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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_time_in_ancient_Tamil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_time_in_ancient_Tamil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Units of time in ancient Tamil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_of_time_in_ancient_Tamil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Area Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_of_ancient_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_of_ancient_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Units of ancient trade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Units_of_ancient_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Units of ancient trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Units_of_ancient_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balance_weights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_weights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Balance weights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_weights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thanga_edaihal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thanga_edaihal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Thanga edaihal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thanga_edaihal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porutkal_yedaihal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porutkal_yedaihal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Porutkal yedaihal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porutkal_yedaihal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grain_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grain volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluid_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluid_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fluid volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluid_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Likeness_(Sārttal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Likeness_(Sārttal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Likeness (<i>Sārttal</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Likeness_(Sārttal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whole_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whole_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Whole numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whole_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_a_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_a_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Divisions of a Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_a_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_the_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_the_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Divisions of the Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_the_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil units of measurement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Tamil units of measurement</b> is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-speaking parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. </p><p>These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today. </p><p>Other units that have persisted are those of area – the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the ‘ground’, both used to measure land and the ‘molam’ which has been relegated to measuring the length of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandanam_garland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandanam garland (page does not exist)">sandanam garland</a> sold on streets. </p><p>There are several similarities between the measurement system used in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and that used by the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>. Recent excavation studies from Keeḻadi reveal existence of an older non-vedic civilisation in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-https://sivaganga.nic.in_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https://sivaganga.nic.in-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New discovery suggest possibilities of source of ancient Indian mathematicians in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_discovery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_discovery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_of_time_in_ancient_Tamil_history">Units of time in ancient Tamil history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Units of time in ancient Tamil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>10 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குழிகள்</span></span> (kuḻigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மிய்</span></span> (miy) = 66.6666 millisecond-the time taken by the young human eyes to flap once.