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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_art_and_traditional_attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Folk art and traditional attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_art_and_traditional_attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bull_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bull_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bull racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bull_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brawling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brawling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Brawling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brawling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مادوريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادوريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Мадурцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадурцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurijci" title="Madurijci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Madurijci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduresen" title="Maduresen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maduresen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_madur%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo madurés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo madurés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduratar_herria" title="Maduratar herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maduratar herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurais_(peuple)" title="Madurais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madurais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%91%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="마두라족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마두라족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मादूराई लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मादूराई लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurci" title="Madurci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Madurci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Madura" title="Suku Madura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Madura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduresi" title="Maduresi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maduresi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Madura" title="Wong Madura – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Madura" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадурлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадурлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%ABrie%C4%8Diai" title="Madūriečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Madūriečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Madhur%C3%A2" title="Suku Madhurâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Suku Madhurâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مادوريين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مادوريين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Madura" title="Orang Madura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Madura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangso_Maduro" title="Bangso Maduro – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangso Maduro" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurezen" title="Madurezen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madurezen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%A9%E6%97%8F" title="マドゥラ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マドゥラ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurlar" title="Madurlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madurlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurowie" title="Madurowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Madurowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Мадурцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадурцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madurese people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurci" title="Madurci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Madurci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="மதுரா (இனம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுரா (இனம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96" title="Мадурці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадурці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Madura" title="Người Madura – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Madura" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%BA" title="马都拉人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马都拉人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Medura" title="Orang Medura – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Medura" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Madura" title="Jolma Madura – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Madura" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1258905#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Madurese</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Madurese-language text"><span lang="mad" dir="rtl">أَوريڠ مادْوراْ</span></span><br />"Oréng Mâdhurâ"</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg/450px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg/600px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerees_dorpshoofd_en_twee_dorpsbewoners_en_face_TMnr_10004958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A portrait of Madurese village head.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">7,179,356<sup id="cite_ref-BPS201031_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPS201031-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/43px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,520,403</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">274,869</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79,925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_South_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">53,002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_East_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">46,823</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43,001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg/43px-Flag_of_Central_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42,668</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29,864</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bangka-Belitung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,429</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg/22px-Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg/33px-Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg/43px-Flag_of_Province_of_Central_Java.