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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Family history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Flavian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Flavian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Flavian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Flavian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vespasian_(69–79)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vespasian_(69–79)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Vespasian (69–79)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vespasian_(69–79)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titus_(79–81)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titus_(79–81)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Titus (79–81)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titus_(79–81)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domitian_(81–96)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domitian_(81–96)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Domitian (81–96)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domitian_(81–96)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Financial reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Military activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conspiracies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flavian culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flavian_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flavian culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flavian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flavian family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavian_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastic_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dynastic timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Secondary material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flavian dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السلالة الفلافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلالة الفلافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_d%27os_Flavios" title="Dinastía d'os Flavios – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía d'os Flavios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavil%C9%99r_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Flavilər sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Flavilər sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%96" title="Флавіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флавіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Династия на Флавиите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Династия на Флавиите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavijevci" title="Flavijevci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Flavijevci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Fl%C3%A0via" title="Dinastia Flàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Flàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviovsk%C3%A1_dynastie" title="Flaviovská dynastie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Flaviovská dynastie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviske_dynasti" title="Flaviske dynasti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flaviske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavier" title="Flavier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flavier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Δυναστεία των Φλαβίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία των Φλαβίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Flavia" title="Dinastía Flavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Flavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_dinastio" title="Flavia dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flavia dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviotar_dinastia" title="Flaviotar dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Flaviotar dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دودمان فلاویان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان فلاویان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviens" title="Flaviens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flaviens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavyske_dynasty" title="Flavyske dynasty – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flavyske dynasty" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="플라비우스 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라비우스 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փլավիոսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փլավիոսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavijevci" title="Flavijevci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Flavijevci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Flavia" title="Dinasti Flavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Flavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_flavia" title="Dinastia flavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia flavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הפלאבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הפלאבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფლავიუსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლავიუსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Flavia" title="Nasaba ya Flavia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Flavia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_Flavia" title="Gens Flavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gens Flavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%81viji" title="Flāviji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Flāviji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavier" title="Flavier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Flavier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavij%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Flavijų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Flavijų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius-dinasztia" title="Flavius-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Flavius-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="فلاویان سلسله – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلاویان سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavische_dynastie" title="Flavische dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flavische dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D" title="フラウィウス朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フラウィウス朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_flaviske_dynasti" title="Det flaviske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det flaviske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviylar" title="Flaviylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Flaviylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="د فلاويا کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلاويا کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ACa_Flavia" title="Dinastìa Flavia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dinastìa Flavia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flawiusze" title="Flawiusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flawiusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_flaviana" title="Dinastia flaviana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia flaviana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Flaviilor" title="Dinastia Flaviilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Flaviilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Династия Флавиев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Династия Флавиев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviovsk%C3%A1_dynastia" title="Flaviovská dynastia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Flaviovská dynastia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavijci" title="Flavijci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Flavijci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Флавијевци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флавијевци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavijevci" title="Flavijevci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flavijevci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviusten_hallitsijasuku" title="Flaviusten hallitsijasuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Flaviusten hallitsijasuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviska_dynastin" title="Flaviska dynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flaviska dynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிளேவியன் வம்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிளேவியன் வம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Flavius Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Flavius Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%97" title="Флавії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флавії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="فلاویان شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلاویان شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="弗拉维王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗拉维王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="弗拉维王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗拉维王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200565#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman imperial dynasty (r. 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For the Roman imperial dynasty beginning with Constantine the Great, sometimes referred to as the "Neo-Flavian" Dynasty, see <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg/260px-The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg/390px-The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg/520px-The_Triumph_of_Titus_Alma_Tadema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The Flavian family, depicted on <i>The Triumph of Titus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flavian dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></div> <div style="float:right;">69–79 AD</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">79–81 AD</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></div> <div style="float:right;">81–96 AD</div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius">Gens Flavia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flavian_family_tree">Flavian tree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flavian_dynasty" title="Category:Flavian dynasty">Category:Flavian dynasty</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of<br />the Four Emperors</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flavian_dynasty" title="Template:Flavian dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flavian_dynasty" title="Template talk:Flavian dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flavian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Flavian dynasty</b>, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudians</a>, encompassing the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. The Flavians rose to power during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> of AD 69, known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> died in quick succession, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> became emperor in mid 69. His claim to the throne was quickly challenged by <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> stationed in the eastern provinces, who declared their commander Vespasian emperor in his place. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bedriacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Bedriacum">Second Battle of Bedriacum</a> tilted the balance decisively in favor of the Flavian forces, who entered Rome on 20 December, and the following day, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> officially declared Vespasian emperor, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty. Although the dynasty proved to be short-lived, several significant historic, economic and military events took place during their reign. </p><p>The reign of Titus was struck by multiple natural disasters, the most severe of which was the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in AD 79, which saw the surrounding cities of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> be completely buried under <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>. One year later, Rome was struck by <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>. On the military front, the Flavian dynasty witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege and destruction of Jerusalem</a> by Titus in AD 70, following the failed <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Jewish rebellion</a> of 66. Substantial conquests were made in Great Britain under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> between AD 77 and 83, while Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against King <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. In addition, the Empire strengthened its border defenses by expanding the fortifications along the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>. </p><p>The Flavians also initiated economic and cultural reforms. Under Vespasian, new taxes were devised to restore the Empire's finances, while Domitian revalued the Roman coinage by increasing its silver content. A massive building programme was enacted by Titus, to celebrate the ascent of the Flavian dynasty, leaving multiple enduring landmarks in the city of Rome, the most spectacular of which was the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>. </p><p>Flavian rule came to an end on 18 September 96, when Domitian was <a href="/wiki/Domitian#Assassination" title="Domitian"> assassinated</a>. He was succeeded by the longtime Flavian supporter and advisor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Marcus Cocceius Nerva</a>, who founded the long-lived <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>. </p><p>The Flavian dynasty was unique among the four dynasties of the Principate Era, in that it was only one man and his two sons, without any extended or adopted family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_history">Family