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href="#Diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diversification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diversification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diversification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rank_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rank Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rank_Audio_Visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rank_Audio_Visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rank Audio Visual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rank_Audio_Visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Motoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_involvement_in_the_film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_involvement_in_the_film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Declining involvement in the film industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_involvement_in_the_film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_revival_and_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_revival_and_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Temporary revival and last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_revival_and_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">The Rank Organisation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رنک اورقانیزیشن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رنک اورقانیزیشن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رنک اورگانیزیشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنک اورگانیزیشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="The Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rank_Organisation" title="The Rank Organisation – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="The Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation" title="Rank Organisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rank Organisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British entertainment conglomerate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original company. For its present-day successor, see <a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Group" title="The Rank Group">The Rank Group</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Rank Organisation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_Organization_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Rank_Organization_Logo.png/220px-Rank_Organization_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/Rank_Organization_Logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Film and media industry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1937<span class="noprint">; 87 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1937-04-23</span>)</span> as <b>J. Arthur Rank</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/J._Arthur_Rank" title="J. Arthur Rank">J. Arthur Rank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">7 February 1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1996-02-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Assets sold to <a href="/wiki/Rank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Group">Rank Group</a></li> <li>Film assets acquired by <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Communications" title="Carlton Communications">Carlton Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Company:<br /><a href="/wiki/Rank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Group">Rank Group</a><br />Library:<br /><a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios" title="ITV Studios">ITV Studios</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">J. Arthur Rank (chairman)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Film production, distribution and exhibition<br />(diversified: radio, television and photocopying manufacturing, record label)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Rank Audio Visual Multimedia</li><li>Rank Records</li><li>Top Rank</li><li><a href="/wiki/Top_Rank_Suite" title="Top Rank Suite">Top Rank Suite</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Rank Organisation</b> (founded as the <b>J. Arthur Rank Organisation</b>) is a British entertainment <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> founded by industrialist <a href="/wiki/J._Arthur_Rank" title="J. Arthur Rank">J. Arthur Rank</a> in April 1937, Rank also served as the company chairman. It quickly became the largest and most <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertically integrated</a> film company in the United Kingdom, owning production, distribution, and exhibition facilities as well as manufacturing projection equipment and chairs.<sup id="cite_ref-varapr46_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varapr46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also diversified into the manufacture of radios, TVs and photocopiers (as one of the owners of <a href="/wiki/Rank_Xerox" title="Rank Xerox">Rank Xerox</a>). The company name lasted until February 1996, when the name and some of the remaining assets were absorbed into the newly structured <a href="/wiki/Rank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Group">Rank Group plc</a>. The company itself became a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox and was renamed XRO Limited in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company logo, the <a href="/wiki/Gongman" title="Gongman">Gongman</a>, first used in 1935 by the group's distribution company <a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seen in the opening titles of the films, became a celebrated and enduring film emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company founder J. Arthur Rank, born in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, UK, was already a wealthy industrialist through his father's <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a> business, <a href="/wiki/Rank_Hovis_McDougall" title="Rank Hovis McDougall">Joseph Rank Ltd</a>, before making his start in filmmaking by financing short religious subjects in line with his <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> beliefs. As Rank was a Methodist Sunday School Teacher, he wished to introduce these beliefs to a wider audience. </p><p><b>The Rank Organisation</b> was established, as a means for Rank to consolidate his filmmaking interests, in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmmaking_in_the_1940s">Filmmaking in the 1940s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Filmmaking in the 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A loose collective of filmmakers was established by Rank under the banner of Independent Producers Ltd. including <a href="/wiki/Powell_and_Pressburger" title="Powell and Pressburger">The Archers</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger" title="Emeric Pressburger">Emeric Pressburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cineguild_Productions" title="Cineguild Productions">Cineguild Productions</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Neame" title="Ronald Neame">Ronald Neame</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bryan_(art_director)" title="John Bryan (art director)">John Bryan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Havelock-Allan" title="Anthony Havelock-Allan">Anthony Havelock-Allan</a>, the filmmaking duo of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Launder" title="Frank Launder">Frank Launder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gilliat" title="Sidney Gilliat">Sidney Gilliat</a>, and the directors <a href="/wiki/Ken_Annakin" title="Ken Annakin">Ken Annakin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Box" title="Muriel Box">Muriel Box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Company_of_Youth" title="The Company of Youth">The Company of Youth</a>, the Rank Organisation's associated acting school often referred to as "The Charm School", was founded in 1945. It launched several careers including those of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sinden" title="Donald Sinden">Donald Sinden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Dors" title="Diana Dors">Diana Dors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a>. </p><p>Although she was not a member of the school, <a href="/wiki/Petula_Clark" title="Petula Clark">Petula Clark</a> was under contract to Rank for a period of time and starred in a number of films released by the studio, including <i><a href="/wiki/London_Town_(1946_film)" title="London Town (1946 film)">London Town</a></i> (1946), one of the costliest flops in British film history. Also under contract to Rank was the Canadian actor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gilbert" title="Philip Gilbert">Philip Gilbert</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company grew quickly, largely through acquisition. Significant developments included: </p> <ul><li>1938 – <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon Cinemas</a> was purchased.</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a> were merged with the facilities at <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Studios">Amalgamated Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a> were acquired, but not used for making films.</li> <li>1939 – UK sites of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Cinemas</a> purchased.</li> <li>1941 – Purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Gaumont_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumont British">Gaumont-British Picture Corporation</a>, which also owned <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a>, 251 cinemas and the <a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a>.</li> <li>In the mid-1940s <a href="/wiki/Two_Cities_Films" title="Two Cities Films">Two Cities Films</a> became part of the Rank Organisation producing key films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Odd_Man_Out" title="Odd Man Out">Odd Man Out</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">Hamlet</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Versa_(1948_film)" title="Vice Versa (1948 film)">Vice Versa</a></i> (1948) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocking_Horse_Winner_(film)" title="The Rocking Horse Winner (film)">The Rocking Horse Winner</a></i> (1949).</li> <li>1946 – Bought for £1 million+ a 50 per cent share in a chain of 133 cinemas from New Zealander <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Kerridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert James Kerridge">Robert James Kerridge</a>, the biggest exhibition chain in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>; it was renamed Kerridge Odeon.<sup id="cite_ref-DNZB_Kerridge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Kerridge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late 1940s – A majority shareholding in Allied Cinemas and Irish Cinemas Ltd was gained, becoming the largest exhibition circuit in Ireland (a position maintained until the early 1980s).