskrivljeni naziv termina <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida">Atlantida</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallvé1986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallvé1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halm je 1989. godine termin El-Andaluz izvukao iz gotičkog termina <i>landahlauts</i><sup id="cite_ref-Halm1989_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halm1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dok je Georg Bossong 2002. godine pretpostavio da je termin nastao iz predrimskog supstrata.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossong2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossong2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pokrajina_emevijskog_halifata">Pokrajina emevijskog halifata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Pokrajina emevijskog halifata"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pokrajina emevijskog halifata"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG/175px-Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG/263px-Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG/350px-Mezquita-Catedral_de_Cordoba_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Unutrašnjost <a href="/wiki/Velika_d%C5%BEamija_u_C%C3%B3rdobi" title="Velika džamija u Córdobi">Velike džamije u Córdobi</a> sagrađene 742. godine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/220px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/330px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/440px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Širenje muslimanske države <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3262797">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#a1584e; color:white;"> </span> Period <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammeda</a>, 622–632</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ef9070; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pravedni_halifat" title="Pravedni halifat">Pravedni halifat</a>, 632–661</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#fad07d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Emevijski_halifat" title="Emevijski halifat">Emevijski halifat</a>, 661–750</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Za vrijeme <a href="/wiki/Emevije" title="Emevije">emevijskog halife</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_-_Velid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El - Velid I (stranica ne postoji)">El - Velida I</a>, vojskovođa <a href="/wiki/Tarik_ibn_Zijad" title="Tarik ibn Zijad">Tarik ibn Zijad</a> predvodio je malobrojnu vojsku koja je 30. aprila 711. pristala na područje današnjeg <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltara</a>. Nakon odlučne pobjede nad vizigotskim kraljem Španije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderik (stranica ne postoji)">Roderikom</a> u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Gvadalete" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitka kod Gvadalete">bitci kod Guadalete</a> 19. jula 711. godine, ovaj muslimanski vojskovođa, kojem se pridružio arapski guverner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifrikija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ifrikija (stranica ne postoji)">Ifrikije</a> Musa ibn Nusajr, je tokom naredne sedmogodišnje vojne kampanje zavladao većinom vizigotskog kraljevstva, prešao Pirineje i zauzeo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimanija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimanija (stranica ne postoji)">Septimaniju</a> na jugu današnje Francuske. </p><p>Najveći dio Iberijskog poluostrva postao je dio Emevijskog halifata, pod imenom El-Andaluz. El-Andaluz je organizovana kao pokrajina podređena Ifrikiji, tako da je, prvih nekoliko decenija, guvernera ove pokrajine imenovao emir Ifrikije sa sjedištem u <a href="/wiki/Kairuan" title="Kairuan">Kairuanu</a> a ne halifa iz <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damaska</a>. Glavni grad pokrajine se nalazio u Kordobi sa prvobitnim značajnim prilivom muslimanskih doseljenika u grad. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/220px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/330px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/440px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>El-Andaluz tokom perioda oko 750. godine</figcaption></figure> <p>Mala vojska koju je predvodio Tarik u prvobitnom osvajanju sastojao se uglavnom od Berbera, dok su snage Muse ibn Nusajra bile sastavljene od Arapa i brojale su oko 12.000 vojnika. Berberski vojnici koji su bili pod komandom Tarika bili su smješteni u centru i na sjeveru poluostrva, kao i na području Pirineja, dok su se berberske snage naselili u svim dijelovima pokrajine. Vizigotskim lordovima koji su pristali da priznaju muslimansku suverenost nad tim područjem bilo je dozvoljeno da zadrže svoje feudalne posjede (posebno u Murciji, Galiciji i dolini rijeke Ebro). Ostali Vizigoti sklonili su se na područje <a href="/wiki/Kantabrija" title="Kantabrija">kantabrijske</a> visoravni, gdje su uspostavili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraljevina_Asturija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraljevina Asturija (stranica ne postoji)">Kraljevinu Asturiju</a>. </p><p>Tokom 20-tih godina 8. vijaka vladari El-Andaluza su pokretali napade na Akvitaniju ali su u bitci kod Tuluza 721. godine poraženi od vojvode Akvitanije Ode Velikog. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi poveo je ekspediciju na sjever preko zapadnih dijelova Pirineja i porazio akvitanskog vojvodu, koji je pozvao franačkog vođu Čarlsa Martela u pomoć, nudeći da se postavi pod Karolinški suverenitet. U bitci kod Poitiera 732. godine, vojska El-Andaluza poražena je od Čarlsa Martela. 734. godine Andalužani su pokrenuli napad na istok, zauzevši <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avignon (stranica ne postoji)">Avignon</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arles (stranica ne postoji)">Arles</a> i veći dio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provansa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provansa (stranica ne postoji)">Provanse</a>, regije na jugoistoku današnje Francuske. Godine 737. vojska El-Andaluza je stigla do doline <a href="/wiki/Rona" title="Rona">Rone</a>, dosegnuvši područja na sjeveru čak do <a href="/wiki/Burgundija" title="Burgundija">Burgundije</a>. Karls Martel je uz pomoć <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liutprand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liutprand (stranica ne postoji)">Liutpranda</a>, vladara Langobarda, napao Burgundiju i Provansu i preuzeo kontrolu nad tom teritorijom 739. godine. </p><p>Odnosi između Arapa i Berbera u El-Andaluzu bili su napeti u prvim godinama nakon osvajanja. Uveliko su nadmašili Arape u pokrajini, obaviljali su većinu borbi i imali općenito teže dužnosti u odnosu na Arape. Usljed takvih relacija 729. godine berberski komandant Munnus se pobunio i uspio je neko vrijeme održati pobunjeničku državu u Cerdaniji. </p><p>Godine 740. pobuna Berbera izbila je na području Magreba. Da bi ugušio pobunu, emevijski halifa Hišam poslao je veliku arapsku vojsku u Sjevernu Afriku. Međutim, veliku emevijsku vojsku porazili su berberski pobunjenici u bitci kod Bagdoura (područje današnjeg Maroka). Osjetivši povoljan trenutak i Berberi El-Andaluza su se pobunili, svrgavši svoje arapske komandante osnovali su veliku pobunjeničku vojsku i krenuli prema centrima Toleda, Kordobe i Algecira. </p><p>Balj Bishr je 741. godine je poveo odred od oko 10.000 arapskih vojnika preko Gibraltarskog tjesnaca. Arapski guverner El-Andaluza, pridružio se tim snagama koje su razbile berberske pobunjenike u seriji žestokih borbi vođenih tokom 742. Međutim, nakon te pobjede izbili su sukobi u redovima pobjednika, između sirijskih komandanata i Andalužana. Iako su Sirijci u tom sukobu, u bitci kod Aqua Portorija 742. godine pobijedili Andalužane bilo ih je premalo da bi svoju vlast nametnuli pokrajini. </p><p>Sukob između dvije frakcije muslimana se nastavio i 743. godine, kada je Abul-Khaar al-lusām, novi guverner El-Andaluza, rasporedio Sirijce na pokrajinskim posjedima Andaluza. Dolazak Sirijaca znatno je povećao arapski element na Iberijskom poluostrvu i pomogao da se ojača muslimansko vladanje jugom. Međutim, u isto vrijeme, nevoljni da budu vođeni i da imaju vlast iznad sebe, sirijski vojnici su nastavili sa održavanjem feudalne anarhije, što je ozbiljno destabilizovalo autoritet guvernera El-Andaluza. </p><p>Druga značajna posljedica pobune bila je ekspanzija Kraljevine Asturije, koja je do sada bila ograničena na enklave u kantabrijskim planinama. Nakon što su pobunjenički berberski garnizoni napustili sjeverne granične tvrđave, kršćanski kralj Asturije Alfonso I krenuo je s vojskom da odmah povrati kontrolu nad praznim tvrđavama brzo pridodavajući teritoriju severozapadnog dijela provincije Galicije i León svojoj mladoj kraljevini. Asturijci su evakuisali hrišćansko stanovništvo iz gradova i sela Galicijsko-leonske nizije, stvarajući praznu tampon zonu u dolini rijeke Douro. Ova novo ispražnjena i uspostavljena granica ostala je otprilike nepromijenjena narednih nekoliko stoljeća kao granica između kršćanskog sjevera i islamskog juga. Između ove granice i njenog centra na jugu, država El-Andaluz je imala tri velike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marka_(pograni%C4%8Dna_teritorija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marka (pogranična teritorija) (stranica ne postoji)">marke</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donja_marka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donja marka (stranica ne postoji)">Donja marka</a> (glavni grad u Meridi, kasnije Badajoz), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednja_marka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednja marka (stranica ne postoji)">Srednja marka</a> (sa Toledom kao glavnim gradom) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gornja_marka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gornja marka (stranica ne postoji)">Gornja marka</a> (sa centrom u Zaragozi). </p><p>Međusobne sukobe između muslimana El-Andaluza iskoristili su i Franci, pod vođstvom <a href="/wiki/Pipin_Mali" title="Pipin Mali">Pipina Malog</a> i 752. godine napali strateški važnu teritoriju Septimanije. Osim povratka izgubljene teritorije Franci su se nadali da će osvajanjem te teritorije usporiti napredovanje muslimanske vojske i smanjiti broj upada na teritoriju koju su kontrolisali. Poslije duge opsade, posljednje muslimansko uporište tvrđava Narbonna, konačno je palo u ruke Franaka 759. godine čime je El-Andaluz ograničen na sjeveru Pirinejima. </p><p>Treća bitna posljedica pobune Berbera bio je kolaps autoriteta koji je halife iz Damaska imao nad zapadnim provincijama. Uticaj emevijskih halife koji su se na istoku borili protiv Abasida je popustio u zapadnim provincije kao što su Magreb i El-Andaluz. Od oko 745. godine, Fihridi su preuzeli vlast nad zapadnim provincijama i vladali njima gotovo kao vlastita porodična dinastija. Fihridi su pozdravili pad Emevija na istoku, 750. godine i pokušali su da postignu dogovor sa Abasidima, nadajući se da će im biti dozvoljeno da nastave sa svojom autonomijom. Ali kada su Abasidi odbili ponudu i tražili pokornost, Fihridi su proglasili nezavisnost i vjerovatno iz osvete prema Abasidima pozvali ostatke dinastije Emevija pod svoju zaštitu. Bila je to sudbonosna odluka zbog koje su ubrzo požalili, jer su ostaci Emevijske dinastije imali legitimnije pravo da vladaju u odnosu na Fihride. Lokalni vlastelini, odmetnički nastrojeni i razočarani autokratskom vladavinom Fihrida, dolaskom emevijskih izbjeglica urotili su se protiv Fihrida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emevijski_emirat_i_Kordopski_halifat">Emevijski emirat i Kordopski halifat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Emevijski emirat i Kordopski halifat"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Emevijski emirat i Kordopski halifat"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članci: <a href="/wiki/Kordopski_emirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kordopski emirat">Kordopski emirat</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kordopski_halifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kordopski halifat (stranica ne postoji)">Kordopski halifat</a></div> <p>Progonjeni emevijski princ Abdurahman I 756. je zbacio sa vlasti Jusufa el-Fihrija i uspostavio Kordopski emirat a sebe problasio emirom Córdobe. Odbio je da se pokorava abasidskom halifi a tokom tridesetogodišnje vladavine uspostavio je slabu vladavinu nad većim dijelom El-Andaluza, nadjačavši i Fihride i abasidskog halifu. </p><p>Tokom sljedećeg perioda u trajanju od oko 150 godina njegovi potomci su nastavili kao emiri Córdobe sa nominalnom kontrolom nad ostatkom El-Andaluza s tim da se kontrola emira Córdobe ponekad protezala i zapadne dijelove Sjeverne Afrike. S druge strane, moć emira Abdallaha ibn Muhammada (oko 900) nije se protezala dalje od same Córdobe. Ali njegov unuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurahman_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdurahman III (stranica ne postoji)">Abdurahman III</a>, koji ga je naslijedio 912. godine, ne samo da je brzo obnovio moć Emevija na teritoriji El-Andaluza, već ju je proširio i na zapadne dijelove Sjeverne Afrike. Godine 929. proglasio se halifom, nekadašnji emirat podigao na nivo halifata i ušao u borbu za prestiž ne samo sa Abasidskih halifatom sa sjedištem u Bagdadu, već i sa <a href="/wiki/Fatimidski_halifat" title="Fatimidski halifat">Fatimidskim halifatom</a> na području današnjeg Tunisa s kojim se borio za kontrolu nad Sjevernom Afrikom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/220px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/330px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png/440px-Al_Andalus_%26_Christian_Kingdoms.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Kordobski halifat s početka 10. vijeka</figcaption></figure> <p>Period halifata se doživljava kao <a href="/wiki/Zlatno_doba_islama" title="Zlatno doba islama">zlatno doba</a> El-Andaluza. Usjevi proizvedeni navodnjavanjem, zajedno s hranom uvezenom sa Bliskog istoka, obezbijedili su područje oko Cordobe i nekih drugih gradova Andaluza sa poljoprivrednim sektorom koji je bio daleko najnapredniji u Evropi, što je izazvalo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arapska_poljoprivredna_revolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arapska poljoprivredna revolucija (stranica ne postoji)">Arapsku poljoprivrednu revoluciju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Squatriti_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squatriti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Među evropskim gradovima, Cordoba za vrijeme halifata, sa populacijom od oko 500.000 ljudi, na kraju je preuzela primat nad Konstantinopoljom kao najveći i najnapredniji grad u Evropi.