history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg/220px-Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg/330px-Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg/440px-Vespasian_-_Vatikanische_Museen_sw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Vespasian, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, Vatican City</figcaption></figure> <p>Decades of civil war during the 1st century BC had contributed greatly to the demise of the old aristocracy of Rome, which was gradually replaced in prominence by a new Italian nobility during the early part of the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-domitian-3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-domitian-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such family were the <a href="/wiki/Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius">Flavians</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">gens Flavia</a></i>, which rose from relative obscurity to prominence in just four generations, acquiring wealth and status under the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>. Vespasian's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Petro" title="Titus Flavius Petro">Titus Flavius Petro</a>, had served as a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> during <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. His military career ended in disgrace when he fled the battlefield at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a> in 48 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-domitian-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-domitian-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upward mobility of Petro's son <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(father_of_Vespasian)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (father of Vespasian)">Titus Flavius Sabinus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-domitian-2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-domitian-2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabinus himself amassed further wealth and possible <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> status through his services as <a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">tax collector</a> in Asia and banker in <a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a> (modern Switzerland). By marrying <a href="/wiki/Vespasia_Polla" title="Vespasia Polla">Vespasia Polla</a> he allied himself to the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <i>gens Vespasia</i>, ensuring the elevation of his sons <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_AD_47)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul AD 47)">Titus Flavius Sabinus II</a> and Vespasian to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senatorial</a> rank.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-domitian-2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-domitian-2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavian_family_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flavian_family_tree.png/300px-Flavian_family_tree.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flavian_family_tree.png/450px-Flavian_family_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flavian_family_tree.png/600px-Flavian_family_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Flavian family tree, indicating the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Petro" title="Titus Flavius Petro">Titus Flavius Petro</a> and Tertulla.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 38 AD, Vespasian married <a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Elder" title="Domitilla the Elder">Domitilla the Elder</a>, the daughter of an equestrian from <a href="/wiki/Ferentium" title="Ferentium">Ferentium</a>. They had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus Flavius Vespasianus</a> (born in 39) and <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Titus Flavius Domitianus</a> (born in 51), and a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Younger" title="Domitilla the Younger">Domitilla</a> (born in 45).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domitilla the Elder died before Vespasian became emperor. Thereafter his mistress <a href="/wiki/Caenis" title="Caenis">Caenis</a> was his wife in all but name until she died in 74.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">political career</a> of Vespasian included the offices of <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>, and culminated with a <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a> in 51, the year Domitian was born. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a> in 43.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, ancient sources allege poverty for the Flavian family at the time of Domitian's upbringing,<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-domitian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-domitian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even claiming Vespasian had fallen into disrepute under the emperors <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (37–41) and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (54–68).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern history has refuted these claims, suggesting these stories were later circulated under Flavian rule as part of a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> campaign to diminish success under the less reputable Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, and maximize achievements under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (41–54) and his son <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By all appearances, imperial favour for the Flavians was high throughout the 40s and 60s. While Titus received a court education in the company of Britannicus, Vespasian pursued a successful political and military career. Following a prolonged period of retirement during the 50s, he returned to public office under Nero, serving as <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Province">Africa province</a> in 63, and accompanying the emperor during an official tour of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in 66.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57</span> to 59, Titus was a military <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, and later served in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>. His first wife, Arrecina Tertulla, died two years after their marriage, in 65.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus then took a new wife of a more distinguished family, Marcia Furnilla. However, Marcia's family was closely linked to the opposition to Emperor Nero. Her uncle <a href="/wiki/Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Barea Soranus</a> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Servilia_(1st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servilia (1st century)">Servilia</a> were among those who were killed after the failed <a href="/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy" title="Pisonian conspiracy">Pisonian conspiracy</a> of 65.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-168_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-168-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern historians theorize that Titus divorced his wife because of her family's connection to the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones-11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never remarried. Titus appears to have had multiple daughters, at least one of them by Marcia Furnilla.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-38_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only one known to have survived to adulthood was <a href="/wiki/Julia_Flavia" title="Julia Flavia">Julia Flavia</a>, perhaps Titus's child by Arrecina, whose mother was also named Julia.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-38_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Titus also practiced law and attained the rank of quaestor.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 66, the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea Province</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">revolted against the Roman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cestius_Gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestius Gallus">Cestius Gallus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, was forced to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">the battle of</a> <a href="/wiki/Beth-Horon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-Horon">Beth-Horon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Roman king <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Agrippa_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice (daughter of Agrippa I)">Berenice</a> fled the city to <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. Nero appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion, and dispatched him to the region at once with the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">tenth legions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-domitian-13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-domitian-13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later joined by Titus at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a>, bringing with him the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">fifteenth legion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-iii-4-2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-iii-4-2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans quickly swept across Galilee, and by 68 marched on Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-iii-4-2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-iii-4-2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_69.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/300px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/450px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/600px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire during the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> (69 CE). Blue areas indicate provinces loyal to Vespasian and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Mucianus" title="Gaius Licinius Mucianus">Gaius Licinius Mucianus</a>. Green areas indicate provinces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 June 68, amidst the growing opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> and the army, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, and with him the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> came to an end. Chaos ensued, leading to a year of brutal civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>, during which the four most influential generals in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>—<a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>—successively vied for the imperial power. News of Nero's death reached Vespasian as he was preparing to besiege the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Almost simultaneously the Senate had declared Galba, then governor of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a> (modern Spain), as Emperor of Rome. Rather than continue his campaign, Vespasian decided to await further orders and send Titus to greet the new Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-sullivan-69_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-69-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before reaching Italy, however, Titus learnt that Galba had been murdered and replaced by Otho, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (modern Portugal). At the same time, Vitellius and his armies in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> had risen in revolt, and prepared to march on Rome, intent on overthrowing Otho. Not wanting to risk being taken hostage by one side or the other, Titus abandoned the journey to Rome and rejoined his father in Judaea.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otho and Vitellius realised the potential threat posed by the Flavian faction. With four legions at his disposal, Vespasian commanded a strength of nearly 80,000 soldiers. His position in Judaea further granted him the advantage of being nearest to the vital <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Egypt">province of Egypt</a>, which controlled the <a href="/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain supply to the city of Rome">grain supply to Rome</a>. His brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus II, as city prefect, commanded the entire <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">city garrison</a> of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-11_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions among the Flavian troops ran high, but as long as Galba and Otho remained in power, Vespasian refused to take action.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Otho was defeated by Vitellius at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bedriacum" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Bedriacum">First Battle of Bedriacum</a>, however, the armies in Judaea and Egypt took matters into their own hands and declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July 69.<sup id="cite_ref-sullivan-68_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-68-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vespasian accepted, and entered an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Mucianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucianus">Gaius Licinius Mucianus</a>, the governor of Syria, against Vitellius.<sup id="cite_ref-sullivan-68_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-68-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus, while Vespasian himself traveled to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, leaving Titus in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg/220px-Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg/330px-Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg/440px-Pseudo-Vitellius_Louvre_MR684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Rome, meanwhile, Domitian was placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> by Vitellius, as a safeguard against future Flavian aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-waters-54_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waters-54-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for the old emperor was waning, however, as more legions throughout the empire pledged their allegiance to Vespasian. On 24 October 69 the forces of Vitellius and Vespasian clashed at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bedriacum#Second_Battle_of_Bedriacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Bedriacum">Second Battle of Bedriacum</a>, which ended in a crushing defeat for the armies of Vitellius.