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></th><td 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dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b>Dialects</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Standard Madurese</li><li>Bangkalan Madurese</li><li>Bawean Madurese</li><li>Pamekasan Madurese</li></ul></div></li> <li><b>Other</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Standard Javanese and Eastern Javanese)</span></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Madurese</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mUH-dOO-rUH</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>: <span lang="mad" dir="rtl">أَوريڠ مادْوراْ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Madurese-language romanization"><i lang="mad-Latn">oréng Mâdhurâ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦠꦾꦁꦩꦼꦝꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tyang Mêdhuntên</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a> native to the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>, off the northeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. They speak their own native <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> (with diverse varieties), sharing a common history, traditions, and cultural identity. Nationwide, the Madurese are the third-largest ethnic group in Indonesia, and one of the well-known Indonesian national dishes, <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a>, is attributed to the Madurese as part of their <a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">culinary heritage</a>. </p><p>There are about six million native Madurese living on their ancestral land, Madura Island, and around half a million residing in eastern Java, mainly in the regencies of <a href="/wiki/Jember" class="mw-redirect" title="Jember">Jember</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a>, and others. The Madurese population in Java forms a subgroup called the Pandalungan Madurese, who speak a blend of Javanese and Madurese. </p><p>The Madurese are not only known as the inventors of satay but also as the creators of the <a href="/wiki/Karapan_sapi" title="Karapan sapi">Karapan sapi</a> bull race. The group have historically been pioneers of classical Islamic religious movements in Indonesia, with the <a href="/wiki/Pondok_Pesantren" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondok Pesantren">Pondok Pesantren</a> serving as a vital center for Madurese Muslims to study Islam, particularly Indonesian Islam. In addition to being merchants, the Madurese diaspora is traditionally known for farming and practicing the <a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> martial art. The Madurese men often work with their cultural <a href="/wiki/Celurit" title="Celurit">Clurit</a> sickles, wearing distinctive cultural clothing characterized by red and white stripes derived from the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Majapahit" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Majapahit">Majapahit naval flag</a> (a historical eastern Javanese empire that once controlled Madura Island). Other colors like black, red, yellow, white, green, and blue are also considered cultural symbols, as seen in their traditional Madurese-style <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_distribution">Population and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Population and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official and academic data on the population of Madurese people vary considerably. During the nationwide population census conducted in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 2010, the Madurese people make up 3.03% of the country's population, that is 7,179,356 people.<sup id="cite_ref-BPS201031_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPS201031-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some scientific sources operate with significantly larger figures around 10.5 to 10.8 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAROTW304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MER_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the Madurese people are among the largest ethnics of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, thus, according to the statistics of the 2010 census, they occupy the fourth largest ethnic group after the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-BPS201031_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPS201031-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Madurese people inhabit <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a> and located to the east of it, a group of smaller islands in <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> such as Kambing Island, <a href="/wiki/Sapudi_Islands" title="Sapudi Islands">Sapudi Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangean_Islands" title="Kangean Islands">Kangean Islands</a>. Here they number about 3.3 million people, which is more than 90% of the population in these territories. Approximately the same number of Madurese people living in the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Java_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Island">Java Island</a>, and more than 400,000 people in various parts of the Indonesian part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>. In addition, tens of thousands of the Madurese people live in other regions of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>; especially, there are significant Madurese communities in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (about 80,000 people), in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> (about 30,000 people) and in the province of <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a> (more than 15,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-BPS201038_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BPS201038-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also small Madurese communities in the countries of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, particularly, in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_languages.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/300px-Java_languages.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/450px-Java_languages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Java_languages.JPG/600px-Java_languages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>The area of the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese language</a> on <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a> and north eastern of <a href="/wiki/Java_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Island">Java Island</a> is marked with green.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Madurese people speak the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian family</a>, more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan group</a>. It is divided into several dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistically, there are different points of view regarding the dialects of the Madurese language. Older works would normally identify two or four dialects, but modern specialists have concluded that there are six dialects. The most developed dialect in the lexical terms is the Sumenep dialect, which underlies the literary <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common dialect is Bangkalan, which often functions as a lingua franca between Madurese people from different localities.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> among a significant number of Madurese population, a peculiar mixed of <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> dialect has formed.<sup id="cite_ref-DKP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBPDKP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBPDKP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these native languages, many are also fluent in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Madurese practice <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. Characteristically, unlike a significant part of their fellow religious Indonesians, Madurese people enjoy a reputation as very zealous adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Muslim theologians play an important role in their spiritual and social life. A significant part of the Madurese people is trained in traditional <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a> Muslim schools, which play an important role in their spiritual and social life.