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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Joining the CUP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_the_CUP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Turk_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Young Turk Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Turk_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italo-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italo-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italo-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars_and_1913_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars_and_1913_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Balkan Wars and 1913 coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars_and_1913_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sarikamish,_1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sarikamish,_1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Battle of Sarikamish, 1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sarikamish,_1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanding_the_forces_of_the_capital,_1915–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_the_forces_of_the_capital,_1915–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Commanding the forces of the capital, 1915–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanding_the_forces_of_the_capital,_1915–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yildirim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yildirim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Yildirim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yildirim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Army of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Armistice and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Mustafa_Kemal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Mustafa_Kemal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relations with Mustafa Kemal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Mustafa_Kemal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Enver Pasha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="أنور باشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنور باشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A7%D6%80_%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Էնվէր Փաշայ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էնվէր Փաշայ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fnv%C9%99r_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Ənvər Paşa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ənvər Paşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="انور پاشا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انور پاشا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95)" title="আনোয়ার পাশা (সৈনিক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনোয়ার পাশা (সৈনিক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Энвер-паша – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энвер-паша" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Енвер паша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енвер паша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver-pa%C5%A1a" title="Enver-paša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enver-paša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Enver_Paix%C3%A0" title="Ismaïl Enver Paixà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ismaïl Enver Paixà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%A1a" title="Enver Paša – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enver Paša" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pascha" title="Enver Pascha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enver Pascha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Enver Paşa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enver Paşa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%95v%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Ισμαήλ Εvβέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισμαήλ Εvβέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Baj%C3%A1" title="Enver Bajá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enver Bajá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%9Dao" title="Enver Paŝao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enver Paŝao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enver Pasha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="انور پاشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انور پاشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Enver" title="Ismail Enver – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ismail Enver" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Enver Paşa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Enver Paşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%BC_%EC%97%94%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%83%A4" title="이스마일 엔베르 파샤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스마일 엔베르 파샤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1" title="Էնվեր փաշա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնվեր փաշա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver-pa%C5%A1a" title="Enver-paša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enver-paša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enver Pasha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasja" title="Enver Pasja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Enver Pasja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Enver" title="Ismail Enver – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ismail Enver" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%94" title="אנוור פאשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנוור פאשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="ენვერ-ფაშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენვერ-ფაშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Әнуар паша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әнуар паша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Enver Paşa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enver Paşa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_pasa" title="Enver pasa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enver pasa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Енвер-паша – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енвер-паша" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അൻവർപാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൻവർപാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="انور باشا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انور باشا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasja" title="Enver Pasja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enver Pasja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3" title="エンヴェル・パシャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンヴェル・パシャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvar_Posho" title="Anvar Posho – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anvar Posho" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="اسماعیل انور پاشا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسماعیل انور پاشا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Энвер-паша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энвер-паша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enver Pasha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enver Pasha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" title="İsmail Enver – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="İsmail Enver" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Енвер-паша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енвер-паша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_pa%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Enver pašša – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enver pašša" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pascha" title="Enver Pascha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enver Pascha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Enver Pasha" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="แอนแวร์ พาชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนแวร์ พาชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Анварпошшо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анварпошшо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Enver Paşa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enver Paşa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Енвер-паша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енвер-паша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="اسماعیل انور پاشا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسماعیل انور پاشا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="恩維爾帕夏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="恩維爾帕夏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="恩维尔帕夏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恩维尔帕夏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Enver_Pasha&params=41.06814_N_28.982041_E_type:landmark_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°04′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.06814°N 28.982041°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.06814; 28.982041</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman general and politician (1881–1922)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> style name, the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> is <i> Ismail Enver</i>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">title</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></i>, and there is no family name.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">İsmâil Enver</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg/220px-Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg/330px-Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg/440px-Enver_Pasha_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Enver Bey in 1911</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 January 1914 – 13 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Talaat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talaat Pasha</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Izzet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Izzet Pasha">Ahmet Izzet Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Izzet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Izzet Pasha">Ahmet Izzet Pasha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk%C3%A2n-%C4%B1_Harbiye-i_Um%C3%BBmiye_Riyaseti" class="extiw" title="tr:Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umûmiye Riyaseti">Chief of the General Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 January 1914 – 13 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_H%C3%A2d%C3%AE_Pasha" title="Mehmed Hâdî Pasha">Mehmed Hâdî Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Commander-in-Chief</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 January 1914 – 10 August 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 August 1918 – 13 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-11-23</span>)</span>23 November 1881<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 August 1922<span style="display:none">(1922-08-04)</span> (aged 40)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul" title="Monument of Liberty, Istanbul">Monument of Liberty, Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Enver_Pasha&params=41.06814_N_28.982041_E_type:landmark_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°04′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°58′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.06814°N 28.982041°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.06814; 28.982041</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Union and Progress Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emine_Naciye_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emine Naciye Sultan">Emine Naciye Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahpeyker_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Mahpeyker Hanımsultan">Mahpeyker Hanımsultan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Türkan Hanımsultan">Türkan Hanımsultan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sultanzade_Ali_Bey" title="Sultanzade Ali Bey">Sultanzade Ali Bey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_College" title="Ottoman Military College">Army War College</a> (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-Akademi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akademi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_imzas%C4%B1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Enver Pasha's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_imzas%C4%B1.png/128px-Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_imzas%C4%B1.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_imzas%C4%B1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1903–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Islam (Ottoman Empire)">Army of Islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yildirim_Army_Group" title="Yildirim Army Group">Yildirim Army Group</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Libya" title="Italian invasion of Libya">Italian invasion of Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Zara" title="Battle of Ain Zara">Battle of Ain Zara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Battle of Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Battle of Derna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Battle of Beirut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Battle of Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">Recapture of Adrianople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Bergmann Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz_during_World_War_I" title="Tabriz during World War I">Battle of Tabriz</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi Revolt">Basmachi Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha%27s_Rebellion" title="Enver Pasha's Rebellion">Enver Pasha's Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Dushanbe_(1922)" title="Battles for Dushanbe (1922)">Battles of Dushanbe</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>İsmâil Enver</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">اسماعیل انور پاشا</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">İsmail Enver Paşa</i>; 23 November 1881<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 4 August 1922), better known as <b>Enver Pasha</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> military officer, revolutionary, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">convicted war criminal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Herzig_2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzig_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andreopoulos_1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreopoulos_1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was a part of the dictatorial triumvirate known as the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a>" (along with <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Cemal Pasha</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>While stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, Enver joined the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP), an organization affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> movement that was agitating against Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s despotic rule. He was a key leader of the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, which reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Elections in the Ottoman Empire">parliamentary democracy in the Ottoman Empire</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmed Niyazi</a>, Enver was hailed as "hero of the revolution". However, a series of crises in the Empire, including the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, and the power struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, left Enver and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Unionists</a> disillusioned with liberal <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a> brought the CUP directly to power, Enver became <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">War Minister</a>, while Talaat assumed control over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">civilian government</a>. </p><p>As war minister and <i>de facto</i> Commander-in-Chief (despite his role as the <i>de jure</i> Deputy Commander-in-Chief, as the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> formally held the title), Enver was one of the most powerful figures in the Ottoman government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initiated the formation of <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Ottoman_alliance" title="German–Ottoman alliance">an alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, and was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I</a>. He then led a disastrous attack on Russian forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>, after which he blamed Armenians for his defeat. Along with Talaat, he was one of the principal perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman Genocides</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus is held responsible for the death of between 800,000 and 1,800,000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Auron2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auron2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChalkJonassohn1990_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChalkJonassohn1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenians, 750,000 Assyrians and 500,000 Greeks. Following defeat in World War I, Enver, along with other leading Unionists, escaped the Ottoman Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Ottoman Military Tribunal</a> convicted him and other Unionists and sentenced them to death <i>in absentia</i> for <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">bringing the Empire into World War I</a> and organizing massacres against Greeks and Armenians. Enver ended up in Central Asia, where he was killed leading the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. In 1996, his remains were reburied in Turkey. Enver was subsequently rehabilitated by Turkish president <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a>, who praised his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a>. </p><p>As Enver rose through the ranks of the military, he was known by increasingly esteemed titles, including Enver <a href="/wiki/Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Efendi">Efendi</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">انور افندی</span></span>), Enver <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">انور بك</span></span>), and finally Enver <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>. "Pasha" was the honorary title granted to Ottoman military officers upon promotion to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a> (major general). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg/250px-Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg/330px-Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg/440px-Enver_Pasha_Babas%C4%B1_Ahmet_Bey_Kardeshi_Nuri_Killigil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Enver (left) with his father, Ahmed Bey (center), and half-brother <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri Pasha</a> (later Nuri Killigil; right)</figcaption></figure> <p>İsmail Enver was born in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul) on 22 November 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver's father, Ahmed (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860–1947), was either a bridge-keeper in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Monastir</a> (Bitola)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> small town public prosecutor in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother Ayşe Dilara was a <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Euhnaz_Yilmaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şuhnaz Yilmaz (page does not exist)">Şuhnaz Yilmaz</a>, he was of <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle was <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Pasha (later Kut)</a>. Enver had two younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri</a> and Mehmed Kâmil, and two younger sisters, Hasene and Mediha. He was the brother-in-law of Lieutenant Colonel Ömer Nâzım.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age six, Enver moved with his father to Monastir, where he attended primary school.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at several military institutions. In 1902, he graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Military Academy">Ottoman Military Academy</a> making him a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mektebli_and_Alayl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mektebli and Alaylı (page does not exist)">mektebli</a></i>. In the context of the late <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamidian</a> era <i>mektebli</i>s were educated officers hailing from the new military colleges, as opposed to the older <i>alaylı</i> officers which didn't receive formal educations, resulting in some in the latter group being illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His classmate in the military academy was the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a>, and the two quickly developed a rivalry with one another. </p><p>Between 1903 and 1908, Enver was stationed in various locations in Ottoman Macedonia, where he helped suppress the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>. He fought no less than 54 engagements, mostly against <a href="/wiki/Komitadji" title="Komitadji">Bulgarian bands</a>, developing a reputation as an expert counter-insurgent. During his service, he became convinced of the need for reforms in the Ottoman military.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1905 Enver had achieved success in Macedonia and was recognized for fighting with distinction. He became a lieutenant colonel was awarded the fourth and third class <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Mecidiye</a> medal, fourth class <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Osmaniye</a> medal, and a gold <a href="/wiki/Liakat_Medal" title="Liakat Medal">medal of merit</a> for his outstanding achievements in military operations against Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian insurgents. This didn't mean he was immune from the suspicions of the intelligence agencies. He was interrogated by the secret police for alleged seditious activity against the government, but he wasn't convicted. These events radicalized Enver's perceptions of nationalism, and a sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> as he became skeptical of the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamidian regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joining_the_CUP">Joining the CUP</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908-mesrutiyet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/250px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/330px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1908-mesrutiyet.jpg/500px-1908-mesrutiyet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Enver Pasha (then Enver <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a>) depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> flyer with the slogan <i>Long live the fatherland, long live the nation, long live liberty</i> written in Ottoman Turkish and French</figcaption></figure> <p>Enver, through the assistance of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Kut</a>, became the twelfth member of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Freedom_Society" title="Ottoman Freedom Society">Ottoman Freedom Society</a> (OFS).<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OFS later merged with the Paris-based <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_R%C4%B1za" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Rıza">Ahmed Rıza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CUP gained access to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> through Enver.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Monastir in 1906, Enver formed a CUP cell within the town and worked closely with Ottoman officer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver became the main figure in the CUP Monastir branch, and he initiated Ottoman officers like <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmet Niyazi bey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sabri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyüp Sabri">Eyüp Sabri</a> into the CUP organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kansu90_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kansu90-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twentieth century some prominent <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk</a> members such as Enver developed a strong interest in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu308311_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu308311-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Enver saw deputies as mediocre and in reference to Le Bon he thought that as a collective mind they had the potential to become dangerous and be the same as a despotic leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu311_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu311-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the CUP shifted away from the ideas of members who belonged to the old core of the organisation to those of the newer membership, this change assisted individuals like Enver in gaining a larger profile in the Young Turk movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu291_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu291-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohri</a> (modern Ohrid) an armed band (<a href="/wiki/%C3%87etes" class="mw-redirect" title="Çetes">çete</a>) called the Special Muslim Organisation (SMO) composed mostly of notables was created in 1907 to protect local Muslims and fight <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (IMRO) bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu225_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu225-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver along with Sabri recruited the SMO and turned it into the Ohri branch of the CUP with its band becoming the local CUP band.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu226_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu226-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CUP Internal headquarters proposed that Enver go form a CUP band in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approving the decision by the committee to assassinate his brother-in-law Lieutenant Colonel Ömer Nâzım, Enver under instructions from CUP headquarters traveled from Selanik (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Tikve%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikveš">Tikveş</a> on 26 June 1908 to establish a band.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CUP headquarters conferred upon Enver the title of "CUP Inspector General of Internal Organisation and Executive Forces".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Young_Turk_Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg/200px-Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg/300px-Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg/400px-Mehemed_Rechad_Empereur_des_Ottomans_14.27._Avril_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of Mehmed V flanked by Niyazi Bey (left) and Enver Bey (right)<sup id="cite_ref-Ozen31_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozen31-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 July 1908, Niyazi, protesting the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, fled with his band from <a href="/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia" title="Resen, North Macedonia">Resne</a> (modern Resen) into the mountains where he initiated the Young Turk Revolution and issued a proclamation that called for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">constitution of 1876</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baskan51_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskan51-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his example, Enver in Tikveş, and other officers such as Sabri in Ohri, also went into the mountains and formed guerilla bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Hale35_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale35-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baskan51_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baskan51-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the CUP had a fixed date for the revolution; in comments made in an interview following the event Enver stated that they planned for action in August 1908, yet events had forced them to begin the revolution at an earlier time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu262_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu262-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the revolt to get local support Enver and Niyazi played on fears of possible foreign intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawrych150_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawrych150-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver led a band composed of volunteers and deserters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, he allowed a deserter who had engaged in brigandage in areas west of the river <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> to join his band at Tikveș.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu226_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu226-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the revolution, guerilla bands of both Enver and Niyazi consisted of Muslim (mostly <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a>) paramilitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras28_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras28-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enver sent an ultimatum to the Inspector General on 11 July 1908 and demanded that within 48 hours Abdul Hamid II issue a decree for CUP members that had been arrested and sent to Constantinople to be freed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned that if the ultimatum was not complied with by the Inspector General, he would refuse to accept any responsibility for future actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tikveș a handwritten appeal was distributed to locals calling for them to either stay neutral or join with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver possessed strong authority among fellow Muslims in the area where he resided and could communicate with them as he spoke both <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu228452_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu228452-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the revolution, Enver stayed in the homes of notables, and as a sign of respect they would kiss his hands since he had earlier saved them from an attack by an IMRO band.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu228_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu228-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that the CUP had no support in the countryside apart from a few large landowners with CUP membership that lived in towns, yet they retained influence in their villages and were able to mobilise the population for the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher3839_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher3839-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whole settlements were enrolled into the CUP through councils of village elders convened by Enver in Turkish villages of the Tikveş region.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher3839_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher3839-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the revolution spread by the third week and more officers deserted the army to join the cause, Enver and Niyazi got like minded officials and civilian notables to send multiple petitions to the Ottoman palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras33_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras33-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver wrote in his memoirs that while he still was involved in band activity in the days toward the end of the revolution he composed more detailed rules of engagement for use by paramilitary units and bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu225_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu225-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 July he proclaimed an age of liberty in front of the government mansion of <a href="/wiki/Veles,_North_Macedonia" title="Veles, North Macedonia">Köprülü</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Salonica, he spoke from the balconies of the <i>Grand Hôtel D'Angleterre</i> to a crowd in the city center, where he declared that absolutism was finished, and <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> would prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The square would be named <a href="/wiki/Eleftherias_Square" title="Eleftherias Square">Eleftherias Square</a>, or the Square of Liberty thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a deteriorating situation in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, on 24 July Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">constitution of 1876</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu275_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu275-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/220px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/330px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/440px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> celebrating the 1908 revolution. Enver is depicted in the lower right hand corner with a large hammer freeing Lady Liberty from her chains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._26_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._26-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the revolution, Niyazi and Enver remained in the political background due to their youth and junior military ranks with both agreeing that photographs of them would not be distributed to the general public; however, this decision was rarely honoured.<sup id="cite_ref-Hale38_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale38-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Niyazi and Enver as leaders of the revolution elevated their positions to near legendary status, with their images placed on postcards and distributed throughout the Ottoman state.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras34_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras34-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._25_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._25-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the latter part of 1908, photographs of Niyazi and Enver had reached Constantinople and school children of the time played with masks on their faces that depicted the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozen28_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozen28-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other images produced at the same time, the sultan is presented in the centre, flanked by Niyazi and Enver to either side.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozen31_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozen31-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the actions of both men carried the appearance of initiating the revolution, Niyazi, an Albanian, and Enver, a Turk, later received popular acclaim as "heroes of freedom" (<i>hürriyet kahramanları</i>) and symbolised Albanian-Turkish cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawrych150169_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawrych150169-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher44_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher44-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a tribute to his role in the Young Turk Revolution that began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">Second Constitutional Era</a> of the Ottoman Empire, Niyazi is mentioned along with Enver in the <a href="/wiki/File:Marche_des_D%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_par_Mehmed_Zati.ogg" title="File:Marche des Députés par Mehmed Zati.ogg">March of the Deputies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Mebusan Marşı</i> or <i>Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı</i>), the anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guclu121_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guclu121-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BokeTinç22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was performed in 1909 upon the opening of the new parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Guclu121_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guclu121-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BokeTinç22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth line of the anthem reads "Long live Niyazi, long live Enver" (Turkish: <i lang="tr">"Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BokeTinç22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bilici27_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilici27-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Volkan_(newspaper)" title="Volkan (newspaper)">Volkan</a></i>, a strong supporter of the constitution published adulatory pieces about Enver and Niyazi in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahide69_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahide69-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the revolution, Enver rose within the ranks of the Ottoman military and had an important role within army–committee relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the revolution he was assigned to the Inspectorate of the Rumelian Provinces, but in March 1909 he was the military attaché at <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and formed personal ties with high ranking German state officials and the Kaiser.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this time that Enver came to admire the culture of Germany and power of the German military.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invited German officers to reform the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>. In 1909 a reactionary conspiracy to organise a countercoup culminated in the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>; the countercoup was put down.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver for a short time in April 1909 returned to Constantinople to join the <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">Action Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such he took an active role in the suppression of the countercoup, which resulted in the overthrow of Abdul Hamid II, who was replaced by his brother <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>, while the power of the CUP was consolidated.