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</button> <ul id="toc-Gentleman_by_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-William_Harrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Harrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>William Harrison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Harrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Shakespeare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Shakespeare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>William Shakespeare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Shakespeare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superiority_of_the_fighting_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superiority_of_the_fighting_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Superiority of the fighting man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superiority_of_the_fighting_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Southern United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landed_gentry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landed_gentry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landed gentry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landed_gentry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landed gentry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landed_gentry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-George_Sitwell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Sitwell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>George Sitwell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Sitwell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_decline_of_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_decline_of_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Further decline of standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_decline_of_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_line_between_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_line_between_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>A line between classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_line_between_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_court_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_court_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formal court titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_court_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gentleman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنتلمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنتلمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centlmen" title="Centlmen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Centlmen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95" title="ইংরেজ ভদ্রলোক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংরেজ ভদ্রলোক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джэнтльмен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэнтльмен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джентълмен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джентълмен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilhome" title="Gentilhome – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gentilhome" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEentlmen" title="Džentlmen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džentlmen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilhombre" title="Gentilhombre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gentilhombre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Centlemano" title="Ĝentlemano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝentlemano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86" title="جنتلمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنتلمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilhomme" title="Gentilhomme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gentilhomme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duine-uasal" title="Duine-uasal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duine-uasal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%A0%ED%8B%80%EB%A7%A8" title="젠틀맨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젠틀맨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ջենթլմեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջենթլմեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalir" title="Kavalir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kavalir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiluomo" title="Gentiluomo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gentiluomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ג'נטלמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'נטלמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯენტლმენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯენტლმენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEentelmenas" title="Džentelmenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džentelmenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنتلمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جنتلمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiluomo" title="Gentiluomo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gentiluomo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ジェントルマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェントルマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jentelmen" title="Jentelmen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jentelmen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCentelmen" title="Dżentelmen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżentelmen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentil-homem" title="Gentil-homem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gentil-homem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джентльмен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джентльмен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جێنتڵمان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنتڵمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Џентлмен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џентлмен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEentlmen" title="Džentlmen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džentlmen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrasmies" title="Herrasmies – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herrasmies" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gentleman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centilmen" title="Centilmen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Centilmen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джентльмен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джентльмен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%BD_%C3%B4ng" title="Quý ông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quý ông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gentleman (disambiguation)">Gentleman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gentilhombre" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Gentilhombre_(horse)" title="Gentilhombre (horse)">Gentilhombre (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"English Gentleman" redirects here. For the Sutherland book, see <a href="/wiki/The_English_Gentleman" title="The English Gentleman">The English Gentleman</a>. For the 2006 song, see <a href="/wiki/An_English_Gentleman" title="An English Gentleman">An English Gentleman</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg/300px-The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg/450px-The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg/600px-The_English_Gentleman_Richard_Brathwait_by_Robert_Vaughan_1630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i>The Complete English Gentleman</i> (1630), by Richard Brathwait, shows the exemplary qualities of a gentleman.