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-economic_structure">Socio-economic structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Socio-economic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_livelihood">Basic livelihood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic livelihood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg/170px-Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg/255px-Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg/340px-Pembatik_di_desa_Tanjungbumi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A Madurese <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> maker in Tanjungbumi, <a href="/wiki/Bangkalan_Regency" title="Bangkalan Regency">Bangkalan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Family is important to the Madurese and they commonly live in villages that function around an Islamic religious center. According to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, a man may have more than one wife. Marriage proposals are usually made by the groom's parents,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferably to a first or second cousin. If the proposal is accepted, the bride's parents are then presented with the "bride price", which is usually cattle. The groom's parents then set the date for the upcoming wedding. Newlywed couples often live with the bride's family. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is an integral part of the social, political and economic life of the Madurese.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main traditional occupations of the Madurese are animal farming, which mainly includes breeding of cattle, goats, horses, poultry and fighting cocks. The Madurese are known for herding cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence they are often referred by a common nickname as the "cowboys" of Indonesia. Cattle are an important part of the culture, and bull-racing is one of their favorite sports.<sup id="cite_ref-IAGSH_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture among the Madurese people on the island of Madura is poorly developed due to low fertility and very poor soil conditions, thus farming is not important in Madurese culture. As a result, the Madurese tend not to farm, unless on other islands with very good soil conditions, such as the Madurese people in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where agriculture is practiced more widely and have developed to a lesser degree. The main crops are such as corn, cassava, rice, tobacco, beans and cloves. Among craftsmen, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>, pottery, <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> manufacturing, blacksmithing, as well as small vassals and boat builders are also important occupations. In coastal areas, the Madurese are actively engaged in fishing,<sup id="cite_ref-BAAATUOTPIJ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAAATUOTPIJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trading and as well as extraction of salt (from <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the Madurese people also enjoyed a reputation in the region as skilled seafarers.<sup id="cite_ref-BAAATUOTPIJ_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAAATUOTPIJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madurese residents of large cities, particularly in eastern <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> are actively involved in modern economic sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAROTW304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MER_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Madurese settlements are scattered and rarely linear in layout, depending rather on the direction of the roads. In most villages, there are paddocks for cattle rearing. Houses are made of bamboo and often built on low stilts. They have a frame structure usually supplemented with a veranda. Roofs are covered with palm leaves or reeds, however from the last third of the 20th century, the usage of roof tiles is increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAROTW304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MER_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmigration">Transmigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transmigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sambas_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambas conflict">Sambas conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampit_conflict" title="Sampit conflict">Sampit conflict</a></div> <p>Low yields on soils had long served the cause of mass migrant labor and the relocation of the local population outside the island, where the Madurese were major clients of the government's large-scale <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration programme">transmigration programmes</a> undertaken by both the Dutch colonial administration as well as the authorities of independent <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, through which they settled in relatively sparsely populated areas of Indonesia's other islands, especially <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HDIBEC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDIBEC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this program, more than half of the ethnic Madurese people currently living outside of their customary homeland had settled in many regions of Indonesia, where communities of former transmigrants and their descendants that still maintain their Madurese identity. </p><p>Madurese people have lived on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> for several centuries, forming the ethnic majority in some of the north-eastern regions of the island. They tend to get along well with the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> in relation to language, culture, and way of life. Mixed marriages between <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and Madurese people are also common. Moreover, in some areas of eastern Java, there are significant communities of descendants of such <i>pendalungan</i> marriages, which are distinguished by their unique cultural traditions that combine Madurese and Javanese elements to varying degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DKP_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBPDKP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBPDKP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another situation often develops in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a>, where Madurese people resettled under the transmigration programmes in 1900 to 1950 in the span of 90 years. Some of these migrant groups have been the subject of conflict with Dayak communities. The native population, especially the Dayaks were quite wary of strangers, and seeing them as a threat to their traditional livelihoods. Mutual distrust also promote ethnic and cultural and religious differences, where most <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> practices <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDIBEC_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDIBEC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGS_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most publicized conflict has been on various localities in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, where thousands were killed in a series of large scale armed fighting between the Madurese and the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> during the late 1990s. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> there was communal violence between <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> and Madurese in 1996, in the <a href="/wiki/Sambas_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambas conflict">Sambas conflict</a> in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/Sampit_conflict" title="Sampit conflict">Sampit conflict</a> 2001, resulting in large scale massacres of Madurese.