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Young Turk era, Enver was a member of the CUP central committee from 1908 to 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanioglu216_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanioglu216-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1911, he was recalled from Berlin and once again sent to Macedonia by War Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Şevket Pasha</a>, whom he first met on 19 March 1911, to inspect the measures taken against insurgents in Macedonia. Making the rounds in Salonica, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp" class="mw-redirect" title="Üsküp">Üsküp</a>, Monastir, Köprülü and Tikveş, he also met with the leading figures of the CUP. He returned to Istanbul on 11 May 1911. On 27 July he left the capital to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori rebellion</a> as the chief of staff of the Second Corps, traveling to <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> via <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, again spending time to resolve disputes between the Unionists and Albanian nationalists. Later, he went to Berlin, but returned home when the Italians attacked Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italo-Turkish_War">Italo-Turkish War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/145px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/218px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg/290px-Ismail_Enver_Bey_in_Cyrenaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="4362" /></a><figcaption>Enver Bey in Libya during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, 1911–12, wearing the style of hat named "Enveriye" after him</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 September 1911, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> launched an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman vilayet of Tripolitania</a> (<i>Trablus-i Garb</i>, modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>), starting the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>. Enver advocated for a guerilla war against the Italians in a CUP congress and went off to Libya with several other Unionist military officers, which formed the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a>. After meeting with the sultan and government officials he left Istanbul for <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> on 10 October. He established various contacts with prominent Arab leaders in Egypt and set off for <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> on October 22. He established his military headquarters in Ayn al-Mansur on 1 December 1911. There, he assumed the overall command after successfully mobilizing 20,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-ezber_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezber-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He achieved great success in the war and guerrilla operations against the Italians. On 24 January 1912, he was officially appointed commander of the General Benghazi Zone [<i>Umum Bingazi Mıntıkası kumandanlığı</i>]. On 17 March 1912, he was additionally appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrif" title="Mutasarrif">mutasarrif</a> of Benghazi, and then <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a>. Because of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, however, Enver and other Ottoman generals in Libya were called back to Istanbul. This allowed Italy to take control of Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-os-ar_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-os-ar-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balkan_Wars_and_1913_coup">Balkan Wars and 1913 coup</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></div><p>In October 1912, the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> broke out, and the Ottoman armies suffered severe defeats at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>. In late November 1912, he found his way back to Istanbul via the route of Alexandria (during which he was disguised), <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> (which he travelled to on an Italian ship), and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Enver was appointed as the Chief of the General Staff of the Tenth Corps on 1 January 1913 to fight on the Bulgarian front.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png/195px-Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png/293px-Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png/390px-Lieut.-Colonel_Tyrrell_and_Enver_Bey_after_1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Enver Bey (center) talking to the British attaché and press in Constantinople immediately after seizing power in the 1913 <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">Raid on the Sublime Porte</a>, also known as the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état</figcaption></figure><p>While he was in Libya, the Ottoman political situation had significantly deteriorated. The loss of Libya cost the CUP in popularity. After rigging the <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_general_election" title="1912 Ottoman general election">1912 elections</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Accord_Party" title="Freedom and Accord Party">Freedom and Accord Party</a>, opposition to the CUP in the military brought down their government in <a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">a coup by military memorandum</a>. However military defeat in the First Balkan War weakened anti-Unionist government, and gave the committee the chance to seize power. </p><p>On 23 January 1913, Enver and CUP leader <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Mehmed Talaat</a> with a group of fifty Unionists <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">stormed into the Sublime Porte</a> and overthrew the government. Enver had <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a> resign from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizierate</a> at gun point. This was done after extensive activity disuading Kâmil from peace negotiations. Enver earlier reached an agreement with the Minister of War <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nâzım Pasha</a> to force Kâmil Pasha to resign and to form a government that would resume war, but he was unsuccessful in convincing the sultan of cashiering his prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nâzım Pasha ended up getting accidentally cut down during the coup, so the premiership was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a>. A radicalized CUP in power now suppressed the opposition. Turkey then withdrew from <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%9313" class="mw-redirect" title="London Conference of 1912–13">the peace negotiations then under way in London</a> and did not sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London (1913)</a>, resuming the First Balkan War. A complicated plan was envisaged to envelop Bulgarian forces on the Gallipoli peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Battle of Şarköy</a>), which was bungled by due to bad communications between Enver, <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi (Okyar)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>. The change in government did not change the fact that the war was lost, and the Ottoman Empire gave up almost all of its <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Balkan territory</a> to the Balkan League. </p><p>In June 1913, however, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> broke out between the Balkan Allies. Enver Bey took advantage of the situation and led an army into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">recovering Adrianople</a> (Edirne) from the Bulgarians, who had concentrated their forces against the Serbs and Greeks, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople (1913)</a>. Enver is therefore recognised by some Turks as the "conqueror of Edirne". </p><p>When Shevket was assassinated on 11 June 1913, the CUP took full control over the empire. Enver was basically the leader of the military cadre of the CUP and was influential in making vital decisions. His reconquest of Edirne increased his prestige. He became a colonel on 15 December 1913, and then a <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">mirliva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>) on 3 January 1914. That same date, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed İzzet Pasha</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_H%C3%A2d%C3%AE_Pasha" title="Mehmed Hâdî Pasha">Hâdî Pasha</a> as Chief of the General Staff (8 January 1914). Despite great criticism, he achieved this position at a very young age and as a result of rapid promotion, thanks to both his high prestige amoung the public and unparalleled power of the CUP. He also married HIH Princess <a href="/wiki/Emine_Naciye_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emine Naciye Sultan">Emine Naciye Sultan</a> (1898–1957) on 5 March 1914, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Selim_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Selim Süleyman">Prince Süleyman</a>, thus entering the royal family as a <i><a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">damat</a></i> ("bridegroom" to the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Osman">House of Osman</a>). They were previously engaged on 15 May 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enver worked with great effort in his new position to reorganize the Ottoman army, which had been defeated in the First Balkan War. Almost all of the old <i>alaylı</i> officers of the Hamidian era were purged, and young officers were appointed to important positions in the army. Officers such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">Mustafa İsmet (İnönü)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musa_K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Kâzım Karabekir">Musa Kâzım Karabekir</a>, who were part of this effort, acknowledged that these reforms were successful. This reorganization by Enver Pasha also ensured that the military cadre, which played an important role in the establishment of the Turkish Republic, rose in the Ottoman army.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></div> <p>Being able to communicate in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver Pasha, along with Talaat and <a href="/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Halil Menteşe">Halil Bey</a> were architects of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-German_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-German Alliance">Ottoman-German Alliance</a>, and expected a quick victory in the war that would benefit the Ottoman Empire. Without informing the cabinet, he allowed the two German warships <a href="/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben">SMS Goeben</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Breslau" title="SMS Breslau">SMS Breslau</a>, under the command of German admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a>, to enter the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> to escape British <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau" title="Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau">pursuit</a>; the subsequent "donation" of the ships to the neutral Ottomans worked powerfully in Germany's favor, despite French and Russian diplomacy to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war. Finally on 29 October, the point of no return was reached when <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Admiral Souchon</a>, now Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman navy, took <i>Goeben</i>, <i>Breslau</i>, and a squadron of Ottoman warships into the Black Sea and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Raid">bombed the Russian ports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Theodosia</a>. Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire on 2 November, and Britain followed suit on 5 November. Most of the Turkish cabinet members and CUP leaders were against such a rushed entry to the war, but Enver Pasha held that it was the right course of action. </p><p>As soon as the war started, 31 October 1914, Enver ordered that all men of military age report to army recruiting offices. The offices were unable to handle the vast flood of men, and long delays occurred. This had the effect of ruining the crop harvest for that year.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8050-6884-8_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8050-6884-8-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Sarikamish,_1914"><span id="Battle_of_Sarikamish.2C_1914"></span>Battle of Sarikamish, 1914</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_wwI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enver_wwI.jpg/250px-Enver_wwI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enver_wwI.jpg/255px-Enver_wwI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Enver_wwI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Enver Pasha in 1914</figcaption></figure><p>Enver Pasha's only actual command during World War I was on the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus front</a>. Enver Pasha assumed command of the Ottoman forces arrayed against the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus theatre</a> after dismissing <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Izzet_Pasha" title="Hasan Izzet Pasha">Hasan Izzet Pasha</a>. He wanted to encircle the Russians, force them out of Ottoman territory, and take back <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, which had been ceded after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a>. Enver thought of himself as a great military leader, while the German military adviser, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Liman von Sanders</a>, thought of him as incompetent.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8050-6884-8_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8050-6884-8-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver ordered a complex attack on the Russians, but despite the objections of the commanders in his command, Enver Pasha continued the forward operation under harsh winter conditions in the mountains. In what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> a large portion of the 90,000-strong army froze to death in the <a href="/wiki/Allahuekber_Mountains" title="Allahuekber Mountains">Allahüekber Mountains</a> or were killed by the Russians, so he left the front on 10 January 1915 and returned to Istanbul. This was the single worst Ottoman defeat of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and Enver didn't perform any active front-line duty for the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return to Constantinople, Enver Pasha blamed his failure on his Armenian soldiers, although in January 1915, an Armenian named Hovannes had saved his life during a battle by carrying Enver through battle lines on his back.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Enver Pasha later initiated the deportations and sporadic massacres of Western Armenians, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanding_the_forces_of_the_capital,_1915–1918"><span id="Commanding_the_forces_of_the_capital.2C_1915.E2.80.931918"></span>Commanding the forces of the capital, 1915–1918</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg/250px-Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg/330px-Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg/500px-Kaiser_W_in_Gallipoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> and Enver Pasha in Gallipoli</figcaption></figure> <p>After his defeat at Sarıkamış, Enver returned to Istanbul (Constantinople) and took command of the Turkish forces around the capital. He was confident that the capital was safe from any Allied attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead199779_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead199779-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and French were planning on forcing the approaches to Constantinople in the hope of knocking the Ottomans out of the war. A large Allied fleet assembled and staged an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> on 18 March 1915. The attack (the forerunner to the failed <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a>) was a disaster, resulting in the loss of several ships. As a result, Enver turned over command to <a href="/wiki/Liman_von_Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Liman von Sanders">Liman von Sanders</a>, who led the successful defence of Gallipoli. Enver then left to attend to pressing concerns on the Caucasus Front. Later, after many towns on the peninsula had been destroyed and women and children killed by the Allied bombardment, Enver proposed setting up a concentration camp for the remaining French and British citizens in the empire. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau</a>, the American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, convinced Enver not to go through with this plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997166–68_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997166–68-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yildirim">Yildirim</h3></div> <p>Enver's plan for <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Falkenhayn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yildirim_Army_Group" title="Yildirim Army Group">Yildirim Army Group</a> was to retake Baghdad, recently <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">taken</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Maude" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Stanley Maude">Maude</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was nearly impossible for logistical reasons. Turkish troops were deserting freely, and when Enver visited <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> in June 1917, soldiers were forbidden to be stationed along his route for fear that he would be assassinated. Lack of rolling stock meant that troops were often detrained at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and marched south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1998160–1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1998160–1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_Islam">Army of Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Islam (Ottoman Empire)">Army of Islam (Ottoman Empire)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Enver_Pasha" title="Special:EditPage/Enver Pasha">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_enver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wilhelm_enver.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_enver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Wilhelm_enver.