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U islamskom svijetu, Cordoba je bio jedan od vodećih kulturnih centara. Rad njegovih najznačajnijih filozofa i naučnika (posebno El-Zahravi i <a href="/wiki/Ibn-Ru%C5%A1d" title="Ibn-Rušd">Ibn-Rušd</a>) imao je veliki uticaj na intelektualni život srednjevjekovne Evrope. </p><p>Muslimani i nemuslimani su često dolazili iz inostranstva da studiraju u čuvenim bibliotekama i univerzitetima El-Andaluza, uglavnom nakon ponovnog osvajanja Toleda 1085. godine i osnivanja Toledskih prevodilačkih institucija kao što je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toledska_prevodila%C4%8Dka_%C5%A1kola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toledska prevodilačka škola (stranica ne postoji)">Toledska prevodilačka škola</a></i>. Najpoznatiji od njih bio je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Scot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Scot (stranica ne postoji)">Michael Scot</a> (oko 1175. do 1235. godine), koji je u Italiju preuzeo djela Ibn Rušda i <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sine</a>. Ovaj prenos ideja postao je jedan od najvećih transfera ideja u ljudskoj historiji i značajno je uticao na formiranje evropske <a href="/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa">Renesanse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_Tavaifa">Period Tavaifa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Period Tavaifa"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Period Tavaifa"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tavaif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tavaif (stranica ne postoji)">Tavaif</a></div> <p>Nakon rata koji se vodio između frakcija El-Andaluza u periodu između 1009. i 1013. godine došlo je do formiranja nekoliko nezavisnih mini država što je dovelo do konačnog pada halifata kada je isti i ukinut 1031. godine. 1013. godine Berberi su izvršili invaziju i opljačkali Cordobu, masakrirajući njene stanovnike, pljačkajući grad i spaljujući kompleks palača do temelja. Nakon 1031. godine, novoformirane mini države tzv. tavaifi su uglavnom bili preslabi da bi se obranili od višestrukih napada i pokušaja kršćanskih država na sjeveru i zapadu da ovladaju tom teritorijom a koje su muslimani nazivali <i>galicijski narodi</i>. Te kršćanske države su se širila od svojih početnih uporišta u Galiciji, Asturiji, Kantabriji, Baskiji i karolinškoj Marki Hispanici te će vremenom postati Kraljevstva: Navara, Leon, Portugal, Kastilje i Aragon, te Grofovija Barselona. Na kraju, česti upadi su se pretvorile u osvajanja, a kao odgovor na to, kraljevi Tavaifa bili su prisiljeni zatražiti pomoć od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almoravidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almoravidi (stranica ne postoji)">Almoravida</a>, muslimanskih berberskih vladara Magreba. Taj očajnički potez ih je dodatno koštao jer su Almoraidi koje su pozvali sa juga nastavili da osvajaju i pripajaju sva tavaifska kraljevstva. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Taifas2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/220px-Taifas2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/330px-Taifas2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/440px-Taifas2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Tavaifi tokom perioda oko 1031. godine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almoravidi,_Almohadi_i_Marinidi"><span id="Almoravidi.2C_Almohadi_i_Marinidi"></span>Almoravidi, Almohadi i Marinidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Almoravidi, Almohadi i Marinidi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Almoravidi, Almohadi i Marinidi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Također pogledajte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hronologija_muslimanskog_prisustva_na_Pirinejskom_poluostrvu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hronologija muslimanskog prisustva na Pirinejskom poluostrvu (stranica ne postoji)">Hronologija muslimanskog prisustva na Pirinejskom poluostrvu</a></div> <p>Muslimanski vladari Andaluzije su 1086. pozvali almoravidskog vladara Maroka, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jusuf_ibn_Ta%C5%A1fin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jusuf ibn Tašfin (stranica ne postoji)">Jusufa ibn Tašfina</a>, da im se pridruži u odbrani od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_VI_od_Le%C3%B3na_i_Castile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons VI od Leóna i Castile (stranica ne postoji)">Alfonsa VI</a>, tadašnjeg vladara Kastilje i Leona. Iste godine je Jusuf ibn Tašfin s vojskom prešao Gibraltarski moreuz i nanio ozbiljan poraz kršćanskoj vojsci u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Sagrajasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Sagrajasa (stranica ne postoji)">bitci kod Sagrajasa</a>. Do 1094. godine, Jusuf ibn Tašfin je uklonio sve muslimanske vladare na poluostrvu, zauzeo njihove državice izuzev one u Zaragozi a također povratio pod svoju kontrolu i Valenciju. </p><p>Nakon pobjede Ebu Jusufa Jakuba el-Mensura nad kastilijanskim Alfonsom VIII