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGS_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Sambas_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambas conflict">Sambas conflict</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malays</a> and Dayaks people massacred the Madurese people. Tens of thousands of Madurese people from <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> were forced to move to <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. By the mid-2000s, the situation has somewhat stabilized and enabled the return of most of the Madurese resettlement back in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDIBEC_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDIBEC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGS_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg/170px-Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg/255px-Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg/340px-Cooking_Chicken_Satay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>The Madurese <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a> is distinguished by the sharp sweetness of the marinade.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the Madurese people, their traditional cuisine is characterized by a fairly large use of meat; of which primarily prepare miniature skewers called <i><a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a></i> accompanied with special sweet marinade and thick sharp sauce made from peanut, has enjoyed a wide popularity in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In addition, traditional Madurese culinary are characterized by the active use of corn and, in general, greater salinity and spiciness of dishes compared to other regional cuisines of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_art_and_traditional_attire">Folk art and traditional attire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folk art and traditional attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Danseressen_Madoera_TMnr_60022651.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Madurese dancers, circa 1890–1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>Culturally the Madurese people are close enough to eastern Javanese that they share similar forms of folklore, music (including <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>), dance, and shadow theater or <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a>. The traditional attire, however, is very specific to the Madurese people. Men would wear a completely black long-skirted coat with a wide belt, which most often hooks under a shirt that comes in broad red and white stripes, along with a checkered <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a>. While women would have donned a dark blue or mottled jacket over a sarong.<sup id="cite_ref-POTW305_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAROTW304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MER_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MER-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bull_racing">Bull racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bull racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg/220px-Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg/330px-Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg/440px-Madura_bull_racing_1999.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4198" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Bull racing (<i><a href="/wiki/Karapan_sapi" title="Karapan sapi">karapan sapi</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Sumenep" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumenep">Sumenep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 1999.</figcaption></figure> <p>A truly unique tradition of the islanders is bull racing, known as <a href="/wiki/Karapan_sapi" title="Karapan sapi">Karapan sapi</a>, where local bred bulls harnessed in special light carts are led by a charioteer, usually a young man or teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-IAGSH_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGSH-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such competitions are typical of Madura, where they serve as its main tourist attraction. Races are held annually in August and October in different localities, after which their winners compete in the final round, which is traditionally held in <a href="/wiki/Pamekasan" title="Pamekasan">Pamekasan</a>. Races are usually accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> performances and folk festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-SSMBSPP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSMBSPP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSPPBJGJ_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSPPBJGJ-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAOBS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAOBS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1980s, the popularity of Madurese bull racing had grown so much that the winner of the competition would be awarded with a prize on behalf of the president of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-SSMBSPP_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSMBSPP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSPPBJGJ_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSPPBJGJ-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAOBS_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAOBS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the scene of the races was depicted on the reverse of coins of 100 Indonesian rupiah, produced from 1991 to 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brawling">Brawling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brawling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally in terms of socio-economic life of the Madurese people, there had been a visible impact on their national character. They are often characterized as hard workers, stubborn,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> courageous, possessing integrity, loyal, generous, fair; and, at the same time, sharpness, resentment, extreme frugality, isolation, arrogant, hot-tempered,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prone to violence and distrust towards strangers - especially against the backdrop of kindness and sociability of their neighbors such as the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAAATUOTPIJ_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAAATUOTPIJ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HDIBEC_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDIBEC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CKKDHDOM170_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKKDHDOM170-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCPMAM150_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCPMAM150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rural areas, the Madurese still practice an ancient tradition of vendetta, called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carok (page does not exist)">carok</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/carok" class="extiw" title="id:carok">id</a>]</span></i> (also spelled <i>charok</i>) which literally means "battle of honor". In the 1990s, law enforcement agencies in each of the four districts in Madura have recorded dozens of cases each year.