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Wilhelm II and Enver Pasha in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>During 1917, due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Front_(Russian_Republic)" title="Caucasus Front (Russian Republic)">Russian army in the Caucasus</a> fell apart and dissolved. At the same time, the CUP managed to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks with the signing of the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (1 January 1918). Enver looked for victory when Russia withdrew from the Caucasus region. When Enver discussed his plans for taking over southern Russia, he ordered the creation of a new military force called the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army of Islam">Army of Islam</a> which would have no German officers. Enver's Army of Islam avoided Georgia and marched through <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vehib_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehib Pasha">Vehib Pasha</a> was also moving forward to pre-war borders and towards the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, which formed the frontline in the Caucasus. General <a href="/wiki/Tovmas_Nazarbekian" title="Tovmas Nazarbekian">Tovmas Nazarbekian</a> was the commander on the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> took the command of Armenia within the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman advance was halted at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Army of Islam, under the control of <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri Pasha">Nuri Pasha</a>, moved forward and attacked Australian, New Zealand, British, and Canadian troops led by <a href="/wiki/General_Lionel_Charles_Dunsterville" class="mw-redirect" title="General Lionel Charles Dunsterville">General Lionel Charles Dunsterville</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. General Dunsterville ordered the evacuation of the city on 14 September, after six weeks of occupation, and withdrew to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Army of Islam and their Azerbaijani allies entered the city on September 15 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a>, up to <a href="/wiki/September_Days" title="September Days">30,000 Armenian civilians were massacred</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire on 30 October, Ottoman troops were obliged to withdraw and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>. These conquests in the Caucasus counted for very little in the war as a whole but they did however ensure that Baku remained within the boundaries of Azerbaijan while a part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and later as an independent nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armistice_and_exile">Armistice and exile</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg/250px-Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg/330px-Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Enver_Pa%C5%9Fa_in_Batumi_in_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Enver Pasha in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Faced with defeat, the Sultan dismissed Enver from his post as War Minister on 4 October 1918, while the rest of <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a>'s government resigned on 14 October 1918. On 30 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire capitulated by signing the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>. 1-2 November 1918, he escaped to Odessa by boarding a German submarine from <a href="/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y" title="Arnavutköy">Arnavutköy</a> with seven other leaders of the CUP. In exile they hoped to continue agitating against the Allies from abroad in the conflict which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. </p><p>On 1 January 1919, the new government discharged Enver Pasha from the army. He was tried <i>in absentia</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Courts-Martial_of_1919%E2%80%9320" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20">Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20</a> for crimes of "plunging the country into war without a legitimate reason, forced deportation of Armenians and leaving the country without permission" and condemned to death.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Crimea Enver first attempted to link up with units under Halil and Nuri to defend against the Allies, but his boat ran aground and hearing the army was demobilizing he gave up and went to Berlin like the other Unionists émigrés did. He settled in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a> to maintain a emigre network of exiled CUP members. In April 1919 after meeting with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a> with Talaat, he took on the role of a secret envoy for his friend General <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a> who wished for a German-Soviet alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1920, Enver sent Seeckt a letter in which he offered on behalf of the Soviet Union the partition of Poland in return for German arms deliveries to Soviet Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides working for General von Seeckt, Enver envisioned cooperation between the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russian</a> government against the British, and went to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. </p><p>Accompanying Mehmed Ali Sâmi, Enver's new pseudonym, was his Unionist comrade <a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a>. Sâmi would be a doctor representing the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Red_Crescent" title="Turkish Red Crescent">Turkish Red Crescent</a> in Russia. On 10 October 1919, their plane flight took off from the German border and stopped in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and then <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai" title="Šiauliai">Šiauliai</a> but crashed in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Stranded in a country teeming with Allied soldiers, they weren't recognized by journalists or occupation forces until they were about to escape. They were eventually arrested for two months, but Enver and Şakir managed to escape from the Lithuanian prison back to Berlin. Enver and Şakir tried again to enter Russia by air but their plane broke down and crashed not even beyond the German border. After tending to their wounds in a near by village, they returned to Berlin. Enver's insistence to arrive to Moscow by plane costed them another plane crash in flight trials. Eventually Cemal joined the duo, and using a plane that successfully passed flight tests they set off once again for Moscow. But hearing strange noises from the engine, Enver asked the pilot to turn back. After small repairs to the plane Enver attempted a fifth flight to Moscow, where the plane disintegrated one hour into the flight. While Enver was determined to make a grand entrance from the sky, Şakir and Cemal gave up and instead joined a Russian prisoner of war convoy heading back to their homeland. Enver's new alias was now Herr Altman, "a German Jewish Communist of no importance". In his sixth attempt, a one-seat plane carrying Enver and a pilot malfunctioned in mid-air and landed in British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>. Enver begged the pilot to repair the plane lest he would be captured by the British. Taking off once again, they only made it as far as <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>. The plane once again repaired, they made it to Bolshevik occupied Estonia to refill on gas, but the Bolsheviks arrested Enver, mistaking him for a fugitive Baltic German count that fled to Germany, and imprison him in the city of <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a>. Enver's case for his identity was not helped when an Estonian peasant identified him as the abusive count. Enver took up painting in prison, at one point painting a portrait of the warden and his family. With the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian-German_peace_treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian-German peace treaty (page does not exist)">Estonian-German peace treaty</a>, Enver was repatriated to Germany as the German count.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enver finally made it to Moscow in August 1920 (he came by land in the end). There he was well-received staying in the guesthouse in the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Софийская набережная">Sofiskaia Naberezhnaya</a> district, and established contacts with representatives from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and other exiled CUP members as the director of the Soviet Government's Asiatic Department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997300_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997300-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also met with <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a>, Radek, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. He tried to support the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_national_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish national movement">Turkish national movement</a> and corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, giving him the guarantee that he did not intend to intervene in the movement in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. According to two letters dated 25 and 26 August to von Seect, he asked for arms support to the Anatolian movement in his meetings with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and even received a promise.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1 and 8 September 1920, he was in Baku for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Peoples_of_the_East" title="Congress of the Peoples of the East">Congress of the Peoples of the East</a>, representing Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. His appearance was a personal triumph, but the congress failed in its aim to create a mass pro-Bolshevik movement among Muslims. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a>, a witness, recorded that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At Baku, Enver Pasha put in a sensational appearance. A whole hall full of Orientals broke into shouts, with scimitars and yataghans brandished aloft: '<i>Death to imperialism</i>" All the same, genuine understanding with the Islamic world...was still difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>He returned to Berlin in early October 1920 and settled in the luxurious <a href="/wiki/Grunewald_(locality)" title="Grunewald (locality)">Grünewald</a> district. Enver Pasha then went to Switzerland, where he met with Hakkı Pasha and decided to establish a secret organization to send military aid from Russia to Anatolia. The committee included Major Fischer, von Seect’s former aide-de-camp, and Captain Kress, who was in charge of military equipment at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">German War Ministry</a>. However, the necessary financial aid could not be obtained from Moscow. According to a letter dated November 4, 1920, written by Halil Pasha to Enver Pasha, new demands in this area were also rejected by Karahan. Enver went to Moscow again at the end of February 1921 and held sveral meetings with Chicherin and <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh" title="Bekir Sami Kunduh">Bekir Sami</a> <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh" title="Bekir Sami Kunduh">(Kunduh)</a>, the representative of the new Ankara government. When the Greeks advanced on <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 30 July, Enver arrived to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batum</a> with other Unionist leaders with the hope to enter Anatolia and usurp the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish nationalist movement</a> from Mustafa Kemal. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Defence of Rights Committee</a> openly supported him. However this attempt was abortive as Ankara's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Battle of the Sakarya</a> caused Enver Pasha's plans to completely change once again.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Mustafa_Kemal">Relations with Mustafa Kemal</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Kemal_(Atat%C3%BCrk)_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Kemal_%28Atat%C3%BCrk%29_with_Enver_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Mustafa Kemal Pasha (second in the back) and Enver Pasha (front) while inspecting the front in Damascus in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Much has been written about the poor relations between Enver and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, two men who played pivotal roles in the Turkish history of the 20th century. Both hailed from the Balkans, and the two served together in North Africa during the wars preceding World War I, Enver being Mustafa Kemal's senior. Enver disliked Mustafa Kemal for his circumspect attitude toward the political agenda pursued by the CUP, and regarded him as a serious rival.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaylan_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaylan-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa Kemal (later known as Atatürk) considered Enver to be a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin;<sup id="cite_ref-Zürcher1984_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zürcher1984-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he criticized Enver and his colleagues for their policies and their involvement of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-HarrisCriss2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisCriss2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RubinKirişci2001_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubinKirişci2001-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years of upheaval that followed the Armistice of October 1918, when Mustafa Kemal led <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">the Turkish resistance</a> to occupying and invading forces, Enver sought to return from exile, but his attempts to do so and join the military effort were blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara government</a> under Mustafa Kemal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years">Last years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enverpasa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Enverpasa1.jpg/185px-Enverpasa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Enverpasa1.jpg/278px-Enverpasa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Enverpasa1.jpg/370px-Enverpasa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Enver Pasha</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 July 1921, with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> in full swing, Enver decided to return to Anatolia. He went to <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a> to be close to the new border. However, Mustafa Kemal did not want him among the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish revolutionaries">Turkish revolutionaries</a>. Mustafa Kemal had stopped all friendly ties with Enver Pasha and the CUP as early as 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-Zürcher1984_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zürcher1984-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he explicitly rejected the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Turkic">pan-Turkic</a> ideas and what Mustafa Kemal perceived as Enver Pasha's utopian goals.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaylan_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaylan-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver Pasha changed his plans and traveled to Moscow where he managed to win the trust of the Soviet authorities. In November 1921 he was sent by Lenin to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a> to help suppress the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi Revolt">Basmachi Revolt</a> against the local pro-Moscow <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevik</a> regime. Instead, however, he made secret contacts with some of the rebellion's leaders and, along with a small number of followers, defected to the <i>Basmachi</i> side. His aim was to unite the numerous Basmachi groups under his own command and mount a co-ordinated offensive against the Bolsheviks in order to realise his pan-Turkic dreams. After a number of successful military operations he managed to establish himself as the rebels' supreme commander, and turned their disorganized forces into a small but well-drilled army. His command structure was built along German lines and his staff included a number of experienced Turkish officers.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">David Fromkin</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> However Enver's personal weaknesses reasserted themselves. He was a vain, strutting man who loved uniforms, medals and titles. For use in stamping official documents, he ordered a golden seal that described him as 'Commander-in-Chief of all the Armies of Islam, Son-in-Law of the Caliph and Representative of the Prophet.' Soon he was calling himself Emir of Turkestan, a practice not conducive to good relations with the Emir whose cause he served. At some point in the first half of 1922, the Emir of Bukhara broke off relations with him, depriving him of troops and much-needed financial support. The Emir of Afghanistan also failed to march to his aid.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 4 August 1922, as he allowed his troops to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> while retaining a guard of 30 men at his headquarters near the village of Ab-i-Derya near <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, the Red Army <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashkir people">Bashkir</a> cavalry brigade under the command of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Melkumov" title="Yakov Melkumov">Yakov Melkumov</a> (Hakob Melkumian), launched a surprise attack. According to some sources, Enver and some 25 of his men mounted their horses and charged the approaching troops, when Enver was killed by machine-gun fire.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Enver Pasha's aide Yaver Suphi Bey stated that Enver Pasha died of a bullet wound right above his heart during a cavalry charge.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, according to Melkumov's memoirs, Enver managed to escape on horseback and hid for four days in the village of Chaghan. His hideout was located after a Red Army officer infiltrated the village in disguise. Melkumov's troops ambushed Enver at Chaghan, and in the ensuing combat he was killed by machine gun fire.