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<li id="toc-Cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cavern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skills</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skills-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Skills subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Line_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Line management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lost line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_buddy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_buddy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lost buddy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_buddy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_planning_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_planning_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gas planning and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_planning_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_management_rules_of_thumb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_management_rules_of_thumb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Gas management rules of thumb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_management_rules_of_thumb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration,_surveys_and_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration,_surveys_and_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exploration, surveys and mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration,_surveys_and_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>UK history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>US history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Australian history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cave Divers Association of Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cave_Diving_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave_Diving_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cave Diving Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave_Diving_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Association_for_Cave_Diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Association_for_Cave_Diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>National Association for Cave Diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Association_for_Cave_Diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Speleological_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Speleological_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>National Speleological Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Speleological_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodville_Karst_Plains_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodville_Karst_Plains_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Woodville Karst Plains Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodville_Karst_Plains_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cave-diving_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave-diving_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cave-diving regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave-diving_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_cave_dive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_cave_dive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Types of cave dive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_cave_dive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caves_by_flow_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caves_by_flow_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Caves by flow type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caves_by_flow_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_cave_by_method_of_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_cave_by_method_of_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Types of cave by method of formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_cave_by_method_of_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_cave_by_topology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_cave_by_topology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Types of cave by topology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_cave_by_topology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6hlentauchen" title="Höhlentauchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhlentauchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeleobuceo" title="Espeleobuceo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espeleobuceo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plong%C3%A9e_souterraine" title="Plongée souterraine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plongée souterraine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%B4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%99" title="동굴 다이빙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동굴 다이빙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersione_in_grotta" title="Immersione in grotta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immersione in grotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%AA%9F%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="洞窟潜水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洞窟潜水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurkowanie_jaskiniowe" title="Nurkowanie jaskiniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nurkowanie jaskiniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scufundare_%C3%AEn_pe%C8%99teri" title="Scufundare în peșteri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scufundare în peșteri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидроспелеология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроспелеология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cave diving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%87insko_ronjenje" title="Pećinsko ronjenje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pećinsko ronjenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luolasukellus" title="Luolasukellus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luolasukellus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/220px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/330px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/440px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A cave diver running a reel with guide line into the overhead environment</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cave-diving</b> is <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diving</a> in water-filled <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation, or for the <a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">search for and recovery of</a> divers or, as in the <a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">2018 Thai cave rescue</a>, other cave users. The equipment used varies depending on the circumstances, and ranges from <a href="/wiki/Free-diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-diving">breath hold</a> to <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface supplied</a>, but almost all cave-diving is done using <a href="/wiki/Scuba_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba equipment">scuba equipment</a>, often in specialised configurations with <a href="/wiki/Engineering_redundancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering redundancy">redundancies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">sidemount</a> or backmounted twinset. Recreational cave-diving is generally considered to be a type of <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> due to the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Free_surface" title="Free surface">free surface</a> during large parts of the dive, and often involves planned <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression</a> stops. A distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave-diving and cavern-diving, where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to <a href="/wiki/Open_water_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open water (diving)">open water</a> can be seen by natural light. An arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified.<sup id="cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavedivingdotcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">procedures</a>, and the requisite <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">skills</a> have been developed to reduce the risk of becoming lost in a flooded cave, and consequently drowning when the <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> supply runs out. The equipment aspect largely involves the provision of an adequate breathing gas supply to cover reasonably foreseeable contingencies, redundant <a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">dive lights</a> and other safety critical equipment, and the use of a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous guideline">continuous guideline</a> leading the divers back out of the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead environment">overhead environment</a>. The skills and procedures include effective management of the equipment, and procedures to recover from foreseeable contingencies and emergencies, both by individual divers, and by the teams that dive together. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, cave-diving developed from the locally more common activity of <a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">caving</a>. Its origins in the United States are more closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational scuba diving">recreational scuba diving</a>. Compared to caving and scuba diving, there are relatively few practitioners of cave-diving. This is due in part to the specialized equipment and skill sets required, and in part because of the high potential risks due to the specific environment. </p><p>Despite these risks, water-filled caves attract scuba divers, <a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">cavers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">speleologists</a> due to their often unexplored nature, and present divers with a technical diving challenge. Underwater caves have a wide range of physical features, and can contain <a href="/wiki/Stygofauna" title="Stygofauna">fauna</a> not found elsewhere. Several organisations dedicated to cave diving safety and exploration exist, and several agencies provide specialised training in the skills and procedures considered necessary for acceptable safety. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environments">Environments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of overhead diving environment are defined in recreational cave diving: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cave">Cave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The underwater cave environment includes those parts of <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> which may be explored underwater. Recreational cave diving can be defined as diving underground beyond the reach of natural daylight, as a way of distinguishing between cave and cavern diving. In this context, while artificially formed underground spaces such as mines are not generally called caves by divers, the activity of diving in them is classed as cave diving for training and certification purposes by diver training agencies </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: define. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavern">Cavern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cavern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavern diving is an arbitrarily defined, limited scope activity of diving in the naturally illuminated part of underwater caves, where the risk of getting lost is small, as the exit can be seen, and the equipment needed is reduced due to the limited distance to surface air. It is defined as a recreational diving activity as opposed to a technical diving activity on the grounds of low risk and basic equipment requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavedivingdotcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scuba.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scuba.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg/220px-Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg/330px-Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg/440px-Image-Peacock_Springs_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Springs_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock Springs State Park">Peacock Springs Cave System</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The procedures of cave-diving have much in common with procedures used for other types of <a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">penetration diving</a>. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">open-water diving</a> procedures mainly in the emphasis on navigation, gas management, operating in confined spaces, and that the diver is physically constrained from direct ascent to the surface during much of the dive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As most cave-diving is done in an environment where there is no free surface with breathable air allowing an above-water exit, it is critically important to be able to find the way out before the breathing gas runs out. This is ensured by the use of a continuous guideline between the dive team and a point outside of the flooded part of the cave, and diligent planning and monitoring of gas supplies. Two basic types of guideline are used: permanent lines, and temporary lines. Permanent lines may include a main line starting near the entrance/exit, and side lines or branch lines, and are <a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">marked</a> to indicate the direction along the line to the nearest exit. Temporary lines include exploration lines and jump lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Protec_line_protocols_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protec_line_protocols-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decompression procedures may take into account that the cave diver usually follows a very rigidly constrained and precisely defined route, both into and out of the cave, and can reasonably expect to find any equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set#Harness_configuration" title="Scuba set">drop cylinders</a> temporarily stored along the guideline while making the exit. In some caves, changes of depth of the cave along the dive route will constrain decompression depths, and gas mixtures and decompression schedules can be tailored to take this into account.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skills">Skills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white warning sign with a picture of the Grim Reaper and the headline "Prevent your death. Go no farther" over black text explaining the dangers to divers of proceeding into the cave without proper equipment and certification." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg/220px-Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg/330px-Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg/440px-Vortex_Spring_cave_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Warning sign near the entrance to a cave</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a></div> <p>Most open-water diving skills apply to cave-diving, and there are additional skills specific to the environment, and to the chosen equipment configuration. </p> <ul><li>Good <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving#Buoyancy_control" title="Scuba diving">buoyancy control</a>, trim and finning technique help preserve visibility in areas with silt deposits. The ability to reverse kick to back out of restrictions where there is no space to turn around is useful. <ul><li>Finning skills: <a href="/wiki/Frog_kick" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog kick">Frog kick</a>, which avoids up- and downward directed vortices and are less likely to disturb silt on the bottom or loose material on the ceiling, and modified frog kick, a version which is more suited to narrow spaces; modified <a href="/wiki/Flutter_kick" title="Flutter kick">flutter kick</a>, a version of flutter kick which minimises downward directed vortices; back kick, which produces thrust towards the feet, used to move backwards along the long axis of the diver, and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter turn">helicopter turns</a>, which rotate the diver on the spot around a vertical axis, using lower leg and ankle movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Underwater_Kinetics_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwater_Kinetics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The ability to navigate in total darkness using the guideline to find the way out is a safety critical emergency skill. Line management skills required for cave-diving include laying and recovering <a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">guide lines</a> using a reel, tie-offs, the use of a jump line to cross gaps or find a lost guide line in silted out conditions, identifying the direction along the guideline leading to the exit, and the skills of dealing with a break in a guideline.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GUEguideline2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUEguideline2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emergency skills for dealing with gas supply problems are complicated by the possibility of the emergency occurring in a confined space and low visibility or darkness, and at a considerable horizontal distance from a free surface to the atmosphere.</li> <li>Communicating by touch and light signals.</li> <li>Providing and receiving emergency breathing gas while swimming through narrow spaces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_management">Line management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Line management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Distance_line#Procedures" title="Distance line">Distance line § Procedures</a></div> <p>The essential cave-diving procedure is navigation using a guide line. This includes laying and marking line, following line and interpreting line markers, avoiding entanglement, recovering from entanglement, maintaining and repairing line, finding lost line, jumping gaps, and recovering line, any of which may need to be done in zero visibility, total darkness, tight confined spaces or a combination of these conditions. </p> <ul><li>Laying a cave line: the procedure of running line (unreeling line under light tension as one advances) to avoid snagging on the diver and so that it runs fairly straight between <span title="See entry on this page at § placement" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#placement" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">placement</a></span>s, placing the line so it can all be seen and reached, so it can be followed in good or bad visibility, avoiding <span title="See entry on this page at § line trap" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_H%E2%80%93O#line_trap" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: H–O">line trap</a></span>s, and securing the line sufficiently at suitable places to keep it in position. <ul><li>Making placements - securing the guideline as it is being run and the choice of primary and secondary tie offs.</li> <li>Temporary line – line that is laid on the way into parts of a cave without permanent line, and recovered to the reel on the way out.</li> <li>Permanent line – line that is thicker, and therefore easier to see, stronger, and more abrasion resistant, and more securely fastened, intended to be left in place for use by other divers. It may be secured to placements at closer intervals to facilitate finding the other end and reconnection in case of a break. It is not recovered during exit, and will generally be marked. <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Gold_line"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Gold line</span></span> is heavy duty permanent guide line of a bright yellow colour and <a href="/wiki/Kernmantle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernmantle">kernmantle</a> construction that leads to the exit. The colour was chosen to make the line more easily identifiable while remaining highly visible, and a heavier duty line also helps in identification by feel and makes the line more durable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messersmith_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messersmith-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions the consensus among cave diving professionals is to reserve gold line for cavern areas which are used for tours.<sup id="cite_ref-InDepth_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InDepth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the gold line extends to the naturally illuminated zone, while in others it will start inside the dark zone, to avoid tempting incompetent and inadequately equipped divers from following the line into the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzzacott_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzzacott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Marking line: Permanent line is marked to indicate the direction to the nearest exit, and to indicate where dive teams have passed but have not yet returned by looping the line onto a line marker, ensuring that a directional marker points in the correct direction, and that all markers are sufficiently securely attached, while remaining easily removable if temporary. <ul><li>Directional markers - cave arrows used to indicate the way out along the line.</li> <li>Personal markers – cookies – temporary markers to indicate that a diver has passed beyond a point but has not returned yet, particularly where the group leaves the permanent line or makes a jump to a secondary permanent (branch) line. A personal directional marker may be attached to a line to indicate that the owner has gone in that direction, which can happen after divers are separated if one finds the line but not the other divers, and decides to exit independently.</li></ul></li> <li>Following a line – the skills of navigating back out of a cave using the line as a guide, particularly in the dark and low visibility.</li> <li>Finding a lost line: although cave-diving procedures are intended to minimize the risk of losing the guide line, it can happen, and as the chance of finding one's way out without the line are drastically reduced, losing the line is considered a life-threatening situation, and the diver must be competent in the methods for relocating the line in all reasonably foreseeable circumstances, which include a bad silt-out, total darkness, and loss of contact with the other divers in the team. Methods of search should prevent the diver from drifting away from the vicinity of the line, so the start position for the search should be secured by tying off a search line. In principle, if the diver feels their way around the cross section of the cave orthogonal to the line direction until they get back to the starting point, the guideline should be either found directly, or be within the loop of the search line, but even this is not guaranteed to work, as the shape of the cave and limited breathing gas supplies could make this impossible.</li> <li>Fixing a line break, This requires the ability to tie reliable knots, which may have to be done in bad visibility. It also requires the diver to find the other end of the break. On the way into a cave a line break is an inconvenience, as if the other side cannot be found, the divers can still find their way out. On the way out a line break is a life-threatening emergency until the other end is found, as gas supply is limited and there is no infallible way to find the other end while there is enough gas to complete the exit.</li> <li>Jumping a gap to a branch line – this involves tying off to the permanent line in a way that is unlikely to come loose, but may be released quickly on the return. Passing a loop on the end of the jump line round the permanent line and over the reel is a standard method. A tag on the end of the loop helps release it quickly. This method cannot be inadvertently released by other divers following the main line.</li> <li>Recovering temporary line – this is done by the last diver in line on the way out, so the others can follow the line out of the cave, even in reduced visibility, without risking losing the line. They may prepare the line for the reel operator, by releasing tie-offs, which cuts down on delays. In an emergency exit the reel and line may be temporarily abandoned, as it can be retrieved later. The reel operator keeps a light tension on the line and tries to keep it evenly distributed over the width of the reel while winding in. The divers further ahead on the line can feel the presence of others behind them by line tension and small movements of the line as it is reeled in.