</li></ul> <p>By the late 1940s J. Arthur Rank (or the Rank Organisation as it was now called), owned: </p> <ul><li>Five major film studio complexes, <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Film Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Islington Studios</a> (the studios at Lime Grove were sold to the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a> in 1949, as were Ealing Studios in 1955).</li> <li>650 UK cinemas (<a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British" title="Gaumont-British">Gaumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> chains) plus various international holdings, including subsidiaries in Canada and The Netherlands as well as interests in the Kerridge New Zealand chain and <a href="/wiki/Event_Cinemas" title="Event Cinemas">Greater Union Theatres</a> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-varapr46_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varapr46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a> (later Rank Film Distributors), including the UK distribution rights to <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion Films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-varapr46_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varapr46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rank Screen Advertising.</li> <li>Rank Film Laboratories, Denham (later rebranded DeLuxe London after Rank's acquisition of <a href="/wiki/DeLuxe_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="DeLuxe Laboratories">DeLuxe Laboratories</a> from <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> in 1990).</li> <li>Manufacturing companies <a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British#G.B.-Kershaw_and_G.B.-Kalee" title="Gaumont-British">G.B.-Kalee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Hobson" title="Taylor Hobson">Taylor Hobson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bush_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush (company)">Bush Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-varapr46_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varapr46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Lynne_Theatre" title="Gillian Lynne Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre, London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crisis_and_diversification">Crisis and diversification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crisis and diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite funding films which were both popular and critically acclaimed, Rank was in crisis by 1949, having built up a debt of £16 million,<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reported an annual loss of £3.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managing Director <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(British_businessman)" title="John Davis (British businessman)">John Davis</a> cut staff, reduced budgets and concentrated film production at Pinewood. Other studio facilities (in <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Islington</a>) were closed, sold (Lime Grove Studios) or leased (Denham).<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rank Organisation closed Independent Producers Ltd. The policies of Davis alienated many in the industry; in particular they led film director <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>, responsible for some of Rank's most critically and financially successful films, to look elsewhere for backing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. Arthur Rank stepped down as <a href="/wiki/Managing_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Managing director">managing director</a> of the Rank Organisation in 1952, but remained as chairman until 1962. </p><p>In October 1955 the company reported its film production was "satisfactory".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversification">Diversification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, the company bought the <a href="/wiki/Bush_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush (company)">Bush Radio</a> manufacturing facility and began to diversify its interests. In the early 1960s Rank took over <a href="/wiki/Murphy_Radio" title="Murphy Radio">Murphy Radio</a> to form the <b>Rank Bush Murphy Group</b> (which was eventually sold to Great Universal Stores in 1978). In 1956 Rank began a partnership with the Haloid Corporation to form <a href="/wiki/Rank_Xerox" title="Rank Xerox">Rank Xerox</a>, to manufacture and promote its range of plain paper photocopying equipment. In later years, the waning film company assets were hastily converted and pressed into 'Rank Xerox' service. This venture was a huge gamble but ultimately the company's saving grace, until, once more in financial difficulties, it signed off increasing percentages of its holdings, to the parent company, finally becoming fully integrated into Xerox in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rank was also a significant shareholder in the consortium which became <a href="/wiki/Southern_Television" title="Southern Television">Southern Television</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> television contract holder for the <a href="/wiki/South_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="South of England">south of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_Records">Rank Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rank Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1950s, The Rank Organization set up <b>Rank Records Ltd.</b>, the record label division was named <b>Top Rank Records</b> and <b>Jaro Records</b> (a US subsidiary). </p><p>In 1960, Top Rank Records was taken over by <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, and in 1962 they replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Records" title="Stateside Records">Stateside Records</a>. Top Rank Records artists included <a href="/wiki/Gary_U.S._Bonds" title="Gary U.S. Bonds">Gary U.S. Bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shirelles" title="The Shirelles">the Shirelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Bumble_and_the_Stingers" title="B. Bumble and the Stingers">B. Bumble and the Stingers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilbert_Harrison" title="Wilbert Harrison">Wilbert Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skip_%26_Flip" title="Skip & Flip">Skip & Flip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Stewart_(musician)" title="Andy Stewart (musician)">Andy Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Douglas" title="Craig Douglas">Craig Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Leyton" title="John Leyton">John Leyton</a>. A US branch operated from 1959 to 1961; its artists included <a href="/wiki/Jack_Scott_(singer)" title="Jack Scott (singer)">Jack Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Collins" title="Dorothy Collins">Dorothy Collins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Fireballs" title="The Fireballs">The Fireballs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rank_Audio_Visual">Rank Audio Visual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rank Audio Visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Rank Audio Visual</b> was created in 1960, bringing together Rank's acquisitions in multimedia, including <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell</a> (acquired with Gaumont British in 1941), Andrew Smith Harkness Ltd (1952) and <a href="/wiki/Wharfedale_(company)" title="Wharfedale (company)">Wharfedale Ltd</a> (1958). Subsequent acquisitions included <a href="/wiki/Strand_Lighting" title="Strand Lighting">Strand Electric Holdings</a> (1968) and <a href="/wiki/LEAK" title="LEAK">H.J. Leak & Co.</a> (1969). In the mid and late 1970s, Rank Audio Visual made a 3-in-1 stereo music centre, as well as TV sets in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> of Japan. The production of the "classic" Rank TV ran in the mid to late 70s, some interim models appeared and the "modern" Rank TV appeared in the early 1980s. The NEC <a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">badge</a> did not appear in the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/220/240 volt countries until the mid-1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motoring">Motoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Top Rank</b> was one of the early operators of <a href="/wiki/Motorway_service_area" title="Motorway service area">motorway service areas</a> in the UK, opening its first services at <a href="/wiki/Medway_services" title="Medway services">Farthing Corner</a> on the <a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M2 motorway (Great Britain)">M2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> in 1963.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Top Rank operated a portfolio of 10 service areas until the takeover of <a href="/wiki/Mecca_Leisure_Group" title="Mecca Leisure Group">Mecca Leisure Group</a> by the Rank Group in 1991, when they were spun off to ex-Mecca CEO <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Guthrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Guthrie (page does not exist)">Michael Guthrie</a> under the name Pavilion (later acquired by <a href="/wiki/Granada_plc" title="Granada plc">Granada</a> and now forming part of <a href="/wiki/Moto_Hospitality" title="Moto Hospitality">Moto Hospitality</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were other small specialised groups, including Rank Taylor Hobson who made inspection equipment, Rank Cintel who made telecine (television film scanners) machines, and Gaumont Kalee who made audio analysis equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_involvement_in_the_film_industry">Declining involvement in the film industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Declining involvement in the film industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, Rank started focussing on primarily solidly commercial ventures, largely aimed at the family market. These include the popular <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wisdom" title="Norman Wisdom">Norman Wisdom</a> comedies, the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(film_series)" title="Doctor (film series)">Doctor</a> films series and, later, Rank took on the <a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carry On (film series)">Carry On</a> film series from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Amalgamated" title="Anglo-Amalgamated">Anglo-Amalgamated</a>. Films of note were produced during this era including <i><a href="/wiki/Carve_Her_Name_with_Pride" title="Carve Her Name with Pride">Carve Her Name with Pride</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(film)" title="Sapphire (film)">Sapphire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_to_Remember_(1958_film)" title="A Night to Remember (1958 film)">A Night to Remember</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Victim_(1961_film)" title="Victim (1961 film)">Victim</a></i>, as well as a clutch of prestige topics such as the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</a> and filmed performances by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ballet">Royal Ballet</a>. </p><p>In February 1956 Davis announced Rank would make 20 films at over £3 million. He said "great care will be taken to ensure that, while retaining essentially British characteristics the films will have the widest international appeal. This is part of an intensified drive to secure ever widening showing in overseas markets which already return more than half the revenue earned by Pinewood films."