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources write that Melkumov personally killed Enver Pasha with his sabre, although Melkumov does not claim this in his memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnverpashaGrave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EnverpashaGrave.JPG/220px-EnverpashaGrave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EnverpashaGrave.JPG/330px-EnverpashaGrave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EnverpashaGrave.JPG/440px-EnverpashaGrave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Enver Pasha's grave at the <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul" title="Monument of Liberty, Istanbul">Abide-i Hürriyet</a> (Monument of Liberty) cemetery in Istanbul, where his remains were interred in 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Fromkin writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> There are several accounts of how Enver died. According to the most persuasive of them, when the Russians attacked he gripped his pocket Koran and, as always, charged straight ahead. Later his decapitated body was found on the field of battle. His Koran was taken from his lifeless fingers and was filed in the archives of the Soviet secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Enver's body was buried near Ab-i-Derya in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, his remains were brought to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and reburied at <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Liberty,_Istanbul" title="Monument of Liberty, Istanbul">Abide-i Hürriyet</a> (Monument of Liberty) cemetery in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli" title="Şişli">Şişli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. He was re-buried on the 4 August, the anniversary of his death in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver Pasha's image remains controversial in Turkey, since Enver and Atatürk had a personal rivalry at the end of the Ottoman Empire and his memory was cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But upon his body's arrival in Turkey, he was rehabilitated by the Turkish President <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a> who held a speech acknowledging his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">renewed hostilities</a> between <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno Karabakh</a> region in 2020, Enver Pasha's role during World War I was praised by Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a> during an Azeri <a href="/wiki/Baku_Victory_Parade_of_2020" title="Baku Victory Parade of 2020">victory parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Azerbaijani officials issued a map of the formerly Armenian <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, renaming one of the streets after Enver Pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <p>After Enver's death, three of his four siblings, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Killigil" title="Nuri Killigil">Nuri</a> (1889–1949), Mehmed Kamil (1900–62), and Hasene Hanım, adopted the surname "Killigil" after the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Surname Law">Surname Law</a> required all Turkish citizens to adopt a surname. </p><p>Enver's sister Hasene <a href="/wiki/Han%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanım">Hanım</a> married Nazım Bey. Nazım Bey, an aid-de-camp of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, survived an assassination attempt by Talaat during the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of which his brother-in-law Enver was a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Kedourie2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kedourie2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Nazım, Hasene gave birth to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faruk_Ken%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faruk Kenç (page does not exist)">Faruk Kenç</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faruk_Ken%C3%A7" class="extiw" title="tr:Faruk Kenç">tr</a>]</span> (1910–2000), who would become a famous Turkish film director and producer. </p><p>Enver's other sister, Mediha Hanım (later Mediha Orbay; 1895–1983), married <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a>, a prominent Turkish general and politician. On 16 October 1945, their son Haşmet Orbay, Enver's nephew, shot and killed a physician named Neşet Naci Arzan, an event known as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankara_murder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankara murder (page does not exist)">Ankara murder</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_cinayeti" class="extiw" title="tr:Ankara cinayeti">tr</a>]</span>". At the urging of the Governor of Ankara, <a href="/wiki/Nevzat_Tando%C4%9Fan" title="Nevzat Tandoğan">Nevzat Tandoğan</a>, Haşmet Orbay's friend Reşit Mercan initially took the blame. After a second trial revealed Haşmet Orbay as the perpetrator, however, he was convicted. The murder became a political scandal in Turkey after the suicide of Tandoğan, the suspicious death of the case's public prosecutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fahrettin_Karao%C4%9Flan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fahrettin Karaoğlan (page does not exist)">Fahrettin Karaoğlan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Karao%C4%9Flan" class="extiw" title="tr:Fahrettin Karaoğlan">tr</a>]</span>, and the resignation of Kâzım Orbay from his position as <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Republic of Turkey">Chief of the General Staff of Turkey</a> after his son's conviction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet Bey</a> who was the Vali of <a href="/wiki/Van_vilayet" title="Van vilayet">Van</a> in 1915, was also a brother-in-law of his.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:02_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2></div> <p>Around 1908, Enver Pasha became the subject of gossip about an alleged romance between him and Princess Iffet of Egypt. When this story reached Istanbul, the grand vizier, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a> decided to exploit Enver's marital eligibility by arranging a rapprochement between the Committee for Union and Progress and the imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a careful search, the grand vizier chose the twelve-year-old <a href="/wiki/Naciye_Sultan" title="Naciye Sultan">Naciye Sultan</a>, a granddaughter of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a>, as Enver's future bride. Both the grand vizier and Enver's mother then notified him of this decision. Enver had never seen Naciye, and he did not trust his mother's letters, since he suspected her of being enamored with the idea of having a princess as her daughter-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, he asked a reliable friend, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_R%C4%B1za" title="Ahmet Rıza">Ahmed Rıza Bey</a>, who was a member of the Turkish Parliament to investigate. When the latter reported favorably on the prospective bride's education and beauty, as well as on the prospective dowry, Enver took a practical view of this marriage and accepted the arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197210–11_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorlich197210–11-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naciye had been previously engaged to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> broke off the engagement,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in April 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Naciye was just twelve years old, engaged her to Enver, fifteen years older than her. Following the old Ottoman pattern of life and tradition, the engagement ceremony was celebrated in Enver's absence as he remained in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197211_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorlich197211-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage took place on 15 May 1911 in the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, and was performed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire">Şeyhülislam</a> Musa Kazım Efendi. Head clerk of the sultan <a href="/wiki/Halid_Ziya_U%C5%9Fakl%C4%B1gil" title="Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil">Halid Ziya Bey</a> served as Naciye's deputy, and her witnesses were director of the imperial kitchen Galib Bey, and the personal physician of the sultan Hacı Ahmed Bey. Minister of war Mahmud Şevket Pasha served as Enver's deputy, and his witnesses were aide-de-camp of the sultan Binbaşı Re'fet Bey and chamberlain of the imperial gates Ahsan Bey.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding took place about three years later on 5 March 1914<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilanlıoğlu201157_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilanlıoğlu201157-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Nişantaşı Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple were given one of the palaces of <a href="/wiki/Kuru%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme" title="Kuruçeşme">Kuruçeşme</a>. The marriage was very happy.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 May 1917, Naciye gave birth to the couple's eldest child, a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mahpeyker_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Mahpeyker Hanımsultan">Mahpeyker Hanımsultan</a>. She was followed by a second daughter, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Türkan Hanımsultan">Türkan Hanımsultan</a>, born on 4 July 1919. Both of them were born in Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Enver's stay in Berlin, Naciye and her daughters Mahpeyker and Türkan joined him. When Enver left for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Socialist Republic">Russian SSR</a> his family remained there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197279_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorlich197279-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Sultanzade_Ali_Bey" title="Sultanzade Ali Bey">Sultanzade Ali Bey</a> was born in Berlin on 29 September 1921, after Enver's departure and he never saw him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197279_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorlich197279-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naciye was widowed at Enver's death on 4 August 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, Naciye <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">remarried his brother</a> Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one other daughter, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Rana Hanımsultan">Rana Hanımsultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <p>By his wife, Enver had two daughters and a son:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahpeyker_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Mahpeyker Hanımsultan">Mahpeyker Hanımsultan</a> (17 May 1917 – 3 April 2000). Married once, had a son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkan_Han%C4%B1msultan" title="Türkan Hanımsultan">Türkan Hanımsultan</a> (4 July 1919 – 25 December 1989). Married once, had a son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanzade_Ali_Bey" title="Sultanzade Ali Bey">Sultanzade Ali Bey</a> (29 September 1921 – 2 December 1971). Married twice, had a daughter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_arts_and_culture">In arts and culture</h2></div> <p>Enver Pasha plays an important role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_House_of_Samarkand" title="The Golden House of Samarkand">The Golden House of Samarkand</a></i>, a comic book by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Pratt" title="Hugo Pratt">Hugo Pratt</a>, from the Italian series <i><a href="/wiki/Corto_Maltese" title="Corto Maltese">Corto Maltese</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li>Enver authored a book in German, <i><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buch_-_Um_Tripolis_-_1911-1912_-_Enver_Pascha_(1918).pdf">Enver Pascha «um Tripolis»</a>,</i> which is his diaries during the war in Libya (1911–12).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau" title="Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau">Pursuit of <i>Goeben</i> and <i>Breslau</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Akademi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akademi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKomutanlığı1968" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Komutanlığı, Harp Akademileri (1968), <i>Harp Akademilerinin 120 Yılı</i> (in Turkish), İstanbul, p. 46</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harp+Akademilerinin+120+Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Komutanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Harp+Akademileri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCi̇vgi̇n2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ci̇vgi̇n, Senem (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hed/issue/81472/1386081">"Enver Paşa ve Askeri Alandaki Reform Faaliyetleri (1914-1918)"</a>. <i>Hazine-i Evrak Arşiv ve Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi</i> (in Turkish). <b>5</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.59054%2Fhed.1386081">10.59054/hed.1386081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2687-6515">2687-6515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hazine-i+Evrak+Ar%C5%9Fiv+ve+Tarih+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa+ve+Askeri+Alandaki+Reform+Faaliyetleri+%281914-1918%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.59054%2Fhed.1386081&rft.issn=2687-6515&rft.aulast=Ci%CC%87vgi%CC%87n&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fhed%2Fissue%2F81472%2F1386081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzig_2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzig_2005_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2005" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina, eds. (2005). <i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity</i>. Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203004930" title="Special:BookSources/0203004930"><bdi>0203004930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+Past+and+Present+in+the+Making+of+National+Identity&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0203004930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreopoulos_1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andreopoulos_1997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreopoulos1997" class="citation book cs1">Andreopoulos, George J., ed. (1997). <i>Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions</i> (1. paperback print. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812216164" title="Special:BookSources/0812216164"><bdi>0812216164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+%3A+conceptual+and+historical+dimensions&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=1.+paperback+print.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0812216164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourne,_J._M.2001" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, J. M. (2001). <i>Who's who in World War One</i>. London: Routledge. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6"><bdi>0-415-14179-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46785141">46785141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+World+War+One&rft.place=London&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46785141&rft.isbn=0-415-14179-6&rft.au=Bourne%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaksudyan2019" class="citation book cs1">Maksudyan, Nazan (25 April 2019). <i>Ottoman children and youth during World War I</i> (First ed.). Syracuse, New York. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5473-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5473-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-5473-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088605265">1088605265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+children+and+youth+during+World+War+I&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088605265&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5473-5&rft.aulast=Maksudyan&rft.aufirst=Nazan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New york times current history volume 9</i>. 2012. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-236-26433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-236-26433-6"><bdi>978-1-236-26433-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935658756">935658756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+york+times+current+history+volume+9.&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935658756&rft.isbn=978-1-236-26433-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenhamBehrens2009" class="citation book cs1">Henham, Ralph; Behrens, Paul, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tK_pHoNlUYIC&pg=PA5"><i>The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects</i></a>. Farnham: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40949591-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40949591-8"><bdi>978-1-40949591-8</bdi></a>. <q>The guilty main architects of the genocide Talaat Pasaha [...] and Enver Pasha...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criminal+Law+of+Genocide%3A+International%2C+Comparative+and+Contextual+Aspects&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-40949591-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtK_pHoNlUYIC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2009" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Jeri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuqxYldvClQC&pg=PA18"><i>The Armenian Genocide</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40421825-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40421825-3"><bdi>978-1-40421825-3</bdi></a>. <q>Enver Pasha, Mehmet Talat, and Ahmed Djemal were the three men who headed the CUP. They ran the Ottoman administration during World War I and planned the Armenian genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-40421825-3&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Jeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuqxYldvClQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TkPqxCBbF7UC&pg=PA105"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a> (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41535385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41535385-4"><bdi>978-0-41535385-4</bdi></a>. <q>The new ruling triumvirate – Minister of Internal Affairs Talat Pasha; Minister of War Enver Pasha; and Minister of Navy Jemal Pasha – quickly established a de facto dictatorship. Under the rubric of the so-called Special Organization of the CUP, they directed, this trio would plan and oversee the Armenian genocide...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-41535385-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTkPqxCBbF7UC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGöçek2015" class="citation book cs1">Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-eMBAAAQBAJ"><i>Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933420-9"><bdi>978-0-19-933420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial+of+violence+%3A+Ottoman+past%2C+Turkish+present+and+collective+violence+against+the+Armenians%2C+1789%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933420-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-eMBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auron2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Auron2000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuron2000" class="citation book cs1">Auron, Yair (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnUR4hSTb8gC&pg=PA44"><i>The banality of indifference: Zionism & the Armenian genocide</i></a>. Transaction. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0881-3"><bdi>978-0-7658-0881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+banality+of+indifference%3A+Zionism+%26+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0881-3&rft.aulast=Auron&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnUR4hSTb8gC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe2009_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2009" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P. (11 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA98"><i>Encyclopedia of human rights</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Google Books)</span>. Oxford University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+human+rights&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533402-9&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QbX90fmCVUC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChalkJonassohn1990-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChalkJonassohn1990_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (10 September 1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal"><i>The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies</i></a></span>. Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. 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Zürcher, Erik (2014). <i>The young turk legacy and nation building</i> (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857718075" title="Special:BookSources/9780857718075"><bdi>9780857718075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+young+turk+legacy+and+nation+building&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857718075&rft.aulast=J.+Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu266-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu266_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Swanson, Glen W. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282792">"Enver Pasha: The Formative Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208008700445">10.1080/00263208008700445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282792">4282792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Enver+Pasha%3A+The+Formative+Years&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208008700445&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Glen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanson, Glen W. (1980).pp.196–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2014b" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (2014b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585700">"Macedonians in Anatolia: The Importance of the Macedonian Roots of the Unionists for their Policies in Anatolia after 1914"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2014.933422">10.1080/00263206.2014.933422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585700">24585700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144491725">144491725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Macedonians+in+Anatolia%3A+The+Importance+of+the+Macedonian+Roots+of+the+Unionists+for+their+Policies+in+Anatolia+after+1914&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=963&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144491725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2014.933422&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24585700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu" class="citation web cs1">Hanioğlu, Şükrü. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/enver-pasa">"Enver Paşa"</a>. <i>İslâm Ansiklopedisi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.atitle=Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fenver-pasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher35-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher35_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZürcher2014">Zürcher 2014</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kansu90-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kansu90_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKansu1997">Kansu 1997</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu308311-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu308311_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, pp. 308, 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu311-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu311_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu291-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu291_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu225-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu225_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu225_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu226-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu226_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu226_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, pp. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozen31-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ozen31_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ozen31_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÖzen2017" class="citation book cs1">Özen, Saadet (2017). "The Heroes of Hürriyet: The images in Struggle". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&q=Manakis+Enver"><i>The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786720214" title="Special:BookSources/9781786720214"><bdi>9781786720214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Heroes+of+H%C3%BCrriyet%3A+The+images+in+Struggle&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turk+Revolution+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+Aftermath+of+1918&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786720214&rft.aulast=%C3%96zen&rft.aufirst=Saadet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OQzDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DManakis%2BEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baskan51-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baskan51_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baskan51_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaşkan2014" class="citation book cs1">Başkan, Birol (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0MsAwAAQBAJ&q=Ahmet+Niyazi&pg=PA51"><i>From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran, and Russia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317802044" title="Special:BookSources/9781317802044"><bdi>9781317802044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Religious+Empires+to+Secular+States%3A+State+Secularization+in+Turkey%2C+Iran%2C+and+Russia&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317802044&rft.aulast=Ba%C5%9Fkan&rft.aufirst=Birol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0MsAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAhmet%2BNiyazi%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale35-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hale35_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2013">Hale 2013</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu262-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu262_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych150-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych150_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu268-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu268_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras28-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras28_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2014" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOq-AwAAQBAJ&q=Enver+were+launched"><i>Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198716020" title="Special:BookSources/9780198716020"><bdi>9780198716020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroin%2C+Organized+Crime%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198716020&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOq-AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnver%2Bwere%2Blaunched&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu228452-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu228452_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, pp. 228, 452. "Enver Bey's mother was from a mixed Albanian-Turkish family, and he could communicate in Albanian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu228-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu228_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher3839-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher3839_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher3839_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2014" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54gAAwAAQBAJ&q=Enver"><i>The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857718075" title="Special:BookSources/9780857718075"><bdi>9780857718075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Turk+Legacy+and+Nation+Building%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857718075&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54gAAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras33-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras33_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2016">Gingeras 2016</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2006" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Taner (2006). <i>A Shameful Act</i>. New York, NY: Holt Paperbacks. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8665-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-8665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Holt+Paperbacks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8665-2&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTzimos2018" class="citation web cs1">Tzimos, Kyas (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parallaximag.gr/thessaloniki-news/platiaeleftherias-to-parelthon-to-par">"Έφτασε η ώρα της Πλατείας Ελευθερίας"</a>. <i>Parallaxi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parallaxi&rft.atitle=%CE%88%CF%86%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%B7+%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Tzimos&rft.aufirst=Kyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparallaximag.gr%2Fthessaloniki-news%2Fplatiaeleftherias-to-parelthon-to-par&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu275-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu275_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanioğlu2001">Hanioğlu 2001</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._26-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._26_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilici2012">Bilici 2012</a>, para. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale38-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hale38_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHale2013" class="citation book cs1">Hale, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z3dAAAAQBAJ&q=Enver"><i>Turkish Politics and the Military</i></a>. Routledge. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136101403" title="Special:BookSources/9781136101403"><bdi>9781136101403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Politics+and+the+Military&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136101403&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Z3dAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras34-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras34_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGyMCwAAQBAJ&q=Enver"><i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191663581" title="Special:BookSources/9780191663581"><bdi>9780191663581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1908%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780191663581&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGyMCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._25-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilici2012para._25_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilici2012">Bilici 2012</a>, para. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozen28-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ozen28_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖzen2017">Özen 2017</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych150169-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych150169_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=Enver"><i>The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i></a>. London: IB Tauris. pp. 150, 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112875" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112875"><bdi>9781845112875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150%2C+169&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845112875&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPOtzk-unJgC%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher44-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher44_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1984" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcoUAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Unionist+Factor:+The+R%C3%B4le+%5Bsic%5D+of+the+Committee+of+Union+and+Progress"><i>The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905–1926</i></a>. Brill. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004072626" title="Special:BookSources/9789004072626"><bdi>9789004072626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unionist+Factor%3A+The+Role+of+the+Committee+of+Union+and+Progress+in+the+Turkish+National+Movement+1905%E2%80%931926&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789004072626&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcoUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BUnionist%2BFactor%3A%2BThe%2BR%25C3%25B4le%2B%255Bsic%255D%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCommittee%2Bof%2BUnion%2Band%2BProgress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guclu121-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guclu121_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guclu121_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGüçlü2018" class="citation book cs1">Güçlü, Yücel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDBZDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Armenian+Events+Of+Adana+In+1909:+Cemal+Pasa+And+Beyond"><i>The Armenian Events Of Adana In 1909: Cemal Pasa And Beyond</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761869948" title="Special:BookSources/9780761869948"><bdi>9780761869948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Events+Of+Adana+In+1909%3A+Cemal+Pasa+And+Beyond&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780761869948&rft.aulast=G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Y%C3%BCcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDBZDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BArmenian%2BEvents%2BOf%2BAdana%2BIn%2B1909%3A%2BCemal%2BPasa%2BAnd%2BBeyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BokeTinç22-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BokeTinç22_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBökeTınç2008" class="citation book cs1">Böke, Pelin; Tınç, Lütfü (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCctAQAAIAAJ&q=Bando%2C+a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F+merasiminde+g%C3%BCftesi+Samih+Bey%27in+%28Samih+Rifat+olmas%C4%B1+muhtemeldir%29%2C+bestesi+de+Zati+Bey%27e+ait+olan+%22Meclis-i+Mebusan+Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1%22n%C4%B1+%C3%A7alm%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1.2+S%C3%B6zleri+aynen+%C5%9F%C3%B6yleydi+bu+mar%C5%9F%C4%B1n%3A+Osmanl%C4%B1lar+bug%C3%BCn+oldu+muzaffer+Fethetti+yeniden+vatan%C4%B1+asker+A%C3%A7t%C4%B1+mebuslara+yolu+s%C3%BCng%C3%BCler+Ya%C5%9Fas%C4%B1n+Niyazi%2C+ya%C5%9Fas%C4%B1n+Enver%21"><i>Son Osmanlı Meclisi'nin son günleri [The last days of the last Ottoman Assembly]</i></a>. Doğan Kitap. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789759918095" title="Special:BookSources/9789759918095"><bdi>9789759918095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Son+Osmanl%C4%B1+Meclisi%27nin+son+g%C3%BCnleri+%26%2391%3BThe+last+days+of+the+last+Ottoman+Assembly%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Do%C4%9Fan+Kitap&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789759918095&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ke&rft.aufirst=Pelin&rft.au=T%C4%B1n%C3%A7%2C+L%C3%BCtf%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJCctAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBando%252C%2Ba%25C3%25A7%25C4%25B1l%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F%2Bmerasiminde%2Bg%25C3%25BCftesi%2BSamih%2BBey%2527in%2B%2528Samih%2BRifat%2Bolmas%25C4%25B1%2Bmuhtemeldir%2529%252C%2Bbestesi%2Bde%2BZati%2BBey%2527e%2Bait%2Bolan%2B%2522Meclis-i%2BMebusan%2BMar%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1%2522n%25C4%25B1%2B%25C3%25A7alm%25C4%25B1%25C5%259Ft%25C4%25B1.2%2BS%25C3%25B6zleri%2Baynen%2B%25C5%259F%25C3%25B6yleydi%2Bbu%2Bmar%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1n%253A%2BOsmanl%25C4%25B1lar%2Bbug%25C3%25BCn%2Boldu%2Bmuzaffer%2BFethetti%2Byeniden%2Bvatan%25C4%25B1%2Basker%2BA%25C3%25A7t%25C4%25B1%2Bmebuslara%2Byolu%2Bs%25C3%25BCng%25C3%25BCler%2BYa%25C5%259Fas%25C4%25B1n%2BNiyazi%252C%2Bya%25C5%259Fas%25C4%25B1n%2BEnver%2521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bilici27-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bilici27_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilici2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bilici, Faruk (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ceb/1052">"Le révolutionnaire qui alluma la mèche: Ahmed Niyazi Bey de Resne [Niyazi Bey from Resne: The Revolutionary who lit the Fuse]"</a>. <i>Cahiers balkaniques</i>. <b>40</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+balkaniques&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%A9volutionnaire+qui+alluma+la+m%C3%A8che%3A+Ahmed+Niyazi+Bey+de+Resne+%26%2391%3BNiyazi+Bey+from+Resne%3A+The+Revolutionary+who+lit+the+Fuse%26%2393%3B&rft.volume=40&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bilici&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fceb%2F1052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span> para. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahide69-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vahide69_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVahide2005" class="citation book cs1">Vahide, Şükran (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdX-iggjrxwC&q=Enver"><i>Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791482971" title="Special:BookSources/9780791482971"><bdi>9780791482971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Modern+Turkey%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography+of+Bediuzzaman+Said+Nursi&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780791482971&rft.aulast=Vahide&rft.aufirst=%C5%9E%C3%BCkran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdX-iggjrxwC%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yilmaz144-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz144_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYılmaz2016" class="citation book cs1">Yılmaz, Șuhnaz (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6FIDQAAQBAJ&q=Hareket+Ordusu+Enver&pg=PA144">"Revisiting Networks and Narratives: Enver Pasha's Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic Quest"</a>. In Moreau, Odile; Schaar, Stuart (eds.). <i>Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477310939" title="Special:BookSources/9781477310939"><bdi>9781477310939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Networks+and+Narratives%3A+Enver+Pasha%27s+Pan-Islamic+and+Pan-Turkic+Quest&rft.btitle=Subversives+and+Mavericks+in+the+Muslim+Mediterranean%3A+A+Subaltern+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781477310939&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1lmaz&rft.aufirst=%C8%98uhnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6FIDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DHareket%2BOrdusu%2BEnver%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanioglu216-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanioglu216_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu2001" class="citation book cs1">Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNdKQfEdyvgC&q=Enver"><i>Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199771110" title="Special:BookSources/9780199771110"><bdi>9780199771110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+for+a+Revolution%3A+The+Young+Turks%2C+1902%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780199771110&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M.+%C8%98%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNdKQfEdyvgC%26q%3DEnver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ezber-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ezber_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHakyemezoğlu" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hakyemezoğlu, Serdar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001181703/http://www.ezberbozanbilgiler.com/bizim-tarih/item/301-buhara-cumhuriyeti-ve-enver-pasa.html"><i>Buhara Cumhuriyeti ve Enver Paşa</i></a> (in Turkish), Ezberbozanbilgiler, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezberbozanbilgiler.com/bizim-tarih/item/301-buhara-cumhuriyeti-ve-enver-pasa.