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_line">Lost line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lost line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Losing the guide line in a cave is a potentially life-threatening emergency. While following recommended best practice makes it highly unlikely that a diver will lose the line, it can and does happen, and there are procedures which will usually work to find it again. Any reliable information on where the diver is likely to be relative to the last known position of the line may be critical, and the procedure of choice will depend on what is reliably known. In all situations, the diver will attempt to stabilise the situation and avoid getting further lost, and make a thorough visual check in all directions from where they are at the time, taking into account the possibility of the line being in a line trap. If the diver has not also separated from their buddy, the buddy may know where the line is, and can be asked, and if the diver is separated from their buddy, the buddy may be at the line, and the buddy's light may be visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_drills_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line_drills-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabilising the position is generally done by finding the nearest feasible tie-off point and securely tying off a search line. The direction of the guide line when last seen should be known, and therefore the direction the diver was swimming in before losing the line. If the diver was neutrally buoyant while following the line, the approximate depth can be reconstructed by finding the depth of neutral buoyancy again, without adjusting inflation of BCD or dry suit. Unless the line was lost by the diver not noticing a change of direction, it is likely to be at much the same depth, in much the same direction, and at a similar lateral and vertical distance as when last seen, making it logical to try that direction first. While swimming towards the estimated position of the line and slowly paying out search line, the diver will search visually, and in low visibility or darkness, also by feel, making arm sweeps across the expected direction of the line, while defending the head from impact with the other arm. The distance swum towards the estimated position of the lost line can be measured by the spacing and number of knots paid out on the search line. If the search fails, the diver will return to the tie off and try again in the next best guess for the direction the line may be.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_drills_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line_drills-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diver may also choose to try a different search method. The best search method for any given situation will depend on the water conditions, the layout of the section of cave, the way the line was laid, the situational knowledge and skills of the diver, and the equipment available – a method that would be ideal for one situation might not work at all for another. </p><p>If the line is found, but not the other divers, the diver can tie off their search reel to the guide line as an indicator to other members of the team that they were lost but have found the guide line, and indicate the direction that they intend to proceed along the guideline with a personal directional marker so that others who see it while searching for the lost diver will know whether the diver chose the right direction to exit the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_drills_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line_drills-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_buddy">Lost buddy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lost buddy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is generally the converse situation to the lost guide line, in that the diver loses contact with their buddy or team but remains in contact with the guide line, so is not themselves lost. Their first priority is to not get lost or disorientated, and in furtherance of this aim would attach a directional line marker to the guide line indicating the direction to the exit before starting a search. The search line can be tied to the directional marker to prevent it from sliding along the line during the search. The direction for the search would depend on the layout of that part of the cave, and where the missing diver should have been in the group. The search party must consider their own safety first, regarding how much gas they can afford to use in a search, which will depend on the stage of the dive when the diver is noticed to be missing. When searching in darkness, the searchers should periodically turn off their lights as this will allow them to see the lost diver's light more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-Line_drills_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Line_drills-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_planning_and_management">Gas planning and management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gas planning and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></div> <p>Gas planning is the aspect of <a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">dive planning</a> which deals with the calculation or estimation of the amounts and mixtures of gases to be used for a planned <a href="/wiki/Dive_profile" title="Dive profile">dive profile</a>. It usually assumes that the dive profile, including decompression, is known, but the process may be iterative, involving changes to the dive profile as a consequence of the gas requirement calculation, or changes to the gas mixtures chosen. Use of calculated reserves based on planned dive profile and estimated gas consumption rates rather than an arbitrary pressure based on a fraction of the initial gas supply is sometimes referred to as rock bottom gas management. The purpose of gas planning is to ensure that for all reasonably foreseeable contingencies, the divers of a team have sufficient breathing gas to safely return to a place where more breathing gas is available. In almost all cases this will be the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gas planning includes the following aspects:<sup id="cite_ref-CMAS_ISA_Trimix_Diver_2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAS_ISA_Trimix_Diver_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Sect.3">: Sect.3 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Choice of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> to suit the depth at which they will be used,</li> <li>Choice of <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba configuration</a>, to conveniently carry the gas, or store it at stage points along the route</li> <li>Estimation of gas quantities required for the planned dive, including <span title="See entry on this page at § bottom gas" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_A%E2%80%93C#bottom_gas" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: A–C">bottom gas</a></span>, <span title="See entry on this page at § travel gas" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_T%E2%80%93Z#travel_gas" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: T–Z">travel gas</a></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Accelerated_decompression" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression</a> gases, as appropriate to the profile.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Estimation of gas quantities for reasonably foreseeable contingencies. Under stress it is likely that a diver will increase breathing rate and decrease swimming speed. Both of these lead to a higher gas consumption during an emergency exit or ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Choice of <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">cylinders</a> to carry the required gases. Each cylinder volume and working pressure must be sufficient to contain the required quantity of gas.</li> <li>Calculation of the pressures for each of the gases in each of the cylinders to provide the required quantities.</li> <li>Specifying the critical pressures of relevant gas mixtures for appropriate stages (waypoints) of the planned dive profile (<a href="/wiki/Gas_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas matching">gas matching</a>).</li></ul> <p>The primary breathing apparatus may be open circuit scuba or rebreather, and bailout may also be open circuit or rebreather. Emergency gas may be shared among the team members, or each diver may carry their own, but in all cases each diver must be able to bail out onto a gas supply of their own for long enough to get to the next planned source of emergency gas. If for any reason this situation no longer applies, there is a single point of critical failure, and the risk becomes unacceptable, so the dive should be turned. </p><p>Gas management also includes the blending, filling, analysing, marking, storage, and transportation of gas cylinders for a dive, and the monitoring and switching of breathing gases during a dive, and the provision of emergency gas to another member of the dive team. The primary aim is to ensure that everyone has enough to breathe of a gas suitable for the current depth at all times, and is aware of the gas mixture in use and its effect on decompression obligations and oxygen toxicity risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_management_rules_of_thumb">Gas management rules of thumb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gas management rules of thumb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">rule of thirds</a> for gas management is a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> used by divers to plan dives so they have enough <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> remaining in their <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinder</a> at the end of the dive to be able to complete the dive safely.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bozanic_1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozanic_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule mostly applies to diving in overhead environments, such as caves and wrecks, where a direct ascent to the surface is impossible and the divers must return the way they came. </p><p>For divers following the rule, one third of the gas supply is planned for the outward journey, one third is for the return journey and one third is a safety reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when diving with a buddy with a higher breathing rate or a different volume of gas, it may be necessary to set one third of the buddy's gas supply as the remaining 'third'. This means that the turn point to exit is earlier, or that the diver with the lower breathing rate carries a larger volume of gas than he alone requires. </p><p>A different option for penetration dives is the <a href="/wiki/Half_%2B_15_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Half + 15 bar">Half + 15 bar</a> (half + 200 psi) method, in which the contingency gas for the stage is carried in the primary cylinders. Some divers consider this method to be the most conservative when multi-staging. If all goes to plan when using this method, the divers surface with stages nearly empty, but with all the contingency gas still in their primary cylinders. With a single stage drop, this means the primary cylinders will still be about half-full.<sup id="cite_ref-Doppler_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doppler_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cave-diving training includes equipment selection and configuration, guideline protocols and techniques, gas management protocols, communication techniques, propulsion techniques, emergency management protocols, and psychological education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what psychological education? (April 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cave diver training also stresses the importance of risk management and cave conservation ethics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most training systems offer progressive stages of education and certification.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cavern training covers the basic skills needed to enter the overhead environment. Training will generally consist of gas planning, propulsion techniques needed to deal with the silty environments in many caves, reel and handling, and communication. Once certified as a cavern diver, a diver may undertake cavern diving with a cavern or cave certified "buddy", as well as continue into cave-diving training.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Introduction into cave training builds on the techniques learned during cavern training and includes the training needed to penetrate beyond the cavern zone and working with permanent guidelines that exist in many caves. Once intro to cave certified, a diver may penetrate much further into a cave, usually limited by 1/3 of a single cylinder, or in the case of a basic cave certification, 1/6 of double cylinders. An intro cave diver is usually not certified to do complex navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">Apprentice</a> cave training serves as the transition from intro to full certification and includes the training needed to penetrate deep into caves working from permanent guide lines as well as limited exposure to side lines that exist in many caves. Training covers complex dive planning and decompression procedures used for longer dives. Once apprentice certified, a diver may penetrate much further into a cave, usually limited by 1/3 of double cylinders. An apprentice diver is also allowed to do a single jump or gap (a break in the guideline from two sections of mainline or between mainline and sideline) during the dive. An apprentice diver typically has one year to finish full cave or must repeat the apprentice stage.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Full cave training serves as the final level of basic training and includes the training needed to penetrate deep into the cave working from both permanent guidelines and sidelines, and may plan and complete complex dives deep into a system using decompression to stay longer. Once cave certified, a diver may penetrate much further into a cave, usually limited by 1/3 of double cylinders. A cave diver is also certified as competent to do multiple jumps or gaps (a break in the guideline from two sections of mainline or between mainline and sideline) during the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Further training may be available in skills for cave surveying and mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-nsscds_2021_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsscds_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certification">Certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various diver training and certification organizations offer training for cave divers, often based on the three cave zones defined by CMAS. Some organizations offer cavern diving training for recreational divers, (Zone 1). Cave diving involves significant risks, so a self-taught approach is discouraged. </p><p>The following training courses are offered by the listed organisations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zone </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Standards_CMAS-INT_D_2010-1_V5.0.doc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standards_CMAS-INT_D_2010-1_V5.0.doc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">GUE</a><sup id="cite_ref-GUE1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUE1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">ANDI</a><sup id="cite_ref-ANDI1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDI1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Cave_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for Cave Diving">NACD</a><sup id="cite_ref-NACD1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NACD1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/NAUI" class="mw-redirect" title="NAUI">NAUI</a><sup id="cite_ref-NAUI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAUI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Section" title="National Speleological Society">NSS-CDS</a><sup id="cite_ref-NSS-CDS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-CDS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">PADI</a><sup id="cite_ref-PADI1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">TDI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cavern diver<br />(Zone 1) </td> <td>Cave diver I </td> <td> </td> <td>Cavern Diver, Level 2 </td> <td>Cavern Diver </td> <td>Cavern Diver </td> <td>Cavern Diver </td> <td>Cavern Diver<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_Cavern_Diver_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_Cavern_Diver-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Cavern <p>Diver<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diver<br />(Zone 2) </td> <td>Cave diver II </td> <td>Cave Diver Level 1 </td> <td>Cave Diver, Level 1 </td> <td>Intro to Cave Diving </td> <td>Cave Diver Level I </td> <td>Basic/Intro Cave Diver </td> <td> </td> <td>Intro to Cave </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Cave Diver Level 2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Apprentice to Cave </td> <td> </td> <td>Apprentice Cave Diver </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diver<br />(Zone 3) </td> <td>Cave diver III </td> <td>Cave Diver Level 2 </td> <td>Cave Diver, Level 3 and Cave Explorer, Level 4 </td> <td>Full Cave Diver </td> <td>Cave Diver Level II </td> <td>Cave Diver </td> <td> </td> <td>Full Cave </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diver<br />(58 m) </td> <td> </td> <td>Cave 2 + TEK 1 </td> <td>Cave Explorer Level 5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diver guide </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Cave Guide (Technical Support Leader) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diving instructor 1 </td> <td>Cave diving instructor I </td> <td>Cave Instructor Level 1 </td> <td>Assistant Instructor (ASI) </td> <td>Cavern Instructor </td> <td>Assistant Instructor </td> <td>Instructor </td> <td>Specialty Instructor<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_SI_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_SI-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diving instructor 2 </td> <td>Cave diving Instructor II </td> <td>Cave Instructor Level 2 </td> <td>Open Water Instructor (OWI) </td> <td>Cave Instructor </td> <td>Instructor </td> <td>Instructor </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cave diving instructor 3 </td> <td>Cave diving instructor III </td> <td>Cave Instructor Level 3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In France, courses organized by the national cave diving commission of the <a href="/wiki/FFESSM" class="mw-redirect" title="FFESSM">FFESSM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FFESSM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFESSM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are offered to holders of level 2 certification or higher. The French Cave Diving School of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_sp%C3%A9l%C3%A9ologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française de spéléologie">FFS</a> also offers courses open to any <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">autonomous diver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FFS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration,_surveys_and_mapping"><span id="Exploration.2C_surveys_and_mapping"></span>Exploration, surveys and mapping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exploration, surveys and mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant aspect of cave diving by competent and enthusiastic cave divers is exploration, survey and mapping. Data collected is often shared and may be stored on databases to help optimise the effectiveness of such surveys, and make the information generally available.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Underwater cave mapping is complicated by both a lack of access to the surface for GPS positions, darkness, with short line-of-sight, and limited visibility, which complicate optical measurement. Altitude/depth is relatively simple as accurate depth measurement is available to divers in the form of decompression computers, which log a depth/time record of reasonable accuracy and are available for instantaneous readout at any point, and depth can be referenced to the altitude at the surface. Vertical dimensions can be directly measured or calculated as differences in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surface coordinates can be collected via GPS and remote sensing, with varying degrees of precision and accuracy depending on the type of entrance. In some caves the water surface is in view of GPS satellites, in others it is a considerable distance along a complex route from the nearest open air. Three dimensional models of varying accuracy and detail can be created by processing measurements collected by whatever methods were available. These can be used in virtual reality models. The usual methods for survey and mapping of underwater caves are dead reckoning and direct measurements of distance, compass direction and depth, by diving teams of two or three scuba divers, who record <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> of the cave line, measurements of height, width, depth, and slope at intervals along the line, generally using a permanent guide line as a reference <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(surveying)" title="Baseline (surveying)">baseline</a>, and take photographic records of features and objects of interest. Data are collected on <span title="See entry on this page at § wet-notes" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_T%E2%80%93Z#wet-notes" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: T–Z">wet-notes</a></span> and by digital photography.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hand-held sonar may be used for distance measurement where available. Where the depth or other constraints prevent divers from exploring in person, tethered and untethered remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROUVs) have been used effectively, using sonar technology to scan and map the surroundings, and video to record the appearance. </p><p>Features, artifacts, remains, and other objects of interest are recorded in situ as effectively as possible, generally by photography.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cave-diving is one of the most challenging and potentially dangerous kinds of diving and presents many <a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards_and_precautions" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving hazards and precautions">hazards</a>. Cave-diving is a form of <a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">penetration diving</a>, meaning that in an emergency a diver cannot swim vertically to the surface due to the cave's ceilings, and so must swim the entire way back out. The underwater navigation through the cave system may be difficult and exit routes may be at a considerable distance, requiring the diver to have sufficient <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> to make the journey. The dive may also be deep, resulting in potential <a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">deep diving</a> risks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Visibility can vary from nearly unlimited to low, or non-existent, and can go from very good to very bad in a single dive. While a less-intensive kind of diving called cavern diving does not take divers beyond the reach of natural light (and typically no deeper than 30 metres (100 feet)), and penetration not further than 60 m (200 ft), true cave-diving can involve penetrations of many thousands of feet, well beyond the reach of sunlight. The level of darkness experienced creates an environment impossible to see in without an artificial source of light even if the water is clear. Caves often contain sand, mud, clay, silt, or other sediment that can further reduce underwater visibility in seconds when stirred up. Consequently, visibility is often worse during exit, and divers rely on the guideline for finding the way out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The water in caves can have strong <a href="/wiki/Fluid_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid flow">flow</a>. Most caves flooded to the surface at the cave mouth are either <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siphon#Geology" title="Siphon">siphons</a>. Springs have out-flowing currents, where water is coming up out of the Earth and flowing out across the land's surface. Siphons have in-flowing currents where, for example, an above-ground river is going underground. Some caves are complex and have some tunnels with out-flowing currents, and other tunnels with in-flowing currents. Inflowing currents can cause serious problems for the diver, as they make the exit more difficult, and the diver is carried to spaces that are unfamiliar and may be dangerous, while outflowing currents generally make the exit quicker and the diver is carried through places they have been before and can be prepared for difficult areas. </p><p>Cave-diving has been perceived as one of the more deadly sports in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perception may be exaggerated because the majority of divers who have died in caves have either not undergone specialized training or have had inadequate equipment for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cave divers have suggested that cave-diving is statistically much safer than recreational diving due to the much larger barriers imposed by experience, training, and equipment cost,<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no definitive statistical evidence for this claim. </p><p>There is no reliable worldwide database listing all cave-diving fatalities. Such fractional statistics as are available, however, suggest that few divers have died while following accepted protocols and while using equipment configurations recognized as acceptable by the cave-diving community.