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id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cooling using a circulating liquid as a heat-exchange medium</div> <p><b>Liquid cooling</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Cooling" title="Cooling">cooling</a> by means of the <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circulation_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation (fluid dynamics)">circulation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>. </p><p>Examples of liquid cooling technologies include: </p> <ul><li>Cooling by convection or circulation of <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">water cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_cooling_and_ventilation_garment" title="Liquid cooling and ventilation garment">Liquid cooling and ventilation garments</a>, worn by astronauts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid metal cooled reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiators (engine cooling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling towers</a></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_cooling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_cooling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_cooling_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid cooling for computers">Liquid cooling for computers</a></div> <p>In computing and electronics, liquid cooling involves the technology that uses a special water block to conduct heat away from the processor as well as the chipset.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method can also be used in combination with other traditional cooling methods such as those that use air. The application to microelectronics is either indirect or direct. The former pertains to the category that utilizes cold plate cooling, which uses water as coolant while, in the latter (also referred to as liquid immersion cooling), the surface of the chips comes in contact with the liquid since there is no wall separating the heat source from the coolant.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This immersion cooling also offer a higher transfer coefficient, although this depends on the specific coolant used and mode of convective heat transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main benefits achieved is the reduction of noise and it is also more efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the drawbacks include the risk entailed with the close proximity of liquid to electronics as well as its cost. Liquid cooling systems are more expensive than fan sets, which require less components such as reservoir, pump, water blocks, hose, and <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HVAC">HVAC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_cooling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: HVAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></div> <p>Liquid cooling is also used to remove heat from large buildings by using <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a> which transfer the coolant from the evaporator to <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handling units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">chilled beams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">fan coil units</a> inside the building, and to the <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a> from the condenser if the condenser is liquid-cooled. Some buildings are <a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">directly cooled</a> by the cooling towers using <a href="/wiki/Plate_heat_exchanger" title="Plate heat exchanger">plate heat exchangers</a> transferring the heat from the chiller condenser loop to the evaporator loop. Convective heat transfer is used to cool the coolant if the building uses dry or closed-circuit cooling towers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_cooling_garments">Liquid cooling garments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_cooling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liquid cooling garments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Cooling_Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Cooling Garment">Liquid Cooling Garment</a></div> <p>Liquid Cooling Garments (LCG) are used to decrease the wearer’s bodily temperature and keep them comfortable. Generally, an LCG uses a series of coolant-filled tubes and a refrigeration unit and a pump to move the coolant throughout the system. These parts are usually encased inside of a normal garment, usually a vest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the coolant is so close to human skin, water tends to be the preferred coolant, as it is both safe for skin contact and effective at transferring heat.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their portable and versatile nature, LCGs have been proposed as a solution to overheating in areas where a standard air conditioning system would not be feasible or where the cooling would need to be under protective gear.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquid_cooling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDocterDulaneySkandier2012" class="citation book cs1">Docter, Quentin; Dulaney, Emmett; Skandier, Toby (2012). <i>CompTIA A+ Complete Deluxe Study Guide Recommended Courseware: Exams 220-801 and 220-802, Second Edition</i>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118324066" title="Special:BookSources/9781118324066"><bdi>9781118324066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CompTIA+A%2B+Complete+Deluxe+Study+Guide+Recommended+Courseware%3A+Exams+220-801+and+220-802%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118324066&rft.aulast=Docter&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Dulaney%2C+Emmett&rft.au=Skandier%2C+Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiquid+cooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongLaiWong2013" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Ho-Ming; Lai, Yi-Shao; Wong, C. 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Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedflipchip00lanz/page/n450">447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441957689" title="Special:BookSources/9781441957689"><bdi>9781441957689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Flip+Chip+Packaging&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441957689&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Ho-Ming&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yi-Shao&rft.au=Wong%2C+C.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedflipchip00lanz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiquid+cooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarinMosyakHetsroni2008" class="citation book cs1">Yarin, L. P.; Mosyak, A.; Hetsroni, G. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fluidflowheattra00yari"><i>Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Boiling in Micro-Channels</i></a></span>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fluidflowheattra00yari/page/n24">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540787549" title="Special:BookSources/9783540787549"><bdi>9783540787549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+Flow%2C+Heat+Transfer+and+Boiling+in+Micro-Channels&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783540787549&rft.aulast=Yarin&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Mosyak%2C+A.&rft.au=Hetsroni%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffluidflowheattra00yari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiquid+cooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLiXuWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Mengsheng; Li, Zijun; Xu, Yu; Wang, Junjian (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.04.014">"Design and research of liquid cooling garments in thermal environment"</a>. <i>International Journal of Refrigeration</i>. <b>139</b>: 136–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijrefrig.2022.04.014">10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.04.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-7007">0140-7007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Refrigeration&rft.atitle=Design+and+research+of+liquid+cooling+garments+in+thermal+environment&rft.volume=139&rft.pages=136-147&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijrefrig.2022.04.014&rft.issn=0140-7007&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Mengsheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Zijun&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Junjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijrefrig.2022.04.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiquid+cooling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuZijunJunjianMengsheng2022" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Xu; 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