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In despair, he attempted to negotiate a surrender. Terms of peace, including a voluntary abdication, were agreed upon with Titus Flavius Sabinus II,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>—the imperial <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguard</a>—considered such a resignation disgraceful, and prevented Vitellius from carrying out the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 18 December, the emperor appeared to deposit the imperial insignia at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concord" title="Temple of Concord">Temple of Concord</a>, but at the last minute retraced his steps to the imperial palace. In the confusion, the leading men of the state gathered at Sabinus' house, proclaiming Vespasian Emperor, but the multitude dispersed when Vitellian cohorts clashed with the armed escort of Sabinus, who was forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night, he was joined by his relatives, including Domitian. The armies of Mucianus were nearing Rome, but the besieged Flavian party did not hold out for longer than a day. On 19 December, Vitellianists burst onto the Capitol, and in the resulting skirmish, Sabinus was captured and executed. Domitian himself managed to escape by disguising himself as a worshipper of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and spent the night in safety with one of his father's supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-14_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the afternoon of 20 December, Vitellius was dead, his armies having been defeated by the Flavian legions. With nothing more to be feared from the enemy, Domitian came forward to meet the invading forces; he was universally saluted by the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>, and the mass of troops conducted him to his father's house.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-14_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, 21 December, the Senate proclaimed Vespasian emperor of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the war had officially ended, a state of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> and lawlessness pervaded in the first days following the demise of Vitellius. Order was properly restored by Mucianus in early 70, who headed an interim government with Domitian as the representative of the Flavian family in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-14_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon receiving the tidings of his rival's defeat and death at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the new Emperor at once forwarded supplies of urgently needed grain to Rome, along with an edict or a declaration of policy, in which he gave assurance of an entire reversal of the laws of Nero, especially those relating to <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. In early 70, Vespasian was still in Egypt, however, continuing to consolidate support from the Egyptians before departing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 70, he finally returned to Rome, and was properly installed as Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Flavian_dynasty">The Flavian dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Flavian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vespasian_(69–79)"><span id="Vespasian_.2869.E2.80.9379.29"></span>Vespasian (69–79)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vespasian (69–79)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png/160px-Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png/240px-Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Set of three <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aurei</a> depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was Emperor. Vespasian spent his first year as a ruler in Egypt, during which the administration of the empire was given to <a href="/wiki/Mucianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucianus">Mucianus</a>, aided by Vespasian's son Domitian. Modern historians believe that Vespasian remained there in order to consolidate support from the Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-70, Vespasian first came to Rome and immediately embarked on a widespread propaganda campaign to consolidate his power and promote the new dynasty. His reign is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, such as the institution of the tax on urinals, and the numerous military campaigns fought during the 70s. The most significant of these was the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>, which ended in the destruction of the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by Titus. In addition, Vespasian faced several uprisings in Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and Germania, and reportedly survived several conspiracies against him.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after the civil war, adding a temple to peace and beginning construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vespasian died of natural causes on 23 June 79, and was immediately succeeded by his eldest son Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient historians that lived through the period such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> speak well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors that came before him.<sup id="cite_ref-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titus_(79–81)"><span id="Titus_.2879.E2.80.9381.29"></span>Titus (79–81)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Titus (79–81)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></div> <p>Despite initial concerns over his character, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian on 23 June 79, and was considered a good emperor by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> and other contemporary historians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this role he is best known for his public building program in Rome, and completing the construction of the Colosseum in 80,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79</a>, and the fire of Rome of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus continued his father's efforts to promote the Flavian dynasty. He revived practice of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a>, deified his father, and laid foundations for what would later become the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a>, which was finished by Domitian.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After barely two years in office, Titus unexpectedly died of a <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> on 13 September 81, and was <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deified</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-domitian-2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-domitian-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domitian_(81–96)"><span id="Domitian_.2881.E2.80.9396.29"></span>Domitian (81–96)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domitian (81–96)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></div> <p>Domitian was declared emperor by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> the day after Titus' death, commencing a reign which lasted more than fifteen years—longer than any man who had governed Rome since <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coinage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded the border defenses of the Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initiated a massive building programme to restore the damaged city of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> expanded the Roman Empire as far as modern day <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 September 96, Domitian was <a href="/wiki/Domitian#Assassination" title="Domitian"> assassinated</a> by court officials, and with him the Flavian dynasty came to an end. The same day, he was succeeded by his friend and advisor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, who founded the long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Nervan-Antonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervan-Antonian dynasty">Nervan-Antonian dynasty</a>. Domitian's memory was <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">condemned to oblivion</a> by the Roman Senate, with which he had a notoriously difficult relationship throughout his reign. Senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories after his death, propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern history has rejected these views, instead characterising Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political programme provided the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> of the peaceful 2nd century. His successors Nerva and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> were less restrictive, but in reality their policies differed little from Domitian's.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> had largely eroded under the quasi-monarchical system of government established by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>. The Principate allowed the existence of a <i>de facto</i> dictatorial regime, while maintaining the formal framework of the Roman Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Emperors upheld the public facade of democracy, and in return the Senate implicitly acknowledged the Emperor's status as a <i>de facto</i> monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-164_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war of 69 had made it abundantly clear that real power in the Empire lay with control over the army. By the time Vespasian was proclaimed emperor in Rome, any hope of restoring the Republic had long dissipated. </p><p>The Flavian approach to government was one of both implicit and explicit exclusion. When Vespasian returned to Rome in mid-70, he immediately embarked on a series of efforts to consolidate his power and prevent future revolts. He offered gifts to the military and dismissed or punished those soldiers loyal to Vitellius.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also restructured the Senatorial and Equestrian orders, removing his enemies and adding his allies. Executive control was largely distributed among members of his family. Non-Flavians were virtually excluded from important public offices, even those who had been among Vespasian's earliest supporters during the civil war. Mucianus slowly disappears from the historical records during this time, and it is believed he died sometime between 75 and 77.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That it was Vespasian's intention to found a long-lasting dynasty to govern the Roman Empire was most evident in the powers he conferred upon his eldest son Titus. Titus shared <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician power</a> with his father, received seven <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censorship</a>, and perhaps most remarkably, was given <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-18_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-18-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Titus effectively acted as co-emperor with his father, no abrupt change in Flavian policy occurred during his brief reign from 79 until 81.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-20_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-20-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domitian's approach to government was less subtle than his father and brother. Once Emperor, he quickly dispensed with the Republican facade<sup id="cite_ref-jones-22_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-22-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and transformed his government more or less formally into the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">divine monarchy</a> he believed it to be. By moving the centre of power to the imperial <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>, Domitian openly rendered the Senate's powers obsolete. He became personally involved in all branches of the administration: <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a> were issued governing the smallest details of everyday life and law, while taxation and public morals were rigidly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-107_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-107-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Domitian did make concessions toward senatorial opinion. Whereas his father and brother had virtually excluded non-Flavians from public office, Domitian rarely favoured his own family members in the distribution of strategic posts, admitting a surprisingly large number of provincials and potential opponents to the consulship,<sup id="cite_ref-jones-163_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-163-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assigning men of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> order to run the imperial bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-178_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-178-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_reforms">Financial reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financial reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Vespasian's first acts as Emperor was to enforce a tax reform to restore the Empire's depleted treasury. After Vespasian arrived in Rome in mid-70, Mucianus continued to press Vespasian to collect as many taxes as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renewing old ones and instituting new ones. Mucianus and Vespasian increased the tribute of the provinces, and kept a watchful eye upon the treasury officials. The Latin <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Pecunia_non_olet" title="Pecunia non olet">Pecunia non olet</a></i>" ("Money does not smell") may have been created when he had introduced a <a href="/wiki/Urine_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine tax">urine tax</a> on public toilets. </p><p>Upon his accession, Domitian revalued the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coinage</a> to the standard of Augustus, increasing the silver content of the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> by 12%. An imminent crisis in 85, however, forced a <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> to the Neronian standard of 65,<sup id="cite_ref-jones-75_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-75-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was still higher than the level which Vespasian and Titus had maintained during their reign, and Domitian's rigorous taxation policy ensured that this standard was sustained for the following eleven years.