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the very rare cases of exceptions to this rule there have typically been unusual circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JB_CAVE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JB_CAVE.png/220px-JB_CAVE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JB_CAVE.png/330px-JB_CAVE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/JB_CAVE.png/440px-JB_CAVE.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Cave divers wearing sidemount cylinders following a main line</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cave divers recognize five general rules or contributing factors for safe cave-diving, which were popularized, adapted and became generally accepted from <a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a>'s 1979 publication <i>Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book, Exley included accounts of actual cave-diving accidents, and followed each one with a breakdown of what factors contributed to the accident. Despite the unique circumstances of each individual accident, Exley found that at least one of a small number of major factors contributed to each one. This technique for breaking down accident reports and finding common causes among them is now called <i><a href="/wiki/Accident_analysis" title="Accident analysis">accident analysis</a></i>, and is taught in introductory cave-diving courses. Exley outlined a number of these resulting cave-diving rules, but today these five are the most recognized: </p> <ul><li>Training: A safety conscious cave diver does not intentionally exceed the scope of their training.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave-diving is normally taught in stages, each successive stage focusing on more complex aspects of cave-diving. Each stage of training is intended to be reinforced with actual cave-diving experience to develop competence before starting training at a more complex level. Accident analysis of cave-diving fatalities has shown that academic training without sufficient real world experience is not always enough in the event of an underwater emergency. By systematically building experience the diver can develop the confidence, motor skills and reflexes to remain calm and apply the appropriate procedures in an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inexperienced diver is more likely to panic than an experienced diver when confronted with a similar situation, all other factors being equal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Experience in dealing successfully with real or simulated problems is of the greatest value, experience of dives where nothing goes wrong reinforces the skills used, but not the skills that were not needed but might be critical in an emergency. When trained to the highest available level, further competence can be developed by practice and gradual extension of range of experience.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Guide line</a>: A continuous guide line is maintained at all times between the leader of a dive team and a fixed point selected outside the cave entrance in open water.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often this line is tied off a second time as a backup directly inside the cavern zone.<sup id="cite_ref-GUEguideline2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUEguideline2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dive leader lays the guideline they take great care to ensure there is appropriate tension on the line,<sup id="cite_ref-GUEguideline2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUEguideline2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it does not go into <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#line_trap" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">line traps</a>, tying off the line as necessary to keep it leading through a clear route. Other team members remain between the lead diver and the exit, in easy reach of the line at all times. If a <a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">silt out</a> occurs, divers can find the line and follow it back to the cave entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-GUEguideline2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUEguideline2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to use a continuous guide line to open water is cited as the most frequent cause of fatality among untrained, non-certified divers who venture into caves.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-training_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater care to avoid line traps is required for laying permanent line, and more frequent tie-offs would be expected, as a permanent line is more susceptible to breaking over time.</li> <li>Depth rules: Gas consumption, nitrogen narcosis and decompression obligation increase with depth, and the effects of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a> may be more critical in a cave due to the high task loading and presence of combinations of hazards. Cave divers are advised not to dive to depths exceeding the planned depth and the applicable range of their equipment and the breathing gases in use, and to keep in mind this effective difference between open water depth and cave depth. Excessive depth is frequently cited as a contributory factor in fatal incidents involving fully trained cave divers.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Breathing gas management</a>: The breathing gas supply must last the diver until out of the overhead environment. There are several strategies for gas management. The most common protocol is the '<a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">rule of thirds</a>,' in which one third of the initial gas supply is used for ingress, one third for egress, and one third to support another team member in the case of an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bozanic_1997_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozanic_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a very simple method, but is not always sufficient. UK practice is to adhere to the rule of thirds, but with an added emphasis on keeping depletion of the separate air systems "balanced", so that the complete loss of any single gas supply will still leave the diver with sufficient gas to return safely. The rule of thirds makes no allowance for increased air consumption that the stress caused by the loss of an air system may induce. Dissimilar tank sizes among the divers are also not allowed for by the rule of thirds, and a sufficient reserve should be calculated for each dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK practice is to assume that each diver is completely independent, as in a typical UK sump there is usually nothing that a buddy can do to assist a diver in trouble. Most UK cave divers <a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">dive solo</a>. US sump divers follow a similar protocol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rule of thirds was devised as an approach to diving Florida's caves<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – they typically have high outflow currents, which help to reduce air consumption when exiting. In a cave system with little or no outflow it is prudent to reserve more air than is provided by the rule of thirds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lights: Each cave diver should have at least three independent sources of light.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One is considered the primary and is intended for general use during the dive. The others are considered backup lights and may be lower powered as they are not intended for exploration. Each light must have an expected burn time of at least the planned duration of the dive. If any diver loses light function so that they have fewer than three working lights, protocol requires that the dive be aborted for all members of the dive team and that they immediately start the exit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Most cave-diving fatalities are due to running out of gas before reaching the exit. This is often the direct consequence of getting lost, whether the guide line is found again or not, and whether the visibility deteriorates, lights fail, or someone panics. On rare occasions equipment failure is unrecoverable, or a diver becomes inextricably trapped, seriously injured, incapacitated by using an unsuitable gas for the depth, or swept away by strong flow. Getting lost means separation from the continuous guide line to the exit, and not knowing the direction to the exit. </p><p>Some cave divers are taught to remember the five key components with the <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a>: "<i><b>T</b>he <b>G</b>ood <b>D</b>ivers <b>A</b>lways <b>L</b>ive</i>" (training, guide, depth, air, light).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years new contributing factors were considered after reviewing accidents involving solo diving, diving with incapable dive partners, video or photography in caves, complex cave dives and cave-diving in large groups. With the establishment of technical diving, the use of mixed gases—such as <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> for bottom gas, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> for decompression—reduces the margin for error. Accident analysis suggests that breathing the wrong gas for the depth or not analyzing the breathing gas properly has also led to cave-diving accidents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cave-diving requires a variety of specialized procedures, and divers who do not correctly apply these procedures may significantly increase the risk to the members of their team. The cave-diving community works hard to educate the public on the risks they assume when they enter water-filled caves. Warning signs with the likenesses of the <a href="/wiki/Grim_Reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim Reaper">Grim Reaper</a> have been placed just inside the openings of many popular caves in the US and Mexico, and others have been placed in nearby parking lots and local dive shops.<sup id="cite_ref-NSS_sign_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS_sign-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cave-diving sites around the world include open-water basins, which are popular open-water diving sites. The management of these sites try to minimize the risk of untrained divers being tempted to venture inside the cave systems. With the support of the cave-diving community, many of these sites enforce a "no-lights rule" for divers who lack cave training—they may not carry any lights into the water with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginnie_Springs_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginnie_Springs-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is easy to venture into an underwater cave with a light and not realize how far away from the entrance (and daylight) one has swum; this rule is based on the theory that, without a light, divers will not venture beyond daylight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early phases of cave-diving the analysis shows that 90% of accidents were <i>not</i> trained cave divers; from the 2000s on the trend has reversed to 80% of accidents involving trained cave divers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Modern cave divers' capability and available technology allows divers to venture well beyond traditional training limits<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and into actual exploration. The result is an increase of cave-diving accidents, in 2011 the yearly average of 2.5 fatalities a year tripled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2012 fatalities reached the highest annual rate to that date at over 20.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As response to the increase in fatalities during the years 2010 onwards, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Diving_Research_and_Exploration_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Diving Research and Exploration Organization (page does not exist)">International Diving Research and Exploration Organization</a> (IDREO) was created in order to "bring awareness of the current safety situation of Cave Diving" by listing current worldwide accidents by year and promoting a community discussion and analysis of accidents through a "Cave Diver Safety Meeting" held annually.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP_1995_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP_1995-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG/220px-Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG/330px-Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG/440px-Sidemount_diver_in_fairly_tight_space_DSC_0177_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Sidemount diver in a fairly tight space</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg/220px-Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg/330px-Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg/440px-Cave_diving_guideline_reel_IMG_20190517_181213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>Cave diving guideline reel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/220px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/330px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/440px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>Cave line spool with double end <a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">bolt snap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Equipment used by cave divers ranges from fairly standard recreational scuba configurations, to more complex arrangements which allow more freedom of movement in confined spaces, extended range in terms of depth and time, allowing greater distances to be covered in acceptable safety, and equipment which helps with navigation, in what are usually dark, and often silty and convoluted spaces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scuba configurations which are more often found in cave-diving than in open water diving include independent or manifolded twin cylinder rigs, <a href="/wiki/Side_mount_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Side mount diving">side-mount</a> harnesses, <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#Open_circuit" title="Diving cylinder">sling cylinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebreathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebreathers">rebreathers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backplate_and_wing" title="Backplate and wing">backplate and wing</a> harnesses. <a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a> designed and used <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> composite tanks for exploration of the San Agustín and <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Huautla" title="Sistema Huautla">Sistema Huautla</a> caves in Mexico to decrease the weight for dry sections and vertical passages.<sup id="cite_ref-StoneAAUS1986_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneAAUS1986-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StoneAerospace_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneAerospace-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#stage_cylinder" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Stage cylinders</a> are cylinders which are used to provide gas for a portion of the penetration. They may be deposited on the bottom at the guideline on preparation dives, to be picked up for use during the main dive, or may be carried by the divers and dropped off at the line during the penetration to be retrieved on the way out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the high risk <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">hazards</a> of cave-diving is getting lost in the cave. The use of <a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">guide lines</a> is the standard mitigation for this risk.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guide lines may be permanent or laid and recovered during the dive, using <a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">cave reels</a> to deploy and recover the line. Permanent branch lines may be laid with a gap between the start of the branch line and the nearest point on the main line. Line used for this purpose is known as <a href="/wiki/Cave_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave line">cave line</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#gap_spool" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Gap spools</a> with a relatively short line are commonly used to make the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#jump" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">jump</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line arrows</a> are used to point towards the nearest exit, and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#cookie" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">cookies</a> are used to indicate use of a line by a team of divers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screws</a> are short lengths of rigid tube (usually plastic) with one sharpened end and a notch or slot at the other end to secure the line, which are pushed into the silt or detritus of the cave floor as a place to tie off a guideline when no suitable natural tie-off points are available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A simple plastic helmet, such as those used in water sports like <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">whitewater kayaking</a>, is good protection in case of accidental contact with the cave ceiling or <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicles</a>, or Scooters, are sometimes used to extend the range by reducing the work load on the diver and allowing faster travel in open sections of cave. Reliability of the diver propulsion vehicle is very important, as a failure could compromise the ability of the diver to exit the cave before running out of gas. Where this is a significant risk, divers may tow a spare scooter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive lights</a> are critical safety equipment, as it is dark inside caves. Each diver generally carries a primary light, and at least one backup light. A minimum of three lights is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary light should last the planned duration of the dive, as should each of the backup lights.<sup id="cite_ref-exley_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest known cave dives was a freedive in 1922 by Norbert Casteret in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montespan_cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montespan cave (page does not exist)">Montespan cave</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-Farr_2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farr_2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a>, co-inventor of the first commercially successful open circuit <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba equipment</a>, was the world's first open circuit scuba cave diver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, many cave divers penetrated caves prior to the advent of scuba with surface supplied breathing apparatus through the use of air hoses and compressors. <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> in all its forms, including cave-diving, has advanced in earnest since Cousteau introduced the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a> in 1943.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two regions have had particular influence on cave-diving techniques and equipment due to their very different cave-diving environments. These are the United Kingdom, and the United States, mainly Florida.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 6, 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xavier_M%C3%A9niscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xavier Méniscus (page does not exist)">Xavier Méniscus</a> broke the cave diving record by reaching a depth of 312 metres in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Font_Estramar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Font Estramar (page does not exist)">Font Estramar</a> chasm, in <a href="/wiki/Salses-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Salses-le-Château">Salses-le-Château</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record of 308 m was held by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Swierczynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Swierczynski (page does not exist)">Frédéric Swierczynski</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and before that by Xavier Méniscus at 286m, on 30 December 2019, both also at Font Estramar cave.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomez" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuno Gomez">Nuno Gomez</a> had descended to 282 metres at <a href="/wiki/Boesmansgat" title="Boesmansgat">Boesmansgat</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_history">UK history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: UK history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG/220px-Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG/330px-Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG/440px-Cave_diving_equipment_1935.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Cave-diving equipment from 1935 in the museum at <a href="/wiki/Wookey_Hole_Caves" title="Wookey Hole Caves">Wookey Hole Caves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG) was established informally in the United Kingdom in 1935 to organise training and equipment for the exploration of flooded caves in the <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a> of Somerset. The first dive was made by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a> on 4 October 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-Sheppard_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a home-made drysuit surface fed from a modified bicycle pump, which allowed Sheppard to pass Sump 1 of <a href="/wiki/Swildon%27s_Hole" title="Swildon's Hole">Swildon's Hole</a>. Swildon's is an upstream feeder to the <a href="/wiki/Wookey_Hole_Caves" title="Wookey Hole Caves">Wookey Hole</a> resurgence system. The difficulty of access to the sump in Swildon's prompted operations to move to the resurgence, and the larger cave there allowed use of <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> which was secured from the <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a> company. In UK cave-diving, the term "<a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a>" was used without irony for the people who carry the diver's gear although this has gone out of fashion; support is now more normally used, and before the development of SCUBA equipment such undertakings could be monumental operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Diving in the spacious third chamber of Wookey Hole led to a rapid series of advances, each of which was dignified by being given a successive number, until an air surface was reached at what is now known as "Chamber 9." Some of these dives were broadcast live on <a href="/wiki/BBC_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC radio">BBC radio</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_diving_equipment.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cave_diving_equipment.JPG/220px-Cave_diving_equipment.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cave_diving_equipment.JPG/330px-Cave_diving_equipment.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cave_diving_equipment.JPG/440px-Cave_diving_equipment.