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, Rank announced it would set up distribution in the US. In October Davis listed the Rank actors he thought could become international stars: <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finch" title="Peter Finch">Peter Finch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Kendall" title="Kay Kendall">Kay Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeannie_Carson" title="Jeannie Carson">Jeannie Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Lee" title="Belinda Lee">Belinda Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Craig_(actor)" title="Michael Craig (actor)">Michael Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wright_(actor)" title="Tony Wright (actor)">Tony Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Swanson" title="Maureen Swanson">Maureen Swanson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_More" title="Kenneth More">Kenneth More</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1957, at the 21st birthday for Pinewood Studios, Davis said Rank would make 18 films this year and 20 the next, with the latter costing £5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However cinema attendances fell. In September 1958 the company had lost £1,264,000 on films causing the group's profit to drop from £5 million to £1.8 million. John Davis wound up several long term contracts Rank had with talent. "The trouble with some of them is they won't work," he said. "They lose their sense of proportion."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To recoup some of their losses, Rank sold <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a> and its library to <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">Associated British Picture Corporation</a>. </p><p>In the late 1950s Sydney Box became head of production although he retired from the industry in 1959. </p><p>In January 1960, John Davis announced that Rank would concentrate on bigger budgeted, internationally focused productions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 they announced a production slate of a dozen films worth £7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1962 Lord Rank resigned as chairman of the company and was replaced by managing director Davis. That year to company made a group profit of over £6 million and stated 41% of its film production income came from overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1964 Davis reported profits of £4.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1959 to 1969, the company made over 500 weekly short cinema films in a series entitled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Look_at_Life(series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Look at Life(series) (page does not exist)">Look At Life</a></i>, each film depicting an area of British life. From 1971 to 1976, Rank only invested around £1.5 million a year in film production. According to executive Tony Williams "the two main streams that they were down to was Carry On pictures and horror films made by Kevin Francis".<sup id="cite_ref-tony_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tony-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1976, Rank enjoyed much success with <i><a href="/wiki/Bugsy_Malone" title="Bugsy Malone">Bugsy Malone</a></i> (which they co-produced with <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, who held its American rights). This encouraged them to re-enter film production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temporary_revival_and_last_years">Temporary revival and last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temporary revival and last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1977, Rank appointed <a href="/wiki/Tony_Williams_(film_executive)" title="Tony Williams (film executive)">Tony Williams</a> head of production<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over two years Rank made eight films worth £10 million, including <i><a href="/wiki/Eagle%27s_Wing" title="Eagle's Wing">Eagle's Wing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shout" title="The Shout">The Shout</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thirty_Nine_Steps_(1978_film)" title="The Thirty Nine Steps (1978 film)">The Thirty Nine Steps</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands_(film)" title="The Riddle of the Sands (film)">Riddle of the Sands</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Silver_Dream_Racer" title="Silver Dream Racer">Silver Dream Racer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these stories were set in the past. "You have to go back in time to tell a story that doesn't have to face seventies problems", said Williams in 1978. "What people are nostalgic for isn't necessarily any particular period, but the happier values that are missing today."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few of these new Rank films performed well at the box office, losing £1.6 million overall. </p><p>At the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, Ed Chilton of Rank announced a £12 million slate of projects. However, by June, they withdrew from production once again.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-john_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The decision was made to plunge on in and then it was pulled back", said Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-tony_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tony-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rank films that had been announced for production – including an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ulysses_(novel)" title="HMS Ulysses (novel)">HMS Ulysses</a></i>, <i>The Rocking Horse Winner</i> and a film version of <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Manor_Born" title="To the Manor Born">To the Manor Born</a></i> – were cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-john_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It now takes too long to recoup money on films," said a spokesman for Rank.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, Rank reported a record pre-tax profit of £102 million.<sup id="cite_ref-icon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tony Williams: </p> <blockquote><p>After a time Rank Film Distributors was in trouble because they hadn't got any new product. So Rank Film Distributors was then given chunks of money to go and buy into pictures because they made a blunder. And they carried on, on that basis, not directly making them and they had no direct control over what they made at all, no influence. They just bought into pictures. They did an output deal with <a href="/wiki/Orion_Pictures" title="Orion Pictures">Orion</a> and that carried on until they sold the shooting match. Then the decision was made to get out of (the) film (industry), so RFD was closed down, Rank Film Advertising was sold off, eventually, the laboratories went. Cinemas was the last one to go.<sup id="cite_ref-tony_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tony-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1982, the company partnered with <a href="/wiki/Andre_Blay" title="Andre Blay">Andre Blay Corporation</a> to license its British title library to home video.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Rank Film Distributors, and archrival <a href="/wiki/The_Cannon_Group,_Inc." title="The Cannon Group, Inc.">Cannon Screen Entertainment</a> had signed a deal with the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> to gain access to Rank's nineteen feature offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, the Rank Film Distributors group received a $100 million fund for film financing, and the Rank Film and Television division had invested in $32 million that they would take the budget against non-U.S. rights.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Rank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Group">Rank Group</a> acquired all the outstanding shares of the Rank Organisation. In spring 1997, the Rank Group sold Rank Film Distributors, including its library of 749 films, to <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Communications" title="Carlton Communications">Carlton Communications</a> for £65 million and immediately became known as Carlton/RFD Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinewood Studios and Odeon Cinemas were both sold off in February 2000 for £62 million and £280 million respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company finally severed its remaining connections with the film industry in 2005 when it sold its DVD distribution business and Deluxe technical support unit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_financed_by_The_Rank_Organisation" title="List of films financed by The Rank Organisation">List of Films Financed by Rank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cintel" title="Cintel">Cintel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Life_Insurance_Co_of_New_York_v_Rank_Organisation_Ltd" title="Mutual Life Insurance Co of New York v Rank Organisation Ltd">Mutual Life Insurance Co of New York v Rank Organisation Ltd</a></i> [1985] BCLC 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rank_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rank Foundation">The Rank Foundation</a>, founded by J. Arthur Rank and his wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_Prizes" title="Rank Prizes">The Rank Prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Rank_Suite" title="Top Rank Suite">Top Rank Suite</a>, a chain of nightclubs owned by Rank</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-varapr46-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varapr46_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varapr46_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varapr46_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varapr46_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety162-1946-04/page/n222/mode/1up?view=theater">"Extent and Scope of Rank's Worldwide Interests Reviewed At London Conv"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 24 April 1946. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Extent+and+Scope+of+Rank%27s+Worldwide+Interests+Reviewed+At+London+Conv.