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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasoline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogas">biogas</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For the Canadian band, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_Gas_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural Gas (band)">Natural Gas (band)</a>. </div> Natural gas (also called fossil gas, methane gas, or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> consisting primarily of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a> (95%)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alkane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>. Traces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helium">helium</a> are also usually present.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Methane is colorless and odorless, and the second largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> contributor to global climate change after carbon dioxide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kashtan-2023-4">[4]</a> Because natural gas is odorless, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odorizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odorizer">odorizers</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methanethiol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methanethiol">mercaptan</a> (which smells like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">rotten eggs</a>) are commonly added to it for safety so that leaks can be readily detected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gas-natural.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up image of a natural gas burner on a stove showing the characteristic blue hue of a natural gas flame." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gas-natural.jpg/300px-Gas-natural.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Gas-natural.jpg/450px-Gas-natural.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Gas-natural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"></a> <figcaption> Natural gas burning on a gas stove </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chuhuo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpg/220px-Chuhuo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpg/330px-Chuhuo.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpg/440px-Chuhuo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a> <figcaption> Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground </figcaption> </figure> Natural gas is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> that is formed when layers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organic_matter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> (primarily marine microorganisms)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> are thermally decomposed under oxygen-free conditions, subjected to intense heat and pressure underground over millions of years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eiaex-7">[7]</a> The energy that the decayed organisms originally obtained from the sun via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photosynthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> is stored as chemical energy within the molecules of methane and other hydrocarbons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-epa_ng-8">[8]</a> Natural gas can be burned for heating, cooking,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas-fired power plant">electricity generation</a>. Consisting mainly of methane, natural gas is rarely used as a chemical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raw_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raw material">feedstock</a>. The extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major industry. When burned for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furnace_(central_heating)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Furnace (central heating)">heat</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas-fired power plant">electricity</a>, natural gas emits fewer toxic air pollutants, less carbon dioxide, and almost no particulate matter compared to other fossil and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomass">biomass</a> fuels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> However, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_venting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas venting">gas venting</a> and unintended <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fugitive_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive emissions">fugitive emissions</a> throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supply_chain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> can result in natural gas having a similar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_footprint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> to other fossil fuels overall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Natural gas can be found in underground <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geological_formation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geological formation">geological formations</a>, often alongside other fossil fuels like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroleum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroleum">oil</a> (petroleum). Most natural gas has been created through either biogenic or thermogenic processes. Thermogenic gas takes a much longer period of time to form and is created when organic matter is heated and compressed deep underground.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eiaex-7">[7]</a> Methanogenic organisms produce methane from a variety of sources, principally carbon dioxide. During petroleum production, natural gas is sometimes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_flare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas flare">flared</a> rather than being collected and used. Before natural gas can be burned as a fuel or used in manufacturing processes, it almost always has to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">processed</a> to remove impurities such as water. The byproducts of this processing include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Butane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Butane">butanes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentane">pentanes</a>, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. Hydrogen sulfide (which may be converted into pure <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_vapor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, and sometimes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helium">helium</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> must also be removed. Natural gas is sometimes informally referred to simply as "gas", especially when it is being compared to other energy sources, such as oil, coal or renewables. However, it is not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasoline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, which is also shortened in colloquial usage to "gas", especially in North America.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Natural gas is measured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_cubic_meter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cubic meter">standard cubic meters</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_cubic_feet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cubic feet">standard cubic feet</a>. The density compared to air ranges from 0.58 (16.8 g/mole, 0.71 kg per standard cubic meter) to as high as 0.79 (22.9 g/mole, 0.97 kg per scm), but generally less than 0.64 (18.5 g/mole, 0.78 kg per scm).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> For comparison, pure methane (16.0425 g/mole) has a density 0.5539 times that of air (0.678 kg per standard cubic meter). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">3 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natural_gas">3.1 Natural gas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Shale_gas">3.2 Shale gas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Town_gas">3.3 Town gas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crystallized_natural_gas_%E2%80%93_clathrates">3.4 Crystallized natural gas – clathrates</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Processing">4 Processing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demand">5 Demand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Storage_and_transport">6 Storage and transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Floating_liquefied_natural_gas">6.1 Floating liquefied natural gas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uses">7 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mid-stream_natural_gas">7.1 Mid-stream natural gas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Power_generation">7.2 Power generation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Domestic_use">7.3 Domestic use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transportation">7.4 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fertilizers">7.5 Fertilizers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrogen">7.6 Hydrogen</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Animal_and_fish_feed">7.7 Animal and fish feed</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Olefins(alkenes)">7.8 Olefins(alkenes)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other">7.9 Other</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health_effects">8 Health effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Environmental_effects">9 Environmental effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greenhouse_effect_and_natural_gas_release">9.1 Greenhouse effect and natural gas release</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greenhouse_gas_emissions">9.2 Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Installation_bans">9.2.1 Installation bans</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_pollutants">9.3 Other pollutants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Radionuclides">9.4 Radionuclides</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Safety_concerns">10 Safety concerns</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Production">10.1 Production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fracking">10.2 Fracking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Added_odor">10.3 Added odor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Risk_of_explosion">10.4 Risk of explosion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Risk_of_carbon_monoxide_inhalation">10.5 Risk of carbon monoxide inhalation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Energy_content,_statistics,_and_pricing">11 Energy content, statistics, and pricing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#European_Union">11.1 European Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">11.2 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">11.3 Canada</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adsorbed_natural_gas_(ANG)">12 Adsorbed natural gas (ANG)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the early 1800s, natural gas became known as "natural" to distinguish it from the dominant gas fuel at the time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Unlike coal gas, which is manufactured by heating coal, natural gas can be extracted from the ground in its native gaseous form. When the use of natural gas overtook the use of coal gas in English speaking countries in the 20th century, it was increasingly referred to as simply "gas."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In order to highlight its role in exacerbating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>, however, many organizations have criticized the continued use of the word "natural" in referring to the gas. These advocates prefer the term "fossil gas" or "methane gas" as better conveying to the public its climate threat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A 2020 study of Americans' perceptions of the fuel found that, across political identifications, the term "methane gas" led to better estimates of its harms and risks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg/220px-Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2403"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg/220px-Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg/330px-Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg/440px-Residential_natural_gas_bill_USA_1834.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A gas bill from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltimore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. </figcaption> </figure> Natural gas can come out of the ground and cause a long-burning fire. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, the gas flames at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Chimaera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Chimaera">Mount Chimaera</a> contributed to the legend of the fire-breathing creature <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, gas resulting from the drilling for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brine_(solution)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brine (solution)">brines</a> was first used by about 400 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Chinese transported gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to boil salt water to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salt in Chinese history">extract the salt</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziliujing_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziliujing District">Ziliujing District</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Natural gas was not widely used before the development of long distance pipelines in the early twentieth century. Before that, most use was near to the source of the well, and the predominant gas for fuel and lighting during the industrial revolution was manufactured coal gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The history of natural gas in the United States begins with localized use. In the seventeenth century, French missionaries witnessed the American Indians setting fire to natural gas seeps around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Erie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, and scattered observations of these seeps were made by European-descended settlers throughout the eastern seaboard through the 1700s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-25">[25]</a> In 1821, William Hart dug the first commercial natural gas well in the United States at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fredonia,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fredonia, New York">Fredonia, New York</a>, United States, which led in 1858 to the formation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fredonia_Gas_Light_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fredonia Gas Light Company">Fredonia Gas Light Company</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Further such ventures followed near wells in other states, until technological innovations allowed the growth of major long distance pipelines from the 1920s onward.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-25">[25]</a> By 2009, 66,000 km3 (16,000 cu mi) (or 8%) had been used out of the total 850,000 km3 (200,000 cu mi) of estimated remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldenergyoutlook.org-27">[27]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">List of countries by natural gas proven reserves</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by natural gas production">List of countries by natural gas production</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Natural gas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg/170px-BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2816"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg/170px-BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg/255px-BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg/340px-BarnettShaleDrilling-9323.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Natural gas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drilling_rig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a> in Texas, US </figcaption> </figure> In the 19th century, natural gas was primarily obtained as a by-product of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oil_well?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oil well">producing oil</a>. The small, light gas carbon chains came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure reduction from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroleum reservoir">reservoir</a> to the surface, similar to uncapping a soft drink bottle where the carbon dioxide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effervesce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervesce">effervesces</a>. The gas was often viewed as a by-product, a hazard, and a disposal problem in active oil fields. The large volumes produced could not be used until relatively expensive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pipeline_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_storage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas storage">storage</a> facilities were constructed to deliver the gas to consumer markets. Until the early part of the 20th century, most natural gas associated with oil was either simply released or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_flare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas flare">burned off</a> at oil fields. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_venting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas venting">Gas venting</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Production_flaring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Production flaring">production flaring</a> are still practised in modern times, but efforts are ongoing around the world to retire them, and to replace them with other commercially viable and useful alternatives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In addition to transporting gas via pipelines for use in power generation, other end uses for natural gas include export as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) or conversion of natural gas into other liquid products via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_to_liquids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas to liquids">gas to liquids</a> (GTL) technologies. GTL technologies can convert natural gas into liquids products such as gasoline, diesel or jet fuel. A variety of GTL technologies have been developed, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer–Tropsch">Fischer–Tropsch</a> (F–T), methanol to gasoline (MTG) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syngas_to_gasoline_plus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syngas to gasoline plus">syngas to gasoline plus</a> (STG+). F–T produces a synthetic crude that can be further refined into finished products, while MTG can produce synthetic gasoline from natural gas. STG+ can produce drop-in gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and aromatic chemicals directly from natural gas via a single-loop process.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-STG+-30">[30]</a> In 2011, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell's</a> 140,000 barrels (22,000 m3) per day F–T plant went into operation in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qatar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Natural gas can be "associated" (found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oil_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>), or "non-associated" (isolated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas fields</a>), and is also found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal_bed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal bed">coal beds</a> (as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coalbed_methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coalbed methane">coalbed methane</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It sometimes contains a significant amount of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Butane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Butane">butane</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentane">pentane</a>—heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a> being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock. Non-hydrocarbons such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helium">helium</a> (rarely), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Natural gas extracted from oil wells is called casinghead gas (whether or not truly produced up the annulus and through a casinghead outlet) or associated gas. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas industry">natural gas industry</a> is extracting an increasing quantity of gas from challenging, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">unconventional</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(natural_gas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unconventional_gas" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas)">resource types</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sour_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sour gas">sour gas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tight_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tight gas">tight gas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shale_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coalbed_methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coalbed methane">coalbed methane</a>. There is some disagreement on which country has the largest proven gas reserves. Sources that consider that Russia has by far the largest proven reserves include the US <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (47,600 km3)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> (47,800 km3),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (48,700 km3).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Contrarily, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BP">BP</a> credits Russia with only 32,900 km3,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> which would place it in second, slightly behind Iran (33,100 to 33,800 km3, depending on the source). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_(2014).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg/440px-Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg/440px-Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg/660px-Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg/880px-Countries_by_Natural_Gas_Proven_Reserves_%282014%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Countries by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">natural gas proven reserves</a> (2014), based on data from The World Factbook </figcaption> </figure> It is estimated that there are about 900,000 km3 of "unconventional" gas such as shale gas, of which 180,000 km3 may be recoverable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In turn, many studies from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MIT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_%26_Veatch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black & Veatch">Black & Veatch</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US_Department_of_Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Energy">US Department of Energy</a> predict that natural gas will account for a larger portion of electricity generation and heat in the future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The world's largest gas field is the offshore <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field</a>, shared between Iran and Qatar. It is estimated to have 51,000 cubic kilometers (12,000 cu mi) of natural gas and 50 billion barrels (7.9 billion cubic meters) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural-gas condensate">natural gas condensates</a>. Because natural gas is not a pure product, as the reservoir pressure drops when non-associated gas is extracted from a field under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supercritical_fluid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> (pressure/temperature) conditions, the higher molecular weight components may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing—an effect called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retrograde_condensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retrograde condensation">retrograde condensation</a>. The liquid thus formed may get trapped as the pores of the gas reservoir get depleted. One method to deal with this problem is to re-inject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and to allow re-evaporation and extraction of condensates. More frequently, the liquid condenses at the surface, and one of the tasks of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">gas plant</a> is to collect this condensate. The resulting liquid is called natural gas liquid (NGL) and has commercial value. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Shale_gas">Shale gas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Shale gas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GasDepositDiagram.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GasDepositDiagram.jpg/440px-GasDepositDiagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="473"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GasDepositDiagram.jpg/440px-GasDepositDiagram.jpg" data-width="440" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GasDepositDiagram.jpg/660px-GasDepositDiagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/GasDepositDiagram.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The location of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shale_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a> compared to other types of gas deposits </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shale_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a> </div> Shale gas is natural gas produced from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shale">shale</a>. Because shale's matrix permeability is too low to allow gas to flow in economical quantities, shale gas wells depend on fractures to allow the gas to flow. Early shale gas wells depended on natural fractures through which gas flowed; almost all shale gas wells today require fractures artificially created by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>. Since 2000, shale gas has become a major source of natural gas in the United States and Canada.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Because of increased shale gas production the United States was in 2014 the number one natural gas producer in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The production of shale gas in the United States has been described as a "shale gas revolution" and as "one of the landmark events in the 21st century."