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Phone masts FAQ: Everything you need to know
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class="smart-living__category-stripe smart-living__category-stripe-everything-you-need-to-know-about"></div> <div class="author-line"> <a href="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/smart-living/everything-you-need-to-know-about/"><span class="category first">Everything you need to know</span></a> <span class="separator">|</span> <date class="date last">29 Sep 2021</date> </div> <h1> Mobile phone masts: Everything you need to know </h1> <div class="author-line author d-flex flex-wrap align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div> <a >By Alan Lu</a> </div> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-5 col-lg-4 offset-lg-1" style="margin-top: 15px;"> <form method="get" role="search" action="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/" class="search-filter overlay-search-filter"> <div class="super-holder d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"> <input type="text" autocomplete="off" autofocus id="text-filter" placeholder="Search News Centre"> <img class="image-search" src="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/themes/news/dist/images/icons/search-icon.svg" border="0" alt="Submit" /> <input type="hidden" id="category-filter" value="all"> <input type="hidden" name="s" value="1"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-7"> <article class="single-article"> <div class="image-container"> <figure class="featured"> <picture><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973-550x363.jpg.webp 550w' media='(max-width: 550px)' type='image/webp'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973-550x363.jpg 550w' media='(max-width: 550px)'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973-768x506.jpg.webp 768w' media='(max-width: 768px)' type='image/webp'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973-768x506.jpg 768w' media='(max-width: 768px)'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973.jpg.webp 1295w' type='image/webp'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973.jpg 1295w' /><img src="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/06/VkcxV01H-e1583949037973.jpg" alt="A Vodafone engineer at a network mast" title="A Vodafone engineer at a network mast" /></picture> </figure> </div> <div class="content"> <h2>Finding suitable sites, securing planning permission, and building mobile phone masts is more of a tricky and time-consuming business than you may have realised. Our Q&A explains why. </h2> <p>Almost everyone wants fast and reliable mobile signal that reaches where they work and live. Masts and antennas are critical to providing that service. But they often arouse passionate opposition from residents objecting to their location, height and look.</p><p>So as mobile phone operators begin building the <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/viewpoint/shared-rural-network-full-steam-ahead/">Shared Rural Network</a></strong>, we answer some of the most common questions we are asked.</p><h3><strong>What do all the bits of a mast actually do?</strong></h3><p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-34135 size-full" src="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/app/uploads/2021/04/0d7d265f-b926-42fe-990c-5430a1d7a084-1.jpg" alt="labelled diagram of a mobile phone mast" width="1801" height="1013" srcset="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2021/04/0d7d265f-b926-42fe-990c-5430a1d7a084-1.jpg 1801w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2021/04/0d7d265f-b926-42fe-990c-5430a1d7a084-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2021/04/0d7d265f-b926-42fe-990c-5430a1d7a084-1-550x309.jpg 550w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2021/04/0d7d265f-b926-42fe-990c-5430a1d7a084-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1801px) 100vw, 1801px" ></p><h4><em>Update September 2021</em></h4><h4>1 Antenna</h4><p>Antennas send calls, texts and internet data to your smartphone using radio waves and in turn receive radio waves from it. The higher up an antenna is, the more likely it is that you’ll get a strong and reliable mobile signal from it. Most masts will have at least three antennas to provide coverage in every direction. Masts that need to serve more people, because they’re located in more heavily populated areas, will have more antennas.</p><h4>2 Radio unit</h4><p>The radio unit generates the radio waves transmitted by the antennas. Traditionally, the radio unit was installed at ground level. Nowadays, they’re more likely to be installed higher up the mast closer to the antenna to help improve performance.</p><h4>3 Transmission/backhaul</h4><p>Cables, traditionally copper but now far more likely to be fibre optic, are used to connect the mast with other masts and the rest of the Vodafone network in the UK. These are usually buried in the ground. In a few cases, a microwave dish is used instead.</p><h4>4 Cabin/cabinets</h4><p>Located at ground level, these contain computers which communicate with other masts in the network. Additional equipment, such as a battery backup in case of power failure and connectors for the transmission/backhaul, are also stored here.</p><h4>5 Power</h4><p>Most masts will draw their power from the National Grid; some will have their own renewable power source on-site. In a handful of cases, such as with temporary masts, power will instead be provided by a diesel generator.</p><h4>6 Microwave dish</h4><p>In some locations, such as remote rural areas, a microwave satellite dish is used instead of fibre optic cables to act as transmission/backhaul, connecting the mast to the rest of Vodafone’s network. To do so, the dish must be within line of sight of a dish on another mast.</p><h3 style="color: #2e2a2a; font-family: VodafoneLight; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><strong>Why can’t you build it somewhere else?</strong></h3><p>Not all sites are suitable. To provide the strongest mobile signal to as wide an area as possible, there can’t be too many neighbouring buildings, trees or other geographical features in the way. These tend to block the mast’s signal.</p><p>Masts also need their own power and what’s known as “backhaul” – data connections to the rest of the network. To meet soaring demand for faster speeds, that backhaul often consists of fibre optic cables under the ground – it’s a common misconception that most of Vodafone UK’s masts communicate wirelessly with the rest of the network.