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Gentleman</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>: <i>gentilz hom</i>, gentle + man; abbreviated <i>gent.</i>) is a term for a <a href="/wiki/Chivalrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalrous">chivalrous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courteous" class="mw-redirect" title="Courteous">courteous</a>, or honorable <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, <i>gentleman</i> was the lowest rank of the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> of England, ranking below an <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">esquire</a> and above a <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a>; by definition, the rank of <i>gentleman</i> comprised the younger sons of the younger sons of peers, and the younger sons of a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>, and an esquire, in perpetual succession. As such, the connotation of the term <i>gentleman</i> captures the common denominator of gentility (and often a <a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">coat of arms</a>); a right shared by the peerage and the gentry, the constituent classes of the <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">British nobility</a>. </p><p>Thus, the English social category of <i>gentleman</i> corresponds to the French <i>gentilhomme</i> (nobleman), which in Great Britain meant a member of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">peerage of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English historian <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Maurice Keen</a> further clarifies this point, stating that, in this context, the social category of gentleman is "the nearest contemporary English equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility"><i>noblesse</i></a> of France."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen20029_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen20029-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, the term <i>gentlemen</i> comprised the hereditary ruling class, which is whom the rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> (1381) meant when they repeated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When Adam delved and Eve span,<br />Who was then the gentleman?</p></blockquote> <p>In the 17th century, in <i>Titles of Honour</i> (1614), the jurist <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a> said that the title <i>gentleman</i> likewise speaks of "our English use of it" as convertible with <i>nobilis</i> (nobility by rank or personal quality)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden1614_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1614-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes the forms of a man's elevation to the nobility in European monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lawrence" title="James Henry Lawrence">James Henry Lawrence</a> explained and discussed the concepts, particulars, and functions of <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom">social rank in a monarchy</a>, in the book <i>On the Nobility of the British Gentry, or the Political Ranks and Dignities of the British Empire, Compared with those on the Continent</i> (1827).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gentleman_by_conduct">Gentleman by conduct</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gentleman by conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble,<br />gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_(Gules_Mitre).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/110px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/165px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/220px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor, Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar, Tsarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king, Great queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_king" title="High king">High king, High queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="King dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Queen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">dowager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke, Archduchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">Grand duke, Grand duchess</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">Princess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke, Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz, Knyaginya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">Heir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector, Princess-elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst, Fürstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess, Marchioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave, Margravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Count palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count, Countess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount, Viscountess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">Castellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">Burgrave, Burgravine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidame" title="Vidame">Vidame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starosta" title="Starosta">Starosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron, Baroness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">Tenant in chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lendmann" title="Lendmann">Lendmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobile_(aristocracy)" title="Nobile (aristocracy)">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primor" title="Primor">Primor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet, Baronetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">Vavasour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial knight">Imperial knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight/Chevalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">Knight bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_(Scotland)" title="Thane (Scotland)">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">Druzhinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gentilhomme, Gente dame</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gentleman, Gentlewoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_at_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Man at arms">Man at arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelfrei" title="Edelfrei">Edelfrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">Ministerialis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_William_Shakespeare.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">The coat of arms of William Shakespeare.