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-75_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-75-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coin types from this era display a highly consistent degree of quality, including meticulous attention to Domitian's titulature, and exceptionally refined artwork on the reverse portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-75_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-75-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jones estimates Domitian's annual income at more than 1,200 million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertii</a>, of which over one-third would presumably have been spent on maintaining the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-73_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-73-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major area of expenditure encompassed the vast reconstruction programme carried out on the city of Rome itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_activity">Military activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">Siege of Jerusalem (70)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/330px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/495px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png/660px-Arch_of_Titus_Menorah.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>This relief from the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> depicts Roman soldiers carrying treasures from the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a>. The city was besieged and destroyed by Titus in 70.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most significant military campaign undertaken during the Flavian period was the siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 by Titus. The destruction of the city was the culmination of the Roman campaign in Judaea following the Jewish uprising of 66. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was completely demolished, after which Titus's soldiers proclaimed him <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i> in honor of the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Jerusalem">Jerusalem was sacked</a> and much of the population killed or dispersed. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bar_Giora" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bar Giora">Simon Bar Giora</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John of Giscala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fled to areas around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Titus reportedly refused to accept a <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> of victory, and instead "disclaimed any such honor to himself, saying that it was not himself that had accomplished this exploit, but that he had merely lent his arms to God."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Rome in 71, Titus was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanied by Vespasian and Domitian, he rode into the city, enthusiastically saluted by the Roman populace and preceded by a lavish parade containing treasures and captives from the war. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> describes a procession with large amounts of gold and silver carried along the route, followed by elaborate re-enactments of the war, Jewish prisoners, and finally the treasures taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of the resistance were executed in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum</a>, after which the procession closed with religious sacrifices at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Capitoline_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)">Temple of Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which stands at one entrance to the Forum, memorializes the victory of Titus. </p><p>The conquest of Britain continued under command of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a>, who expanded the Roman Empire as far as <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>, or modern day <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, between 77 and 84. In 82 Agricola crossed an unidentified body of water and defeated peoples unknown to the Romans until then.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-24_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-agricola-24-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fortified the coast facing Ireland, and Tacitus recalls that his father-in-law often claimed the island could be conquered with a single <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-132_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-132-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had given refuge to an exiled Irish king whom he hoped he might use as the excuse for conquest. This conquest never happened, but some historians believe that the crossing referred to was in fact a small-scale exploratory or punitive expedition to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Agricola raised a fleet and pushed beyond the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a> into Caledonia. To aid the advance, an expansive legionary fortress was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Inchtuthil" title="Inchtuthil">Inchtuthil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-132_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-132-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 84, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-29_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-agricola-29-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Romans inflicted heavy losses on the Caledonians, two-thirds of their army managed to escape and hide in the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>, ultimately preventing Agricola from bringing the entire British island under his control.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-132_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-132-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_70.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/220px-Germania_70.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/330px-Germania_70.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Germania_70.svg/440px-Germania_70.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> in 70</figcaption></figure> <p>The military campaigns undertaken during Domitian's reign were usually defensive in nature, as the Emperor rejected the idea of expansionist warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-127_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-127-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most significant military contribution was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>, which encompassed a vast network of roads, forts and watchtowers constructed along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river to defend the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-131_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-131-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, several important wars were fought in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, and across the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> frontier against the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. Led by King <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>, the Dacians invaded the province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> around 84 or 85, wreaking considerable havoc and killing the Moesian governor, <a href="/wiki/Oppius_Sabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppius Sabinus">Oppius Sabinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-138_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-138-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domitian immediately launched a <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counteroffensive</a>, which resulted in the destruction of a legion during an ill-fated expedition into Dacia. Their commander, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Fuscus" title="Cornelius Fuscus">Cornelius Fuscus</a>, was killed, and the <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">battle standard</a> of the Praetorian Guard lost.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-141_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-141-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 87, the Romans invaded Dacia once more, this time under command of <a href="/wiki/Tettius_Julianus" title="Tettius Julianus">Tettius Julianus</a>, and finally managed to defeat Decebalus late in 88, at the same site where Fuscus had previously been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attack on Dacia's capital was abandoned, however, when a crisis arose on the German frontier, forcing Domitian to sign a peace treaty with Decebalus which was severely criticized by contemporary authors.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of Domitian's reign Dacia remained a relatively peaceful <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kingdom</a>, but Decebalus used the Roman money to fortify his defenses, and continued to defy Rome. It was not until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, in 106, that a decisive victory against Decebalus was procured. Again, the Roman army sustained heavy losses, but Trajan succeeded in capturing Sarmizegetusa and, importantly, annexed the <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">silver mines</a> of Dacia.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></div> <p>Although his administration was marked by a relative absence of major military or political conflicts, Titus faced a number of major disasters during his brief reign. On 24 August 79, barely two months after his accession, <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Mount Vesuvius erupted</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the almost complete destruction of life and property in the cities and resort communities around the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a>. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> were buried under metres of stone and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing thousands of citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise and coordinate the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">relief effort</a>, while personally donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-8-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was lost for nearly 1700 years before its accidental rediscovery in 1748. Since then, its excavation has provided an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city at the height of the Roman Empire, frozen at the moment it was buried. The <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">baths</a>, many houses, and some out-of-town villas like the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a> remain surprisingly well preserved. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Italy and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. On-going excavations reveal new insights into Roman history and culture. </p><p>During Titus' second visit to the disaster area, a fire struck Rome which lasted for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-8-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the extent of the damage was not as disastrous as during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of 64</a>, crucially sparing the many districts of <a href="/wiki/Insulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulae">insulae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> records a long list of important public buildings that were destroyed, including Agrippa's <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Pantheon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Capitoline_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)">Temple of Jupiter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Pompey's Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, Titus personally compensated for the damaged regions.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Suetonius, a <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> similarly struck during the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-8-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of the disease, however, as well as the death toll, are unknown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracies">Conspiracies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conspiracies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suetonius claims that Vespasian was continuously met with conspiracies against him.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one conspiracy is known specifically. In 78 or 79, Eprius Marcellus and <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Alienus" title="Aulus Caecina Alienus">Aulus Caecina Alienus</a> attempted to incite the Praetorian Guard to mutiny against Vespasian, but the conspiracy was thwarted by Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian John Crook, however, the alleged conspiracy was in fact a calculated plot by the Flavian faction to remove members of the opposition tied to Mucianus, with the mutinous address found on Caecina's body a forgery by Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When faced with real conspiracies however, Vespasian and Titus treated their enemies with lenience. "I will not kill a dog that barks at me," were words expressing the temper of Vespasian, while Titus once demonstrated his generosity as Emperor by inviting men who were suspected of aspiring to the throne to dinner, rewarding them with gifts and allowing them to be seated next to him at the games.