</p><figure id="attachment_24859" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-24859" style="width: 576px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-24859" src="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-576x768.jpg" alt="Mobile phone mast and base station" width="576" height="768" srcset="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-576x768.jpg 576w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-413x550.jpg 413w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-scaled.jpg 1536w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/MastAndField-836x1115.jpg 836w" sizes="(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px" ><p class="image-photographer category text-right">Credits: Vodafone UK</p><figcaption id="caption-attachment-24859" class="wp-caption-text" ><div class="caption-photographer category text-right">Credits: Vodafone UK</div>Masts might not be terribly pretty, but they provide a valuable service most people want</figcaption></figure><p>And to run these power and data lines to a mast, we have to negotiate with the owners of the land, and quite often, with the owners of land adjacent to it. Those negotiations aren’t just about how much rent we will pay, but how easily we can access those sites for construction, maintenance and repairs.</p><p>These so-called “wayleave” negotiations can take time – and sometimes break down completely – setting back mast construction by several months.</p><h3><strong>Why can’t you just build a shorter, less conspicuous mast?</strong></h3><p>The taller the mast, the wider the area it can cover and the more people it can provide with a fast and reliable mobile signal. Under current rules, most UK masts are around 25m (82ft) tall. But in fact 50m masts would provide a better, more far-reaching signal in many areas.</p><p><em>Update April 2021 – </em>the UK Government has <strong><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-laws-to-wipe-out-rural-mobile-not-spots-and-speed-up-rollout-of-next-generation-5g-technology" target="_blank" rel="noopener">proposed</a></strong> rule changes that would allow new and existing masts to be up to five metres taller and two metres wider than they currently can be. This would not only help increase the range of their wireless signal, it would also make it easier for masts to be potentially <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/tag/shared-rural-network/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shared</a></strong> with other mobile network operators, as more equipment can be fitted onto taller masts.</p><h3><strong>Who decides where masts are built?</strong></h3><p>Our engineers pick sites that best meet the technical, logistical and economic requirements for hosting a mast, but the local council has to grant planning permission for the building works to go ahead. So councils hold public consultations before making their decision and residents can have their say.</p><h3><strong>Why are they so ugly?!</strong></h3><p>Traditionally, masts are simply towers designed to raise the antennae up high enough to send and receive radio signals. They have to be sturdy and cheap to build, so form follows function. But telecoms companies have experimented with different designs and colours. Some lamp-post sized masts can be painted in different colours and disguised as flagpoles, lampposts and telegraph poles. “Mini masts” can even be disguised as <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/press-release/vodafone-bird-box-provides-village-tweeters-with-mobile-boost/">bird nesting boxes</a></strong> and chimneys.</p><figure id="attachment_456" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-456" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-456" src="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/app/uploads/2015/05/Vmtkb2JF-300x201.jpg" alt="photo of the The Vodafone BirdBox Antenna" width="300" height="201" srcset="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/05/Vmtkb2JF-300x201.jpg 300w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/05/Vmtkb2JF-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2015/05/Vmtkb2JF.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" ><figcaption id="caption-attachment-456" class="wp-caption-text" >The Vodafone BirdBox Antenna</figcaption></figure><p>But there comes a point where aesthetics begin to hamper the job the mast is supposed to be doing. So it’s a trade-off.</p><h3><strong>What about these masts in phone boxes and under manhole covers?</strong></h3><p>Our engineers can install antennae into <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/news/vodafone-cornwall-4g-phone-boxes/">phone boxes</a></strong>, store fronts, <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/network/from-quarries-to-manhole-covers-thinking-differently-to-improve-4g-network-coverage/">manhole covers</a></strong> and other street furniture, but these antennae have shorter range than their taller cousins, so you need more of them.</p><figure id="attachment_3600" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3600" style="width: 768px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-3600" src="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1-768x512.jpg" alt="photo of a 4G-enabled manhole cover from Vodafone UK" width="768" height="512" srcset="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1-550x367.jpg 550w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1-1673x1115.jpg 1673w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2018/12/18-12-10-Manhole-1.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" ><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3600" class="wp-caption-text" >Vodafone UK’s Senior Networks Manager Mohamed Elhabiby installing a 4G-enabled manhole and cover in Newbury, West Berkshire</figcaption></figure><p>This makes them best suited to specific areas, such as beaches or especially busy thoroughfares where mobile reception is poor or non-existent. In other words, “mini masts” are a complement to tall masts, not replacements for them.</p><h3 style="color: #2e2a2a; font-family: VodafoneLight; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><strong>Does mast construction have to lead to road closures?