</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Feudal titles and status</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/200px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/300px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg/400px-Reeve_and_Serfs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">Tenant-in-chief</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a> / <a href="/wiki/Advocatus" title="Advocatus">Vogt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gentleman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">Husbandman</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic servant</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">Vagabond</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">Villein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bordar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordar">Bordar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cottar</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slave</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feudal_status" title="Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feudal_status" title="Template talk:Feudal status"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal_status" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feudal status"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Melibee" title="The Tale of Melibee">The Tale of Melibee</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1386</span>), Geoffrey Chaucer says: "Certes he sholde not be called a gentil man, that . . . ne dooth his diligence and bisynesse, to kepen his good name"; and in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Tale" title="The Wife of Bath's Tale">The Wife of Bath's Tale</a></i> (1388-1396): </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Loke who that is most vertuous alway<br /> Prive and apert, and most entendeth ay<br /> To do the gentil dedes that he can<br /> And take him for the gretest gentilman </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In the French allegorical poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="The Romance of the Rose">The Romance of the Rose</a></i> (ca. 1400), <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris" title="Guillaume de Lorris">Guillaume de Lorris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a> described the innate character of a gentleman: "He is gentil bycause he doth as longeth to a gentilman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That definition develops until the 18th century, when in 1710, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tatler_(1709)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatler (1709)">Tatler</a></i> No. 207, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> said that "the appellation of Gentleman is never to be affixed to a man's circumstances, but to his Behaviour in them." Hence, the apocryphal reply of King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> to a lady's petition to elevate her son to the rank of gentleman: "I could make him a nobleman, but God Almighty could not make him a gentleman." </p><p>Selden said "that no Charter can make a Gentleman, which is cited as out of the mouth of some great Princes [who] have said it," because "they, without question, understood Gentleman for <i>Generosus</i> in the antient sense, or as if it came from <i>Genii/[Geni]</i> in that sense." The word <i>gentilis</i> identifies a man of noble family, a gentleman by birth, for "no creation could make a man of another blood than he is."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary usage, the word <i>gentleman</i> is ambiguously defined, because "to behave like a gentleman" communicates as little praise or as much criticism as the speaker means to imply; thus, "to spend money like a gentleman" is criticism, but "to conduct a business like a gentleman" is praise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Harrison">William Harrison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: William Harrison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the clergyman <a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_(priest)" title="William Harrison (priest)">William Harrison</a> said that "gentlemen be those whom their race and blood, or at the least their <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>, do make noble and known." In that time, a gentleman usually was expected to have a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, it being accepted that only a gentleman could have a coat of arms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicated in an account of how gentlemen were made in the day of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Gentlemen whose ancestors are not known to come in with <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William duke of Normandy</a> (for of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> races yet remaining we now make none accompt, much less of the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historic)">British</a> issue) do take their beginning in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> after this manner in our times. Who soever studieth the laws of the realm, who so abideth in the <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>, giving his mind to his book, or professeth physic and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal sciences</a>, or beside his service in the room of a captain in the wars, or good counsel given at home, whereby his commonwealth is benefited, can live without manual labour, and thereto is able and will bear the port, charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall for money have a coat and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">arms</a> bestowed upon him by heralds (who in the charter of the same do of custom pretend antiquity and service) and thereunto being made so good cheap be called <a href="/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)" title="Master (form of address)">master</a>, which is the title that men give to <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">esquires</a> and gentlemen, and reputed for a gentleman ever after. Which is so much the less to be disallowed of, for that the <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> doth lose nothing by it, the gentleman being so much subject to taxes and public payments as is the <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Husbandman" title="Husbandman">husbandman</a>, which he likewise doth bear the gladlier for the saving of his reputation. Being called also to the wars (for with the government of the commonwealth he medleth little) what soever it cost him, he will both array and arm himself accordingly, and show the more manly courage, and all the tokens of the person which he representeth. No man hath hurt by it but himself, who peradventure will go in wider <a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">buskins</a> than his legs will bear, or as our proverb saith, now and then bear a bigger sail than his boat is able to sustain.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: William Shakespeare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this way, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> himself was demonstrated, by the grant of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">his coat of arms</a>, to be no "vagabond", but a gentleman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inseparability of arms and gentility is shown by two of his characters: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Petruchio: I swear I'll cuff you if you strike again.<br /> Katharine: So may you lose your arms: If you strike me, you are no gentleman;<br /> And if no gentleman, why then no arms.<br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i>, Act II, Scene i</span> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>However, although only a gentleman could have a coat of arms (so that possession of a coat of arms was proof of gentility), the coat of arms recognised, rather than created, the status (see G. D. Squibb, <i>The High Court of Chivalry</i>, pp. 170–177). Thus, all <a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">armigers</a> were gentlemen, but not all gentlemen were armigers. Hence, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)"><i>Henry V</i></a>, act IV, scene iii: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>For he today that sheds his blood with me<br /> Shall be my brother: be he ne'er so vile,<br /> This day shall gentle his condition.