<sup id="cite_ref-CKKDHDOM4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKKDHDOM4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killing may provoke resentment, quite small by the standards of ordinary European or Indonesian. According to local criminal statistics, most of the reason for such attacks are usually molestation of women or property dispute, but it often happens that the Madurese's cruel revenge is motivated by an insufficiently polite treatment or insult in public places to one's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-CKKDHDOM4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKKDHDOM4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCPMAM147_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCPMAM147-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instrument of revenge used in this dueling is often the traditional Madurese crescent knife, <a href="/wiki/Celurit" title="Celurit">celurit</a> which is the most common peasant weapon and in some areas and also the attribute of traditional male attire. In such cases, the avenger usually prepares the <a href="/wiki/Celurit" title="Celurit">celurit</a> in advance in an event of dueling by casting special spells on the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-CKKDHDOM170_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKKDHDOM170-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCPMAM150_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCPMAM150-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CKKDHDOM40_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKKDHDOM40-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes in the "battle of honor" are involved several people from each side - relatives and friends of the offender and the offended, and then it turns into a bloodbath. Such massive bloodshed have repeatedly occurred in <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> even in the 21st century. The most famous incident in recent years, a mass <i>carok</i> occurred on 13 July 2006 in Bujur Tengah village, <a href="/wiki/Pamekasan_Regency" title="Pamekasan Regency">Pamekasan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, resulting stabbing and killing of seven men and seriously injuring nine people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BPS201031-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BPS201031_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BPS201031_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BPS201031_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html"><i>Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010</i></a>. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-064-417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-064-417-5"><bdi>978-979-064-417-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kewarganegaraan%2C+Suku+Bangsa%2C+Agama+dan+Bahasa+Sehari-hari+Penduduk+Indonesia+Hasil+Sensus+Penduduk+2010&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-979-064-417-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp2010.bps.go.id%2Ffiles%2Febook%2Fkewarganegaraan%2520penduduk%2520indonesia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, S.B. Pramono, hal 148, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POTW305-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POTW305_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛев_Миронович_Минц2007" class="citation book cs1">Лев Миронович Минц, ed. (2007). "Ûрий Дмитриевич Анчабадзе". <i>Народы мира</i>. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-53-730-1057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-53-730-1057-3"><bdi>978-53-730-1057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%9B%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-53-730-1057-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAROTW304-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAROTW304_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFТишков_В.А.1999" class="citation book cs1">Тишков В.А., ed. 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М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0.+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=%D0%9C.%3A+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MER-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MER_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MER_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MER_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MER_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolog.ru/people.php?id=MADU">"Мадурцы"</a>. Etnolog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B&rft.pub=Etnolog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolog.ru%2Fpeople.php%3Fid%3DMADU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BPS201038-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BPS201038_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html"><i>Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010</i></a>. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-064-417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-064-417-5"><bdi>978-979-064-417-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kewarganegaraan%2C+Suku+Bangsa%2C+Agama+dan+Bahasa+Sehari-hari+Penduduk+Indonesia+Hasil+Sensus+Penduduk+2010&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-979-064-417-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp2010.bps.go.id%2Ffiles%2Febook%2Fkewarganegaraan%2520penduduk%2520indonesia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEE_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mad">"Madura"</a>. 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Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-31-102-2444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-31-102-2444-3"><bdi>978-31-102-2444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Madurese&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-31-102-2444-3&rft.au=William+D.+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrell_T._Tryon2011" class="citation book cs1">Darrell T. Tryon, ed. 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PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799492678" title="Special:BookSources/9789799492678"><bdi>9789799492678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carok%3A+Konflik+Kekerasan+Dan+Harga+Diri+Orang+Madura&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=PT+LKiS+Pelangi+Aksara&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789799492678&rft.au=A.+Latief+Wiyata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141023163245/http://www.infoanda.com/followlink.php?lh=U1AAUwIEUwYC">"Polisi Tangkap Otak Carok Massal"</a>. infoanda. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoanda.com/followlink.php?lh=U1AAUwIEUwYC">the original</a> on 2014-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inilah+Kasus+Carok+Massal+Terheboh+di+Pamekasan+Madura&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Okezone&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft.au=Ahmad+Baidowi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.okezone.com%2Fread%2F2007%2F05%2F10%2F1%2F20202%2Finilah-kasus-carok-massal-terheboh-di-pamekasan-madura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Farjon1980" class="citation cs2">I. Farjon (1980), <i>Madura And Surrounding Islands: An Annotated Bibliography, 1860-1942, Volumes 9-13</i>, M. Nijhoff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-902-472-4109" title="Special:BookSources/978-902-472-4109"><bdi>978-902-472-4109</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madura+And+Surrounding+Islands%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography%2C+1860-1942%2C+Volumes+9-13&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-902-472-4109&rft.au=I.+Farjon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadurese+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Madura" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of Madura">People of Madura</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div 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title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_people" title="Balantak people">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_people" title="Banggai people">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_people" title="Lepki people">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi people (page does not exist)">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_people" title="Muyu people">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_people" title="Ngalum people">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sempan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sempan people (page does not exist)">Sempan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alifuru_people" title="Alifuru people">Alifuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wai_Loa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wai Loa people (page does not exist)">Wai Loa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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