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cave-diving equipment in the museum at <a href="/wiki/Wookey_Hole_Caves" title="Wookey Hole Caves">Wookey Hole Caves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The number of sites where <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> could be used is clearly limited and there was little further progress before the outbreak of World War II reduced the caving community considerably. However, the rapid development of underwater warfare through the war made a lot of surplus <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">equipment</a> available. The CDG re-formed in 1946 and progress was rapid. Typical equipment at this time was a <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> rubber <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a> for insulation (water temperature in the UK is typically 4 °C), an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_lime" title="Soda lime">soda lime</a> absorbent canister and counter-lung comprising a <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> air system and an "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="AFLOLAUN"></span><span class="vanchor-text">AFLOLAUN</span></span>", meaning "Apparatus For Laying Out Line And Underwater Navigation." The AFLOLAUN consisted of lights, <a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">line-reel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, notebook (for the survey), batteries, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-Price_and_McDonald_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_and_McDonald-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress was typically by "bottom walking", as this was considered less dangerous than swimming (note the absence of buoyancy controls). The use of oxygen put a depth limit on the dive, which was considerably compensated by the extended dive duration. This was the normal diving equipment and methods until approximately 1960 when new techniques using wetsuits (which provide both insulation and buoyancy ), twin open-circuit SCUBA air systems the development of side mounting cylinders, helmet-mounted lights and free-swimming with fins. The increasing capacity and pressure rating of air bottles also extended dive durations.<sup id="cite_ref-Farr_1991_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farr_1991-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_history">US history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: US history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, cave-diving greatly increased in popularity among divers in the United States. However, there were very few experienced cave divers and almost no formal classes to handle the surge in interest. The result was a large number of divers trying to cave dive without any formal training. This resulted in more than 100 fatalities over the course of the decade. The state of Florida came close to banning SCUBA diving around the cave entrances. The cave-diving organizations responded to the problem by creating training programs and certifying instructors, in addition to other measures to try to prevent these fatalities. This included posting signs, adding no-lights rules, and other enforcements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a> was a pioneering cave diver who first explored many underwater cave systems in Florida, and many throughout the US and the world. On 6 February 1974, Exley became the first chairman of the Cave Diving Section of the <a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cave_diving_section_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cave_diving_section-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, cave-diving education has greatly reduced diver fatalities, and it is now rare for an agency trained diver to perish in an underwater cave. Also in the 1980s, refinements were made to the equipment used for cave-diving, most importantly better lights with smaller batteries. In the 1990s, cave-diving equipment configurations became more standardized, due mostly to the adaptation and popularization of the "<a href="/wiki/Hogarthian_scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogarthian scuba configuration">Hogarthian rig</a>", developed by several North Florida cave divers, particularly <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a>, which promotes equipment choices that "keep it simple and streamlined".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the cave community is most focused on training, exploration, public awareness, and cave <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Documentary films made by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a> have contributed to the increasing popularity of cave-diving in the early 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_history">Australian history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australian history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four divers using scuba dived from the Right Imperial Cave in the Jenolan system in the Blue Mountains to an upstream chamber on 30 October 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun-Herald_1954_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun-Herald_1954-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the development of underwater breathing equipment, speleologists explored submerged cavities on breathhold (apnea), and with the equipment of the period: swimming underwater in total darkness, and with candles and matches for subsequent exploration. </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fournier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Fournier">Eugene Fournier</a> explored the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigole_source&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigole source (page does not exist)">Rigole source</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, diving to a depth of four meters to explore the continuation of the cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Martel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Casteret" title="Norbert Casteret">Norbert Casteret</a> explored the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montespan_grotto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montespan grotto (page does not exist)">Montespan grotto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>, where he swam through two successive siphons equipped with candles and matches.<sup id="cite_ref-babeth_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babeth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1936 and 1949, <a href="/wiki/Max_Cosyns" title="Max Cosyns">Max Cosyns</a> explored various springs in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sainte_Engrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sainte Engrace (page does not exist)">Sainte Engrace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pais_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Pais Vasco">Pais Vasco</a>, Spain, passing through siphons on breathhold and then continuing the exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-Labeyrie_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labeyrie-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARSTP_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSTP-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the development of scuba diving, the possibilities of cave diving have expanded. For example: </p><p>In 1953, the scouts of the La Verna Clan of Lyon (Letrone, Eppely and Ballandraux) explored the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamina_Zilua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamina Zilua (page does not exist)">Lamina Zilua</a> spring in Sainte Engrace (Sola), passing through three siphons and stopping at the very narrow entry to the fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-Maestracci_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maestracci-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern%C3%A1ndez_Rubio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernández Rubio (page does not exist)">Fernández Rubio</a> brothers developed a new apnea technique for cave diving, which was used in the explorations of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mairuelegorreta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mairuelegorreta (page does not exist)">Mairuelegorreta</a> cave in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Alaves_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alaves-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965 and 1966, led by Max Cosyns,<sup id="cite_ref-Douai_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douai-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cave divers from <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> managed to climb the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakueta_Waterfall_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakueta Waterfall Cave (page does not exist)">Kakueta Waterfall Cave</a> (Cueva de la Cascada de Kakueta) to a fifth siphon 500 meters from the entrance, which despite diving to a depth of 30 m, they were unable to cross.<sup id="cite_ref-Douai_et_al_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douai_et_al-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, the cave divers Barroumés and Larribau crossed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erberua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erberua (page does not exist)">Erberua</a> siphon (Labort), and discovered a gallery on the other side with an important archaeological site.<sup id="cite_ref-Larribau_and_Prudhomme_1983_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larribau_and_Prudhomme_1983-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, the cave diver R. Jean (Fontaine la Tronche Group) crossed the first siphon of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouffre_des_Bourrugues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouffre des Bourrugues (page does not exist)">Gouffre des Bourrugues</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Macizo_de_Larra-Belagua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macizo de Larra-Belagua (page does not exist)">Larra</a>), at a depth of 305 m below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Perre_et_al_2002_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perre_et_al_2002-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980-81 Fred Vergier passed the first 3 siphons of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sima_de_las_Puertas_de_Illamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sima de las Puertas de Illamina (page does not exist)">Sima de las Puertas de Illamina</a> (BU-56), reaching a depth of -1338 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santesteban_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santesteban-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 divers from the Grupo Studenets Pleven of Bulgaria passed through the fourth siphon, reaching a depth of -1355 meters. In 1987, members of the same club passed the 5th and 6th siphons, subsequently exploring a wide gallery 650 meters long, and reaching the level of -1408 m, at the time the second deepest known chasm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several organisations exist to support caving and cave diving. Some of them also specifically train and certify cave divers to their own standards. There are also organisations dedicated to exploration, survey, and mapping of cave systems, both dry and flooded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cave Divers Association of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA) is a cave diving organisation which was formed in September 1973 to represent the interests of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational scuba divers</a> who dive in water-filled caves and <a href="/wiki/Sinkholes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinkholes">sinkholes</a> principally in the Lower South East (now called the <a href="/wiki/Limestone_Coast" title="Limestone Coast">Limestone Coast</a>) of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> (SA) and secondly in other parts of Australia. Its formation occurred after a series of diving fatalities in water-filled caves and sinkholes in the Mount Gambier region between 1969 and 1973 and in parallel to a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">South Australian Government</a> inquiry into these deaths. The CDAA's major achievement has been the dramatic reduction of fatalities via the introduction of a site rating scheme and an associated testing system which was brought in during the mid-1970s. While its major area of operation is in the Limestone Coast region of SA, it administrates and supports cave diving activity in other parts of Australia including the <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_New_South_Wales" title="Wellington, New South Wales">Wellington, New South Wales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cave_Diving_Group">Cave Diving Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cave Diving Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG) is a United Kingdom-based <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">diver training organisation</a> specialising in cave diving. </p><p>The CDG was founded in 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a>, making it the world's oldest continuing diving club. Graham Balcombe and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a> pioneered cave diving in the late 1930s, notably at <a href="/wiki/Wookey_Hole_Caves" title="Wookey Hole Caves">Wookey Hole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Association_for_Cave_Diving">National Association for Cave Diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National Association for Cave Diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Association for Cave Diving (NACD) is a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit corporation founded in 1968 with the goal of improving the safety of <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> in caves through <a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">diver training</a> and education.<sup id="cite_ref-nacd-about_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacd-about-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-training_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a> but administration and operations are conducted from <a href="/wiki/High_Springs,_Florida" title="High Springs, Florida">High Springs, Florida</a>. The NACD is overseen by a board of directors composed of seven cave divers, four instructors, and three other directors. The elected officers are a president, vice president, secretary/treasurer, and training director.<sup id="cite_ref-nacd-bylaw_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacd-bylaw-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership is open to all who have an interest in underwater caves.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NACD publishes a quarterly journal,<sup id="cite_ref-nacd-journal_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacd-journal-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various specialised publications, holds seminars,<sup id="cite_ref-nacd-about_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacd-about-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and workshops, and sponsors cave diving projects.<sup id="cite_ref-cambfound_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambfound-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goals of the NACD are: </p> <ul><li>To establish and maintain current guidelines in the form of physical and psychological standards, as well as equipment and techniques necessary for safe cave diving,</li> <li>To encourage education and dissemination of safe cave diving information throughout the facilities of the organization and to provide a program of education and advanced training essential for safe cave diving,</li> <li>To achieve closer cooperation and understanding among members of the cave and recreational diving communities (and the general public) so they may work together toward the common goal of increasing safety in cavern and cave diving,</li> <li>To explore underwater caves and to encourage education and dissemination of information to government, private industry and the general public. To accomplish these goals the NACD is organized to provide the following services<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>NACD offers training and certification in cavern and cave diving, and instructor courses.<sup id="cite_ref-nacd-train_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nacd-train-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal is not to encourage cavern or cave diving, but to aid divers in becoming safe cavern and cave divers. The NACD provides training standards to define their technical and philosophical principles of cave and cavern diving, but allows the instructors discretion and freedom use their own knowledge, experience, and teaching style, and acknowledges that many aspects of cave and cavern diving practice, procedure, and equipment configuration remain open to interpretation by equally qualified experts and that it is in the best interest of the student to be presented with differing views.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NACD philosophy of safe cave diving is based on a system of checks and balances to insure that NACD standards are maintained in each course. The courses available are as described below:<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cavern diving course develops minimum skills, knowledge, dive planning abilities, problem solving procedures and the basic abilities to safely cavern dive. These skills are useful in all types of diving. The course is taught in over a minimum of two days and includes classroom lectures, field exercises, open water line drills and a minimum of four cavern dives. This course emphasizes planning, procedures, environment, propulsion techniques, buoyancy skills, problem solving, equipment modification and the specialized needs of the cavern diver.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prerequisite qualification is <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a> or equivalent. </p><p>The Introduction to Cave Diving course further develops cave diving proficiency within the limitations of a single tank. It is taught over a minimum of two days and includes a minimum of four single tank cave dives. The course helps hone the skills learned on the cavern diving course, and teaches new skills and procedures for limited single tank cave penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered a recreational cave diving course, and does not include obligatory decompression. The prerequisite qualification is cavern diver or equivalent and 25 logged non-training dives. </p><p>The Apprentice Cave Diver course is a training level which expires after a year if the full cave certification is not completed. It is an introduction to jump and gap procedures. The prerequisites are NACD Introduction to Cave or equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full Cave Diver course covers is equipment configuration, decompression problem solving, jumps, circuits, traverses, and surveying. The prerequisite is NACD Introduction to Cave or equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NACD offers specialty cave diver training for the fully certified cave diver. Courses offered are:<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Exploration/survey techniques</li> <li>Stage diving</li> <li>Side mount diving</li> <li>Submersible <a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a> techniques</li> <li>Photography</li> <li>Videography</li></ul> <p>Four instructor certification levels are available.<sup id="cite_ref-training_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cavern Instructor</li> <li>Introduction to Cave Instructor</li> <li>Cave Instructor</li> <li>Specialty Cave Instructor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Speleological_Society">National Speleological Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National Speleological Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a> (NSS) is an organization formed in 1941 to advance the <a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">exploration</a>, conservation, study, and understanding of <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Originally headquartered in Washington D.C., its current offices are in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. The organization engages in the research and scientific study, restoration, exploration, and protection of caves. It has more than 10,000 members in more than 250 <a href="/wiki/Grotto_(National_Speleological_Society)" title="Grotto (National Speleological Society)">grottos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSS_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1974 there has been as cave diving section of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendrick2009_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendrick2009-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cave_diving_section_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cave_diving_section-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Quintana Roo Speleological Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS) was established in 1990 for the safe exploration, survey and cartography of the underwater and dry <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">cenotes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QRSS2011_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QRSS2011-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The survey principally acts as a data repository for explored sites within the state of Quintana Roo and distributes summary statistical tables through its webpage, which as of February, 2011 included 208 underwater cave systems with a total surveyed length of 910.4 kilometers (565.7 mi), and 50 caves above the water table with a total length of 41.8 kilometers (26.0 mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodville_Karst_Plains_Project">Woodville Karst Plains Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Woodville Karst Plains Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP is a project and organization that maps the underwater cave systems underlying the <a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain" title="Woodville Karst Plain">Woodville Karst Plain</a>, a 450-square-mile (1,200 km<sup>2</sup>) area from <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallahassee">Tallahassee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> which includes several <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">first magnitude springs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wakulla_Springs" title="Wakulla Springs">Wakulla Springs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Sinks">Leon Sinks</a> cave system, the longest underwater cave in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUS2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUS2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gulden_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulden-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project grew out of a cave diving research and exploration group established in 1985 and incorporated in 1990 (by Bill Gavin and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Main">Bill Main</a>, later joined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Turner (page does not exist)">Parker Turner</a>, Lamar English and Bill McFaden, at the time the chairman of the NACD Exploration and Survey Committee). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cave-diving_regions">Cave-diving regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cave-diving regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving_regions_of_the_world" title="Cave diving regions of the world">Cave diving regions of the world</a></div> <p>Cave-diving venues can be found on all continents except Antarctica, where the average temperature is too low for water to remain liquid in caves. </p><p>There are few flooded caves in Africa which are known and accessible. There are several in South Africa, a few in Namibia and Zimbabwe, and some large caves recently discovered in Madagascar. </p><p>There are a large number of flooded caves in the limestone regions and other regions of Asia, particularly in the karst regions of China and Southeast Asia. Some are accessible for recreational cave-diving, but most have probably not yet been found or explored. </p><p>Australia has many spectacular water filled caves and <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkholes</a>, many of them in the Mount Gambier region of South Australia. </p><p>Europe has a large number of flooded caves, particularly in the karst regions. </p><p>North America has many cave-diving venues, particularly in Florida, USA, and the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico. </p><p>South America has some cave-diving venues in Brazil. </p><p>The islands of The Bahamas have large number of underwater caves and blue holes found throughout the archipelago. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_caving_and_speleology" title="Glossary of caving and speleology">Glossary of caving and speleology</a></div> <p>Caves and caverns as geographical entities are defined differently from cave-diving and cavern-diving, so it is possible to be cavern diving in what is technically a cave, and cave-diving in what is technically a cavern. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> </p> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="cave"><dfn>cave</dfn></dt> <dd>A cavity or chamber in the earth with an entrance, some part of which is unreachable by direct natural light, large enough for human entry. There are several classes of cave.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenwaterHQ_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenwaterHQ-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some definitions specify a natural cavity caused by geological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_and_Morgan_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_and_Morgan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="cavern"><dfn>cavern</dfn></dt> <dd>A <i>type of cave</i> comprising a system of <i>naturally formed chambers</i> in the earth connected by passages.