</strong></h3><p>Not necessarily, but if the only way our cranes and other heavy vehicles can deliver and install bulky equipment is by public road we may have to close it temporarily. Once a local authority grants planning permission for construction, we provide residents details of any planned road closures, which we always try to keep to a minimum.</p><h3><strong style="color: inherit; font-size: 1.375rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.025rem;">How long does it take to build a mast?</strong></h3><p>It usually takes around 12-18 months, from our engineers first identifying a potential site to the erected mast going live after extensive testing.</p><h3><strong>Why does it take so long?</strong></h3><p>Any problems negotiating with land owners or planners, or delays with equipment delivery, can lead to lengthy delays.</p><p>Thieves sometimes target our building sites, looking to steal and re-sell pieces of copper or the high-capacity batteries we used as power back-ups in the event of a blackout. We’ve even stopped construction to allow nesting birds to lay their eggs and bring up their families.</p><p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-24926" src="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/app/uploads/2020/03/birds-nest-1-edited-768x432.jpg" alt="Bird's nest with young chicks inside mobile phone mast" width="768" height="432" srcset="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/birds-nest-1-edited-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/birds-nest-1-edited-550x309.jpg 550w, https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2020/03/birds-nest-1-edited.jpg 1307w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" ></p><p><span style="font-size: 1.25rem;">Residents opposed to masts have sometimes blockaded mast sites and prevented our engineering crews from entering, or have even resorted to vandalising equipment.</span></p><p>Even an application for a road closure can take 12 weeks to process and then be denied at the very last minute. And, of course, severe weather can make it unsafe for construction crews to work.</p><h3 style="color: #2e2a2a; font-family: VodafoneLight; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><strong>What about the health effects of mobile phone masts?</strong></h3><p>Mobile masts – whether 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G – do not cause any adverse health effects. That’s the <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/features/is-5g-safe/">consensus</a></strong> of international scientific bodies, such as the World Health Organization, the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and Public Health England.</p><p>And media regulator <strong><a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/news/ofcom-uks-5g-emissions-at-small-fractions-of-guidance-safety-levels/">Ofcom</a></strong> recently carried out tests of electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions from 5G mobile base stations and found the levels to be “at small fractions” of recommended safety levels.</p><p>The radio signals we use are simply too weak to cause any damage to living cells or human DNA.</p><p><em>Stay up-to-date with the very latest news from Vodafone by following us on <strong><a href="https://twitter.com/vodafoneuknews" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter</a> </strong>and signing up for News Centre website <a href="https://newscentre.vodafone.co.uk/features/how-to-use-the-vodafone-uk-news-centre/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>notifications</strong>.</a></em></p> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-5 col-lg-4 offset-lg-1"> <div class=""> <h3 class="category">Read more</h3> <div> <article class="listing single-featured"> <div class="article-wrapper"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <div class="image-box"> <a class="image-container" href="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/news/how-newer-masts-can-lead-to-fewer-masts/"> <figure class="thumbnail this"> <picture><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2024/10/VF_Couple_Outside_Eating_Photo_Phone_RGB-224x149.jpg.webp 224w' media='(min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px)' type='image/webp'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2024/10/VF_Couple_Outside_Eating_Photo_Phone_RGB-224x149.jpg 224w' media='(min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px)'/><source 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srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2024/07/tracking-a-moving-truck-top-down-view-Adobe-Stock-550x367.jpg.webp 550w' type='image/webp'/><source srcset='https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2024/07/tracking-a-moving-truck-top-down-view-Adobe-Stock-550x367.jpg 550w' /><img src="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/uploads/2024/07/tracking-a-moving-truck-top-down-view-Adobe-Stock.jpg" alt="AI-generated top-down illustration of a moving lorry being tracked" title="tracking a moving truck top down view [Adobe Stock]" /></picture> </figure> </a> </div> <h2 class="dotdotdot"><a href="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/press-release/lte-m-added-to-iot-portfolio/">Vodafone adds LTE-M to IoT portfolio</a></h2> </div> <div class="article-info-container"> <div class="author-line"> <a href="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/press-release/"> <span class="category first"> Press Release </span> </a> <span class="separator">|</span> <span class="author first"> <a >Press Office</a> </span> <span class="separator">|</span> <date class="date last">01 Aug 2024</date> </div> </div> </div></article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <script src="//assets.vodafone.co.uk/cs/groups/public/documents/js/ws2-shared-footer.min.js.js"></script><footer class="footer"></footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/plugins/metronet-profile-picture/js/mpp-frontend.js?ver=2.6.3" id="mpp_gutenberg_tabs-js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.vodafone.co.uk/newscentre/app/themes/news/dist/scripts/main.js" id="sage/main.js-js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.onesignal.com/sdks/OneSignalSDK.js?ver=1.0.0" id="remote_sdk-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jQuery.dotdotdot/3.2.2/jquery.dotdotdot.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" 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