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buhara+Cumhuriyeti+ve+Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa&rft.pub=Ezberbozanbilgiler&rft.aulast=Hakyemezo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Serdar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezberbozanbilgiler.com%2Fbizim-tarih%2Fitem%2F301-buhara-cumhuriyeti-ve-enver-pasa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-os-ar-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-os-ar_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401062803/http://os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240318"><i>Enver Paşa Makalesi</i></a> (in Turkish), Osmanlı Araştırmaları Sitesi, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=240318">the original</a> on 1 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa+Makalesi&rft.pub=Osmanl%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Sitesi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os-ar.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D240318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha:_Father_of_Modern_Turkey,_Architect_of_Genocide" title="Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide"><i>Talaat Pasha, Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of a Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7"><bdi>978-0-691-15762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%2C+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+a+Genocide&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15762-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8050-6884-8-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8050-6884-8_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8050-6884-8_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromkin,_David2001" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, David (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea00from"><i>A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</i></a></span>. New York: H. Holt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea00from/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6884-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6884-8"><bdi>0-8050-6884-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8050-6884-8&rft.au=Fromkin%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacetoendallpea00from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derogy, Jacques. <i>Resistance and Revenge</i>, p. 12 Published 1986, Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-338-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-338-6">0-88738-338-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer-Fernandez, Gabriel. <i>Encyclopedia of Religion and War</i>, p. 139. Published 2003, Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94246-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94246-2">0-415-94246-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer. "World War I", p. 394. Published 2005, ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2">1-85109-420-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balakian, Peter. <i>The Burning Tigris</i>, p. 184. Published 2003, HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019840-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019840-0">0-06-019840-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akcam, Taner. <i>A Shameful Act</i>, p. 143. Published 2006, Henry Holt & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7932-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7932-7">0-8050-7932-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead199779-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead199779_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorehead1997">Moorehead 1997</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997166–68-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997166–68_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorehead1997">Moorehead 1997</a>, p. 166–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1998160–1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1998160–1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1998">Woodward 1998</a>, pp. 160–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Homa Katouzian</a>, <i>State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis</i>, (I.B. Tauris, 2006), 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020404005331/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/misplace.html"><i>Refuting Genocide</i></a>, U Mich, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/papazian/misplace.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuting+Genocide&rft.pub=U+Mich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umd.umich.edu%2Fdept%2Farmenian%2Fpapazian%2Fmisplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler-Bennett,_John_page_126_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" class="citation cs2">Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967), <i>The Nemesis of Power</i>, London: Macmillan, p. 126</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarihtenanekdotlar.blogspot.com/2011/12/147-uctu-uctu-enver-pasa-uctu.html">"147 ) UÇTU UÇTU, ENVER PAŞA UÇTU !."</a> <i>Tarihten Anektotlar</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062136/http://tarihtenanekdotlar.blogspot.com/2011/12/147-uctu-uctu-enver-pasa-uctu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tarihten+Anektotlar&rft.atitle=147+%29+U%C3%87TU+U%C3%87TU%2C+ENVER+PA%C5%9EA+U%C3%87TU+%21..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarihtenanekdotlar.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F12%2F147-uctu-uctu-enver-pasa-uctu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997300-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead1997300_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorehead1997">Moorehead 1997</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerge1984" class="citation book cs1">Serge, Victor (1984). <i>emoirs of a Revolutionary</i>. New York: Writer and Readers Publishing Inc. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86316-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86316-070-0"><bdi>0-86316-070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=emoirs+of+a+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Writer+and+Readers+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-86316-070-0&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaylan-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaylan_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaylan_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaylan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaylan, Muammer (8 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEh_IofABkYC&pg=PA77"><i>The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey</i></a>. Prometheus Books. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-897-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-897-2"><bdi>978-1-61592-897-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kemalists%3A+Islamic+Revival+and+the+Fate+of+Secular+Turkey&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-897-2&rft.aulast=Kaylan&rft.aufirst=Muammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEh_IofABkYC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zürcher1984-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zürcher1984_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zürcher1984_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik-Jan_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik-Jan Zürcher">Zürcher, Erik Jan</a> (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA59"><i>The Unionist Factor: The Rôle [</i>sic<i>] of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926</i></a>. Brill. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07262-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07262-4"><bdi>90-04-07262-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unionist+Factor%3A+The+R%C3%B4le%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+the+Committee+of+Union+and+Progress+in+the+Turkish+National+Movement%2C+1905%E2%80%931926&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-07262-4&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUGIBa78aWwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisCriss2009-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarrisCriss2009_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisCriss2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, George Sellers; Criss, Bilge (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsNvyTwz9y0C&pg=PA85"><i>Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: The American Dimension</i></a>. Brill. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17434-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Turkey%3A+The+American+Dimension&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17434-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=George+Sellers&rft.au=Criss%2C+Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsNvyTwz9y0C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubinKirişci2001-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RubinKirişci2001_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinKirişci2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_M._Rubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry M. Rubin">Rubin, Barry M</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kiri%C5%9Fci" title="Kemal Kirişci">Kirişci, Kemal</a> (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M01_djppi18C&pg=PA168"><i>Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-954-9"><bdi>978-1-55587-954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+in+World+Politics%3A+An+Emerging+Multiregional+Power&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-954-9&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry+M&rft.au=Kiri%C5%9Fci%2C+Kemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM01_djppi18C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkirk1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1986), <i>Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 160, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192851667" title="Special:BookSources/0192851667"><bdi>0192851667</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+East+Ablaze%3A+Lenin%27s+Dream+of+an+Empire+in+Asia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0192851667&rft.aulast=Hopkirk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin1989">Fromkin 1989</a>, p. 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKandemir1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kandemir, Feridun (1955), <i>Enver Paşa'nın Son Gũnleri</i> (in Turkish), Gũven Yayınevi, pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa%27n%C4%B1n+Son+G%C5%A9nleri&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=G%C5%A9ven+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Kandemir&rft.aufirst=Feridun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuphi_Bey2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suphi Bey, Yaver (2007), <i>Enver Paşa'nın Son Günleri</i> (in Turkish), Çatı Kitapları, p. 239, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-8845-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-8845-28-6"><bdi>978-975-8845-28-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa%27n%C4%B1n+Son+G%C3%BCnleri&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=%C3%87at%C4%B1+Kitaplar%C4%B1&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-975-8845-28-6&rft.aulast=Suphi+Bey&rft.aufirst=Yaver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelkumov1960" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melkumov, Ya. A. (1960), <i>Туркестанцы</i> [<i>Memoirs</i>] (in Russian), Moscow, pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>127</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Melkumov&rft.aufirst=Ya.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratnikjournal.narod.ru/200802/23.htm">"Civil War in Central Asia"</a>, <i>Ratnik</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ratnik&rft.atitle=Civil+War+in+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratnikjournal.narod.ru%2F200802%2F23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFГайк_Айрапетян" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Гайк Айрапетян. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130625100117/http://www.hayadat.ru/heros/view_heros.php?id=42">"Акоп Мелькумов"</a>. <i>HayAdat.ru</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayadat.ru/heros/view_heros.php?id=42">the original</a> on 25 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HayAdat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA+%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayadat.ru%2Fheros%2Fview_heros.php%3Fid%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin1989">Fromkin 1989</a>, p. 488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB847320335522422000">"Lost Opportunity, Potential Disaster"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 7 November 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Lost+Opportunity%2C+Potential+Disaster&rft.date=1996-11-07&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB847320335522422000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/08/02/Turk-Enver-Pasha-headed-for-reburial/3721838958400/">"Turk Enver Pasha headed for reburial"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zed Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-867-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-867-8"><bdi>978-1-85649-867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Ottoman+Legacies+and+a+Greater+Middle+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-867-8&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft.au=Piccoli%2C+Wolfango&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdbYkV0yTMYC%26q%3D4%2Baugust%2B1996%2BEnver%2BPasha%2Band%2BSuleyman%2Bdemirel%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirror-Spectator2020" class="citation web cs1">Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian (11 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mirrorspectator.com/2020/12/11/at-baku-victory-parade-with-erdogan-aliyev-calls-yerevan-zangezur-sevan-historical-azerbaijani-lands-erdogan-praises-enver-pasha/">"At Baku Victory Parade, Aliyev Calls Yerevan, Zangezur, Sevan Historical Azerbaijani Lands, Erdogan Praises Enver Pasha"</a>. <i>The Armenian Mirror-Spectator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Mirror-Spectator&rft.atitle=At+Baku+Victory+Parade%2C+Aliyev+Calls+Yerevan%2C+Zangezur%2C+Sevan+Historical+Azerbaijani+Lands%2C+Erdogan+Praises+Enver+Pasha&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=Mirror-Spectator&rft.aufirst=The+Armenian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmirrorspectator.com%2F2020%2F12%2F11%2Fat-baku-victory-parade-with-erdogan-aliyev-calls-yerevan-zangezur-sevan-historical-azerbaijani-lands-erdogan-praises-enver-pasha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVincent2023" class="citation news cs1">Vincent, Faustine (4 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/04/azerbaijan-reissues-map-of-nagorno-karabakh-with-street-named-after-turkish-leader-of-1915-armenian-genocide_6146889_4.html">"Azerbaijan reissues Nagorno-Karabakh map with street named after Turkish leader of 1915 Armenian genocide"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004235346/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/04/azerbaijan-reissues-map-of-nagorno-karabakh-with-street-named-after-turkish-leader-of-1915-armenian-genocide_6146889_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+reissues+Nagorno-Karabakh+map+with+street+named+after+Turkish+leader+of+1915+Armenian+genocide&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Faustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F10%2F04%2Fazerbaijan-reissues-map-of-nagorno-karabakh-with-street-named-after-turkish-leader-of-1915-armenian-genocide_6146889_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kedourie2013-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kedourie2013_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKedourie2013" class="citation book cs1">Kedourie, Sylvia (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQHaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65"><i>Seventy-five Years of the Turkish Republic</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26705-6"><bdi>978-1-135-26705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventy-five+Years+of+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-135-26705-6&rft.aulast=Kedourie&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQHaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuhanon2018" class="citation book cs1">Yuhanon, B. Beth (30 April 2018). "The Methods of Killing in the Assyrian Genocide". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463239961-013/pdf"><i>Sayfo 1915</i></a>. Gorgias Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463239961-013">10.31826/9781463239961-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463239961" title="Special:BookSources/9781463239961"><bdi>9781463239961</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198820452">198820452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Methods+of+Killing+in+the+Assyrian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Sayfo+1915&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198820452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463239961-013&rft.isbn=9781463239961&rft.aulast=Yuhanon&rft.aufirst=B.+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463239961-013%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRorlich1972" class="citation book cs1">Rorlich, Azade-Ayse (1972). <i>Enver Pasha and the Bolshevik Revolution</i>. 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Az Kitap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-054-81261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-054-81261-5"><bdi>978-6-054-81261-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Me%C5%9Fhur+A%C5%9Fk&rft.pub=Az+Kitap&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.isbn=978-6-054-81261-5&rft.aulast=Suad&rft.aufirst=Adem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltındal1993" class="citation book cs1">Altındal, Meral (1993). <i>Osmanlı'da harem</i>. 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(2014). <i>The Circassian: A Life of Eşref Bey, Late Ottoman Insurgent and Special Agent</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 293 n. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-49244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-49244-1"><bdi>978-0-190-49244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circassian%3A+A+Life+of+E%C5%9Fref+Bey%2C+Late+Ottoman+Insurgent+and+Special+Agent&rft.pages=293+n.+16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-190-49244-1&rft.aulast=Fortna&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Tarih ve toplum: aylık ansiklopedik dergi, Volume 26</i>. İletişim Yayınları/Perka A. Ş. 1934. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarih+ve+toplum%3A+ayl%C4%B1k+ansiklopedik+dergi%2C+Volume+26&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1%2FPerka+A.+%C5%9E.