u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Alarcosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Alarcosa (stranica ne postoji)">bitci za Alarcos</a> 1195. godine, Almoravide su naslijedili Almohadi, još jedno <a href="/wiki/Berberi" title="Berberi">berbersko pleme</a>. Međutim ni 20 godina poslije, koalicija kršćanskih kraljeva pod vodstvom Alfonsa VIII porazila je Almohade 1202. u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Las Navas de Tolosa (stranica ne postoji)">bitci kod Las Navas de Tolosa</a>. Almohadi su nastavili da vladaju El-Andaluzom još jednu deceniju, iako je njihova moć i prestiž opala. Međusobni ratovi među muslimanima nakon smrti Ebu Jakuba Jusufa II brzo su doveli do ponovnog uspostavljanja tavaifa. Tavaifi, sada ponovo nezavisni, ali i znatno vojno oslabljeni, brzo su osvojeni od strane kršćanskih kraljevstva Portugala, Kastilje i Aragona. Nakon pada Mursije (1243) i Algarvea (1249), samo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granadski_emirat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granadski emirat (stranica ne postoji)">Granadski emirat</a> preživio kao muslimanska država, i to samo kao podanici Kastilje do 1492. godine. Najveći dio podaničkog poreza je plaćen u zlatu koje je sa prostora sadašnjeg <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkine Faso</a> prevezeno na Pirinejsko poluostrvo preko trgovačkih puteva Sahare. </p><p>Posljednja muslimanska prijetnja kršćanskim kraljevstvima bila je uspon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinidi (stranica ne postoji)">Marinida</a> u Maroku tokom 14. vijeka. Stavili su Granadu u svoju sferu uticaja i zauzeli neke njene gradove, kao što je Algeciras. Međutim, nisu bili u mogućnosti da zauzmu Tarifu, koja se održavala nezavisnom sve do dolaska kastiljanske vojske koju je predvodio Alfonso XI. Kastiljanski je kralj uz pomoć <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_IV_od_Portugala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso IV od Portugala (stranica ne postoji)">Afonsoa IV od Portugala</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petar_IV_od_Aragona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petar IV od Aragona (stranica ne postoji)">Petra IV od Aragona</a>, odlučno porazio Marinide u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_R%C3%ADo_Salada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod Río Salada (stranica ne postoji)">bitci kod Río Salada</a> 1340. godine i zauzeo grad Algeciras 1344. godine. Gibraltar, tada još pod vlašću muslimana je bezuspješno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peta_opsada_Gibraltara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peta opsada Gibraltara (stranica ne postoji)">opsjedan</a> tokom perioda od 1349. do 1350. godine. Alfonso XI i većina njegove vojske su stradali od <a href="/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt">Crne smrti</a> koja je u to doba harala Evropom. Njegov nasljednik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petar_od_Kastilje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petar od Kastilje (stranica ne postoji)">Petar od Kastilje</a>, pomirio se s muslimanima i usmjerio svoju pažnju na kršćanske zemlje, počevši s razdobljem od gotovo 150 godina pobuna i ratova između kršćanskih država pri čemu je smanjen pritisak na Granadski emirat i produžen njegov ostanak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh1990" class="citation journal cs1">Versteegh, Kees (1. 1. 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/157005890x00041">"The Arab Presence in France and Switzerland in the 10Th Century"</a>. <i>Arabica</i> (jezik: engleski). <b>37</b> (3): 359–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157005890X00041">10.1163/157005890X00041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1570-0585">1570-0585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifikator)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4057147">4057147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabica&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Presence+in+France+and+Switzerland+in+the+10Th+Century&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-388&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.issn=1570-0585&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4057147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157005890X00041&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksandjournals.brillonline.