</li> <li>2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கண்ணிமைகள்</span></span> (kaṇṇimaigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கைநொடி</span></span> (kainoḍi) = 0.125 second</li> <li>2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கைநொடி</span></span> (kainoḍi) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மாத்திரை</span></span> (māttirai) = 0.25 second</li> <li>6 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மிய்கள்</span></span> (miygaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சிற்றுழி (நொடி)</span></span> (ciṟṟuḻi (noḍi)) = 0.40 second-the time taken for a bubble (created by blowing air through a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> tube into a vessel 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சாண்</span></span> (cāṇ) high, full of water) to travel a distance of one <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சாண்</span></span> (cāṇ).</li> <li>2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மாத்திரைகள்</span></span> (māttiraigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குறு</span></span> (kuṟu) = 0.50 second</li> <li>2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நொடிகள்</span></span> (noḍigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வினாடி</span></span> (viṉāḍi) = 0.80 second-the time for the adult human heart to beat once</li> <li>2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நொடிகள்</span></span> (noḍigaḷ) = 2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குறு</span></span> (kuṟu) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">உயிர்</span></span> (uyir) = 1 second</li> <li>5 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நொடிகள்</span></span> (noḍigaḷ) = 2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">உயிர்</span></span> (uyir) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சாணிகம்</span></span> (cāṇigam) = 1/2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அணு</span></span> (aṇu) = 2 seconds</li> <li>10 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நொடிகள்</span></span> (noḍigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அணு</span></span> (aṇu) = 4 seconds</li> <li>6 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அணுக்கள்</span></span> (aṇukkaḷ) = 12 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சாணிகம்</span></span> (cāṇigam) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">துளி</span></span> (tuḷi) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாழிகை வினாடி</span></span> (nāḻigai-viṉāḍi) = 24 seconds</li> <li>10 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">துளிகள்</span></span> (tuḷigaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கணம்</span></span> (kaṇam) = 4 minutes</li> <li>6 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கணங்கள்</span></span> (kaṇangaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாழிகை</span></span> (nāḻigai) = 24 minutes</li> <li>10 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாழிகைகள்</span></span> (nāḻigaikaḷ) = 4 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சாமம்</span></span> (cāmam) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சிறுபொழுது</span></span> (ciṟupoḻutu) = 240 minutes = 4 hours</li> <li>6 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">சிறுபொழுதுகள்</span></span> (ciṟu-poḻutugaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாள்</span></span> (nāḷ) = 1 day = 24 hours</li> <li>7 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாட்கள்</span></span> (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வாரம்</span></span> (vāram) = 1 week</li> <li>15 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாட்கள்</span></span> (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அழுவம்</span></span> (aḻuvaluvamam) = 1 <a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">fortnight</a></li> <li>29<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">நாட்கள்</span></span> (nāṭkaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">திங்கள்</span></span> (tingaḷ) = 1 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar month</a></li> <li>2 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">திங்கள்</span></span> (tingaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">பெரும்பொழுது</span></span> (perum-poḻutu) = 1 season</li> <li>6 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">பெரும்பொழுது</span></span> (perum-poḻutu) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஆண்டு</span></span> (āṇdu) = 1 year</li> <li>64 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஆண்டுகள்</span></span> (āṇdukaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வட்டம்</span></span> (vaṭṭam) = 1 cycle</li> <li>64 வட்டம்/cycles = 4096 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஆண்டுகள்</span></span> (āṇdukaḷ) = 1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஊழி</span></span> ōḻi = 1 epoch</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area_Measurement">Area Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Area Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மரக்கால் விதைப்பது</span></span> (marakkaḷ vitaippatu, seeds required for planting rice) = 8 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(area)" title="Cent (area)">cents</a></li> <li>12<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மரக்கால் விதைப்பது</span></span> (marakkaḷ vitaippatu) = 100 cents</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குறுணி</span></span> (kuṟuṇi) = 8 cents</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">பதக்கு</span></span> (patakku) = 16 cents</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">முக்குறுணி</span></span> (mukkuṟuṇi) = 24 cents</li> <li>1 sq <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கஜம்</span></span> (kajam) = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">242</span></span> cents</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வீசம்</span></span> (vīsam) = 36 sq ft</li> <li>303 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குழி</span></span> (kuḻi) = 100 cents</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குழி</span></span> (kuḻi) = 144 சதுர அடி (144 sq ft = 12 ft x 12 ft)</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மா</span></span> (mā) = 100 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">குழி</span></span> (kuḻi)</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">காணி</span></span> (kāṇi) = 4 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">மா</span></span> (mā)</li> <li>1 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">வேலி</span></span> (vēļi) = 5 <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">காணி</span></span> (kāṇi)</li> <li>1 தாக்கு (thakku) = 7.56 சதுர அடி (Sq. ft)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jaffna,_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna, Sri Lanka">Jaffna, Sri Lanka</a> For House property </p> <ul><li>1 Parappu = 1 Lacham = 10 Perches</li> <li>16 Parappu = 1 Acre</li></ul> <p>Varaku Culture (V.C.) </p> <ul><li>18 kulies = 1 lacham</li> <li>16 lachams = 1 acre</li></ul> <p>Paddy Culture (P.C.) </p> <ul><li>12 kulies = 1 lacham</li> <li>24 lachams = 1 acre</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_of_ancient_trade">Units of ancient trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Units of ancient trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_weights">Balance weights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balance weights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thanga_edaihal">Thanga edaihal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thanga edaihal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>4 nel eḍai (நல் எடை) = 1 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி)</li> <li>2 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி) = 1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி)</li> <li>1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி) = 1 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை)</li> <li>5 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)</li> <li>8 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 varāgaṉeḍai (வராகனெடை)</li> <li>20 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 4 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு) = 1 kaqhsu (கஃசு)</li> <li>80 paṇaveaḍai (பணவெடை)= 16 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)= 4 kaqhsu (கஃசு)= 1 palam (பலம்)</li> <li>1.5 Kaḻan</li> <li>cu (கழஞ்சு) = 8 grams or one sovereign/pavun.</li></ul> <p>The above is not in line with South Indian Inscriptions. 2 kuṉṟima குன்றிமணி = 1 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி 20 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி = 1 kaḻañcu கழஞ்சு Ceylon Currency and Coins by H W Codrington page 10 too agrees with 20 māñcāḍi = 1 kaḻañcu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Porutkal_yedaihal">Porutkal yedaihal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Porutkal yedaihal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>32 kuṉṟimaṇi = 1 varāgaṉeḍai</li> <li>10 varāgaṉeḍai = 1 palam</li> <li>40 palam = 1 veesai</li> <li>1000 palam = 1 kā</li> <li>6 veesai = 1 tulām</li> <li>8 veesai = 1 maṇangu</li> <li>20 maṇangu = 1 pāram.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_volume">Grain volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grain volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 kuṇam = smallest unit of volume</li> <li>9 kuṇam = 1 mummi</li> <li>11 mummi = 1 aṇu</li> <li>7 aṇu = 1 immi</li> <li>7 immi = 1 uminel</li> <li>1 sittigai = 7 uminel</li> <li>360 nel = 1 sevidu</li> <li>5 sevidu = 1 āḻākku</li> <li>2 āḻākku = 1 uḻakku</li> <li>2 uḻakku = 1 uri</li> <li>2 uri = 1 padi</li> <li>8 padi = 1 marakkaal (kuṟuṇi)</li> <li>2 marakkāl (kuṟuṇi) = 1 padakku</li> <li>2 padakku = 1 tōṇi</li> <li>3 tōṇi = 1 kalam (= 96 padi)</li> <li>5 marakkāl = 1 paṟai</li> <li>80 paṟai = 1 karisai</li> <li>96 padi = 1 pothi (mōdai)</li> <li>21 marakkal = 1 Kottai</li> <li>22 mākāni = 100 g</li></ul> <p>1 <i>padi</i> = 1800 <i>avarai</i> pods = 12,800 <i>miḷagu</i> seeds = 14,400 <i>nel</i> grains = 14,800 <i>payaṟu</i> grains = 38,000 <i>arisi</i> grains = 115,200 <i>sesame ellu</i> seeds </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluid_volume">Fluid volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fluid volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>5 sevidu = 1 āḻākku</li> <li>2 mahani = 1 āḻākku (arai kal padi)</li> <li>2 āḻākku = 1 uḻakku (Kal padi)</li> <li>2 uḻakku = 1 uri (Arai padi)</li> <li>2 uri = 1 padi</li> <li>4 padi= 1 marakkaal</li> <li>2 marakkāl (kuṟuṇi) = 1 padakku</li> <li>2 padakku = 1 tōṇi</li> <li>21 Marakkal = 1 Kottai</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 Koan = (115.8953125 picometre)</li> <li>10 Koan = 1 Nunnanu (0.1158953125 nanometre)</li> <li>10 Nunnanu = 1 Aṇu (<i>atom</i>) (1.158953125 nanometre)</li> <li>8 Aṇu = 1 Kadirtugal (9.271625 nanometre)</li> <li>8 Kadirtugal = 1 Tusumbu (74.173 nanometre)</li> <li>8 Tusumbu = 1 Mayirnuni (0.593384 micrometre)</li> <li>8 Mayirnuni = 1 Nunnmanal (4.74707 micrometre)</li> <li>8 Nunnmanal = 1 Siru-kadugu (37.976563 micrometre)</li> <li>8 Siru-kadugu = 1 Yel (303.8125 micrometre or 0.3038125 millimetre)</li> <li>8 Yel = 1 Nel (2.4305 millimetre)</li> <li>8 nel = 1 viral = 8^8 aṇu (<i>atom</i>) = 1.9444 centimetre</li> <li>12 viral = 1 <a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">sāṇ</a> = 100 immi= 23.3333 centimetre = 9 inch</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">sāṇ</a> = 1 muḻam = 46.6666 centimetre = 1.5 feet</li> <li>2 sāṇ = 1 muḻam</li> <li>2 muḻam = 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajam_(length)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajam (length) (page does not exist)">yard</a> = 3 feet = 1 yard</li> <li>2 yard(yaar) = 1 pāgam</li> <li>110 pāgam = 1 furlong</li> <li>8 furlong = 1 mile</li> <li>5 furlong = 1 kilometre or 1000 metre</li> <li>625 pāgam = 1 kādam = 5000 sāṇ = 1166.66 metres = 1.167 kilometre</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Likeness_(Sārttal)"><span id="Likeness_.28S.C4.81rttal.29"></span>Likeness (<i>Sārttal</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Likeness (Sārttal)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likeness has attributes of tone, sound, colour and shape for comparison of a given substance with a known standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whole_numbers">Whole numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Whole numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldtamilcharactersold.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Tamil numerical characters"><img alt="Old Tamil numerical characters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Oldtamilcharactersold.jpg" decoding="async" width="576" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> The following are the traditional numbers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil Country">Ancient Tamil Country</a>, Tamilakam. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Rank </th> <td>10<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>20</sup> </td> <td>10<sup>21</sup> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left">Words </th> <td>பத்து </td> <td>நூறு </td> <td>ஆயிரம் </td> <td>பத்தாயிரம் </td> <td>நூறாயிரம் </td> <td>மெய்யிரம் </td> <td>தொள்ளுண் </td> <td>ஈகியம் </td> <td>நெளை </td> <td>இளஞ்சி </td> <td>வெள்ளம் </td> <td>ஆம்பல் </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left">Character </th> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௰</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௱</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௰௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௱௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲௲௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲௲௲௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௱௲௲௲௲௲௲</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">௲௲௲௲௲௲௲</span></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left">Reading </th> <td>pathu </td> <td>nūru </td> <td>āyiram </td> <td>pattāyiram </td> <td>nūraiyiram </td> <td>meiyyiram </td> <td>tollun </td> <td>īkiyam </td> <td>neļai </td> <td>iļañci </td> <td>veļļam </td> <td>āmpal </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tamil texts also elaborate the following sanskritized version : </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>1 ONDRU = One = 10 <sup>0</sup></li> <li>10 = PATU = Ten = 10 <sup>1</sup></li> <li>100 = NŌRU = Hundred = 10 <sup>2</sup></li> <li>1,000 = ĀYIRAM = One Thousand = 10 <sup>3</sup></li> <li>10,000 = PATĀYIRAM = Ten Thousand = 10 <sup>4</sup></li> <li>1,00,000 = LATCHAM = Hundred Thousand = 10 <sup>5</sup></li> <li>10,00,000 = PATHU LATCHAM = One Million = 10 <sup>6</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,000 = KODI = Ten Million = 10 <sup>7</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,000 = PATHU KODI = Hundred