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<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>PhyloCode</title><meta name=author content="Philip D. Cantino, Kevin de Queiroz"><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap"><link rel=stylesheet href=https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/normalize/8.0.1/normalize.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=/index.css><script src=/index.js></script><style>article{text-align:left}article ul{list-style-type:none;margin-top:.5em;padding-inline-start:0}article ul li{margin-bottom:.5em}article ul ul{padding-inline-start:1em}#header-logo{height:auto;margin:0 auto 2rem;max-width:7.25in;width:100%}</style></head><body><nav id=site-nav><div><header><a href=/ ><abbr title="International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature">ISPN</abbr></a></header><ul id=site-nav-content><li><a href=/about>About</a></li><li><a href=/membership>Join</a></li><li><cite><abbr title="International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature">PhyloCode</abbr></cite></li><li><a href=//phyloregnum.org><abbr title="Registration Database">RegNum</abbr></a></li><li><a href=/news>News</a></li><li><a href=/literature>Literature</a></li><li><a href=/events>Events</a></li><li><a href=/documents>Documents</a></li></ul><button id=site-nav-button>☰</button></div></nav><nav id=code-nav><ul><li>Table of Contents</li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/preface>Preface</a><ul><li><a href=/code/preface#properties>Properties of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#advantages>Advantages of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#history>History</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#acknowledgments>Acknowledgments</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface/literature-cited>Literature Cited</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/preamble>Preamble</a></li><li><a href=/code/divisions/1>Division I. Principles</a></li><li class="folder open"><a href=/code/divisions/2>Division II. Rules</a><ul><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/1>Chapter I. Taxa</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/1>Article 1. Categories of Taxa</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/2>Article 2. Clades</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/3>Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/2>Chapter II. Publication</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/4>Article 4. Publication Requirements</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/5>Article 5. Publication Date</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/3>Chapter III. Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/6>Article 6. Categories of Names</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/7>Article 7. General Requirements for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/8>Article 8. Registration</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/4>Chapter IV. Establishment of Clade Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/9>Article 9. General Requirements and Phylogenetic Definitions</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/10>Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/11>Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/5>Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Clade Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/12>Article 12. Precedence</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/13>Article 13. Homonymy</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/14>Article 14. Synonymy</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/15>Article 15. Conservation, Suppression and Emendation</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/6>Chapter VI. Hybrids</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/16>Article 16. Provisions for Hybrids</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/7>Chapter VII. Orthography</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/17>Article 17. Orthographic Requirements for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/18>Article 18. Subsequent Use and Correction of Established Names</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/8>Chapter VIII. Authorship</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/19>Article 19. Authorship of Names and Definitions</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/9>Chapter IX. Citation</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/20>Article 20. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/10>Chapter X. Species Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/21>Article 21. Provisions for Species Names</a></li></ul></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/chapters/11>Chapter XI. Governance</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/22>Article 22. Governance of Phylogenetically Defined Names</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/glossary>Glossary</a></li><li class="folder closed"><a href=/code/appendices>Appendices</a><ul><li><a href=/code/appendices/a>Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements</a></li><li><a href=/code/appendices/b>Appendix B. Code of Ethics</a></li><li><a href=/code/appendices/c>Appendix C. Equivalence of Nomenclatural Terms Among Codes</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/index/ >Index</a></li></ul></nav><main><header><svg id=header-logo width=394 height=222 viewBox="0 0 394 222"><defs><linearGradient id=gradient-branches gradientUnits=userSpaceOnUse x1=152 y1=113.5 x2=287 y2=30><stop offset=0% style=stop-color:#b2eced;stop-opacity:1 /><stop offset=100% style=stop-color:#4888ad;stop-opacity:1 /></linearGradient></defs><path d="M32,0H362a32,32 0 0 1 32,32V190a32,32 0 0 1 -32,32H32a32,32 0 0 1 -32,-32V32a32,32 0 0 1 32,-32Z" style=fill:#08527b /><path d="M32,6H362a26,26 0 0 1 26,26V190a26,26 0 0 1 -26,26H32a26,26 0 0 1 -26,-26V32a26,26 0 0 1 26,-26Z" style=fill:#fff /><path d="M197,10C347,10 347,10 272,121.5C197,233 197,233 122,121.5C47,10 47,10 197,10Z" fill=#9cadf7 /><path d="M227,15C337,15 337,15 282,94.5C227,174 227,174 172,94.5C117,15 117,15 227,15Z" fill=#ce84ef /><path d="M257,20C327,20 327,20 292,65.5C257,111 257,111 222,65.5C187,20 187,20 257,20Z" fill=#b5ffff /><g style=fill:url(#gradient-branches)><path d=M187,197L97,30H117L207,197Z /><path d=M216.77,140.91L157,30H177L236.77,140.91Z /><path d=M246.89,85.46L217,30H237L266.89,85.46Z /><path d=M176,216L277,30H297L196,216Z /></g><text x=197 y=194 style="font-style:italic;font-size:72px;font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',Times,serif;text-anchor:middle;fill:#08527b" role=label>PhyloCode</text></svg><section><h1><cite>International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</cite> (<cite>PhyloCode</cite>)</h1>Version 6<a class=footnote-link href=#footnote-1 title="Footnote 1">*</a>Philip D. Cantino and Kevin de Queiroz<a class=footnote-link href=#footnote-2 title="Footnote 2">**</a>Ratified on <time datetime=2019-01-20>January 20, 2019</time>, by the Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the <a href=/ >International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a>: Sina M. Adl, Philip D. Cantino, Nico Cellinese, Kevin de Queiroz, James A. Doyle, Micah Dunthorn, Sean W. Graham, Max Cardoso Langer, Michel Laurin, Richard G. Olmstead, George Sangster, and Mieczyslaw Wolsan.<aside>Web version updated on <time datetime=2020-06-08>June 8, 2020</time>.Designed and developed by <a href=//tmkeesey.net>T. Michael Keesey</a>. Produced by <a href=https://www.ohio.edu/cas/cantino>Philip Cantino</a>. Logo by <a href=//reelab.net/home/index.html#people>Rick Ree</a>.</aside><footer><ul class=footnotes><li id=footnote-1 title="Footnote 1">* This is the first version published in hard copy. Previous versions are available at <a href=/documents>www.phylocode.org</a>.</li><li id=footnote-2 title="Footnote 2">** Authors listed alphabetically</li></ul></footer></section></header><article><section id=toc><h2>Contents</h2><ul><li><a href=/code/preface>Preface</a><ul><li><a href=/code/preface#properties>Properties of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#advantages>Advantages of Phylogenetic Nomenclature</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#history>History</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface#acknowledgments>Acknowledgments</a></li><li><a href=/code/preface/literature-cited>Literature Cited</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/preamble>Preamble</a></li><li><a href=/code/divisions/1>Division I. Principles</a></li><li><a href=/code/divisions/2>Division II. Rules</a><ul><li><a href=/code/chapters/1>Chapter I. Taxa</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/1>Article 1. Categories of Taxa</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/2>Article 2. Clades</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/3>Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/2>Chapter II. Publication</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/4>Article 4. Publication Requirements</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/5>Article 5. Publication Date</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/3>Chapter III. Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/6>Article 6. Categories of Names</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/7>Article 7. General Requirements for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/8>Article 8. Registration</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/4>Chapter IV. Establishment of Clade Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/9>Article 9. General Requirements and Phylogenetic Definitions</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/10>Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/11>Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/5>Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Clade Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/12>Article 12. Precedence</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/13>Article 13. Homonymy</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/14>Article 14. Synonymy</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/15>Article 15. Conservation, Suppression and Emendation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/6>Chapter VI. Hybrids</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/16>Article 16. Provisions for Hybrids</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/7>Chapter VII. Orthography</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/17>Article 17. Orthographic Requirements for Establishment</a></li><li><a href=/code/articles/18>Article 18. Subsequent Use and Correction of Established Names</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/8>Chapter VIII. Authorship</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/19>Article 19. Authorship of Names and Definitions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/9>Chapter IX. Citation</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/20>Article 20. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/10>Chapter X. Species Names</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/21>Article 21. Provisions for Species Names</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/chapters/11>Chapter XI. Governance</a><ul><li><a href=/code/articles/22>Article 22. Governance of Phylogenetically Defined Names</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href=/code/glossary>Glossary</a></li><li><a href=/code/appendices/a>Appendix A. Registration Procedures and Data Requirements</a></li><li><a href=/code/appendices/b>Appendix B. Code of Ethics</a></li><li><a href=/code/appendices/c>Appendix C. Equivalence of Nomenclatural Terms Among Codes</a></li><li><a href=/code/index/ >Index</a></li></ul></section></article></main><nav id=page-nav><abbr title=Copyright>©</abbr> <time>2020</time> <abbr title="International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclatural">ISPN</abbr> <a class=next href=/code/preface>Preface</a></nav><script>var _gaq=_gaq||[];_gaq.push(["_setAccount","UA-38183037-1"]),_gaq.push(["_trackPageview"]),function(){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.async=!0,t.src=("https:"==document.location.protocol?"https://ssl":"http://www")+".google-analytics.com/ga.js";var e=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];e.parentNode.insertBefore(t,e)}()</script></body></html>