&rft.date=1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBey2011" class="citation book cs1">Bey, Yaver Suphi (16 November 2011). <i>Enven Paşa'nın Son Günleri</i>. artcivic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-054-33739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-054-33739-2"><bdi>978-6-054-33739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enven+Pa%C5%9Fa%27n%C4%B1n+Son+G%C3%BCnleri&rft.pub=artcivic&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.isbn=978-6-054-33739-2&rft.aulast=Bey&rft.aufirst=Yaver+Suphi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFADRA2005" class="citation book cs1">ADRA, Jamil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005"><i>Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+the+Imperial+Ottoman+Family+2005&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=ADRA&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERorlich197279-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197279_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorlich197279_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRorlich1972">Rorlich 1972</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.saltresearch.org/bitstream/123456789/129372/505/PFSIF9180704B002.jpg">"Un ouvrage d'Enver Pacha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Servet-i_F%C3%BCnun" title="Servet-i Fünun">Servet-i-Funoun Partie Française</a></i> (1400): 2. 4 July 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Servet-i-Funoun+Partie+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Un+ouvrage+d%27Enver+Pacha&rft.issue=1400&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1917-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.saltresearch.org%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F129372%2F505%2FPFSIF9180704B002.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace" title="A Peace to End All Peace"><i>A Peace to End All Peace</i></a>, Avon Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKansu1997" class="citation book cs1">Kansu, Aykut (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9j71caZgTHQC"><i>The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004107915" title="Special:BookSources/9789004107915"><bdi>9789004107915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1908+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789004107915&rft.aulast=Kansu&rft.aufirst=Aykut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9j71caZgTHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Moorehead, Alan</a> (1997), <i>Gallipoli</i>, Wordsworth Editions, p. 79, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-675-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-675-2"><bdi>1-85326-675-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallipoli&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85326-675-2&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1998" class="citation cs2">Woodward, David R (1998), <i>Field Marshal Sir William Robertson</i>, Westport, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a> & London: Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6"><bdi>0-275-95422-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Sir+William+Robertson&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT+%26+London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-95422-6&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaley1994" class="citation journal cs1">Haley, Charles D. (January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283613">"The Desperate Ottoman: Enver Paşa and the German Empire – I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>30</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis, Ltd.">Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209408700981">10.1080/00263209408700981</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283613">4283613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Desperate+Ottoman%3A+Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa+and+the+German+Empire+%E2%80%93+I&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209408700981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Enver_Pasha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Enver" class="extiw" title="q:İsmail Enver">İsmail Enver</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Enver/Enver.html">Enver's biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Enver Pasha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Enver_Pasha">"Enver Pasha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). 1922. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enver+Pasha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Pasha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/baku/ch04.htm">Enver's declaration at the Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East</a> 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031061253/http://www.homepage-link.to/turkey/morgenthau.html">Interview with Enver Pasha</a> by Henry Morgenthau – American Ambassador to Constantinople (Istanbul) 1915</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817082904/http://www.turkeyswar.com/whoswho/enver/who-enver.htm">Biography of Enver Pasha</a> at Turkey in the First World War website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/sanat/enver-pasanin-ozel-esyalari-muzayedede-satilacak,wuZMNf2QYUiwYB3XstE9CA/aIETnRjLzUu8Ciwe6EIepw">Personal belongings of Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/overview/perpetrators/244-ismail-enver-pasha-1881-1922">Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105054742/http://www.greek-genocide.net/index.php/overview/perpetrators/244-ismail-enver-pasha-1881-1922">Archived</a> 5 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004755">Newspaper clippings about Enver Pasha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1923–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(left-wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_genocide284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_genocide" title="Template talk:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_genocide284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_question" title="Armenian question">Armenian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms" title="1914 Armenian reforms">1914 Armenian reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Greek_deportations" title="1914 Greek deportations">1914 Greek deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum" title="Armenian congress at Erzurum">Congress at Erzerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genocide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation" title="Temporary Law of Deportation">Tehcir Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Hunchakian_gallows" title="20 Hunchakian gallows">20 Hunchakian gallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalions_(Turkey)" title="Labour battalions (Turkey)">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Mass rape</a></li> <li>Concentration camps <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_camps" title="Deir ez-Zor camps">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn_Camps" title="Ras al-Ayn Camps">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_region9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Adana">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Aleppo (page does not exist)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Bitlis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Bitlis (page does not exist)">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum#World_War_I_and_Turkish_War_of_independence" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_genocide_in_Harput&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 genocide in Harput (page does not exist)">Harput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F#Modern" title="Muş">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_genocide_in_Sivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian genocide in Sivas (page does not exist)">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Trebizond" title="Armenian genocide in Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian genocide in Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian_population" title="Ottoman Armenian population">Pre-genocide population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Casualties of the Armenian genocide">Genocide casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Post-genocide population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors" title="Armenian genocide survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vorpahavak" title="Vorpahavak">Vorpahavak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian militia</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitun_Resistance_(1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitun Resistance (1915)">Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Dagh" title="Musa Dagh">Musa Dagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_resistance" title="Urfa resistance"> Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_uprising" title="Shabin-Karahisar uprising">Shabin-Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Azakh" title="Defense of Azakh">Azakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Armenians_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rescue of Armenians during the Armenian genocide">Rescue of Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_opposition_to_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Turkish opposition to the Armenian genocide">Turkish opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha"> Djemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Reshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaeddin_%C5%9Eakir" title="Bahaeddin Şakir">Bahaeddin Şakir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Mill%C3%AE_Cumhuriyeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iğdır Millî Cumhuriyeti (page does not exist)">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Aras" title="Republic of Aras">Aras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oltu_%C5%9Eura_H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oltu Şura Hükûmeti (page does not exist)">Oltu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">May 1915 Triple Entente declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Germany and the Armenian genocide">Imperial Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_coverage_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Press coverage during the Armenian genocide">Press coverage</a></li> <li>Foreign aid and relief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armenian_Relief_Committee" title="National Armenian Relief Committee">National Armenian Relief Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals_after_World_War_I" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I">Prosecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_trials_of_1919%E2%80%931920" title="Istanbul trials of 1919–1920">Courts-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talaat_Pasha" title="Assassination of Talaat Pasha">Assassination of Talaat Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_in_culture" title="Armenian genocide in culture">Cultural depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ravished Armenia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia" title="Ravished Armenia">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravished_Armenia_(film)" title="Ravished Armenia (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forty_Days_of_Musa_Dagh" title="The Forty Days of Musa Dagh">The Forty Days of Musa Dagh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2016_film)" title="The Promise (2016 film)">The Promise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_about_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Template:Works about the Armenian Genocide">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witnesses_and_testimonies_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide">Witnesses and testimonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">Recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="United States recognition of the Armenian genocide">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_reparations" title="Armenian genocide reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" title="Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day">Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide">100th anniversary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_genocide_memorials" title="List of Armenian genocide memorials">Memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_Tsitsernakaberd" title="List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd">notable visitors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Armenian_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Armenian reference">Hitler's Armenian reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_genocide_(Sayfo)101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sayfo" title="Template:Sayfo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sayfo" title="Template talk:Sayfo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sayfo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sayfo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_genocide_(Sayfo)101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></i> (Sayfo)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midyat" title="Midyat">Midyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genocide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Ottoman_occupation_of_Urmia" title="Sayfo">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haftevan" title="Haftevan">Haftevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Hakkari" title="Sayfo">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Bitlis" title="Sayfo">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Foundation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_victims15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toma_Audo" title="Toma Audo">Toma Audo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoun_Hanna_Haydo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamoun Hanna Haydo">Shamoun Hanna Haydo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_Michael_Malke" title="Flavianus Michael Malke">Flavianus Michael Malke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Melki" title="Leonard Melki">Leonard Melki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_Sher" title="Addai Sher">Addai Sher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_Yousif" title="Ashur Yousif">Ashur Yousif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Iwardo" title="Defence of Iwardo">Defence of Iwardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Azakh" title="Defense of Azakh">Defense of Azakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Reshid" title="Mehmed Reshid">Mehmed Reshid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Kut" title="Halil Kut">Halil Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96mer_Naji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ömer Naji (page does not exist)">Ömer Naji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak" title="Simko Shikak">Simko Shikak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Feyzi_Pirin%C3%A7%C3%A7iz%C3%A2de" title="Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde">Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87etes" class="mw-redirect" title="Çetes">Çetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1915_Triple_Entente_declaration" title="May 1915 Triple Entente declaration">May 1915 Triple Entente declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(Bryce_and_Toynbee_book)" title="Blue Book (Bryce and Toynbee book)">Blue Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_documentation_of_the_Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide">Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Pearl" title="The Hidden Pearl">The Hidden Pearl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Assyrians" title="The Last Assyrians">The Last Assyrians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Assyrians in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Assyrians in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153899#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1822" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153899#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1822" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153899#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118935577">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83205813">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119636594">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119636594">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149153597">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90874852">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260846605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09733532?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118935577.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118935577">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027637980">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60h692w">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/enver-pasa">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>58 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-hbm7m","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.548","walltime":"1.823","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18206,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":277132,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17382,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":357039,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1578.320 1 -total"," 32.01% 505.174 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.32% 336.423 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 14.02% 221.263 47 Template:Cite_book"," 8.52% 134.423 15 Template:Citation"," 7.57% 119.509 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.55% 103.371 4 Template:Langx"," 5.38% 84.901 5 Template:Navbox"," 4.76% 75.091 11 Template:Sfn"," 4.69% 74.063 1 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[\"CITEREFGüçlü2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakyemezoğlu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioğlu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioğlu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisCriss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenhamBehrens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkirk1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Zürcher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJungPiccoli2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandemir1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKansu1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaylan2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKedourie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomutanlığı1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaksudyan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelkumov1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilanlıoğlu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirror-Spectator2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorehead1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRorlich1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinKirişci2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuphi_Bey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzimos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVahide2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYilmaz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuhanon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYılmaz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГайк_Айрапетян\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Armenian Genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 15,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Enver, Ismail\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sayfo\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkish nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-r4dqs","timestamp":"20250326152323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Enver 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