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1163%2F157005890x00041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFWenner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wenner, Manfred W. (august 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/arabmuslim-presence-in-medieval-central-europe/DC701B38E873F9B25B995114D47C3711">"The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> (jezik: engleski). <b>12</b> (1): 59–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800027136">10.1017/S0020743800027136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifikator)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/163627">163627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Arab%2FMuslim+Presence+in+Medieval+Central+Europe&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-79&rft.date=1980-08&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800027136&rft.aulast=Wenner&rft.aufirst=Manfred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Farabmuslim-presence-in-medieval-central-europe%2FDC701B38E873F9B25B995114D47C3711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some authors mention bands penetrating as far north as Sankt Gallen, where they sacked the monastery in 939. Cf. Ekkehard, Casus S. Galli, IV, 15 (pp. 137f); Lévi-Provençal (1950:60); Reinaud (1964:149f).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas – siquiera temporalmente – por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas – even temporarily – by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Portugal, Spain and France"), <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Cort%C3%A1zar" class="extiw" title="es:José Ángel García de Cortázar">José Ángel García de Cortázar</a>, <i>V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994</i>, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruano(Spain)2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruano(Spain)2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFEloy_Benito_Ruano2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloy_Benito_Ruano" class="extiw" title="es:Eloy Benito Ruano">Eloy Benito Ruano</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xX35wGGJaaIC"><i>Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media</i></a>. Real Academia de la Historia. str. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-84-95983-06-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-84-95983-06-0"><bdi>978-84-95983-06-0</bdi></a>. <q>Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de Al-Andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo: la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica. ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used the name of al-Andalus for all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B3picos+y+realidades+de+la+Edad+Media&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-84-95983-06-0&rft.au=Eloy+Benito+Ruano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxX35wGGJaaIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (stranica ne postoji)">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a></i>. Esposito, John L. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0195125584" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0195125584"><bdi>0195125584</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifikator)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50280143">50280143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50280143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001&rft.isbn=0195125584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: others (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_others" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard. The Jews of Islam. PrincetMeyrick, Fredrick. The Doctrine of the Church of England on the Holy Communion. NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. p. 14. "Under the ruling Caliph (the descendant of Mohammed – the prophet of G–d on earth), the Jews were able to preserve their rites and traditions. Peaceful coexistence led to their economic and social expansion. Their status was that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhimmis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhimmis (stranica ne postoji)">Dhimmis</a>, non-Muslims living in a land governed by Muslims. The Jews had limited autonomy, but full rights to practice their religion, as well as full protection by their Muslim rulers, but this did not occur for free. There was a specific tax called the jizya that Dhimmis had to pay to receive these benefits. Having its origin in the Qur'an, it states Dhimmis who did not pay this tax, should either convert to Islam, or face the death penalty (Qur'an 9, 29). This tax, higher than the tax Muslims had to pay, was in several occasions one of the most important sources of income for the kingdom. The jizya was not only a tax, but also a symbolic expression of subordination (Lewis 14)."It is a common misapprehension that the holy war meant that the Muslims gave their opponents a choice 'between Islam and the sword'. This was sometimes the case, but only when the opponents were polytheist and idol-worshippers. For Jews, Christians, and other 'People of the Book', there was a third possibility, they might become a 'protected group', paying a tax or tribute to the Muslims but enjoying internal autonomy" (Watt 144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMOA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMOA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_L._Bates1992" class="citation book cs1">Michael L. Bates (1992). "The Islamic Coinage of Spain". u Jerrilynn D. Dodds (ured.