&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1946-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety162-1946-04%2Fpage%2Fn222%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00324504">"XRO LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)"</a>. <i>Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk&rft.atitle=XRO+LIMITED+-+Overview+%28free+company+information+from+Companies+House%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.companieshouse.gov.uk%2Fcompany%2F00324504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-john-woolf-1103490.html">The Independent July 16, 1999: Obituary: Sir John Woolf</a> Retrieved 2 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2013" class="citation book cs1">Walden, Joshua. S. (2013). <i>Representation in Western Music. Chapter 5 - Video cultures: 'Bohemian Rhapsody', Wayne's World, and beyond</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representation+in+Western+Music.+Chapter+5+-+Video+cultures%3A+%27Bohemian+Rhapsody%27%2C+Wayne%27s+World%2C+and+beyond&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=Joshua.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp22112/rank-organisation">"Rank Organisation 1937 - 1996"</a>. 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Batsford, 2001, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18474161">"Film Industry Slipping Out Of The Big Money"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Herald_(Sydney)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Herald (Sydney)">The Sunday Herald</a></i>. Sydney. 1 January 1950. p. 7 Supplement: Features<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sir-john-davis-1482174.html">Obituary: Sir John Davis</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 1 July 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/832251498/?terms=%22rank%20film%27%20%22sydney%20box%22&match=1">"20 Rank Films will cost £3 mill"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 17 February 1956. p. 21.</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Film+Studios+Come+of+Age&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1957-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F821912940%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522john%2520davis%2522%2520%2522rank%2520film%2522%26match%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/720967938/?terms=%22john%20davis%22%20%22rank%20film%22&match=1">"Rank forecasts more cinemas will close"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. 17 September 1958. p. 3.</cite><span 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"Bigger Films to Come."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Sunday Times</i>. London. 10 January 1960. p. 15 – via The Sunday Times Digital Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Powell%2C+Dilys.+%22Bigger+Films+to+Come.%22&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1960-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTEPHEN_WATTS1961" class="citation news cs1">STEPHEN WATTS (23 April 1961). "BRITAIN'S SCREEN SCENE: Encouraging Survey, Rank's Dossier – Footnotes on Three Luminaries". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BRITAIN%27S+SCREEN+SCENE%3A+Encouraging+Survey%2C+Rank%27s+Dossier+%E2%80%93+Footnotes+on+Three+Luminaries&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1961-04-23&rft.au=STEPHEN+WATTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/825592890/?terms=%22john%20davis%22%20%22rank%20film%22&match=1">"Advertisement"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 12 October 1962. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1962-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F825592890%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522john%2520davis%2522%2520%2522rank%2520film%2522%26match%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/833554755/?terms=%22john%20davis%22%20%22rank%20film%22&match=1">"Advertisement"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 9 October 1964. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1964-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F833554755%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522john%2520davis%2522%2520%2522rank%2520film%2522%26match%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tony-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tony_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tony_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tony_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelklingerpapers.uwe.ac.uk/williams11.htm">ony Williams Interviewed by Andrew Spicer, London, 18 March 2011, <i>Michael Klinger Papers</i></a> accessed 16 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_Dennis1977" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Dennis (26 November 1977). "Can Rank say they 'proudly' present this film?". <i>The Guardian</i>. London (UK). p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Can+Rank+say+they+%27proudly%27+present+this+film%3F&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1977-11-26&rft.au=Barker%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKILDAY,_GREEGG1978" class="citation news cs1">KILDAY, GREEGG (12 April 1978). "FILM CLIPS: Harvey: Movies Back to Back". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. f8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=FILM+CLIPS%3A+Harvey%3A+Movies+Back+to+Back&rft.pages=f8&rft.date=1978-04-12&rft.au=KILDAY%2C+GREEGG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The lucrative case for believing in yesterday" <i>The Guardian</i> [London] 18 December 1978: 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walker-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walker_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Walker, <i>National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties</i>, Harrap, 1985 p 207-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-john-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-john_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-john_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Huxley. "Losses of £1.6m sound the knell for cinema production." <i>The Times</i> [London] 7 June 1980: 17. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Would You Believe an Industry Could Die?" <i>Sunday Times</i> [London] 15 June 1980: 63. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJOHN_HOLUSHA1980" class="citation news cs1">JOHN HOLUSHA (7 June 1980). "Rank to Quit Film Production, Halting Work on 8 Features: Major British Film Maker Duty on U.S. Films". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rank+to+Quit+Film+Production%2C+Halting+Work+on+8+Features%3A+Major+British+Film+Maker+Duty+on+U.S.+Films&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1980-06-07&rft.au=JOHN+HOLUSHA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ARE BRITISH FILMS FINISHED? New York Times 13 July 1980: A.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icon-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icon_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Walker, <i>Icons in the Fire: The Rise and Fall of Practically Everyone in the British Film Industry 1984–2000</i>, Orion Books, 2005 p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn1982" class="citation news cs1">Glynn, Michael (1 May 1982). "Sound Views". <i><a href="/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)" title="Cashbox (magazine)">Cash Box</a></i>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cash+Box&rft.atitle=Sound+Views&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1982-05-01&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Beeb Buys Rights To Cannon, Rank Pics". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 20 August 1986. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=The+Beeb+Buys+Rights+To+Cannon%2C+Rank+Pics&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1986-08-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Rank Has $100-Mil War Chest For Production; London 4-Plex". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 13 May 1987. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Rank+Has+%24100-Mil+War+Chest+For+Production%3B+London+4-Plex&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1987-05-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawtrey1997" class="citation news cs1">Dawtrey, Adam (2 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/carlton-buy-of-rank-a-done-deal-1117434911/">"Carlton Buy of Rank a Done Deal"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Carlton+Buy+of+Rank+a+Done+Deal&rft.date=1997-04-02&rft.aulast=Dawtrey&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1997%2Fscene%2Fvpage%2Fcarlton-buy-of-rank-a-done-deal-1117434911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawtrey2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Dawtrey, Adam (28 February 2000). "Grade grabs Pinewood for $99 mil". <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Grade+grabs+Pinewood+for+%2499+mil&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2000-02-28&rft.aulast=Dawtrey&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNab2005" class="citation news cs1">MacNab, Geoffrey (26 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/26/film.filmnews">"Rank sounds the final gong for its film business"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rank+sounds+the+final+gong+for+its+film+business&rft.date=2005-02-26&rft.aulast=MacNab&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F26%2Ffilm.filmnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rank+Organisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geoffrey Macnab, <i>J. Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry</i>, London, Routledge (1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07272-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07272-7">0-415-07272-7</a>.</li> <li>Alan Wood, <i>Mr. Rank</i>, London, <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a> (1952).