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenwaterHQ_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenwaterHQ-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authorities do not distinguish between caves and caverns.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_and_Morgan_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_and_Morgan-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="cave_diving"><dfn>cave diving</dfn></dt> <dd>Diving in a cave, cavern, or mine where the exit to open water with a surface in contact with the atmosphere is <i>not always visible</i> by natural illumination from all points of the dive, or where the direct, accessible route to the free surface in contact with the atmosphere is <i>more than</i> an arbitrarily specified distance, commonly 130 feet (40 m),<sup id="cite_ref-scuba.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scuba.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also quoted as 60 metres (200 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavedivingdotcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the diver at any time.</dd> <dt id="cavern_diving"><dfn>cavern diving</dfn></dt> <dd>Diving in a cave, cavern, or mine where the exit to open water with a surface in contact with the atmosphere is <i>always visible</i> by natural illumination from all points of the dive, or where the direct, accessible route to the free surface in contact with the atmosphere is <i>less than</i> an arbitrarily specified distance, commonly 130 feet (40 m),<sup id="cite_ref-scuba.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scuba.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also quoted as 60 metres (200 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cavedivingdotcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the diver at any time.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_cave_dive">Types of cave dive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Types of cave dive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cave dive can be categorised by the topology of the route, which can be linear, include a circuit, or be a traverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> </p> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="linear"><dfn>linear</dfn></dt> <dd>A dive route in which the divers return by the same route as the one they entered by.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="circuit"><dfn>circuit</dfn></dt> <dd>A dive route in which the divers return partly or completely by a different route to the one they entered by, using the entrance also as the exit.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="traverse"><dfn>traverse</dfn></dt> <dd>A dive route in which the divers pass through a cave from one entrance to another exit.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="simple"><dfn>simple</dfn></dt> <dd>When used to describe a circuit or traverse, <i>simple</i> implies that the full route can be completed before the divers reach critical pressure (generally two thirds of initial pressure, or a pressure calculated for the dive plan) on the breathing gas supply, so it should be possible to safely turn the dive and return along the original route to the starting point at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="complex"><dfn>complex</dfn></dt> <dd>When used to describe a circuit or traverse, <i>complex</i> implies that the full route cannot be completed before the divers reach critical pressure on the breathing gas supply. In this case a setting up dive is done first, and the position reached at turnaround pressure is marked with a cookie and the divers return along the same route (linear path). They then dive the route in the other direction, and if they reach the cookie before reaching critical pressure for the same starting gas supply, they know the remaining gas is sufficient to complete the circuit or traverse if it goes according to plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caves_by_flow_type">Caves by flow type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Caves by flow type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These terms describe flooded cave areas with reference to flow direction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> </p> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="source"><dfn>source</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">Also: <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">spring</a> or resurgence.</span></p> Cave where water flows out of the entrance used for diving. The flow will generally help divers on the way out.</dd> <dt id="sink"><dfn>sink</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sink_(hydrology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sink (hydrology) (page does not exist)">sink</a></span></p> A cave where water flows into the entrance used for diving, which can hinder divers from getting out.</dd> <dt id="sump"><dfn>sump</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Sump_(cave)" title="Sump (cave)">sump</a></span></p> A locally low-lying water filled passage of a cave. A cave may have several sumps separated by unflooded or partially flooded areas.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_cave_by_method_of_formation">Types of cave by method of formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Types of cave by method of formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="aeolian_cave"><dfn>aeolian cave</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian cave">Aeolian cave</a></span></p> Cave caused by wind erosion.</dd> <dt id="coral_cave"><dfn>coral cave</dfn></dt> <dd>Enclosed spaces in <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, created by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Stony_coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony coral">stony corals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Underwater_Kinetics_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwater_Kinetics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="flooded_mine"><dfn>flooded mine</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></span></p> Flooded mines and other underground spaces excavated by people and their machinery, by technical definition are not caves, but the activity of diving in such spaces is considered cave-diving, as the procedures and equipment are the same.</dd> <dt id="lava_tube"><dfn>lava tube</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tube</a></span></p> Caves caused by volcanic action, where a lava flow cools and solidifies on the outside, and the fluid interior lava flows out at the lower end when the supply stops. They may be branched, but are usually continuously sloped. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, and blister caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Culver_2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culver_2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="littoral_cave"><dfn>littoral cave</dfn></dt> <dt id="sea_cave"><dfn>sea cave</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></span></p> Cave along the shore of a coastal area.<sup id="cite_ref-Underwater_Kinetics_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwater_Kinetics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually created by wave action, and may be affected by tidal currents and wave surge.</dd> <dt id="solution_cave"><dfn>solution cave</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></span></p> Cave formed by groundwater dissolving the rock over long periods. They are more common in rocks which are more soluble in mildly acidic water, such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomites</a>, and may be common in <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> regions.</dd> <dt id="talus_cave"><dfn>talus cave</dfn></dt> <dd><p class="glossary-hatnote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></span></p> Cave formed by rock falls.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_cave_by_topology">Types of cave by topology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Types of cave by topology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>simple, linear, unbranched</li> <li>simply branched</li> <li>network, complex branched, anastomosed.<sup id="cite_ref-Anastomosis_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastomosis-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable cave divers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Apperley" title="David Apperley">David Apperley</a> – Australian cave diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a> – Australian veterinary surgeon and technical diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a> – American cave and deep diving pioneer and record breaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a> – British cave diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a> – South African diver and holder of scuba depth record</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a> – Canadian diver, writer and underwater filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hosie" title="Paul Hosie">Paul Hosie</a> – Australian cave diver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a> – Australian technical diver and former record holder killed in a diving incident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a> – British cave diver who specialises in rescues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">William Stone</a> – American engineer, caver and explorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a> – British volunteer cave diver who specialises in rescues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a> – Australian screenwriter and producer (1959–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edd_Sorenson" title="Edd Sorenson">Edd Sorenson</a> - Florida cave diver, IUCRR member and Cave Adventurers owner</li></ul> <p>Other: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Ben_McDaniel" title="Disappearance of Ben McDaniel">Disappearance of Ben McDaniel</a> – Scuba diver who disappeared during or after a cave dive</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cavedivingdotcom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cavedivingdotcom_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cavediving.com/what/cavern/">"How cavern and cave diving differ"</a>. <i>cavediving.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030210/https://cavediving.com/what/cavern/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAUI+Technical+Courses&rft.pub=NAUI+Worldwide&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsscds.org%2Ftrainingprograms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PADI1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-Kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Taucher/Alle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen/default.aspx">"Sieh dir alle PADI Tauchkurse an"</a>. PADI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102131011/http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-Kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Taucher/Alle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sieh+dir+alle+PADI+Tauchkurse+an&rft.pub=PADI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.padi.com%2Fscuba%2Ftauchen%2Fpadi-Kurse%2FTauchkurse-f%25C3%25BCr-Taucher%2FAlle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI_Cavern_Diver-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PADI_Cavern_Diver_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-Kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Taucher/Alle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen/H%C3%B6hlentauchen/default.aspx">"Höhlentauchen"</a>. PADI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103043428/http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-Kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Taucher/Alle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen/H%C3%B6hlentauchen/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6hlentauchen&rft.pub=PADI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.padi.com%2Fscuba%2Ftauchen%2Fpadi-Kurse%2FTauchkurse-f%25C3%25BCr-Taucher%2FAlle-PADI-Kurse-anschauen%2FH%25C3%25B6hlentauchen%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi/get-certified/">"Become a Certified Technical Diver"</a>. <i>SDI | TDI | ERDI | PFI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229102234/https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi/get-certified/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SDI+%7C+TDI+%7C+ERDI+%7C+PFI&rft.atitle=Become+a+Certified+Technical+Diver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdisdi.com%2Ftdi%2Fget-certified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI_SI-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PADI_SI_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Profis/Alle-Kurse-f%C3%BCr-Profis-anschauen/specialty-instructor/default.aspx">"Specialty Instructor"</a>. PADI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120210718/http://www.padi.com/scuba/tauchen/padi-kurse/Tauchkurse-f%C3%BCr-Profis/Alle-Kurse-f%C3%BCr-Profis-anschauen/specialty-instructor/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialty+Instructor&rft.pub=PADI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.padi.com%2Fscuba%2Ftauchen%2Fpadi-kurse%2FTauchkurse-f%25C3%25BCr-Profis%2FAlle-Kurse-f%25C3%25BCr-Profis-anschauen%2Fspecialty-instructor%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFESSM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FFESSM_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219145618/https://cnps.plongeesouterraine.org/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Bienvenue sur le site de la commission nationale de plongée souterraine de la FFESSM"</a> (in French). Archived from the original on 19 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bienvenue+sur+le+site+de+la+commission+nationale+de+plong%C3%A9e+souterraine+de+la+FFESSM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnps.plongeesouterraine.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FFS_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efps.ffspeleo.fr/">"École française de plongée souterraine de la Fédération française de spéléologie"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017140030/https://efps.ffspeleo.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+plong%C3%A9e+souterraine+de+la+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+fran%C3%A7aise+de+sp%C3%A9l%C3%A9ologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefps.ffspeleo.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daire_2017-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daire_2017_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaire2017" class="citation report cs1">Daire, Stephen A. (26 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36872842">Cave Survey Geodatabase for the Yucatan Peninsula (Quintana Roo, Mexico)</a> (Report). University of Southern California Dornsife Spatial Sciences Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008084539/https://www.academia.edu/36872842">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cave+Survey+Geodatabase+for+the+Yucatan+Peninsula+%28Quintana+Roo%2C+Mexico%29&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California+Dornsife+Spatial+Sciences+Institute&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.aulast=Daire&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36872842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-training-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-training_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814200802/http://www.safecavediving.com/training.shtml">"Training"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safecavediving.com/training.shtml">the original</a> on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Training&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safecavediving.com%2Ftraining.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurr_and_Mount_2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurr_and_Mount_2008_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurrMount2008" class="citation book cs1">Gurr, Kevin; Mount, Tom (August 2008). "12: Gas management for rebreathers". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 159–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A+Gas+management+for+rebreathers&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=159-164&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Gurr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Mount%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">Nick Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082835/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-238833130/dark-water-the-cave-diver-s-mnemonic-the-good-divers">"Dark Water: The Cave Diver's Mnemonic-'The Good Divers Always Live': Training, Guide Lines, Depth, Air, Lights-Highlights the Importance of Preparation as Well as Specialist Gear for Those Taking Part in What Can Be an Extremely Dangerous Sport. Nick Lewis Describes What's Involved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">Geographical</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-238833130/dark-water-the-cave-diver-s-mnemonic-the-good-divers">the original</a> on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+Water%3A+The+Cave+Diver%27s+Mnemonic-%27The+Good+Divers+Always+Live%27%3A+Training%2C+Guide+Lines%2C+Depth%2C+Air%2C+Lights-Highlights+the+Importance+of+Preparation+as+Well+as+Specialist+Gear+for+Those+Taking+Part+in+What+Can+Be+an+Extremely+Dangerous+Sport.+Nick+Lewis+Describes+What%27s+Involved&rft.pub=Geographical&rft.au=Nick+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fmagazine%2F1G1-238833130%2Fdark-water-the-cave-diver-s-mnemonic-the-good-divers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSS_sign-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSS_sign_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cavingnews.com/assets/uploads/2011/04/GRIMREAPER1.gif">"Florida State Warning Sign (GIF)"</a>. National Speleological Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104105804/http://cavingnews.com/assets/uploads/2011/04/GRIMREAPER1.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+State+Warning+Sign+%28GIF%29&rft.pub=National+Speleological+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcavingnews.com%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2FGRIMREAPER1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginnie_Springs-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ginnie_Springs_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119132513/http://ginniespringsoutdoors.com/diving-rules/">"Dive Rules – Ginnie Springs"</a>. <i>Ginnie Springs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ginniespringsoutdoors.com/diving-rules/">the original</a> on 19 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ginnie+Springs&rft.atitle=Dive+Rules+%E2%80%93+Ginnie+Springs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fginniespringsoutdoors.com%2Fdiving-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAP_1995-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAP_1995_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517103227/http://idreo.org/projects/accident_analysis_project">"AAP, Accident Analysis Project"</a>. International Diving Research & Exploration Organization. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idreo.org/projects/accident_analysis_project">the original</a> on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAP%2C+Accident+Analysis+Project&rft.pub=International+Diving+Research+%26+Exploration+Organization&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idreo.org%2Fprojects%2Faccident_analysis_project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoneAAUS1986-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoneAAUS1986_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1986" class="citation report cs1">Stone, W.C. (1986). Mitchell, C.T. (ed.). Design of fully redundant autonomous life support systems. <i>Diving for Science 86. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneaerospace.com/about-us/about-us-history.php">the original</a> on 5 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Stone+Aerospace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoneaerospace.com%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-us-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farr_2017-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farr_2017_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr2017" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Martyn (July 2017). <i>The Darkness Beckons: The history and development of world cave diving</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xavier+Meniscus+stabilisce+il+nuovo+straordinario+record+mondiale+di+immersione+in+grotta+alla+Font+Estramar+%3A+-312%2C10+m%C3%A8tres&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft.au=scintilena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scintilena.com%2Fxavier-meniscus-stabilisce-il-nuovo-straordinario-record-mondiale-di-immersione-in-grotta-alla-font-estramar-31210-metri%2F01%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwierczynskiLe_Guen2023" class="citation web cs1">Swierczynski, Frédéric; Le Guen, Patrick (16 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blog.francis-leguen.com/cave-diving-world-record-font-estramar/">"Font Estramar – New cave diving depth record: 1010 ft!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119120416/http://www.blog.francis-leguen.com/cave-diving-world-record-font-estramar/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Font+Estramar+%E2%80%93+New+cave+diving+depth+record%3A+1010+ft%21&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.aulast=Swierczynski&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Le+Guen%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blog.francis-leguen.com%2Fcave-diving-world-record-font-estramar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/01/01/p-o-xavier-meniscus-bat-le-record-du-monde-plongee-souterraine-a-286-m,8636686.php">"P.-O. : Xavier Méniscus bat le record du monde plongée souterraine à - 286 m"</a>. <i>Journal Midi Libre</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102081138/https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/01/01/p-o-xavier-meniscus-bat-le-record-du-monde-plongee-souterraine-a-286-m,8636686.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+Midi+Libre&rft.atitle=P.-O.+%3A+Xavier+M%C3%A9niscus+bat+le+record+du+monde+plong%C3%A9e+souterraine+%C3%A0+-+286+m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midilibre.fr%2F2020%2F01%2F01%2Fp-o-xavier-meniscus-bat-le-record-du-monde-plongee-souterraine-a-286-m%2C8636686.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarst_Worlds" class="citation web cs1">Karst Worlds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karstworlds.com/1996/">"World Record Cave Dive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829164045/http://www.karstworlds.com/1996/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Record+Cave+Dive&rft.au=Karst+Worlds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karstworlds.com%2F1996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheppard-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730213014/http://www.cavedivinggroup.org.uk/Articles/Sheppard.html">"Jack Sheppard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavedivinggroup.org.uk/Articles/Sheppard.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cave+Diving+Group&rft.atitle=Jack+Sheppard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavedivinggroup.org.uk%2FArticles%2FSheppard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price_and_McDonald-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price_and_McDonald_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceMcdonald2013" class="citation book cs1">Price, Duncan; Mcdonald, Michael (2013). <i>Somerset Sump Index: Cave Diving Group</i>. Lulu Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447552673" title="Special:BookSources/9781447552673"><bdi>9781447552673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somerset+Sump+Index%3A+Cave+Diving+Group&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781447552673&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Mcdonald%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farr_1991-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farr_1991_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Farr, Martyn</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons"><i>The Darkness Beckons</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cave+Diving+Section+of+the+National+Speleological+Society+was+founded&rft.pub=cavedivinghistory.com&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavedivinghistory.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun-Herald_1954-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Herald_1954_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12647814">"At the risk of their lives they swam a tunnel in Jenolan"</a>. Sydney, NSW: The Sun-Herald. 10 October 1954. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205132613/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12647814">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+the+risk+of+their+lives+they+swam+a+tunnel+in+Jenolan&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+Sun-Herald&rft.date=1954-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F12647814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martel-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martel_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel1909" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Alfred_Martel" title="Édouard-Alfred Martel">Martel, Edouard</a> (July–August 1909). "Rapport sur la seconde mission pour l'exploration des Pyrénées souterraines". <i>Ministère de l'Agriculture. Annales</i> (in French) (40). Paris: Direction de l'Hydraulique et des Améliorations Agricoles. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geo2+Committee+on+Long+and+Deep+Caves&rft.atitle=World+longest+underwater+caves&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Gulden&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Coke%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caverbob.com%2Fuwcaves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenwaterHQ-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OpenwaterHQ_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OpenwaterHQ_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openwaterhq.com/scuba/difference-between-cavern-and-cave/">"What is the Difference Between a Cavern and a Cave?"</a>. <i>openwaterhq.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529022534/https://openwaterhq.com/scuba/difference-between-cavern-and-cave/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openwaterhq.com%2F&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Difference+Between+a+Cavern+and+a+Cave%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenwaterhq.com%2Fscuba%2Fdifference-between-cavern-and-cave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_and_Morgan-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_and_Morgan_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_and_Morgan_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMorgan" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. E.; Morgan, I. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000072/report.pdf"><i>Geology of Caves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of the Interior / U.S. Geological Survey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-036026-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-036026-9"><bdi>0-16-036026-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527164241/https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000072/report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+Caves&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior+%2F+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.isbn=0-16-036026-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2F7000072%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, William B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/cave">"cave (alternate title: cavern)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612131846/https://www.britannica.com/science/cave">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=cave+%28alternate+title%3A+cavern%29&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circuits_and_traverses-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circuits_and_traverses_75-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave_diver_Harry2018" class="citation web cs1">Cave diver Harry (6 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cavediving.com/circuits-traverses/">"Are circuits and traverses bullshit?"</a>. <i>cavediving.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205133309/https://cavediving.com/circuits-traverses/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cavediving.com%2F&rft.atitle=Are+circuits+and+traverses+bullshit%3F&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.au=Cave+diver+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcavediving.com%2Fcircuits-traverses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culver_2004-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Culver_2004_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulver2004" class="citation book cs1">Culver, David C. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Caves</i>. Elsevier Academic Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0121986513" title="Special:BookSources/978-0121986513"><bdi>978-0121986513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Caves&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0121986513&rft.aulast=Culver&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anastomosis-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anastomosis_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005145303/http://www.speleogenesis.info/directory/glossary/?term=anastomosis">"Glossary of Karst and Cave Terms: anastomosis"</a>. <i>www.speleogenesis.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speleogenesis.info/directory/glossary/?term=anastomosis">the original</a> on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.speleogenesis.info&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Karst+and+Cave+Terms%3A+anastomosis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speleogenesis.info%2Fdirectory%2Fglossary%2F%3Fterm%3Danastomosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACave+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Skin Diver Killed in Submerged Cave", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 16 May 1955, Page 47.</li> <li><i>Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a> 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cave_diving&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531020929/http://www.caveatlas.com/">Atlas of Caves Worldwide</a> caveatlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120084717/http://caves.tampadiving.com/">Florida Cave & Cavern List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031073104/http://www.cavedivinggroup.org.uk/Essays/History/JBArticle.html">History article</a> Cave Diving Group, UK, 28 March 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wkpp.org/">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> non profit organization about North Florida's underwater cave systems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029101012/http://research.gg.uwyo.edu/kincaid/Modeling/Wakulla/wakhydro.htm">Wakulla system</a> Todd Kincaid, University of Wyoming</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gue.com/">Global Underwater Explorers</a> non profit organization in Florida, education and exploration; Project Baseline, online spatial database of global underwater conditions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucrr.org">International Underwater Cave Rescue and Recovery (IUCRR)</a> International non profit organization registered in Florida</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavediving.net.au">Cave Diving Down Under (Australia)</a> social media site for cave diving in Australia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dr-ss.com/">Dominican Republic Speleological Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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of caving and speleology">Glossary of caving and speleology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biospeleology" title="Biospeleology">Biospeleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_conservation" title="Cave conservation">Cave conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_survey" title="Cave survey">Cave survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stygofauna" title="Stygofauna">Stygofauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglofauna" title="Troglofauna">Troglofauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleogenesis" title="Speleogenesis">Speleogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_by_country" title="Category:Caves by country">Caves by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and formation<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchihaline cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_cave" title="Breathing cave">Breathing cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-in" title="Cave-in">Cave-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foiba" title="Foiba">Foiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Ice cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">Lava cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ley_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley tunnel">Ley tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_cave" title="Pit cave">Pit cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_cave" title="Salt cave">Salt cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">Show cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffosion" title="Suffosion">Suffosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(cave)" title="Sump (cave)">Sump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></li> <li>Underground <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">Speleothems</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Speleogen" title="Speleogen">Speleogens</a><br />(Cave formations)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthodite" title="Anthodite">Anthodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxwork" title="Boxwork">Boxwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_rafts" title="Calcite rafts">Calcite rafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_pearl" title="Cave pearl">Cave pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_popcorn" title="Cave popcorn">Cave popcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_spar" title="Dogtooth spar">Dogtooth spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowstone" title="Flowstone">Flowstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostwork" title="Frostwork">Frostwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helictite" title="Helictite">Helictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonmilk" title="Moonmilk">Moonmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimstone" title="Rimstone">Rimstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelfstone" title="Shelfstone">Shelfstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snottite" title="Snottite">Snottite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_straw" title="Soda straw">Soda straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleoseismite" title="Speleoseismite">Speleoseismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">Stalactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">Stalagmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalagnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalagnate">Stalagnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vug" title="Vug">Vug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave-dwelling_Jews" title="Cave-dwelling Jews">Cave-dwelling Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cave_monasteries" title="List of cave monasteries">Cave monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kome_Caves" title="Kome Caves">Kome Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_and_Mamproug_Cave_Dwellings" title="Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings">Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diving_into_the_Unknown" title="Diving into the Unknown">Diving into the Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Forgotten_Dreams" title="Cave of Forgotten Dreams">Cave of Forgotten Dreams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Eiger" title="The Underground Eiger">The Underground Eiger</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_caving_fatalities" title="List of UK caving fatalities">List of UK caving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesending_cave_rescue" title="Riesending cave rescue">Riesending cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves" title="Category:Caves">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dive_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of dive computers">History of dive computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_dive_sites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recreational_dive_sites" title="Template:Recreational dive sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recreational_dive_sites" title="Template talk:Recreational dive sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recreational_dive_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recreational dive sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_dive_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reef_diving_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Reef diving regions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akumal" title="Akumal">Akumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area">Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliwal_Shoal" title="Aliwal Shoal">Aliwal Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amed_(Bali)" title="Amed (Bali)">Amed (Bali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabini,_Batangas#Attractions" title="Mabini, Batangas">Anilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Island" title="Apo Island">Apo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Reef" title="Apo Reef">Apo Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrecifes_de_Cozumel_National_Park" title="Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park">Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs" title="Bay of Pigs">Bay of Pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef" title="Belize Barrier Reef">Belize Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowie_Seamount" title="Bowie Seamount">Bowie Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaken" title="Bunaken">Bunaken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuita_National_Park" title="Cahuita National Park">Cahuita National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calve_Island" title="Calve Island">Calve Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capurgan%C3%A1" title="Capurganá">Capurganá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Airkewwa" title="Ċirkewwa">Ċirkewwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Villa_Peninsula" title="Cliff Villa Peninsula">Cliff Villa Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel" title="Cozumel">Cozumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonds_Underwater_Park" title="Edmonds Underwater Park">Edmonds Underwater Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ikhwa_Islands" title="El Ikhwa Islands">El Ikhwa Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Qawqla" title="Għar Qawqla">Għar Qawqla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Islands" title="Gili Islands">Gili Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Reef" title="Great Southern Reef">Great Southern Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve">Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haql" title="Haql">Haql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hol_Chan_Marine_Reserve" title="Hol Chan Marine Reserve">Hol Chan Marine Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISimangaliso_Marine_Protected_Area" title="ISimangaliso Marine Protected Area">iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodwana_Bay" title="Sodwana Bay">Sodwana Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pennekamp_Coral_Reef_State_Park" title="John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park">John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmat_Island" title="Kadmat Island">Kadmat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Tao" title="Ko Tao">Ko Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Reef" title="Lighthouse Reef">Lighthouse Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantanani_Islands" title="Mantanani Islands">Mantanani Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapascua" title="Malapascua">Malapascua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin%27s_Haven" title="Martin's Haven">Martin's Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsa_Alam" title="Marsa Alam">Marsa Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Reef" title="Molasses Reef">Molasses Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokini" title="Molokini">Molokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_Islands" title="Neptune Islands">Neptune Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osprey_Reef" title="Osprey Reef">Osprey Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palancar_Reef" title="Palancar Reef">Palancar Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panglao,_Bohol" title="Panglao, Bohol">Panglao, Bohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescador_Island" title="Pescador Island">Pescador Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Saint_Vincent" title="Petit Saint Vincent">Petit Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Knights_Islands" title="Poor Knights Islands">Poor Knights Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteau_Cove_Provincial_Park" title="Porteau Cove Provincial Park">Porteau Cove Provincial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Galera" title="Puerto Galera">Puerto Galera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Cana" title="Punta Cana">Punta Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park" title="Ras Muhammad National Park">Ras Muhammad National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_Island" title="Rondo Island">Rondo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)" title="San Andrés (island)">San Andrés (island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Nolasco_Island" title="San Pedro Nolasco Island">San Pedro Nolasco Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%CA%BDb_Abu_Nu%C4%A7as" title="Shaʽb Abu Nuħas">Shaʽb Abu Nuħas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadwan_Island" title="Shadwan Island">Shadwan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similan_Islands" title="Similan Islands">Similan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipadan" title="Sipadan">Sipadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island">Socorro Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_of_Mull" title="Sound of Mull">Sound of Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Crispin%27s_Reef" title="St. Crispin's Reef">St. Crispin's Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganga" title="Taganga">Taganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsikamma_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area">Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubbataha_Reef" title="Tubbataha Reef">Tubbataha Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utila" title="Utila">Utila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatobi_Regency" title="Wakatobi Regency">Wakatobi Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weh_Island" title="Weh Island">Weh Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reef_dive_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Reef dive sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Window" title="Azure Window">Azure Window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Hole" title="Cod Hole">Cod Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_Reef" title="Daedalus Reef">Daedalus Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Arch" title="Darwin's Arch">Darwin's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Throat_at_Punta_Sur" title="Devil's Throat at Punta Sur">Devil's Throat at Punta Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elphinstone_Reef" title="Elphinstone Reef">Elphinstone Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyemouth" title="Eyemouth">Eyemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanadir" title="Fanadir">Fanadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederiksted_Pier" title="Frederiksted Pier">Frederiksted Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Reef" title="French Reef">French Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowey_Rocks_Light" title="Fowey Rocks Light">Fowey Rocks Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamul_Kebir" title="Gamul Kebir">Gamul Kebir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsea_Point_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsea Point Rock">Hillsea Point Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Sea,_Gozo" title="Inland Sea, Gozo">Inland Sea, Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennack_Sands" title="Kennack Sands">Kennack Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manacles" title="The Manacles">The Manacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Point">Magic Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus Hole">Octopus Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_Eye" title="Pope's Eye">Pope's Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsea_Hole" title="Portsea Hole">Portsea Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Valley">Second Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sund_Rock" title="Sund Rock">Sund Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Abbs" title="St Abbs">St Abbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_City,_Grand_Cayman" title="Stingray City, Grand Cayman">Stingray City, Grand Cayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Rock_(Queensland)" title="Wolf Rock (Queensland)">Wolf Rock</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edithburgh" title="Edithburgh">Edithburgh jetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Artificial_Reef" title="Gibraltar Artificial Reef">Gibraltar Artificial Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkanti_Reef" title="Merkanti Reef">Merkanti Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hughes,_South_Australia" title="Port Hughes, South Australia">Port Hughes jetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Noarlunga,_South_Australia" title="Port Noarlunga, South Australia">Port Noarlunga jetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Bay,_South_Australia" title="Rapid Bay, South Australia">Rapid Bay jetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Reef" title="Shark River Reef">Shark River Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Channel_Fort" title="South Channel Fort">South Channel Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reef" title="Osborne Reef">Osborne Reef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_Underwater_Museum" title="Cancún Underwater Museum">Cancún Underwater Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_of_the_Abyss" title="Christ of the Abyss">Christ of the Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Heroes" title="Circle of Heroes">Circle of Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristu_tal-Ba%C4%A7%C4%A7ara" title="Kristu tal-Baħħara">Kristu tal-Baħħara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinere_Underwater_Sculpture_Park" title="Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park">Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snorkelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorkelling">Snorkelling</a> sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungus_Rock" title="Fungus Rock">Fungus Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wreck_diving_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wreck diving regions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_Point_Historical_and_Archeological_District" title="Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District">Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calve_Island" title="Calve Island">Calve Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Chuuk Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coron_Bay" title="Coron Bay">Coron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonds_Underwater_Park" title="Edmonds Underwater Park">Edmonds Underwater Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_of_Isle_Royale" title="List of shipwrecks of Isle Royale">Shipwrecks of Isle Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Long" title="Loch Long">Loch Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Heritage_Trail_%E2%80%93_Battle_of_Saipan" title="Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan">Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Underwater_Preserves" title="Michigan Underwater Preserves">Michigan Underwater Preserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteau_Cove_Provincial_Park" title="Porteau Cove Provincial Park">Porteau Cove Provincial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robben_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Robben Island Marine Protected Area">Robben Island Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_National_Park_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area">Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulamben" title="Tulamben">Tulamben</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ve_Skerries" title="Ve Skerries">Ve Skerries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardang_Island" title="Wardang Island">Wardang Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rocks,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly">Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Point_Underwater_Preserve" title="Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve">Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_the_Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="List