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lLAryx8bC8UC&pg=PA384"><i>Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. str. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-87099-636-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-87099-636-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-636-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Coinage+of+Spain&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-636-8&rft.au=Michael+L.+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlLAryx8bC8UC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glick2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glick2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._Glick2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. Glick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWqmebvcjj0C&pg=PR21"><i>Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. BRILL. str. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/90-04-14771-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/90-04-14771-3"><bdi>90-04-14771-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+And+Christian+Spain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14771-3&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Glick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWqmebvcjj0C%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallvé1986-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vallvé1986_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFJoaquín_Vallvé1986" class="citation book cs1">Joaquín Vallvé (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9p0cAAAAMAAJ"><i>La división territorial de la España musulmana</i></a>. Instituto de Filología. str. 55–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-84-00-06295-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-84-00-06295-8"><bdi>978-84-00-06295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+divisi%C3%B3n+territorial+de+la+Espa%C3%B1a+musulmana&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Filolog%C3%ADa&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-84-00-06295-8&rft.au=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Vallv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9p0cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halm1989-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halm1989_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm1989" class="citation journal cs1">Halm, Heinz (1989). "Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 252–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1989.66.2.252">10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Al-Andalus+und+Gothica+Sors&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-263&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1989.66.2.252&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bossong2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bossong2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFBossong2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bossong, Georg (2002). Restle, David; Zaefferer, Dietmar (ured.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rose.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ffffffff-c23e-37d9-0000-00001d0776dd/boss_bask_120.pdf">"Der Name al-Andalus: neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem"</a> [The Name al-Andalus: Revisiting an Old Problem] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs</i>. Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. (jezik: German). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. <b>141</b>: 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-3-11-089465-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-3-11-089465-3"><bdi>978-3-11-089465-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1861-4302">1861-4302</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627064440/http://www.rose.unizh.ch/seminar/personen/bossong/boss_bask_120.pdf">Arhivirano</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> s originala, 27. 6. 2008. <q>Only a few years after the Islamic conquest of Spain, <i>Al-Andalus</i> appears in coin inscriptions as the Arabic equivalent of <i>Hispania</i>. The traditionally held view that the etymology of this name has to do with the Vandals is shown to have no serious foundation. The phonetic, morphosyntactic, and historical problems connected with this etymology are too numerous. Moreover, the existence of this name in various parts of central and northern Spain proves that <i>Al-Andalus</i> cannot be derived from this <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic peoples (stranica ne postoji)">Germanic tribe</a>. It was the original name of the Punta Marroquí cape near Tarifa; very soon, it became generalized to designate the whole Peninsula. Undoubtedly, the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin. The parts of this compound (<i>anda</i> and <i>luz</i>) are frequent in the indigenous toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Linguistics.