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-9_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-9-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domitian appears to have met with several conspiracies during his reign, one of which led to his eventual <a href="/wiki/Domitian#Assassination" title="Domitian"> assassination</a> in 96. The first significant revolt arose on 1 January 89, when the governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Antonius Saturninus">Lucius Antonius Saturninus</a>, and his two legions at <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">Legio XIV Gemina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXI_Rapax" title="Legio XXI Rapax">Legio XXI Rapax</a>, rebelled against the Roman Empire with the aid of the Chatti.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-144_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-144-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise cause for the rebellion is uncertain, although it appears to have been planned well in advance. The senatorial officers may have disapproved of Domitian's military strategies, such as his decision to fortify the German frontier rather than attack, his recent retreat from Britain, and finally the disgraceful policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> towards Decebalus.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-145_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-145-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At any rate, the uprising was strictly confined to Saturninus' province, and quickly detected once the rumour spread across the neighbouring provinces. The governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lappius_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lappius Maximus">Lappius Maximus</a>, moved to the region at once, assisted by the procurator of <a href="/wiki/Rhaetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetia">Rhaetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Norbanus" title="Titus Flavius Norbanus">Titus Flavius Norbanus</a>. From Spain, Trajan was summoned, whilst Domitian himself came from Rome with the Praetorian Guard. By a stroke of luck, a thaw prevented the Chatti from crossing the Rhine and coming to Saturninus' aid.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-146_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-146-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within twenty-four days the rebellion was crushed, and its leaders at Mainz savagely punished. The mutinous legions were sent to the front in <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, while those who had assisted in their defeat were duly rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-149_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-149-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Tacitus and Suetonius speak of escalating persecutions toward the end of Domitian's reign, identifying a point of sharp increase around 93, or sometime after the failed revolt of Saturninus in 89.<sup id="cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-45_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacitus-agricola-45-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-domitian-10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-domitian-10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least twenty senatorial opponents were executed,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Domitia Longina's former husband <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Lamia_Plautius_Aelianus" title="Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus">Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus</a> and three of Domitian's own family members, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_82)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul 82)">Titus Flavius Sabinus IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Clemens_(consul)" title="Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)">Titus Flavius Clemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Arrecinus_Clemens_(consul)" title="Marcus Arrecinus Clemens (consul)">Marcus Arrecinus Clemens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these men were executed as early as 83 or 85, however, lending little credit to Tacitus' notion of a "reign of terror" late in Domitian's reign. According to Suetonius, some were convicted for corruption or treason, others on trivial charges, which Domitian justified through his suspicion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flavian_culture">Flavian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flavian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the reign of Tiberius, the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty had legitimized their power through adopted-line descent from Augustus and Julius Caesar. Vespasian could no longer claim such a relation, however. Therefore, a massive propaganda campaign was initiated to justify Flavian rule as having been predetermined through divine providence.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Flavian propaganda emphasised Vespasian's role as a bringer of peace following the crisis of 69. Nearly one-third of all coins minted in Rome under Vespasian celebrated military victory or peace,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the word <i>vindex</i> was removed from coins as to not remind the public of rebellious <a href="/wiki/Vindex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindex">Vindex</a>. Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace</a> was constructed in the forum.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Flavians also controlled public opinion through literature. Vespasian approved histories written under his reign, assuring biases against him were removed,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also giving financial rewards to contemporary writers.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient historians that lived through the period such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors that came before him.<sup id="cite_ref-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and savior, and Pliny dedicated his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> to Vespasian's son, Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that spoke against Vespasian were punished. A number of Stoic philosophers were accused of corrupting students with inappropriate teachings and were expelled from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helvidius_Priscus" title="Helvidius Priscus">Helvidius Priscus</a>, a pro-Republic philosopher, was executed for his teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Titus and Domitian also revived the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">imperial cult</a>, which had fallen somewhat out of use under Vespasian. Significantly, Domitian's first act as Emperor was the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deification</a> of his brother Titus. Upon their deaths, his infant son, and niece <a href="/wiki/Julia_Flavia" title="Julia Flavia">Julia Flavia</a>, were likewise enrolled among the gods. To foster the worship of the imperial family, Domitian erected a dynastic <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> on the site of Vespasian's former house on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jones-87_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-87-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and completed the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a>, a shrine dedicated to the worship of his deified father and brother.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-93_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-93-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To memorialize the military triumphs of the Flavian family, he ordered the construction of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templum_Divorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templum Divorum (page does not exist)">Templum Divorum</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Redux" title="Fortuna Redux">Temple of Fortuna Redux</a>, and completed the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>. In order to further justify the divine nature of Flavian rule, Domitian also emphasized connections with the chief deity <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jones-99_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-99-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most significantly through the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Capitoline_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)">Temple of Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabirius_(architect)" title="Rabirius (architect)">Rabirius (architect)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/280px-Colosseo_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/420px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Colosseo_2020.jpg/560px-Colosseo_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12051" data-file-height="8442" /></a><figcaption>The most enduring landmark of the Flavian dynasty was the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> (in Italian Colosseo). Its construction was begun by Vespasian, and ultimately finished by Titus and Domitian.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Flavian dynasty is perhaps best known for its vast construction programme in the city of Rome, intended to restore the capital from the damage it had suffered during the Great Fire of 64, and the civil war of 69. Vespasian added the Temple of Peace and the Temple to the Deified Claudius.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 75 a colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, begun under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero" title="Colossus of Nero">statue of himself</a>, was finished on Vespasian's orders, and he also dedicated a stage of the theater of Marcellus. Construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, presently better known as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> (probably after the nearby statue), was begun in 70 under Vespasian and finally completed in 80 under Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to providing spectacular entertainments to the Roman populace, the building was conceived as a gigantic triumphal monument to commemorate the military achievements of the Flavians during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Jewish wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjacent to the amphitheatre, within the precinct of Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Golden House</a>, Titus also ordered the construction of a new public <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">bath-house</a>, which was to <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Titus" title="Baths of Titus">bear his name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of this building was hastily finished to coincide with the completion of the Flavian Amphitheatre.<sup id="cite_ref-suetonius-titus-7_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suetonius-titus-7-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of the Flavian construction projects were carried out during the reign of Domitian, who spent lavishly to restore and embellish the city of Rome. Much more than a renovation project, however, Domitian's building programme was intended to be the crowning achievement of an Empire-wide cultural renaissance. Around fifty structures were erected, restored or completed, a number second only to the amount erected under Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-79_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-79-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most important new structures were an <a href="/wiki/Odeon_(building)" title="Odeon (building)">Odeum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a>, and an expansive palace on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a>, which was designed by Domitian's master architect <a href="/wiki/Rabirius_(architect)" title="Rabirius (architect)">Rabirius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important building Domitian restored was the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Capitoline_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)">Temple of Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, which was said to have been covered with a <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> roof. Among those he completed were the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, and the Colosseum, to which he added a fourth level and finished the interior seating area.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-93_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-93-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inaugural_games_of_the_Flavian_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre">Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Games" title="Capitoline Games">Capitoline Games</a></div> <p>Both Titus and Domitian were fond of gladiatorial games, and realised its importance to appease the citizens of Rome. In the newly constructed Colosseum, the Flavians provided for spectacular entertainments. The <a href="/wiki/Inaugural_games_of_the_Flavian_Amphitheatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre">Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre</a> lasted for a hundred days and were said to be extremely elaborate, including <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial combat</a>, fights between wild animals (<a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>), mock <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">naval battles</a> for which the theatre was flooded, <a href="/wiki/Horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse race">horse races</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chariot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot race">chariot races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the games, wooden balls were dropped into the audience, inscribed with various prizes (<a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity#Slavery_in_Rome" title="Slavery in antiquity">slaves</a>), which could then be traded for the designated item.