of shipwrecks in the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">List of shipwrecks in the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_Alley" title="Wreck Alley">Wreck Alley, San Diego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wreck_dive_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wreck dive sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/115_(barge)" title="115 (barge)">115 (barge)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_A1" title="HMS A1">HMS <i>A1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_A3" title="HMS A3">HMS <i>A3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Aaron_Ward_(DD-483)" title="USS Aaron Ward (DD-483)">USS <i>Aaron Ward</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Abessinia_(1900)" title="SS Abessinia (1900)"><i>Abessinia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Accokeek" title="USS Accokeek">USS <i>Accokeek</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(FFG_01)" title="HMAS Adelaide (FFG 01)">HMAS <i>Adelaide</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Admiral_Sampson" title="SS Admiral Sampson"><i>Admiral Sampson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Adolphus_Busch" title="MV Adolphus Busch"><i>Adolphus Busch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Aeolian_Sky" title="MV Aeolian Sky"><i>Aeolian Sky</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Aeolus_(ARC-3)" title="USS Aeolus (ARC-3)">USS <i>Aeolus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agat_World_War_II_Amtrac" title="Agat World War II Amtrac">Agat World War II Amtrac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Ajax_(1923)" title="SS Ajax (1923)"><i>Ajax</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Albert_C._Field" title="SS Albert C. Field"><i>Albert C. Field</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Algol_(AKA-54)" title="USS Algol (AKA-54)">USS <i>Algol</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Algoma" title="SS Algoma"><i>Algoma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Munassir_(L1)" title="Al Munassir (L1)"><i>Al Munassir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllis_(ship)" title="Amaryllis (ship)"><i>Amaryllis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_America_(1898)" title="SS America (1898)"><i>America</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Anderson" title="USS Anderson">USS <i>Anderson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Andrea_Doria" title="SS Andrea Doria"><i>Andrea Doria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Antilla_(1939)" title="SS Antilla (1939)"><i>Antilla</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Antilles" title="SS Antilles"><i>Antilles</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Apogon" title="USS Apogon">USS <i>Apogon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Appomattox" title="SS Appomattox"><i>Appomattox</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Aquila_(1940)" title="SS Aquila (1940)"><i>Aquila</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratama_Maru" title="Aratama Maru">Aratama Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_(1881)" title="Arctic (1881)"><i>Arctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">USS <i>Arkansas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Arratoon_Apcar" title="SS Arratoon Apcar"><i>Arratoon Apcar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arthur_W._Radford" title="USS Arthur W. Radford">USS <i>Arthur W. Radford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Atlanta" title="SS Atlanta"><i>Atlanta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(CL-51)" title="USS Atlanta (CL-51)">USS <i>Atlanta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Australasia" title="SS Australasia"><i>Australasia</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_B%C3%A4renfels_(1921)" title="SS Bärenfels (1921)"><i>Bärenfels</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Bayonet_(P_101)" title="HMAS Bayonet (P 101)">HMAS <i>Bayonet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Ben_Doran" title="SS Ben Doran"><i>Ben Doran</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Benwood" title="SS Benwood"><i>Benwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Bianca_C." title="MV Bianca C."><i>Bianca C.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Bibb" title="USCGC Bibb">USCGC <i>Bibb</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Binnendijk" title="SS Binnendijk"><i>Binnendijk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Blenny" title="USS Blenny">USS <i>Blenny</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Boadicea_(H65)" title="HMS Boadicea (H65)">HMS <i>Boadicea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booya_(ship)" title="Booya (ship)"><i>Booya</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMSAS_Bloemfontein" title="HMSAS Bloemfontein">HMSAS <i>Bloemfontein</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Breda" title="SS Breda"><i>Breda</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Salvia_(WLB-400)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Salvia (WLB-400)"><i>Brian Davis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Brisbane_(D_41)" title="HMAS Brisbane (D 41)">HMAS <i>Brisbane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMHS_Britannic" title="HMHS Britannic">HMHS <i>Britannic</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bud_Bar" title="Bud Bar">Bud Bar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungsberg_(ship)" title="Bungsberg (ship)"><i>Bungsberg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_shipwreck" title="Byron shipwreck"><i>Byron</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(FFG_02)" title="HMAS Canberra (FFG 02)">HMAS <i>Canberra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Cape_Breton_(ARE_100)" title="HMCS Cape Breton (ARE 100)">HMCS <i>Cape Breton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Cape_Henlopen" title="USCGC Cape Henlopen">USCGC <i>Cape Henlopen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koni-class_frigate#MV_Captain_Keith_Tibbetts" title="Koni-class frigate"><i>Captain Keith Tibbetts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Carl_D._Bradley" title="SS Carl D. Bradley"><i>Carl D. Bradley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Carlisle" title="USS Carlisle">USS <i>Carlisle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Carnatic" title="SS Carnatic"><i>Carnatic</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_II" title="Carthaginian II">Carthaginian II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cayuga" title="SS Cayuga"><i>Cayuga</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cedarville" title="SS Cedarville"><i>Cedarville</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Chaudi%C3%A8re_(DDE_235)" title="HMCS Chaudière (DDE 235)"><i>Chaudière</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Nilsson_(shipwreck)" title="Christina Nilsson (shipwreck)"><i>Christina Nilsson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Fort_Marion_(LSD-22)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Fort Marion (LSD-22)">ROCS <i>Chen Hai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chester_A._Congdon" title="SS Chester A. Congdon"><i>Chester A. Congdon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bangor_(ship)" title="City of Bangor (ship)"><i>City of Bangor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Everett" title="SS City of Everett"><i>City of Everett</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Launceston" title="SS City of Launceston"><i>City of Launceston</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Clan_Ranald_(1900)" title="SS Clan Ranald (1900)"><i>Clan Ranald</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Clifton" title="SS Clifton"><i>Clifton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Comanche_(WPG-76)" title="USCGC Comanche (WPG-76)">USCGC <i>Comanche</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Comet_(1857)" title="SS Comet (1857)"><i>Comet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constandis_(wreck)" title="Constandis (wreck)"><i>Constandis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Coogee" title="HMAS Coogee">HMAS <i>Coogee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Cormoran_(1909)" title="SMS Cormoran (1909)">SMS <i>Cormoran</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_B._Windiate" title="Cornelia B. Windiate">Cornelia B. Windiate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Coronation" title="HMS Coronation">HMS <i>Coronation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_ship_Crusader_(AV_2767)" title="Australian Army ship Crusader (AV 2767)"><i>Crusader</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cuba_(1920)" title="SS Cuba (1920)"><i>Cuba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Cumberland" title="PS Cumberland"><i>Cumberland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Curb" title="USS Curb">USS <i>Curb</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Cuyahoga" title="USCGC Cuyahoga">USCGC <i>Cuyahoga</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Dania" title="MV Dania"><i>Dania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lyons_(shipwreck)" title="Daniel Lyons (shipwreck)"><i>Daniel Lyons</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Cape_Upright_(WPB-95303)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Cape Upright (WPB-95303)"><i>David Tucker</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1917)" title="SMS Dresden (1917)">SMS <i>Dresden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_D.R._Hanna" title="SS D.R. Hanna"><i>D.R. Hanna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Duane" title="USCGC Duane">USCGC <i>Duane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dunraven" title="SS Dunraven"><i>Dunraven</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dwight_L._Moody" title="SS Dwight L. Moody"><i>Dwight L. Moody</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(ship)" title="Eagle (ship)"><i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Eastfield" title="SS Eastfield"><i>Eastfield</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Eber_Ward" title="SS Eber Ward"><i>Eber Ward</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Edgar_E._Clark" title="SS Edgar E. Clark"><i>Edgar E. Clark</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMT_Elk" title="HMT Elk">HMT <i>Elk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Ellengowan" title="SS Ellengowan"><i>Ellengowan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Emmons" title="USS Emmons">USS <i>Emmons</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Emperor" title="SS Emperor">SS <i>Emperor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Ireland" title="RMS Empress of Ireland">RMS <i>Empress of Ireland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Erie_L._Hackley" title="SS Erie L. Hackley"><i>Erie L. Hackley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Espagne_(Anversois,_1909)" title="SS Espagne (Anversois, 1909)"><i>Espagne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Etruria" title="SS Etruria"><i>Etruria</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Falmouth_(1910)" title="HMS Falmouth (1910)">HMS <i>Falmouth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifi_shipwreck" title="Fifi shipwreck"><i>Fifi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleetwing_(shipwreck)" title="Fleetwing (shipwreck)"><i>Fleetwing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Francisco_Morazan_(1922)" title="SS Francisco Morazan (1922)">SS <i>Francisco Morazan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Francis_Hinton" title="SS Francis Hinton"><i>Francis Hinton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Frank_O%27Connor" title="SS Frank O'Connor"><i>Frank O'Connor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._T._Barney_(schooner)" title="F. T. Barney (schooner)"><i>F.T. Barney</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fujikawa_Maru" title="Fujikawa Maru">Fujikawa Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Fumizuki_(1926)" title="Japanese destroyer Fumizuki (1926)"><i>Fumizuki</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallinipper" title="Gallinipper">Gallinipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Thames_(1885)" title="HMS Thames (1885)">SATS <i>General Botha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USNS_General_Hoyt_S._Vandenberg" title="USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg">USNS <i>General Hoyt S. Vandenberg</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_A._Marsh" title="George A. Marsh">George A. Marsh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Dewey" title="SS George Dewey"><i>George Dewey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Puritan_(ID-2222)" title="USS Puritan (ID-2222)"><i>George M. Cox</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_destroyer_Z2_Georg_Thiele" title="German destroyer Z2 Georg Thiele"><i>Georg Thiele</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ghurka_(1907)" title="HMS Ghurka (1907)">HMS <i>Ghurka</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gilliam" title="USS Gilliam">USS <i>Gilliam</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Glenlyon" title="SS Glenlyon"><i>Glenlyon</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glen_Strathallan" title="Glen Strathallan">Glen Strathallan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_Good_Hope" title="SAS Good Hope">SAS <i>Good Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Goorangai" title="HMAS Goorangai">HMAS <i>Goorangai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Gothenburg" title="SS Gothenburg"><i>Gothenburg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_A._Channon_(shipwreck)" title="Grace A. Channon (shipwreck)"><i>Grace A. Channon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Grecian" title="SS Grecian"><i>Grecian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(shipwreck)" title="Green Bay (shipwreck)"><i>Green Bay</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cruise_(AM-215)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Cruise (AM-215)"><i>Gregory Poole</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunilda" title="Gunilda">Gunilda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT_Haven" title="MT Haven">MT <i>Haven</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Henry_Chisholm" title="SS Henry Chisholm">SS <i>Henry Chisholm</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Hephaestus" title="MT Hephaestus">MT <i>Hephaestus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_destroyer_Z19_Hermann_K%C3%BCnne" title="German destroyer Z19 Hermann Künne"><i>Hermann Künne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS <i>Hermes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogin_Cecilie" title="Herzogin Cecilie"><i>Herzogin Cecilie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Hesper" title="SS Hesper">SS <i>Hesper</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hilma_Hooker" title="Hilma Hooker">Hilma Hooker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Hispania_(1912)" title="SS Hispania (1912)"><i>Hispania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_(schooner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home (schooner)"><i>Home</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hood_(1891)" title="HMS Hood (1891)">HMS <i>Hood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D_39)" title="HMAS Hobart (D 39)">HMAS <i>Hobart</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igara_wreck" title="Igara wreck"><i>Igara</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Indra_(ARL-37)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Indra (ARL-37)">USS <i>Indra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Ironsides" title="SS Ironsides">SS <i>Ironsides</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Isaac_M._Scott_(1909)" title="SS Isaac M. Scott (1909)">SS <i>Isaac M. Scott</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_City_(schooner)" title="Island City (schooner)"><i>Island City</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">J</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_J1" title="HMS J1">HMAS <i>J1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_J2" title="HMS J2">HMAS <i>J2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_J4" title="HMS J4">HMAS <i>J4</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_J5" title="HMS J5">HMAS <i>J5</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_James_Eagan_Layne" title="SS James Eagan Layne"><i>James Eagan Layne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.S._Seaverns" title="J.S. Seaverns"><i>J.S. Seaverns</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_John_B._Cowle_(1902)" title="SS John B. Cowle (1902)">SS <i>John B. Cowle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Osborn" title="John M. Osborn"><i>John M. Osborn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_John_Mitchell_(1906)" title="SS John Mitchell (1906)">SS <i>John Mitchell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_(ship,_1854)" title="Jura (ship, 1854)"><i>Jura</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Kamloops" title="SS Kamloops">SS <i>Kamloops</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Maru" title="Kashi Maru"><i>Kashi Maru</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Keystone_State" title="PS Keystone State">PS <i>Keystone State</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_King_Cruiser" title="MS King Cruiser"><i>King Cruiser</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Kittiwake_(ASR-13)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Kittiwake (ASR-13)">USS <i>Kittiwake</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kizugawa_Maru" title="Kizugawa Maru">Kizugawa Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Kronprinz" title="SMS Kronprinz">SMS <i>Kronprinz</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyarra" title="Kyarra">Kyarra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Spangler_(schooner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyle Spangler (schooner)"><i>Kyle Spangler</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PS_Lady_Elgin" title="PS Lady Elgin">PS <i>Lady Elgin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Thetis" title="Lady Thetis"><i>Lady Thetis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Laforey_(1913)" title="HMS Laforey (1913)">HMS <i>Laforey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Lakeland" title="SS Lakeland">SS <i>Lakeland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lamson_(DD-367)" title="USS Lamson (DD-367)">USS <i>Lamson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAT_Liberty" title="USAT Liberty">USAT <i>Liberty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Louisiana" title="SS Louisiana">SS <i>Louisiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Louis_Sheid" title="SS Louis Sheid"><i>Louis Sheid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_L.R._Doty" title="SS L.R. Doty">SS <i>L.R. Doty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_LST-507" title="USS LST-507">USS <i>LST-507</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberman_(shipwreck)" title="Lumberman (shipwreck)"><i>Lumberman</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_M2_(1918)" title="HMS M2 (1918)">HMS <i>M2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Mackenzie" title="HMCS Mackenzie">HMCS <i>Mackenzie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_(ship)" title="Madeira (ship)"><i>Madeira</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Markgraf" title="SMS Markgraf">SMS <i>Markgraf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Marquette_(1881)" title="SS Marquette (1881)">SS <i>Marquette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_(scow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayflower (scow)"><i>Mayflower</i> (scow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Mikhail_Lermontov" title="MS Mikhail Lermontov"><i>Mikhail Lermontov</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maine" title="SS Maine"><i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maloja" title="SS Maloja"><i>Maloja</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Maori_(F24)" title="HMS Maori (F24)">HMS <i>Maori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Maori_(1893)" title="SS Maori (1893)">SS Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Margaret_Olwill" title="SS Margaret Olwill">SS <i>Margaret Olwill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_(ship)" title="Marguerite (ship)"><i>Marguerite</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Mauna_Loa" title="SS Mauna Loa">SS <i>Mauna Loa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAT_Meigs" title="USAT Meigs">USAT <i>Meigs</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Mendi" title="SS Mendi"><i>Mendi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Mercedes_I" title="MV Mercedes I">MV <i>Mercedes I</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Mesquite_(WLB-305)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Mesquite (WLB-305)">USCGC <i>Mesquite</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamora_(tug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamora (tug)"><i>Metamora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Midland_City" title="SS Midland City">SS <i>Midland City</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Mindanao_(ARG-3)" title="USS Mindanao (ARG-3)">USS <i>Mindanao</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnedosa_(schooner_barge)" title="Minnedosa (schooner barge)"><i>Minnedosa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Miowera" title="SS Miowera">SS <i>Miowera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Milwaukee_(1902)" title="SS Milwaukee (1902)">SS <i>Milwaukee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Mizpah_(PY-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Mizpah (PY-29)">USS <i>Mizpah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miztec_(schooner_barge)" title="Miztec (schooner barge)"><i>Miztec</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Mohawk_(WPG-78)" title="USCGC Mohawk (WPG-78)">USCGC <i>Mohawk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Mohegan" title="SS Mohegan"><i>Mohegan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Moldavia" title="RMS Moldavia">RMS <i>Moldavia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Monarch" title="SS Monarch">SS <i>Monarch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Monrovia" title="SS Monrovia">SS <i>Monrovia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1901)" title="HMS Montagu (1901)">HMS <i>Montagu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_M.M._Drake_(1882)" title="SS M.M. Drake (1882)">SS <i>M.M. Drake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_RMS_Mulheim" title="MV RMS Mulheim">MV <i>RMS Mulheim</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Muliphen_(AKA-61)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Muliphen (AKA-61)">USS <i>Muliphen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Myron" title="SS Myron">SS Myron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato"><i>Nagato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(palace_steamer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara (palace steamer)"><i>Niagara</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(tug)" title="Niagara (tug)"><i>Niagara</i> (tug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Nipigon_(DDH_266)" title="HMCS Nipigon (DDH 266)">HMCS <i>Nipigon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Norman" title="SS Norman">SS <i>Norman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northerner_(schooner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northerner (schooner)"><i>Northerner</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Oceana_(1887)" title="SS Oceana (1887)"><i>Oceana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Onoko" title="SS Onoko">SS <i>Onoko</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Oriskany" title="USS Oriskany">USS <i>Oriskany</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Oslofjord_(1937)" title="MS Oslofjord (1937)"><i>Oslofjord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_(paddle_steamer)" title="Ozone (paddle steamer)"><i>Ozone</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_patrol_boat_P29" title="Maltese patrol boat P29"><i>P29</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_patrol_boat_P31" title="Maltese patrol boat P31"><i>P31</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS_Waterford_(1912)" title="TSS Waterford (1912)">SS <i>Panay</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Papoose" title="SS Papoose">SS <i>Papoose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Pedernales" title="SS Pedernales"><i>Pedernales</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Persier_(1918)" title="SS Persier (1918)"><i>Persier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D_38)" title="HMAS Perth (D 38)">HMAS <i>Perth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Pewabic" title="SS