<br /> And gentlemen in England now abed<br /> Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here<br /> And hold their manhoods cheap whilst any speaks<br /> That fought with us upon St. Crispin's Day. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superiority_of_the_fighting_man">Superiority of the fighting man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Superiority of the fighting man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental idea of "gentry", symbolised in this grant of coat-armour, had come to be that of the essential superiority of the fighting man, and, as Selden points out (page 707), the fiction was usually maintained in the granting of arms "to an ennobled person though of the long Robe wherein he hath little use of them as they mean a shield." At the last, the wearing of a sword on all occasions was the outward and visible sign of a gentleman; the custom survives in the sword worn with <a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">court dress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A suggestion that a gentleman <i>must</i> have a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> was vigorously advanced by certain 19th and 20th century heraldists, notably <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Innes_of_Learney" title="Thomas Innes of Learney">Thomas Innes of Learney</a> in Scotland. The suggestion is discredited by an examination, in England, of the records of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a> and, in Scotland, by a judgment of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> (per Lord Mackay in <i>Maclean of Ardgour v. Maclean</i> [1941] SC 613 at 650). The significance of a right to a coat of arms was that it was definitive proof of the status of gentleman, but it recognised rather than conferred such a status, and the status could be and frequently was accepted without a right to a coat of arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">Junzi</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the characteristics of a gentleman are based upon the principles of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, wherein the term <i>Jūnzǐ</i> (君子) denotes and identifies the "son of a ruler", a "prince", a "noble man"; and the ideals that conceptually define "gentleman", "proper man", and a "perfect man". Conceptually, <i>Jūnzǐ</i> included an hereditary elitism, which obliged the gentleman to act ethically, to: </p> <ul><li>morally cultivate himself;</li> <li>participate in the correct performance of ritual;</li> <li>show filial piety and loyalty to whom due; and</li> <li>cultivate humanity.</li></ul> <p>The opposite of the <i>Jūnzǐ</i> is the <i>Xiǎorén</i> (小人), "petty person" and "small person". As in English, in the Chinese usage the word <i>small</i>, can denote and connote a person who is "mean", "petty in mind and heart", and "narrowly self-interested", greedy, materialistic, and personally superficial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_United_States">Southern United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_gentleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern gentleman">Southern gentleman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a> was expected to protect the honor and property of both himself and his family members, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric ideal</a> of the white <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter class</a> supposedly descended from the knights and Cavaliers of the Medieval and colonial eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Genovese_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genovese-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USHist_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s definition speaks only to conduct. </p> <blockquote><p>The forbearing use of power does not only form a touchstone, but the manner in which an individual enjoys certain advantages over others is a test of a true gentleman. </p><p>The power which the strong have over the weak, the employer over the employed, the educated over the unlettered, the experienced over the confiding, even the clever over the silly—the forbearing or inoffensive use of all this power or authority, or a total abstinence from it when the case admits it, will show the gentleman in a plain light. </p><p> The gentleman does not needlessly and unnecessarily remind an offender of a wrong he may have committed against him. He can not only forgive, he can forget; and he strives for that nobleness of self and mildness of character which impart sufficient strength to let the past be but the past. A true man of honor feels humbled himself when he cannot help humbling others. As quoted by <a href="#CITEREFBradford1912">Bradford 1912</a>, p. 233</p></blockquote> <p>Lee's conception is one of the better known expositions in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_honor_(Southern_United_States)" title="Culture of honor (Southern United States)">Southern culture of honor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landed_gentry">Landed gentry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landed gentry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></div> <p>That a distinct order of <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> existed in England very early has, indeed, been often assumed and is supported by weighty authorities. Thus, the late Professor Freeman (in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> xvii. page 540 b, 9th edition) said: "Early in the 11th century the order of 'gentlemen' as a separate class seems to be forming as something new. By the time of the conquest of England the distinction seems to have been fully established." Stubbs (Const. Hist., ed. 1878, iii. 544, 548) takes the same view. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Sitwell" title="George Sitwell">George Sitwell</a>, however, has suggested that this opinion is based on a wrong conception of the conditions of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> society and that it is wholly opposed to the documentary evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most basic class distinctions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were between the <i>nobiles</i>, i.e., the tenants in <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">esquires</a>, the free <i>ignobiles</i> such as the <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">franklins</a>, and the unfree <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a> including <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>. Even as late as 1400, the word <i>gentleman</i> still only had the descriptive sense of <i>generosus</i> and could not be used as denoting the title of a class. Yet after 1413, we find it increasingly so used, and the list of landowners in 1431, printed in <i>Feudal Aids</i>, contains, besides knights, esquires, <a href="/wiki/Yeomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeomen">yeomen</a> and husbandmen (i.e. householders), a fair number who are classed as "gentilman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Sitwell">George Sitwell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: George Sitwell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Sitwell" title="George Sitwell">George Sitwell</a> gave a lucid, instructive and occasionally amusing explanation of this development. The immediate cause was the statute <a href="/wiki/1_Hen._5" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Hen. 5">1 Hen. 5</a>. c. 5. of 1413, which laid down that in all original writs of action, personal appeals and indictments, in which process of <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlawry</a> lies, the "estate degree or mystery" of the defendant must be stated, as well as his present or former domicile. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1349) had put the traditional social organization out of gear. Before that, the younger sons of the nobles had received their share of the farm stock, bought or hired land, and settled down as agriculturists in their native villages. Under the new conditions, this became increasingly impossible, and they were forced to seek their fortunes abroad in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">French wars</a>, or at home as hangers-on of the great nobles. These men, under the old system, had no definite status; but they were <i>generosi</i>, men of birth, and, being now forced to describe themselves, they disdained to be classed with franklins (now sinking in the social scale), still more with yeomen or husbandmen; they chose, therefore, to be described as "gentlemen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604–605_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604–605-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the character of these earliest gentlemen the records throw a lurid light. Sir George Sitwell (p. 76), describes a man typical of his class, one who had served among the men-at-arms of <a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">Lord John Talbot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>the premier gentleman of England, as the matter now stands, is "Robert Ercleswyke of <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a>, gentilman"... Fortunately—for the gentle reader will no doubt be anxious to follow in his footsteps—some particulars of his life may be gleaned from the public records. He was charged at the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assizes</a> with housebreaking, wounding with intent to kill, and procuring the murder of one Thomas Page, who was cut to pieces while on his knees begging for his life.</p></blockquote> <p>If any earlier claimant to the title of <i>gentleman</i> be discovered, Sir George Sitwell predicted that it will be within the same year (1414) and in connection with some similar disreputable proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From these unpromising beginnings, the separate order of gentlemen evolved very slowly. The first gentleman commemorated on an existing monument was John Daundelyon of <a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a> (died <i>circa</i> 1445); the first gentleman to enter the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, hitherto composed mainly of "valets", was William Weston, "gentylman"; but even in the latter half of the 15th century, the order was not clearly established. As to the connection of <i>gentilesse</i> with the official grant or recognition of coat-armour, that is a profitable fiction invented and upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a>; for coat-armour was the badge assumed by gentlemen to distinguish them in battle, and many gentlemen of long descent never had occasion to assume it and never did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_decline_of_standards">Further decline of standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further decline of standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This fiction, however, had its effect, and by the 16th century, as has been already pointed out, the official view had become clearly established that gentlemen constituted a distinct social order and that the badge of this distinction was the <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a>' recognition of the right to bear arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some undoubtedly "gentle" families of long descent never obtained official rights to bear a coat of arms, the family of Strickland being an example, which caused some consternation when <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland" title="Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland">Lord Strickland</a> applied to join the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Malta">Order of Malta</a> in 1926 and could prove no right to a coat of arms, although his direct male ancestor had carried the English royal banner of St. George at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The younger sons of noble families became <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentices</a> in the cities, and there grew up a new <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. Merchants are still "citizens" to William Harrison; but he adds "they often change estate with gentlemen, as gentlemen do with them, by a mutual conversion of the one into the other."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_line_between_classes">A line between classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A line between classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A frontier line between classes so indefinite could not be maintained in some societies such as England, where there was never a "nobiliary prefix" to stamp a person as a gentleman, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The process was hastened, moreover, by the corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Heralds%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Heralds' College">Heralds' College</a> and by the ease with which coats of arms could be assumed without a shadow of claim, which tended to bring the science of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> into contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prefix "de" attached to some English names is in no sense "nobiliary". In Latin documents <i>de</i> was the equivalent of the English "of", as <i>de la</i> for "at" (so <i>de la Pole</i> for "Atte Poole"; compare such names as "Attwood" or "Attwater"). In English this "of" disappeared during the 15th century: for example the grandson of <i>Johannes de Stoke</i> (John of Stoke) in a 14th-century document becomes "John Stoke". In modern times, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, the prefix "de" has been in some cases "revived" under a misconception, e.g. "de Trafford", "de Hoghton". Very rarely it is correctly retained as derived from a foreign place-name, e.g. "de Grey".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation varies somewhat in Scotland, where the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_designation#Scotland" title="Territorial designation">territorial designation</a> still exists and its use is regulated by law. </p><p>With the growth of trade and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> from 1700 to 1900, the term widened to include men of the urban professional classes: lawyers, doctors and even merchants. By 1841, the rules of the new gentlemen's club at <a href="/wiki/Ootacamund" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootacamund">Ootacamund</a> was to include: "...gentlemen of the Mercantile or other professions, moving in the ordinary circle of Indian society".