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 135 million sestertii was spent on <i><a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donativa</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Congiarium" title="Congiarium">congiaria</a></i>, throughout Domitian's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-74_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-74-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also revived the practice of public <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquets</a>, which had been reduced to a simple distribution of food under Nero, while he invested large sums on entertainment and games. In 86, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Games" title="Capitoline Games">Capitoline Games</a>, a quadrennial contest comprising <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(physical_culture)" title="Athletics (physical culture)">athletic displays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot races</a>, and competitions for <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">oratory</a>, music and acting.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-103_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-103-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domitian himself supported the travels of competitors from the whole empire and attributed the prizes. Innovations were also introduced into the regular <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> games, such as naval contests, night-time battles, and female and <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarf</a> gladiator fights.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-105_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-105-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, he added two new factions, Gold and Purple, to chariot races, besides the regular White, Red, Green and Blue teams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Flavians, although a relatively short-lived dynasty, helped restore stability to an empire on its knees. Although all three have been criticised, especially based on their more centralised style of rule, they issued reforms that created a stable enough empire to last well into the 3rd century. However, their background as a military dynasty led to further marginalisation of the Senate, and a conclusive move away from <i>princeps</i>, or first citizen, and toward <i>imperator</i>, or emperor. </p><p>Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor; his reign is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Vespasian was noted for his mildness and for loyalty to the people. For example, much money was spent on public works and the restoration and beautification of Rome: a new forum, the Temple of Peace, the public baths and the Colosseum. </p><p>Titus's record among ancient historians stands as one of the most exemplary of any emperor. All the surviving accounts from this period, many of them written by his own contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius Tranquillus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, present a highly favourable view towards Titus. His character has especially prospered in comparison with that of his brother Domitian. In contrast to the ideal portrayal of Titus in Roman histories, in Jewish memory "Titus the Wicked" is remembered as an evil oppressor and destroyer of the Temple. For example, one legend in the Babylonian Talmud describes Titus as having had sex with a whore on a Torah scroll inside the Temple during its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although contemporary historians vilified Domitian after his death, his administration provided the foundation for the peaceful empire of the 2nd century, and the culmination of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>. His successors <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> were less restrictive, but, in reality, their policies differed little from Domitian's. Much more than a gloomy coda to the 1st century, the Roman Empire prospered between 81 and 96, in a reign which <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> described as the sombre but intelligent despotism of Domitian.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flavian_family_tree">Flavian family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flavian family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flavian_family_tree" title="Template:Flavian family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flavian_family_tree" title="Template talk:Flavian family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flavian_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flavian family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">FLAVIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Petro" title="Titus Flavius Petro">Titus Flavius Petro</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Tertulla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Vespasius Pollio</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(father_of_Vespasian)" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (father of Vespasian)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vespasia_Polla" title="Vespasia Polla">Vespasia Polla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Vespasius<br />(praetor)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aemilia_Lepida_(fiancee_of_Claudius)" title="Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)">Aemilia Lepida</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_47)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul 47)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></b><br />(69–79)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Elder" title="Domitilla the Elder">Domitilla the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Flavia<br />(died young)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Junia_Lepida" title="Junia Lepida">Junia Lepida</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vistilia" title="Vistilia">Vistilia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_69)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul 69)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitilla_the_Younger" title="Domitilla the Younger">Domitilla the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></b><br />(79–81)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arrecina_Tertulla" title="Arrecina Tertulla">Arrecina Tertulla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassia_Longina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassia Longina (page does not exist)">Cassia Longina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo" title="Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo">Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Caesonia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></b><br />(37–41)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Sabinus_(consul_82)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Flavius Sabinus (consul 82)">Titus Flavius Sabinus</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Flavius_Clemens_(consul)" title="Titus Flavius Clemens (consul)">Titus Flavius Clemens</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Domitilla_(wife_of_Clemens)" title="Flavia Domitilla (wife of Clemens)">Flavia Domitilla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Flavia" title="Julia Flavia">Julia Flavia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></b><br />(81–96)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Domitia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Flavius Caesar</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynastic_timeline">Dynastic timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dynastic timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_cdnntv3swufjda1lsz86tuqdt2pmn3s"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Domitian" coords="537,14,618,35" title="Domitian" alt="Domitian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Titus" coords="297,14,361,35" title="Titus" alt="Titus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Vespasian" coords="110,14,196,35" title="Vespasian" alt="Vespasian" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_cdnntv3swufjda1lsz86tuqdt2pmn3s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/cdnntv3swufjda1lsz86tuqdt2pmn3s.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_art" title="Flavian art">Flavian art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jones-domitian-3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-domitian-3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-domitian-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-domitian-1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-domitian-2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-domitian-2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-domitian-2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townend (1961), p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1867" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William, ed. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;q1=caenis;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACL3129.0003.001;didno=ACL3129.0003.001;view=image;seq=00001256"><i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and co. p. 1248. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507095823/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;q1=caenis;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACL3129.0003.001;didno=ACL3129.0003.001;view=image;seq=00001256">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2023 – via University of Michigan Library Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+biography+and+mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1248&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+co.&rft.date=1867&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmoa%3Bcc%3Dmoa%3Bq1%3Dcaenis%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3DACL3129.0003.001%3Bdidno%3DACL3129.0003.001%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D00001256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-domitian-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-domitian_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, Life of Domitian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#1">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, Life of Domitian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian*.html#4">4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones & Milns (2002), pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-168-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-168_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townend (1961), p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-11_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-11_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-38-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-38_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-38_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-titus-4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius" class="citation book cs1">Suetonius. "44". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html#4"><i>Life of Titus</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=44&rft.btitle=Life+of+Titus&rft.au=Suetonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FTitus%2A.html%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>; with Jones and Milns, pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_19" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book II">II.19.9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-domitian-13-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-domitian-13_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_III#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book III">III.1.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-wars-iii-4-2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-iii-4-2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-iii-4-2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The War of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_III#Chapter_4" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book III">III.4.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sullivan-69-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sullivan-69_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan (1953), p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (2000), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (2000), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sullivan-68-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sullivan-68_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sullivan-68_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan (1953), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (2000), p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waters-54-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waters-54_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waters (1964), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_3#34" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (2000), p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (2000), p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-14_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-14_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-14_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-14_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellesley (1956), p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan (1953), pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1953" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Phillip (1953). "A Note on Flavian Accession". <i>The Classical Journal</i>: 67–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Flavian+Accession&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Lives of Twelve Caesars</i>, Life of Vespasian 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Lives of Twelve Caesars</i>, Life of Vespasian 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i>Life of Vespasian 23.4</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otho,_Vitellius_1965_p._267-269_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Otho, Vitellius, and the Propaganda of Vespasian", <i>The Classical Journal</i> (1965), pp. 267–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">The Lives of Twelve Caesars</a></i>, Life of Titus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html#1">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1993" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth"><i>Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning</i></a></span> (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3"><bdi>0-06-430158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture%3A+Its+Elements%2C+History+and+Meaning&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-430158-3&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Leland+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingarc00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio#Roman_History" title="Cassius Dio">Roman History</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#22">LXVI.22–24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Brian W. The Emperor Titus. New York: St. Martin's P, 1984. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">The Lives of Twelve Caesars</a></i>, Life of Domitian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#5">5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-domitian-2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-domitian-2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">The Lives of Twelve Caesars</a></i>, Life of Domitian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#2">2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 73–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 127–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 79–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 138–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, pp. 196–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1963" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, K. H. (1963). "The Second Dynasty of Rome". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>17</b> (3). Classical Association of Canada: 198–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086720">10.2307/1086720</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086720">1086720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Second+Dynasty+of+Rome&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-218&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1086720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-164-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-164_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Lives of Twelve Caesars</i>, Life of Vespasian 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrook1951" class="citation journal cs1">Crook, John A. (1951). "Titus and Berenice". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 162–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F292544">10.2307/292544</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/292544">292544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Titus+and+Berenice&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-175&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F292544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F292544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crook&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-18-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-18_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-20-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-20_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-22-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-22_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-107-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-107_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-163-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-163_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 163–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-178-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-178_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), pp. 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, LXVI.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-75-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-75_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-75_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-75_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-73-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-73_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jone (1992), p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VI#Chapter_6" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book VI">VI.6.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-wars-vi-9-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-wars-vi-9_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VI#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book VI">VI.9.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philostratus, <i>The Life of Apollonius of Tyana</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_6_26.html#%A729">6.29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315005913/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_6_26.html#%A729">Archived</a> 2016-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/65*.html#6">LXV.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book VII">VII.5.5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_VII#Chapter_5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews/Book VII">VII.5.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-agricola-24-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-24_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#24" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agricola">24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-132-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-132_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-132_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-132_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1971" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Nicholas (1971). "The Fifth Year of Agricola's Campaigns". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>2</b>: 143–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F525804">10.2307/525804</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525804">525804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164089455">164089455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=The+Fifth+Year+of+Agricola%27s+Campaigns&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=143-148&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164089455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525804%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F525804&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-agricola-29-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-29_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#29" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agricola">29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-127-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-127_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-131-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-131_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-138-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-138_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-141-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-141_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-142-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-142_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/67*.html#7.2">LXVII.7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html#14.2">LXVIII.14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#22">LXVI.22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#23">LXVI.23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact number of casualties is unknown; however, estimates of the population of Pompeii range between 10,000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708190434/http://www.enginova.com/engineering_of_pompeii.htm">"Pompeii Engineering"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enginova.com/engineering_of_pompeii.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompeii+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenginova.com%2Fengineering_of_pompeii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>) and 25,000 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm">[1]</a>), with at least a thousand bodies currently recovered in and around the city ruins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-titus-8-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-8_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, Life of Titus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html#8">8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-24_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#24">LXVI.24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crook (1963), p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crook (1963), p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-titus-9-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-9_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">The Lives of Twelve Caesars</a></i>, Life of Titus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html#9">9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-144-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-144_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-145-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-145_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-146-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-146_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-149-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-149_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacitus-agricola-45-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tacitus-agricola-45_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Agricola</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola#45" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agricola">45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-domitian-10-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-domitian-10_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, "Life of Domitian" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#10">10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full list of senatorial victims, see Jones (1992), pp. 182–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Arrecinus Clemens may have been exiled instead of executed, see Jones (1992), p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharleswroth1938" class="citation journal cs1">Charleswroth, M.P. (1938). "Flaviana". <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>27</b>: 54–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F297187">10.2307/297187</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/297187">297187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250344174">250344174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Flaviana&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=54-62&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250344174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F297187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F297187&rft.aulast=Charleswroth&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, William "Some Thoughts on the Propaganda of Vespasian and Domitian", <i>The Classical Journal</i>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aqueduct and roads dedication speak of previous emperors' neglect, <i>CIL</i> vi, 1257(<i>ILS</i> 218) and 931</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Against Apion</i> 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Lives of Twelve Caesars</i>, Life of Vespasian 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i> I.1; Josephus, <i>The Life of Flavius Josephus</i> 72; Pliny the Elder, <i>Natural History</i>, preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> LXVI.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> LXVI.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-87-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-87_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-93-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones-93_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones-93_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-99-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-99_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1992), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (1997). "Life of Vespasian 9". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesoftwelvecae0000suet"><i>The Lives of Twelve Caesars</i></a></span>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-475-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-475-X"><bdi>1-85326-475-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40184695">40184695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Vespasian+9&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Twelve+Caesars&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40184695&rft.isbn=1-85326-475-X&rft.au=Suetonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesoftwelvecae0000suet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1993" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Leland M. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingarc00roth"><i>Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning</i></a></span> (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430158-3"><bdi>0-06-430158-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185448116">185448116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture%3A+Its+Elements%2C+History+and+Meaning&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185448116&rft.isbn=0-06-430158-3&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Leland+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingarc00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaridge1998" class="citation book cs1">Claridge, Amanda (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/276"><i>Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide</i></a></span> (First ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae00aman/page/276">276–282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-288003-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-288003-9"><bdi>0-19-288003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=276-282&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-288003-9&rft.aulast=Claridge&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeoxfordarchae00aman%2Fpage%2F276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio-romanhistory-lxvi-25_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio#Roman_History" title="Cassius Dio">Roman History</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html#25">LXVI.25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suetonius-titus-7-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suetonius-titus-7_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">The Lives of Twelve Caesars</a></i>, Life of Titus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html#7">7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-79-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-79_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, pp. 84–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-74-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-74_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-103-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-103_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-105-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones-105_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 56b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme (1930), p. 67</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2003" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2003). <i>Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of 96 CE–99</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28917-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28917-3"><bdi>0-415-28917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nerva+and+the+Roman+Succession+Crisis+of+96+CE%26ndash%3B99&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-28917-3&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian W. (1992). <i>The Emperor Domitian</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10195-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10195-6"><bdi>0-415-10195-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Domitian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-10195-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Milns" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian W.; Milns, Robert (2002). <i>Suetonius: The Flavian Emperors: A Historical Commentary</i>. London: Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-613-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-613-0"><bdi>1-85399-613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suetonius%3A+The+Flavian+Emperors%3A+A+Historical+Commentary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85399-613-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Milns%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurison2003" class="citation journal cs1">Murison, Charles Leslie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/transactions_of_the_american_philological_association/v133/133.1murison.html">"M. Cocceius Nerva and the Flavians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(subscription required)</span>. <i>Transactions of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>133</b> (1). University of Western Ontario: 147–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fapa.2003.0008">10.1353/apa.2003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162211747">162211747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=M.+Cocceius+Nerva+and+the+Flavians&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147-157&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fapa.2003.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162211747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murison&rft.aufirst=Charles+Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Ftransactions_of_the_american_philological_association%2Fv133%2F133.1murison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1953" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Philip B. (1953). "A Note on the Flavian Accession". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (2). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc.: 67–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3293160">3293160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Flavian+Accession&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3293160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1930" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1930). "The Imperial Finances under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>20</b>: 55–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F297385">10.2307/297385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/297385">297385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163980436">163980436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Finances+under+Domitian%2C+Nerva+and+Trajan&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163980436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F297385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F297385&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownend1961" class="citation journal cs1">Townend, Gavin (1961). "Some Flavian Connections". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (1 & 2). Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 54–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298836">10.2307/298836</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298836">298836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163868319">163868319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Flavian+Connections&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=54-62&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163868319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298836%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298836&rft.aulast=Townend&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1964" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, K. H. (1964). "The Character of Domitian". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>18</b> (1). Classical Association of Canada: 49–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086912">10.2307/1086912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086912">1086912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Character+of+Domitian&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-77&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1086912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1956" class="citation journal cs1">Wellesley, Kenneth (1956). "Three Historical Puzzles in Histories 3". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (3/4). Cambridge University Press: 207–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800020188">10.1017/S0009838800020188</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/636914">636914</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170747190">170747190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Three+Historical+Puzzles+in+Histories+3&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=207-214&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170747190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F636914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800020188&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley2000" class="citation book cs1">Wellesley, Kenneth (2000) [1975]. <i>The Year of the Four Emperors</i>. Roman Imperial Biographies. London: Routledge. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23620-1"><bdi>978-0-415-23620-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+the+Four+Emperors&rft.place=London&rft.series=Roman+Imperial+Biographies&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23620-1&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1984" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian W. (1984). <i>The Emperor Titus</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-24443-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-24443-6"><bdi>0-312-24443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Titus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-312-24443-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick1999" class="citation book cs1">Levick, Barbara (1999). <i>Vespasian (Roman Imperial Biographies</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16618-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16618-7"><bdi>0-415-16618-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vespasian+%28Roman+Imperial+Biographies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-16618-7&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vespasianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a></b></i>, <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Titus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Titus">Titus</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domitianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Domitianus">Domitianus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Roman History</a></i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/64*.html">Book 64</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/65*.html">Book 65</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/66*.html">Book 66</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/67*.html">Book 67</a>, English translation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews"><i>The War of the Jews</i></a>, English translation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Vita_Caesarum" class="mw-redirect" title="De Vita Caesarum">On the Life of the Caesars</a></i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Vespasian*.html">Life of Vespasian</a>, Latin text with English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Titus*.html">Life of Titus</a>, Latin text with English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html">Life of Domitian</a>, Latin text with English translation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agricola" class="extiw" title="s:Agricola"><i>Agricola</i></a>, English translation</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" class="extiw" title="s:Histories (Tacitus)"><i>Histories</i></a>, English translation</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Secondary material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Donahue, John (2004-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/vespasia.htm">"Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69–79)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titus+Flavius+Vespasianus+%28A.D.+69%E2%80%9379%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+their+Families&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fvespasia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Donahue, John (2004-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/titus.htm">"Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79–81)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titus+Flavius+Vespasianus+%28A.D.+79%E2%80%9381%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+their+Families&rft.date=2004-10-23&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftitus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Donahue, John (1997-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/domitian.htm">"Titus Flavius Domitianus (A.D. 81–96)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titus+Flavius+Domitianus+%28A.D.+81%E2%80%9396%29&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+their+Families&rft.date=1997-10-10&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fdomitian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=11162">"A Gallery of Flavian Coins"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Gallery+of+Flavian+Coins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumancientcoins.com%2Fgallery%2Findex.php%3Fcat%3D11162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlavian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Flavian dynasty </b><br />69–96 CE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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tree</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (27 BC–AD 68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the 4 Emperors</a> (68–69)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flavian dynasty</a> (69–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (96–192)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the 5 Emperors</a> (192–193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> (193–235)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_emperor" title="Barracks emperor">Barracks emperors</a> (235–284) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Six_Emperors" title="Year of the Six Emperors">Year of the 6 Emperors</a> (238)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_dynasty" title="Gordian dynasty">Gordian dynasty</a> (238–244)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a> (268–284)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–297)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchies</a> (293–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> (305–363)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a> (364–392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian dynasty</a> (378–455)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman emperors</a> (395–476)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors</a> (395–1453) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Emperors of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica</a> (1224–1246)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010320">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&oldid=1233356500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavian_dynasty&oldid=1233356500</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flavian_dynasty" title="Category:Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_imperial_dynasties" title="Category:Roman imperial 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