</li> <li>Quentin Falk, <i>The Golden Gong: Fifty years of the Rank Organisation, its films and its stars</i>, London, Columbus Books (1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86287-340-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86287-340-1">0-86287-340-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rank_Organisation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rank.com/en/index.html">Rank Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odeon.co.uk/">ODEON Cinemas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsnpubs.com/nyc/toprank/toprank.html">American Rank Records listing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/448216/index.html">Rank Organisation</a> at <a href="/wiki/BFI_Screenonline" class="mw-redirect" title="BFI Screenonline">BFI Screenonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/company/co0021421/">The Rank Organisation</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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#DCE8E8">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0"><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV <i>(network)</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV1_HD" title="ITV1 HD">ITV1 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)" title="STV (TV channel)">STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0"><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital_Channels" title="ITV Digital Channels">ITV Digital Channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV2" title="ITV2">ITV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV3" title="ITV3">ITV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV4" title="ITV4">ITV4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITVBe" title="ITVBe">ITVBe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0"><a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios" title="ITV Studios">ITV Studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Choice" title="ITV Choice">ITV Choice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CITV" title="CITV">CITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Box_Office" title="ITV Box Office">ITV Box Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Encore" title="ITV Encore">ITV Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_Channel" title="ITV News Channel">ITV News Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Play" title="ITV Play">ITV Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Select" title="ITV Select">ITV Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Sport_Channel" title="ITV Sport Channel">ITV Sport Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(TV_channel)" title="Merit (TV channel)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S2_(TV_channel)" title="S2 (TV channel)">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV2" title="STV2">STV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JML_Direct_TV#JML_Store" title="JML Direct TV">The Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTV2" title="UTV2">UTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Three" title="Virgin Media Three">UTV Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV Group plc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Television" title="Alpha Television">Alpha Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Communications" title="Carlton Communications">Carlton Communications plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_plc" title="Granada plc">Granada plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Entertainment" title="ITC Entertainment">ITC Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Studios_Home_Entertainment#2_Entertain/BBC_Studios_Home_Entertainment" title="BBC Studios Home Entertainment">Video Collection International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios#Distribution" title="ITV Studios">Pickwick Video Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rank Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_%26_Dean_Ireland" title="Pearl & Dean Ireland">Carlton Screen Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_Television" title="Trident Television">Trident Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Broadcasting" title="News Broadcasting">UTV Media plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire-Tyne_Tees_Television" title="Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television">Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%">Divisions,<br />brands and<br />services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0"><a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios" title="ITV Studios">ITV Studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Studios_Australia" title="ITV Studios Australia">ITV Studios Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Yard" title="12 Yard">12 Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Talk_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Talk Productions">Big Talk Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattleya_(production_company)" title="Cattleya (production company)">Cattleya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartswood_Films" title="Hartswood Films">Hartswood Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Screen" title="Mammoth Screen">Mammoth Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistory_Media" title="Multistory Media">Multistory Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Scientific_Films" title="Oxford Scientific Films">Oxford Scientific Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_(production_company)" title="Potato (production company)">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Television" title="So Television">So Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twofour" title="Twofour">Twofour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Productions" title="World Productions">World Productions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CITV" title="CITV">CITV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LittleBe" title="LittleBe">LittleBe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Daytime" title="ITV Daytime">ITV Daytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Food" title="ITV Food">ITV Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Weather" title="ITV Weather">ITV Weather</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Sport" title="ITV Sport">ITV Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itv.com" title="Itv.com">itv.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritBox" title="BritBox">BritBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Studios" title="STV Studios">STV Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Day" title="ITV Day">ITV Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Local" title="ITV Local">ITV Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Play" title="ITV Play">ITV Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Schools" title="ITV Schools">ITV Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.tv" title="U.tv">u.tv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITV_regions" title="List of ITV regions">ITV<br /><i>(network)</i><br />franchises<br />and<br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">National<br />franchises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">Breakfast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV-am" title="TV-am">TV-am</a> (1983–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMTV" title="GMTV">GMTV</a> (1993–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Breakfast" title="ITV Breakfast">ITV Breakfast</a> (2010–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">Teletext</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ORACLE_(teletext)" title="ORACLE (teletext)">ORACLE</a> (1974–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_Ltd." title="Teletext Ltd.">Teletext Ltd.</a> (1993–2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Current<br />regional<br />franchises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">ITV plc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Border" title="ITV Border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Central" title="ITV Central">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Channel_Television" title="ITV Channel Television">Channel TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Cymru_Wales" title="ITV Cymru Wales">Cymru Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Granada" title="ITV Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_London" title="ITV London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees" title="ITV Tyne Tees">Tyne Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_West_Country" title="ITV West Country">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire" title="ITV Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">STV Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Television" title="Scottish Television">STV Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grampian_Television" title="Grampian Television">STV North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Former<br />regional<br />franchises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">"Big 4 / 5"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Weekend_TV" title="ABC Weekend TV">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Television" title="Associated Television">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Central" title="ITV Central">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Granada" title="ITV Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Weekend_Television" title="London Weekend Television">LWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion" title="Associated-Rediffusion">Rediffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire" title="ITV Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:100%; background: #E8F0F0">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Television" title="Carlton Television">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West" title="ITV Wales & West">HTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Service_for_Wales_and_the_West" title="Independent Television Service for Wales and the West">ITSWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Westcountry" title="ITV Westcountry">ITV Westcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Television" title="Southern Television">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_South_West" title="Television South West">TSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_South" title="Television South">TVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West" title="Television Wales and the West">TWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westward_Television" title="Westward Television">Westward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_West_and_North_Television" title="Wales West and North Television">WWN/Teledu Cymru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Unsuccessful<br />franchise bids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPV-TV" title="CPV-TV">CPV-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemsley-Winnick_Television" title="Kemsley-Winnick Television">Kemsley-Winnick Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Pictures#North_West_Television_franchise_bid" title="Lime Pictures">North West Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Non-franchise<br />regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Thames_Valley" title="ITV Thames Valley">ITV Thames Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees_%26_Border" title="ITV Tyne Tees & Border">ITV Tyne Tees & Border</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Franchises<br />and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ABC_Weekend_TV" title="Timeline of ABC Weekend TV">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anglia_Television" title="Timeline of Anglia Television">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ATV" title="Timeline of ATV">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Border_Television" title="Timeline of Border Television">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Carlton_Television" title="Timeline of Carlton Television">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Central_Independent_Television" title="Timeline