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_court_titles">Formal court titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formal court titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_(add_35324_f31v)_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_%28add_35324_f31v%29_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg/220px-Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_%28add_35324_f31v%29_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_%28add_35324_f31v%29_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg/330px-Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_%28add_35324_f31v%29_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Drawing_of_the_funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England_%28add_35324_f31v%29_-_Gentlemen_of_the_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Gentlemen of the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_procession" title="Funeral procession">funeral procession</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At several <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a>' courts, various functions bear titles containing such rank designations as gentleman (suggesting it is to be filled by a member of the lower nobility, or a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a> who will be ennobled, while the highest posts are often reserved for the higher nobility). In English, the terms for the English/Scottish/British court (equivalents may include <a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> for women, <a href="/wiki/Page_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page (occupation)">Page</a> for young men) include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_at_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman at Arms">Gentleman at Arms</a></li> <li>Gentleman-in-waiting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_bedchamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman of the bedchamber">Gentleman of the bedchamber</a></li> <li>Gentleman of the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman-usher" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman-usher">Gentleman-usher</a></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, gentilhomme </p> <ul><li>... rendered as "gentleman-in-ordinary"</li> <li>... as gentleman of the bed-chamber</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Gentilhombre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentilhombre">Gentilhombre</a> de la casa del príncipe</i>, "gentleman of the house[hold] of the prince" </p><p>Such positions can occur in the household of a non-member of a ruling family, such as a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the church">prince of the church</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentiluomo_of_the_Archbishop_of_Westminster" title="Gentiluomo of the Archbishop of Westminster">Gentiluomo of the Archbishop of Westminster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Raja_Ravi_Varma_Painting_of_A_gentleman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>, <i>Painting of a Gentleman</i>; India, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>gentleman</i> as an index of rank had already become of doubtful value before the great political and social changes of the 19th century gave to it a wider and essentially higher significance. The change is well illustrated in the definitions given in the successive editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. In the 5th edition (1815), "a gentleman is one, who without any title, bears a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, or whose ancestors have been <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freeman" class="extiw" title="wikt:freeman">freemen</a>." In the 7th edition (1845) it still implies a definite social status: "All above the rank of <a href="/wiki/Yeomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeomen">yeomen</a>." In the 8th edition (1856), this is still its "most extended sense"; "in a more limited sense" it is defined in the same words as those quoted above from the 5th edition; but the writer adds, "By courtesy this title is generally accorded to all persons above the rank of common tradesmen when their manners are indicative of a certain amount of refinement and intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> did its work; the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> came into their own, and the word <i>gentleman</i> came in common use to signify not a distinction of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">blood</a>, but a distinction of position, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manners" class="mw-redirect" title="Manners">manners</a>. By this usage, the test is no longer good birth or the right to bear arms, but the capacity to mingle on equal terms in good society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its best use, moreover, <i>gentleman</i> involves a certain superior standard of conduct, due, to quote the 8th edition once more, to "that self-respect and intellectual refinement which manifest themselves in unrestrained yet delicate manners." The word <i>gentle</i>, originally implying a certain social status, had very early come to be associated with the standard of manners expected from that status. Thus, by a sort of <a href="/wiki/Punning" class="mw-redirect" title="Punning">punning</a> process, the "gentleman" becomes a "gentle-man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another sense, being a gentleman means treating others, especially women, in a respectful manner and not taking advantage or pushing others into doing things they do not wish to do. The exception, of course, is to push someone into something they need to do for their own good, such as a visit to the hospital, or pursuing a dream they have suppressed. </p><p>In some cases, its meaning becomes twisted through misguided efforts to avoid offending anyone; a news report of a riot may refer to a "gentleman" trying to smash a window with a dustbin in order to loot a store. Similar use (notably between <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation marks">quotation marks</a> or in an appropriate tone) may also be deliberate <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>. </p><p>Another relatively recent usage of <i>gentleman</i> is as a prefix to another term to imply that a man has sufficient wealth and free time to pursue an area of interest without depending on it for his livelihood. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman scientist">gentleman scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_farmer" title="Gentleman farmer">gentleman farmer</a>, gentleman architect,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraven2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">gentleman pirate</a>. A very specific incarnation and possible origin of this practise existed until 1962 in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, where a man playing the game was a "<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_cricketer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman cricketer">gentleman cricketer</a>" if he did not get a <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a> for taking part in the game. By tradition, such <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_v_Players" title="Gentlemen v Players">gentlemen</a> were from the British <i>gentry</i> or <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> - as opposed to <i>players</i>, who were not. In the same way in horse racing a gentleman rider is an amateur jockey, racing horses in specific flat and hurdle races. </p><p>The term <i>gentleman</i> is used in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> in a provision referring to "conduct befitting an officer and a gentleman." </p><p>The use of the term <i>gentleman</i> is a central concept in many books of <a href="/wiki/American_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="American Literature">American Literature</a>: <i>Adrift in New York</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a>; "<i>Fraternity: A Romance of Inspiration</i>, by Anonymous, with a tipped in Letter from J.P. Morgan (1836); <i>Gone with the Wind</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1936). It relates to education and manners, a certain code of conduct regarding women that has been incorporated in the U.S. into various civil rights laws and anti-sexual-harassment laws that define a code of conduct to be followed by law in the workplace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_O%27Hara" title="Scarlett O'Hara">Scarlett O'Hara</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> states "You're no gentleman" on occasions when a lack of manners and respect toward her causes her to feel insulted. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Ladies_and_gentlemen_(salutation)" title="Ladies and gentlemen (salutation)">Ladies and gentlemen</a>" is a common salutation used in formal speeches and other public addresses, sometimes followed by "boys and girls". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925154649/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gentleman">"definition of gentleman in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/gentleman">the original</a> on September 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=definition+of+gentleman+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fgentleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen20029-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen20029_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2002">Keen 2002</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1614-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden1614_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelden1614">Selden 1614</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, 1827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911605_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genovese-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genovese_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genovese,_Eugene_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Genovese, Eugene D">Genovese, Eugene D</a>. “The Chivalric Tradition in the Old South.” <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sewanee_Review" title="The Sewanee Review">The Sewanee Review</a></i>, vol. 108, no. 2, 2000, pp. 188–205. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27548832">http://www.jstor.org/stable/27548832</a>. Accessed 12 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHist-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHist_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/us/27c.asp">"The Plantation & Chivalry"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USHistory.org" class="mw-redirect" title="USHistory.org">USHistory.org</a></i>. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604–605-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911604–605_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, pp. 604–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ootacamundclub.com/history.htm">Ootacamund Club history notes, 2011</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraven2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraven2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraven2003">Craven 2003</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Bradford_(biographer)" title="Gamaliel Bradford (biographer)">Bradford, Gamaliel</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpIcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA233&q=The+forbearing+use+of+power+does+not+only+form+a+touchstone"><i>Lee the American</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+the+American&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Gamaliel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpIcAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA233%26q%3DThe%2Bforbearing%2Buse%2Bof%2Bpower%2Bdoes%2Bnot%2Bonly%2Bform%2Ba%2Btouchstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven2003" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Wayne (2003). "Thomas Jefferson, Gentleman Architect". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6y7wAEACAAJ"><i>American Art: History and Culture</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141524-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141524-8"><bdi>978-0-07-141524-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Gentleman+Architect&rft.btitle=American+Art%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-141524-8&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6y7wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2002" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Maurice Hugh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIoaAAAAYAAJ"><i>Origins of the English Gentleman: Heraldry, Chivalry and Gentility in Medieval England, C.1300-c.1500</i></a>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2558-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-2558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+English+Gentleman%3A+Heraldry%2C+Chivalry+and+Gentility+in+Medieval+England%2C+C.1300-c.1500&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2558-0&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Maurice+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIoaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1827" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Sir James Henry (1827) [1824]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_k04RAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Nobility of the British Gentry or the Political Ranks and Dignities of the British Empire Compared with those on the Continent</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobility+of+the+British+Gentry+or+the+Political+Ranks+and+Dignities+of+the+British+Empire+Compared+with+those+on+the+Continent&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=T.Hookham+--+Simpkin+and+Marshall&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_k04RAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gentleman" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gentleman">Gentleman</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 604–606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gentleman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=604-606&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden1614" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">Selden, John</a> (1614). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titlesr00seld/page/n2"><i>Titles of Honour</i></a> (1st ed.). London: William Stansby for Iohn Helme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titles+of+Honour&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=William+Stansby+for+Iohn+Helme&rft.date=1614&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitlesr00seld%2Fpage%2Fn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoetzel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Roetzel" title="Bernhard Roetzel">Roetzel, Bernhard</a> (2009). <i>Gentleman: A Timeless Guide to Fashion</i> (3rd ed.). Köln: h. f. Ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841608931" title="Special:BookSources/9780841608931"><bdi>9780841608931</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/501389868">501389868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman%3A+A+Timeless+Guide+to+Fashion&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=h.+f.+Ullmann&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F501389868&rft.isbn=9780841608931&rft.aulast=Roetzel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentleman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentleman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gentleman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gentleman"><i>gentleman</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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