Million = 10 <sup>8</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,000 = ARPUTAM = One Billion = 10 <sup>9</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,000 = PATU ARPUTAM = Ten Billion = 10 <sup>10</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,000 = NIGARPUTAM = Hundred Billion = 10 <sup>11</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU NIGARPUTAM = One Trillion = 10 <sup>12</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,000 = KUMBAM = Ten Trillion = 10 <sup>13</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU KUMBAM = Hundred Trillion = 10 <sup>14</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = GANAM = One Quadrillion = 10 <sup>15</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATHU GANAM = Ten Quadrillion = 10 <sup>16</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = KARPAM = Hundred Quadrillion = 10 <sup>17</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU KARPAM = One Quintillion = 10 <sup>18</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = NIKARPAM = Ten Quintillion = 10 <sup>19</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU NIKARPAM = Hundred Quintillion = 10 <sup>20</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATUMAM = One Sextillion = 10 <sup>21</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PATUMAM = Ten Sextillion = 10 <sup>22</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = SANGGAM = Hundred Sextillion = 10 <sup>23</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU SANGGAM = One Septillion = 10 <sup>24</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = VELLAM = Ten Septillion = 10 <sup>25</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU VELLAM = Hundred Septillion = 10 <sup>26</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = ANNIYAM = One Octillion = 10 <sup>27</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU ANNIYAM = Ten Octillion = 10 <sup>28</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = ARTTAM = Hundred Octillion = 10 <sup>29</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATHU ARTTAM = One Nonillion = 10 <sup>30</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PARARTTAM = Ten Nonillion = 10 <sup>31</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PARARTTAM = Hundred Nonillion = 10 <sup>32</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PŌRIYAM = One Decillion = 10 <sup>33</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU PŌRIYAM = Ten Decillion = 10 <sup>34</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = MUKKODI = Hundred Decillion = 10 <sup>35</sup></li> <li>10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = PATU MUKKODI = One Undecillion = 10 <sup>36</sup></li> <li>1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 = MAHAYUGAM = Ten Undecillion = 10 <sup>37</sup></li></ul> <p>Malaysian text elaborates the following version </p> <ul><li>1 ONDRU = One = 10 <sup>0</sup></li> <li>10 = PATU = Ten = 10 <sup>1</sup></li> <li>100 = NŌRU = Hundred = 10 <sup>2</sup></li> <li>1,000 = ĀYIRAM = One Thousand = 10 <sup>3</sup></li> <li>10,000 = PATĀYIRAM = Ten Thousand = 10 <sup>4</sup></li> <li>100,000 = LATCHAM = Hundred Thousand = 10 <sup>5</sup></li> <li>1,000,000 = PATU LATCHAM = One Million = 10 <sup>6</sup></li> <li>10,000,000 = KODI = Ten Million = 10 <sup>7</sup></li> <li>100,000,000 = PATU KODI = Hundred Million = 10 <sup>8</sup></li> <li>1,000,000,000 = NŌRU KODI = One Billion = 10 <sup>9</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fractions">Fractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 – ஒன்று – onRu</li> <li>3/4 = 0.75 – முக்கால் – <i>mukkāl</i></li> <li>1/2 = 0.5 – அரை – <i>arai</i></li> <li>1/4 = 0.25 – கால் – <i>kāl</i></li> <li>1/5 = 0.2 – நாலுமா – <i>nālumā</i></li> <li>3/16 = 0.1875 – மும்மாகாணி –<i>mummākāṇi</i> this is called as Mukkhani</li> <li>3/20 = 0.15 – மும்மா – <i>mummaa</i></li> <li>1/8 = 0.125 – அரைக்கால் – <i>araikkāl</i></li> <li>1/10 = 0.1 – இருமா – <i>irumā</i></li> <li>1/16 = 0.0625 – மாகாணி (வீசம்) – <i>mākāṇi (vīsam)</i></li> <li>1/20 = 0.05 – ஒருமா – <i>orumā</i></li> <li>3/64 = 0.046875 – முக்கால்வீசம் – <i>mukkāl vīsam</i></li> <li>3/80 = 0.0375 – முக்காணி – <i>mukkāṇi</i></li> <li>1/32 = 0.03125 – அரைவீசம் – <i>araivīsam</i></li> <li>1/40 = 0.025 – அரைமா – <i>araimā</i></li> <li>1/64 = 0.015625 – கால் வீசம் – <i>kaal vīsam</i></li> <li>1/80 = 0.0125 – காணி – <i>kāṇi</i></li> <li>3/320 = 0.009375 – அரைக்காணி முந்திரி – <i>araikkāṇi muntiri</i></li> <li>1/160 = 0.00625 – அரைக்காணி – <i>araikkāṇi</i></li> <li>1/320 = 0.003125 – முந்திரி – <i>muntiri</i></li> <li>3/1280 = 0.00234375 – கீழ் முக்கால் – <i>kīḻ mukkal</i></li> <li>1/640 = 0.0015625 – கீழரை – <i>kīḻarai</i></li> <li>1/1280 = 7.8125e-04 – கீழ் கால் – <i>kīḻ kāl</i></li> <li>1/1600 = 0.000625 – கீழ் நாலுமா – <i>kīḻ nalumā</i></li> <li>3/5120 ≈ 5.85938e-04 – கீழ் மூன்று வீசம் – <i>kīḻ mūndru vīsam</i></li> <li>3/6400 = 4.6875e-04 – கீழ் மும்மா – <i>kīḻ mummā</i></li> <li>1/2500 = 0.0004 – கீழ் அரைக்கால் – <i>kīḻ araikkāl</i></li> <li>1/3200 = 3.12500e-04 – கீழ் இருமா – <i>kīḻ irumā</i></li> <li>1/5120 ≈ 1.95313e-04 – கீழ் வீசம் – <i>kīḻ vīsam</i></li> <li>1/6400 = 1.56250e-04 – கீழொருமா – <i>kīḻ orumā</i></li> <li>1/102400 ≈ 9.76563e-06 – கீழ்முந்திரி – <i>kīḻ muntiri</i></li> <li>1/2150400 ≈ 4.65030e-07 – இம்மி – <i>immi</i></li> <li>1/23654400 ≈ 4.22754e-08 – மும்மி – <i>mummi</i></li> <li>1/165580800 ≈ 6.03935e-09 – அணு – <i>aṇu</i></li> <li>1/1490227200 ≈ 6.71039e-10 – குணம் – <i>kuṇam</i></li> <li>1/7451136000 ≈ 1.34208e-10 – பந்தம் – <i>pantam</i></li> <li>1/44706816000 ≈ 2.23680e-11 – பாகம் – <i>pāgam</i></li> <li>1/312947712000 ≈ 3.19542e-12 – விந்தம் – <i>vintam</i></li> <li>1/5320111104000 ≈ 1.87966e-13 – நாகவிந்தம் – <i>nāgavintam</i></li> <li>1/74481555456000 ≈ 1.34261e-14 – சிந்தை – <i>sintai</i></li> <li>1/1489631109120000 ≈ 6.71307e-16 – கதிர்முனை –<i>katirmunai</i></li> <li>1/59585244364800000 ≈ 1.67827e-17 – குரல்வளைப்படி –<i>kuralvaḷaippiḍi</i></li> <li>1/3575114661888000000 ≈ 2.79711e-19 -வெள்ளம் – <i>veḷḷam</i></li> <li>1/357511466188800000000 ≈ 2.79711e-21 – நுண்மணல் –<i>nuṇmaṇal</i></li> <li>1/2323824530227200000000 ≈ 4.30325e-22 – தேர்த்துகள் –<i>tērttugaḷ</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency">Currency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 pal (wooden discs/sea shellots) = (<i>approximately</i>) 0.9 grain</li> <li>8 (or 10 base 8) paṟkaḷ = 1 senkāṇi (copper/bronze) = 7.2 grains(<i>misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 10 base 10 paRkal = 9 grains</i>)</li> <li>1/4 senkāṇi = 1 kālkāṇi (copper) = 1.8 grains (<i>misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 2.25 grains</i>)</li> <li>64 (or 100 base 8) paṟkaḷ = 1 KaaNap-pon <i>aka.</i> Kāsu panam(gold) = 57.6 grains</li> <li>1 Roman dinarium was traded on par with 2 Kāṇappon plus 1 Senkāṇi(=124 grains).</li> <li>18 Ana = 2.85 Rupee, 16 Ana = 1 Rupee, 1 Ana = 3 Tuṭu, 1/4 Ana = 3/4 (mukkal) tuṭu</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_a_Day">Divisions of a Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Divisions of a Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>சிறுபொழுது (Daily) <br /> 1. மாலை (mālai): 6 pm-10 pm <br /> 2. இடையாமம் (iḍaiyāmam): 10 pm-2 am <br /> 3. வைகறை (vaikaṟai): 2 am-6 am <br /> 4. காலை (kālai): 6 am-10 am <br /> 5. நண்பகல் (naṇpagal): 10 am-2 pm <br /> 6. எற்பாடு (eṟpāḍu): 2 pm-6 pm </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_the_Year">Divisions of the Year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Divisions of the Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>பெரும்பொழுது (பெரும்பொழுது என்பது யாது எனில் பன்னிரு மாதங்களை ஆறாய்ப் பகுத்தது) </p><p>1. கார்காலம் (Kārkālam): ஆடி, ஆவணி <br /> 2. குளிர்காலம் (Kuḷirkālam): புரட்டாசி, ஐப்பசி <br /> 3. முன்பனிக் காலம்(Muṉpaṉik kālam): கார்த்திகை, மார்கழி <br /> 4. பின்பனிக் காலம் (Piṉpaṉik kālam): தை, மாசி <br /> 5. இளவேனில் (Iḷavēṉil): பங்குனி, சித்திரை <br /> 6. முதுவேனில் (Mutuvēṉil) :வைகாசி, ஆனி </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Calendar">Tamil Calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-https://sivaganga.nic.in-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-https://sivaganga.nic.in_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sivaganga.nic.in/tourism/keezhadi-excavation/">"Keezhadi Excavation"</a>. Sivaganga District<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keezhadi+Excavation&rft.pub=Sivaganga+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsivaganga.nic.in%2Ftourism%2Fkeezhadi-excavation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_discovery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_discovery_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssac2019" class="citation news cs1">Issac, Anna (19 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/major-discovery-tamil-nadu-s-keezhadi-possible-link-indus-valley-civilisation-109165">"Major discovery in Tamil Nadu's Keezhadi: A possible link to Indus Valley Civilisation"</a>. <i>The news minute</i>. Heverlee, Belgium: The news minute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+news+minute&rft.atitle=Major+discovery+in+Tamil+Nadu%27s+Keezhadi%3A+A+possible+link+to+Indus+Valley+Civilisation&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.aulast=Issac&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fmajor-discovery-tamil-nadu-s-keezhadi-possible-link-indus-valley-civilisation-109165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+units+of+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_units_of_measurement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvaraj.com/2012/03/06/fractions-used-by-ancient-tamils/">3. http://tvaraj.com/2012/03/06/fractions-used-by-ancient-tamils/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ponniyinselvan.in/articles-f6/tamil-measurements-t26435.html">Tamil Measurements</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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