of Central Independent Television">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Channel_Television" title="Timeline of Channel Television">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Grampian_Television" title="Timeline of Grampian Television">Grampian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Granada_Television" title="Timeline of Granada Television">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HTV_West" title="Timeline of HTV West">HTV West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITV_in_Wales" title="Timeline of ITV in Wales">ITV in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London_Weekend_Television" title="Timeline of London Weekend Television">LWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Meridian_Broadcasting" title="Timeline of Meridian Broadcasting">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_Television" title="Timeline of Scottish Television">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Southern_Television" title="Timeline of Southern Television">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Thames_Television" title="Timeline of Thames Television">Thames & Associated-Rediffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_TSW" title="Timeline of TSW">TSW & Westward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_TV-am" title="Timeline of TV-am">TV-am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_TVS" title="Timeline of TVS">TVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tyne_Tees_Television" title="Timeline of Tyne Tees Television">Tyne Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Television" title="Timeline of Ulster Television">UTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Westcountry_Television" title="Timeline of Westcountry Television">Westcountry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yorkshire_Television" title="Timeline of Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;line-height:100%; background: #DCE8E8">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITV" title="Timeline of ITV">ITV <i>(network)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_children%27s_television_on_ITV" title="Timeline of children's television on ITV">ITV children's TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITV_Digital_Channels" title="Timeline of ITV Digital Channels">ITV Digital Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITV_News" title="Timeline of ITV News">ITV News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITN" title="Timeline of ITN">ITN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_regional_news_on_ITV" title="Timeline of regional news on ITV">Regional news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ITV_Sport" title="Timeline of ITV Sport">ITV Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%">Regulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority" title="Independent Television Authority">ITA</a> (1954–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> (1972–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Commission" title="Independent Television Commission">ITC</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> (2003–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D0E0E0;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ITV" title="History of ITV">History of ITV <i>(network)</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ITV_television_idents" title="History of ITV television idents">Idents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Emergency_National_Service" title="ITV Emergency National Service">ITV Emergency National Service (1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Telethon" title="ITV Telethon">ITV Telethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Network" title="Night Network">Night Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Nightscreen" title="ITV Nightscreen">ITV Nightscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITV_journalists_and_newsreaders" title="List of ITV journalists and newsreaders">Journalists and newsreaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_ITV" title="List of television programmes broadcast by ITV">Programmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_ITV2" title="List of television programmes broadcast by ITV2">ITV2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_House" title="Television House">Television House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_advertising_operations" title="ITV advertising operations">ITV advertising operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_50" title="ITV 50">ITV 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginx_TV" title="Ginx TV">Ginx TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3SixtyMedia" title="3SixtyMedia">3SixtyMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibi" title="Quibi">Quibi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #D0E0E0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ITV_(TV_network)" title="Category:ITV (TV network)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_British_films" title="Lists of British films">Films by year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_before_1920" title="List of British films before 1920">Pre-1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1920" title="List of British films of 1920">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1921" title="List of British films of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1922" title="List of British films of 1922">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1923" title="List of British films of 1923">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1924" title="List of British films of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1925" title="List of British films of 1925">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1926" title="List of British films of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1927" title="List of British films of 1927">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1928" title="List of British films of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1929" title="List of British films of 1929">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1930" title="List of British films of 1930">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1931" title="List of British films of 1931">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1932" title="List of British films of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1933" title="List of British films of 1933">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1934" title="List of British films of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1935" title="List of British films of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1936" title="List of British films of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1937" title="List of British films of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1938" title="List of British films of 1938">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1939" title="List of British films of 1939">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1940" title="List of British films of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1941" title="List of British films of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1942" title="List of British films of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1943" title="List of British films of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1944" title="List of British films of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1945" title="List of British films of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1946" title="List of British films of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1947" title="List of British films of 1947">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1948" title="List of British films of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1949" title="List of British films of 1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1950" title="List of British films of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1951" title="List of British films of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1952" title="List of British films of 1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1953" title="List of British films of 1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1954" title="List of British films of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1955" title="List of British films of 1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1956" title="List of British films of 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1957" title="List of British films of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1958" title="List of British films of 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1959" title="List of British films of 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1960" title="List of British films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1961" title="List of British films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1962" title="List of British films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1963" title="List of British films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1964" title="List of British films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1965" title="List of British films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1966" title="List of British films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1967" title="List of British films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1968" title="List of British films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1969" title="List of British films of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1970" title="List of British films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1971" title="List of British films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1972" title="List of British films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1973" title="List of British films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1974" title="List of British films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1975" title="List of British films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1976" title="List of British films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1977" title="List of British films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1978" title="List of British films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1979" title="List of British films of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1980" title="List of British films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1981" title="List of British films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1982" title="List of British films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1983" title="List of British films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1984" title="List of British films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1985" title="List