+Studies+and+Monographs&rft.atitle=Der+Name+al-Andalus%3A+neue+%C3%9Cberlegungen+zu+einem+alten+Problem&rft.volume=141&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1861-4302&rft.isbn=978-3-11-089465-3&rft.aulast=Bossong&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rose.uzh.ch%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3Affffffff-c23e-37d9-0000-00001d0776dd%2Fboss_bask_120.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_nepoznati_jezik" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Squatriti-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Squatriti_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFSquatriti,_Paolo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Squatriti, Paolo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9438880">"Of Seeds, Seasons, and Seas: Andrew Watson's Medieval Agrarian Revolution Forty Years Later"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>74</b> (4): 1205–1220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050714000904">10.1017/S0022050714000904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Of+Seeds%2C+Seasons%2C+and+Seas%3A+Andrew+Watson%27s+Medieval+Agrarian+Revolution+Forty+Years+Later&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1205-1220&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050714000904&rft.au=Squatriti%2C+Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D9438880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFRuggles2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Fairchild_Ruggles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles (stranica ne postoji)">Ruggles, D. Fairchild</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg"><i>Islamic Gardens and Landscapes</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg/page/15">15</a>–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0812240252" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0812240252"><bdi>978-0812240252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Gardens+and+Landscapes&rft.pages=15-36&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0812240252&rft.aulast=Ruggles&rft.aufirst=D.+Fairchild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicgardensla0000rugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3AEl-Endelus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_nepreporu%C4%8Deni_parametar" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertius Chandler. <i>Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census</i> (1987), St. David's University Press (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD">etext.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211233018/http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD">Arhivirano</a> 11. 2. 2008. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/0-88946-207-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/0-88946-207-0">0-88946-207-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261"><i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society</i></a>, Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob, 2008, 903 pages, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Preuzeto iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&oldid=3501021">https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El-Endelus&oldid=3501021</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorija:Biv%C5%A1a_carstva_u_Evropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorija:Bivša carstva u Evropi (stranica ne postoji)">Bivša carstva u Evropi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Biv%C5%A1e_muslimanske_dr%C5%BEave_u_Evropi" title="Kategorija:Bivše muslimanske države u Evropi">Bivše muslimanske države u Evropi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:El-Andaluz" title="Kategorija:El-Andaluz">El-Andaluz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Historija_El-Endelusa" title="Kategorija:Historija El-Endelusa">Historija El-Endelusa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Islam_u_%C5%A0paniji" title="Kategorija:Islam u Španiji">Islam u Španiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Srednjovjekovni_islam" title="Kategorija:Srednjovjekovni islam">Srednjovjekovni islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Islamska_carstva" title="Kategorija:Islamska carstva">Islamska carstva</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(engleski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (engleski)">CS1 upotrebe (engleski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_others" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: others">CS1 održavanje: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_nepoznati_jezik" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik">CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_nepreporu%C4%8Deni_parametar" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar">CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena na datum 15 april 2023 u 05:58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">slobodnom licencom Autorstvo-Dijeliti pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uvjeti. 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