Pewabic">SS <i>Pewabic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Pelorus_(J291)" title="HMS Pelorus (J291)">SAS <i>Pietermaritzburg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pilotfish_(SS-386)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Pilotfish (SS-386)">USS <i>Pilotfish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="MS Piłsudski"><i>Piłsudski</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Pioneer_(1905)" title="SS Pioneer (1905)">SS <i>Pioneer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Point_Swift_(WPB-82312)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Point Swift (WPB-82312)">USCGC <i>Point Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Pool_Fisher" title="MV Pool Fisher"><i>Pool Fisher</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Port_Kembla" title="SS Port Kembla">SS <i>Port Kembla</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Port_Napier" title="HMS Port Napier">HMS <i>Port Napier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preussen_(ship)" title="Preussen (ship)"><i>Preußen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Coolidge" title="SS President Coolidge"><i>President Coolidge</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Q</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PS_Queen_Victoria_(1838)" title="PS Queen Victoria (1838)"><i>Queen Victoria</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_R.P._Resor" title="SS R.P. Resor"><i>R.P. Resor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Radaas" title="SS Radaas"><i>Radaas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rankin" title="USS Rankin">USS <i>Rankin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)"><i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Regina_(1907)" title="SS Regina (1907)"><i>Regina</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS <i>Repulse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Rhone" title="RMS Rhone">RMS <i>Rhone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jubilant_(AM-255)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Jubilant (AM-255)"><i>Riva Palacio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Pringle_(tug)" title="Robert C. Pringle (tug)"><i>Robert C. Pringle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Robert_Wallace" title="SS Robert Wallace"><i>Robert Wallace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)" title="USS New York (ACR-2)">USS <i>Rochester</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Rondo" title="SS Rondo"><i>Rondo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Rosehill" title="SS Rosehill"><i>Rosehill</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosinco" title="Rosinco">Rosinco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Rotorua_(1910)" title="SS Rotorua (1910)"><i>Rotorua</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouse_Simmons" title="Rouse Simmons">Rouse Simmons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_(1865)" title="Royal Adelaide (1865)"><i>Royal Adelaide</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_(ship)" title="Royal Charter (ship)"><i>Royal Charter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Rozi" title="MV Rozi"><i>Rozi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Russia_(1872)" title="SS Russia (1872)"><i>Russia</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Safari" title="HMS Safari">HMS <i>Safari</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_(barge)" title="Sagamore (barge)"><i>Sagamore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Saguenay_(DDH_206)" title="HMCS Saguenay (DDH 206)">HMCS <i>Saguenay</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Sakawa" title="Japanese cruiser Sakawa"><i>Sakawa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Salem_Express" title="MV Salem Express"><i>Salem Express</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Samuel_Mather_(1887)" title="SS Samuel Mather (1887)"><i>Samuel Mather</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Ely_(shipwreck)" title="Samuel P. Ely (shipwreck)"><i>Samuel P. Ely</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanko_Harvest" title="Sanko Harvest"><i>Sanko Harvest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Saskatchewan_(DDE_262)" title="HMCS Saskatchewan (DDE 262)">HMCS <i>Saskatchewan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_S.C._Baldwin" title="SS S.C. Baldwin"><i>S.C. Baldwin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Geier" title="SMS Geier">USS <i>Schurz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Scuffle" title="USS Scuffle">USS <i>Scuffle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Scrimmage" title="USS Scrimmage">USS <i>Scrimmage</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Scylla_(F71)" title="HMS Scylla (F71)">HMS <i>Scylla</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Selah_Chamberlain" title="SS Selah Chamberlain"><i>Selah Chamberlain</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sidon_(P259)" title="HMS Sidon (P259)">HMS <i>Sidon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Spar_(WLB-403)" title="USCGC Spar (WLB-403)">USCGC <i>Spar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Swallow_(1824)" title="HMS Swallow (1824)"><i>South Australian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Spiegel_Grove" title="USS Spiegel Grove">USS <i>Spiegel Grove</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_(shipwreck)" title="Sport (shipwreck)"><i>Sport</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanegarth" title="Stanegarth">Stanegarth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stanwood" title="SS Stanwood"><i>Stanwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stella_(1890)" title="SS Stella (1890)"><i>Stella</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stepas_Darius" title="SS Stepas Darius"><i>Stepas Darius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Lawrence_(1814)" title="HMS St Lawrence (1814)">HMS <i>St Lawrence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Superior_City" title="SS Superior City"><i>Superior City</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Swan_(DE_50)" title="HMAS Swan (DE 50)">HMAS <i>Swan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweepstakes_(schooner)" title="Sweepstakes (schooner)"><i>Sweepstakes</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Tahoe" title="SS Tahoe"><i>Tahoe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Tamaroa_(WMEC-166)" title="USCGC Tamaroa (WMEC-166)">USCGC <i>Tamaroa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tarpon_(SS-175)" title="USS Tarpon (SS-175)">USS <i>Tarpon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Thesis" title="SS Thesis"><i>Thesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Thistlegorm" title="SS Thistlegorm"><i>Thistlegorm</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friant_(ship)" title="Thomas Friant (ship)"><i>Thomas Friant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(shipwreck)" title="Thomas Wilson (shipwreck)"><i>Thomas Wilson</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_Wreck" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt Wreck">Thunderbolt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toa_Maru" title="Toa Maru">Toa Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Tobruk_(L_50)" title="HMAS Tobruk (L 50)">HMAS <i>Tobruk</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Maru" title="Tokai Maru">Tokai Maru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Torrey_Canyon" title="SS Torrey Canyon"><i>Torrey Canyon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_Transvaal" title="SAS Transvaal">SAS <i>Transvaal</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_Treasure_oil_spill" title="MV Treasure oil spill">Treasure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Tui_(1970)" title="HMNZS Tui (1970)">HMNZS <i>Tui</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-40_(1938)" title="German submarine U-40 (1938)"><i>U-40</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-352" title="German submarine U-352"><i>U-352</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1195" title="German submarine U-1195"><i>U-1195</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Um_El_Faroud" title="Um El Faroud">Um El Faroud</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_trawler_V_1605_Mosel" title="German trawler V 1605 Mosel"><i>V 1605 Mosel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Varvassi" title="SS Varvassi"><i>Varvassi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vermilion_(AKA-107)" title="USS Vermilion (AKA-107)">USS <i>Vermilion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Vernon" title="SS Vernon"><i>Vernon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Vienna_(1873)" title="SS Vienna (1873)"><i>Vienna</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Waikato_(F55)" title="HMNZS Waikato (F55)">HMNZS <i>Waikato</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Walter_L_M_Russ" title="SS Walter L M Russ"><i>Walter L M Russ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1917)" title="HMS Warrior (1917)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Washingtonian_(1913)" title="SS Washingtonian (1913)"><i>Washingtonian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Waubuno" title="PS Waubuno"><i>Waubuno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Wellington_(F69)" title="HMNZS Wellington (F69)">HMNZS <i>Wellington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Wexford" title="SS Wexford"><i>Wexford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_William_C._Moreland" title="SS William C. Moreland"><i>William C. Moreland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Wisconsin" title="SS Wisconsin"><i>Wisconsin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wilkes-Barre" title="USS Wilkes-Barre">USS <i>Wilkes-Barre</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Y</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Yancey" title="USS Yancey">USS <i>Yancey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YO-257" title="YO-257">YO-257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Yongala" title="SS Yongala"><i>Yongala</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Yukon_(DDE_263)" title="HMCS Yukon (DDE 263)">HMCS <i>Yukon</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS_Zenobia" title="MS Zenobia"><i>Zenobia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Zealandia_(1910)" title="SS Zealandia (1910)"><i>Zealandia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingara_(ship)" title="Zingara (ship)"><i>Zingara</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cave_dive_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cave dive sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving_regions_of_the_world" title="Cave diving regions of the world">Cave diving regions of the world</a> <p>Cave dive sites: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blauh%C3%B6hle" title="Blauhöhle">Blauhöhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_hole" title="Blue hole">Blue hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)" title="Blue Hole (Red Sea)">Blue Hole (Red Sea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Blue_Hole" title="Great Blue Hole">Great Blue Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Guam)" title="Blue Hole (Guam)">Blue Hole (Guam)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesmansgat" title="Boesmansgat">Boesmansgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzibilchaltun" title="Dzibilchaltun">Dzibilchaltun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinhoyi_Caves" title="Chinhoyi Caves">Chinhoyi Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocklebiddy,_Western_Australia" title="Cocklebiddy, Western Australia">Cocklebiddy, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Throat_at_Punta_Sur" title="Devil's Throat at Punta Sur">Devil's Throat at Punta Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbrecht_Cave" title="Engelbrecht Cave">Engelbrecht Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Cave" title="Fossil Cave">Fossil Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hranice_Abyss" title="Hranice Abyss">Hranice Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordbrugrotta" title="Jordbrugrotta">Jordbrugrotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilsby_sinkhole" title="Kilsby sinkhole">Kilsby sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moln%C3%A1r_J%C3%A1nos_Cave" title="Molnár János Cave">Molnár János Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereo_Cave" title="Nereo Cave">Nereo Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccaninnie_Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Piccaninnie Ponds">Piccaninnie Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluragrotta" title="Pluragrotta">Pluragrotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollatoomary" title="Pollatoomary">Pollatoomary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricks_Spring" title="Ricks Spring">Ricks Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shaft_(sinkhole)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shaft (sinkhole)">The Shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Dos_Ojos" title="Sistema Dos Ojos">Sistema Dos Ojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Huautla" title="Sistema Huautla">Sistema Huautla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Nohoch_Nah_Chich" title="Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich">Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ox_Bel_Ha" title="Sistema Ox Bel Ha">Sistema Ox Bel Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Sac_Actun" title="Sistema Sac Actun">Sistema Sac Actun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uamh_an_Claonaite" title="Uamh an Claonaite">Uamh an Claonaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_Spring" title="Vortex Spring">Vortex Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakulla_Springs" title="Wakulla Springs">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wondergat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wondergat">Wondergat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacat%C3%B3n" title="Zacatón">Zacatón</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freshwater_dive_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Freshwater dive sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hole_(New_Mexico)" title="Blue Hole (New Mexico)">Blue Hole (New Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Lake_(Utah)" title="Blue Lake (Utah)">Blue Lake (Utah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_quarry" title="Dinorwic quarry">Dinorwic quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_quarry" title="Dorothea quarry">Dorothea quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Springs" title="Dutch Springs">Dutch Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewens_Ponds" title="Ewens Ponds">Ewens Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_caldera" title="Homestead caldera">Homestead caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Blue_Lake" title="Little Blue Lake">Little Blue Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logue_Brook_Dam" title="Logue Brook Dam">Logue Brook Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Springs_State_Park" title="Ponce de Leon Springs State Park">Ponce de Leon Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Jungle,_Northern_Territory" title="Rum Jungle, Northern Territory">Rum Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silfra" title="Silfra">Silfra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_Spring" title="Vortex Spring">Vortex Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wast_Water" title="Wast Water">Wast Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazee_Lake" title="Wazee Lake">Wazee Lake</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training sites</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Abyss" title="Blue Abyss">Blue Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernwray_Dive_Centre" title="Capernwray Dive Centre">Capernwray Dive Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Dive_Dubai" title="Deep Dive Dubai">Deep Dive Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepspot" title="Deepspot">Deepspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccleston_Quarry" title="Eccleston Quarry">Eccleston Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Terme_Millepini" title="Hotel Terme Millepini">Hotel Terme Millepini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diving_and_Activity_Centre" title="National Diving and Activity Centre">National Diving and Activity Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo_33" title="Nemo 33">Nemo 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacrest_Cove_2" title="Seacrest Cove 2">Seacrest Cove 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slickstones_Quarry,_Cromhall" title="Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall">Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Cove" title="Stoney Cove">Stoney Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage_Pier" title="Swanage Pier">Swanage Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>Category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving_sites" title="Category:Underwater diving sites">Underwater diving sites</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal:Underwater diving</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subterranea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subterranea" title="Template:Subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Subterranea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Subterranea (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subterranea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">Subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcove_(landform)" title="Alcove (landform)">Alcove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">Ant colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">Burrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrow_fossil" title="Burrow fossil">Burrow fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_burrow" title="Communal burrow">Communal burrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoburrow" title="Paleoburrow">Paleoburrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Ice cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">Lava cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit Cave">Pit Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_cave" title="Show cave">Show cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Solutional cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_cave" title="Talus cave">Talus cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_tree_mold" title="Lava tree mold">Lava tree mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">Magma chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_den" title="Maternity den">Maternity den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Bee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">Pit crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">Subterranean fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall" title="Subterranean waterfall">Subterranean waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_lake" title="Underground lake">Underground lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_pipe" title="Volcanic pipe">Volcanic pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_(burrow)" title="Warren (burrow)">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balve_Cave" title="Balve Cave">Balve Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellana_Caves" title="Castellana Caves">Castellana Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_S%C6%A1n_%C4%90o%C3%B2ng" title="Hang Sơn Đoòng">Hang Sơn Đoòng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazumura_Cave" title="Kazumura Cave">Kazumura Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Cave_National_Park" title="Mammoth Cave National Park">Mammoth Cave National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Flute_Cave" title="Reed Flute Cave">Reed Flute Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_rivers_of_London" title="Subterranean rivers of London">Subterranean rivers of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veryovkina_Cave" title="Veryovkina Cave">Veryovkina Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Man-made features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Crypt Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position#Terminology" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Subway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/816_Nuclear_Military_Plant" title="816 Nuclear Military Plant">816 Nuclear Military Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caves_of_%C3%86giss%C3%AD%C3%B0a" title="The Caves of Ægissíða">The Caves of Ægissíða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_of_Mercury._Almad%C3%A9n_and_Idrija" title="Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija"> Almadén Mercury Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tunnel_Company" title="Chicago Tunnel Company">Chicago Tunnel Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosvinsky_Kamen" title="Kosvinsky Kamen">Kosvinsky Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kome_Caves" title="Kome Caves">Kome Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Great_Wall_of_China" title="Underground Great Wall of China">Underground Great Wall of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang_Caves" title="Mustang Caves">Mustang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Yamantau" title="Mount Yamantau">Mount Yamantau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Rock_Mountain_Complex" title="Raven Rock Mountain Complex">Raven Rock Mountain Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_tunnels" title="Shanghai tunnels">Shanghai tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turda_Salt_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Turda Salt Mines">Turda Salt Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaodong" title="Yaodong">Yaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">Allegory of the cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave" title="Batcave">Batcave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Greek Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Moria (Middle-earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nome Kingdom">Nome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellucidar" title="Pellucidar">Pellucidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subterranea (comics)">Subterranea (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnels_in_popular_culture" title="Tunnels in popular culture">Tunnels in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdark" title="Underdark">Underdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underland_(Narnia)" title="Underland (Narnia)">Underland (Narnia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderland_(fictional_country)" title="Wonderland (fictional country)">Wonderland (fictional country)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Reclamation_Sciences" title="American Society of Reclamation Sciences">American Society of Reclamation Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamt" title="Bergamt">Bergamt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Research_Foundation" title="Cave Research Foundation">Cave Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hard_rock_miners%27_organizations" title="History of hard rock miners' organizations">History of hard rock miners' organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mine_Map_Repository" title="National Mine Map Repository">National Mine Map Repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto_(National_Speleological_Society)" title="Grotto (National Speleological Society)">Grotto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Materials,_Minerals_and_Mining" title="Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining">Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mining_Engineers" title="Institution of Mining Engineers">Institution of Mining Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Speleology" title="International Union of Speleology">International Union of Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Centre_for_Deep_Drilling" title="Research Centre for Deep Drilling">Research Centre for Deep Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists" title="Society of Economic Geologists">Society of Economic Geologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Institute_of_Mining_and_Metallurgy" title="Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy">Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_conservation" title="Cave conservation">Cave conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_gate" title="Cave gate">Cave gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_rescue" title="Cave rescue">Cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_rescue" title="Mine rescue">Mine rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">in fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speleology" title="Speleology">Speleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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