of British films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1986" title="List of British films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1987" title="List of British films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1988" title="List of British films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1989" title="List of British films of 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1990" title="List of British films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1991" title="List of British films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1992" title="List of British films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1993" title="List of British films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1994" title="List of British films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1995" title="List of British films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1996" title="List of British films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1997" title="List of British films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1998" title="List of British films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_1999" title="List of British films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2000" title="List of British films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2001" title="List of British films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2002" title="List of British films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2003" title="List of British films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2004" title="List of British films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2005" title="List of British films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2006" title="List of British films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2007" title="List of British films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2008" title="List of British films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2009" title="List of British films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2010" title="List of British films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2011" title="List of British films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2012" title="List of British films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2013" title="List of British films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2014" title="List of British films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2015" title="List of British films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2016" title="List of British films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2017" title="List of British films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2018" title="List of British films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2019" title="List of British films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2020" title="List of British films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2021" title="List of British films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2022" title="List of British films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2023" title="List of British films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_films_of_2024" title="List of British films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production companies<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_studios" title="List of British film studios">studios</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Film" title="BBC Film">BBC Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Talk_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Talk Productions">Big Talk Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Lion_Films" title="British Lion Films">British Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Films" title="DNA Films">DNA Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Negative_(VFX)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Negative (VFX)">Double Negative (VFX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_Productions" title="Eon Productions">Eon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4_Productions" title="Film4 Productions">Film4 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandMade_Films" title="HandMade Films">HandMade Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyday_Films" title="Heyday Films">Heyday Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginarium" title="The Imaginarium">The Imaginarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_Pictures" title="Jellyfish Pictures">Jellyfish Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Films" title="London Films">London Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcross_Studios" title="Longcross Studios">Longcross Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mister_Smith_Entertainment" title="Mister Smith Entertainment">Mister Smith Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_9_Films" title="Number 9 Films">Number 9 Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Pictures">Palace Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Pictures" title="Passion Pictures">Passion Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Group" title="Pinewood Group">Pinewood Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorded_Picture_Company" title="Recorded Picture Company">Recorded Picture Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Free_Productions" title="Scott Free Productions">Scott Free Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncopy_Inc." title="Syncopy Inc.">Syncopy Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_Films" title="Thin Man Films">Thin Man Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Films" title="Vertigo Films">Vertigo Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios_Leavesden" title="Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden">Warner Bros. Studios Leavesden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_Films" title="Warp Films">Warp Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Studios" title="Wimbledon Studios">Wimbledon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Title_Films" title="Working Title Films">Working Title Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicus_Productions" title="Amicus Productions">Amicus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Picture_Corporation" title="Associated British Picture Corporation">Associated British Picture Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Films" title="Astra Films">Astra Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Dominions_Imperial_Studios" title="British and Dominions Imperial Studios">British and Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Instructional_Films" title="British Instructional Films">British Instructional Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Films_Company" title="British National Films Company">British National Films Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher%27s_Film_Service" title="Butcher's Film Service">Butcher's Film Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Film_Company" title="Clarendon Film Company">Clarendon Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryanston_Films_(UK)" title="Bryanston Films (UK)">Bryanston Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Danzigers" title="The Danzigers">The Danzigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Film_Studios" title="Denham Film Studios">Denham Film Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle-Lion_Films" title="Eagle-Lion Films">Eagle-Lion Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_Films" title="Eros Films">Eros Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._B._Samuelson_Productions" title="G. B. Samuelson Productions">G. B. Samuelson Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Pictures" title="Gainsborough Pictures">Gainsborough Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_Studios" title="Gate Studios">Gate Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Film_Distributors" title="General Film Distributors">General Film Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halas_and_Batchelor" title="Halas and Batchelor">Halas and Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemdale_Film_Corporation" title="Hemdale Film Corporation">Hemdale Film Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepworth_Pictures" title="Hepworth Pictures">Hepworth Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Film_Company" title="Ideal Film Company">Ideal Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Company" title="London Film Company">London Film Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancunian_Films" title="Mancunian Films">Mancunian Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Park_Studios" title="Merton Park Studios">Merton Park Studios</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rank Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">Rock Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southall_Studios" title="Southall Studios">Southall Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoll_Pictures" title="Stoll Pictures">Stoll Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempean_Films" title="Tempean Films">Tempean Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigon_British_Film_Productions" title="Tigon British Film Productions">Tigon British Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Films" title="Warwick Films">Warwick Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodfall_Film_Productions" title="Woodfall Film Productions">Woodfall Film Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolf_%26_Freedman_Film_Service" title="Woolf & Freedman Film Service">Woolf & Freedman Film Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">British horror cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealing_comedies" title="Ealing comedies">Ealing comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_melodramas" title="Gainsborough melodramas">Gainsborough melodramas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_National_Archive" title="BFI National Archive">BFI National Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_Southbank" title="BFI Southbank">BFI Southbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="British Society of Cinematographers">British Society of Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Film_Foundation" title="Children's Film Foundation">Children's Film Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Exhibitors%27_Association" title="Cinema Exhibitors' Association">Cinema Exhibitors' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen" title="Northern Ireland Screen">Northern Ireland Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Film_Council" title="UK Film Council">UK Film Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_actors" title="List of British actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_film_directors" title="List of British film directors">Directors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of highest-grossing films in the United Kingdom">Box office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards" title="British Independent Film Awards">British Independent Film Awards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_(franchise)" title="Carry On (franchise)">Carry On</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Film censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematograph_Films_Act_1927" title="Cinematograph Films Act 1927">Cinematograph Films Act 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eady_Levy" title="Eady Levy">Eady Levy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_film_certificates" title="History of British film certificates">History of British film certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Video_Charts" title="UK Video Charts">Home Video Charts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival" title="BFI London Film Festival">London Film Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Look_at_Life_(film_series)" title="Look at Life (film series)">Look at Life</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_film" title="London in film">London in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Live" title="National Theatre Live">National Theatre Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecinema" title="Telecinema">Telecinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cinema of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Template:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Template talk:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Adler" title="Buddy Adler">Buddy Adler</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hecht" title="Harold Hecht">Harold Hecht</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Todd" title="Mike Todd">Michael Todd</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Zimbalist" title="Sam Zimbalist">Sam Zimbalist</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mirisch" title="Walter Mirisch">Walter Mirisch</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_and_James_Woolf" title="John and James Woolf">John Woolf</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Hellman" title="Jerome Hellman">Jerome Hellman</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McCarthy_(producer)" title="Frank McCarthy (producer)">Frank McCarthy</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_D%27Antoni" title="Philip D'Antoni">Philip D'Antoni</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy" title="Albert S. Ruddy">Albert S. Ruddy</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bill" title="Tony Bill">Tony Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Phillips" title="Julia Phillips">Julia Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(producer)" title="Michael Phillips (producer)">Michael Phillips</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_Frederickson" title="Gray Frederickson">Gray Frederickson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Roos" title="Fred Roos">Fred Roos</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chartoff" title="Robert Chartoff">Robert Chartoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Winkler" title="Irwin Winkler">Irwin Winkler</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Joffe" title="Charles H. Joffe">Charles H. Joffe</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Deeley" title="Michael Deeley">Michael Deeley</a>, John Peverall and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Spikings" title="Barry Spikings">Barry Spikings</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_R._Jaffe" title="Stanley R. Jaffe">Stanley R. Jaffe</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Schwary" title="Ronald L. Schwary">Ronald L. Schwary</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Kopelson" title="Arnold Kopelson">Arnold Kopelson</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thomas" title="Jeremy Thomas">Jeremy Thomas</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(producer)" title="Mark Johnson (producer)">Mark Johnson</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lili_Fini_Zanuck" title="Lili Fini Zanuck">Lili Fini Zanuck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck" title="Richard D. Zanuck">Richard D. Zanuck</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wilson_(producer)" title="Jim Wilson (producer)">Jim Wilson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Bozman" title="Ron Bozman">Ron Bozman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Saxon" title="Edward Saxon">Edward Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Utt" title="Kenneth Utt">Kenneth Utt</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Lustig" title="Branko Lustig">Branko Lustig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Molen" title="Gerald R. Molen">Gerald R. Molen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Finerman" title="Wendy Finerman">Wendy Finerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Starkey" title="Steve Starkey">Steve Starkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Tisch" title="Steve Tisch">Steve Tisch</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Davey" title="Bruce Davey">Bruce Davey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ladd_Jr." title="Alan Ladd Jr.">Alan Ladd Jr.</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Landau_(film_producer)" title="Jon Landau (film producer)">Jon Landau</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Gigliotti" title="Donna Gigliotti">Donna Gigliotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Norman" title="Marc Norman">Marc Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Parfitt" title="David Parfitt">David Parfitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein" title="Harvey Weinstein">Harvey Weinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cohen" title="Bruce Cohen">Bruce Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Jinks" title="Dan Jinks">Dan Jinks</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Franzoni" title="David Franzoni">David Franzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branko_Lustig" title="Branko Lustig">Branko Lustig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wick" title="Douglas Wick">Douglas Wick</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richards_(producer)" title="Martin Richards (producer)">Martin Richards</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrie_M._Osborne" title="Barrie M. Osborne">Barrie M. Osborne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rosenberg" title="Tom Rosenberg">Tom Rosenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy" title="Albert S. Ruddy">Albert S. Ruddy</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Haggis" title="Paul Haggis">Paul Haggis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Schulman" title="Cathy Schulman">Cathy Schulman</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_King" title="Graham King">Graham King</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Ethan Coen, Joel Coen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rudin" title="Scott Rudin">Scott Rudin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Colson" title="Christian Colson">Christian Colson</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Boal" title="Mark Boal">Mark Boal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chartier" title="Nicolas Chartier">Nicolas Chartier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Shapiro_(producer)" title="Greg Shapiro (producer)">Greg Shapiro</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Canning" title="Iain Canning">Iain Canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Sherman" title="Emile Sherman">Emile Sherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Unwin" title="Gareth Unwin">Gareth Unwin</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langmann" title="Thomas Langmann">Thomas Langmann</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Heslov" title="Grant Heslov">Grant Heslov</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dede_Gardner" title="Dede Gardner">Dede Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Katagas" title="Anthony Katagas">Anthony Katagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kleiner" title="Jeremy Kleiner">Jeremy Kleiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lesher_(producer)" title="John Lesher (producer)">John Lesher</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_W._Skotchdopole" title="James W. Skotchdopole">James W. Skotchdopole</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blye_Pagon_Faust" title="Blye Pagon Faust">Blye Pagon Faust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Golin" title="Steve Golin">Steve Golin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Rocklin" title="Nicole Rocklin">Nicole Rocklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sugar" title="Michael Sugar">Michael Sugar</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dede_Gardner" title="Dede Gardner">Dede Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kleiner" title="Jeremy Kleiner">Jeremy Kleiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adele_Romanski" title="Adele Romanski">Adele Romanski</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Miles_Dale" title="J. Miles Dale">J. Miles Dale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Burke_(film_producer)" title="Jim Burke (film producer)">Jim Burke</a>, Brian Currie, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Farrelly" title="Peter Farrelly">Peter Farrelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Vallelonga" title="Nick Vallelonga">Nick Vallelonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Wessler" title="Charles B. Wessler">Charles B. Wessler</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwak_Sin-ae" title="Kwak Sin-ae">Kwak Sin-ae</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey, <a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Spears" title="Peter Spears">Peter Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Fabrice Gianfermi, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rousselet" title="Philippe Rousselet">Philippe Rousselet</a>, Patrick Wachsberger (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan, Daniel Scheinert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wang" title="Jonathan Wang">Jonathan Wang</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thomas" title="Emma Thomas">Emma Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Roven" title="Charles Roven">Charles Roven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535788#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121855196">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151411015">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88019774">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439282005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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