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Following the increased production in the United States, shale gas exploration is beginning in countries such as Poland, China, and South Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Chinese geologists have identified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan_Basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a> as a promising target for shale gas drilling, because of the similarity of shales to those that have proven productive in the United States. Production from the Wei-201 well is between 10,000 and 20,000 m3 per day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In late 2020, China National Petroleum Corporation claimed daily production of 20 million cubic meters of gas from its Changning-Weiyuan demonstration zone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Town_gas">Town gas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Town gas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">History of manufactured fuel gases</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Town_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Town gas">Town gas</a> is a flammable gaseous fuel made by the destructive distillation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal">coal</a>. It contains a variety of calorific gases including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a>, and other volatile <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and was used in a similar way to natural gas. This is a historical technology and is not usually economically competitive with other sources of fuel gas today. Most town "gashouses" located in the eastern US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were simple by-product <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coke_(fuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> ovens that heated bituminous coal in air-tight chambers. The gas driven off from the coal was collected and distributed through networks of pipes to residences and other buildings where it was used for cooking and lighting. (Gas heating did not come into widespread use until the last half of the 20th century.) The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal_tar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> (or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitumen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a>) that collected in the bottoms of the gashouse ovens was often used for roofing and other waterproofing purposes, and when mixed with sand and gravel was used for paving streets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Crystallized_natural_gas_–_clathrates">Crystallized natural gas – clathrates</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Crystallized natural gas – clathrates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane_clathrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane clathrate">clathrates</a> under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Permafrost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, such as those in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siberia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form. In 2013, Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) announced that they had recovered commercially relevant quantities of natural gas from methane hydrate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">Natural gas processing</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG/220px-Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="1717"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG/220px-Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG/330px-Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG/440px-Aderklaa_-_Gasstation.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Natural gas processing plant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aderklaa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aderklaa">Aderklaa</a>, Lower Austria </figcaption> </figure> The image below is a schematic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Process_flow_diagram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Process flow diagram">block flow diagram</a> of a typical natural gas processing plant. It shows the various unit processes used to convert raw natural gas into sales gas pipelined to the end user markets. The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur, byproduct ethane, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquids">natural gas liquids</a> (NGL) propane, butanes and natural gasoline (denoted as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentanes">pentanes</a> +).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frame"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NatGasProcessing.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NatGasProcessing.svg/744px-NatGasProcessing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="744" height="524" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="524"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 744px;height: 524px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NatGasProcessing.svg/744px-NatGasProcessing.svg.png" data-width="744" data-height="524" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NatGasProcessing.svg/1116px-NatGasProcessing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NatGasProcessing.svg/1488px-NatGasProcessing.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Demand">Demand</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Demand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_depletion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas depletion">Gas depletion</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png/440px-World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 193px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png/440px-World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png" data-width="440" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png/660px-World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png/880px-World_-_Natural_Gas_Production_of_Countries.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Natural gas extraction by countries</a> in cubic meters per year around 2013 </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with US and do not represent a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNatural_gas%26action%3Dedit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:Natural gas">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As of mid-2020, natural gas production in the US had peaked three times, with current levels exceeding both previous peaks. It reached 24.1 trillion cubic feet per year in 1973, followed by a decline, and reached 24.5 trillion cubic feet in 2001. After a brief drop, withdrawals increased nearly every year since 2006 (owing to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Barnett_and_beyond" title="Shale gas in the United States">shale gas boom</a>), with 2017 production at 33.4 trillion cubic feet and 2019 production at 40.7 trillion cubic feet. After the third peak in December 2019, extraction continued to fall from March onward due to decreased demand caused by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the US</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EIAThirdPeak-54">[54]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global energy crisis">2021 global energy crisis</a> was driven by a global surge in demand as the world quit the economic recession caused by COVID-19, particularly due to strong energy demand in Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Storage_and_transport">Storage and transport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Storage and transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_pipelines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of natural gas pipelines">List of natural gas pipelines</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg/170px-Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1166"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg/170px-Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg/255px-Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg/340px-Polyethylene_gas_main.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyethylene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> plastic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas main">main</a> being placed in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trench?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trench">trench</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg/220px-Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1238"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 342px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg/220px-Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="342" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg/330px-Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg/440px-Gas_underpipe_warning_notice.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: change in transport from Russia. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Because of its low density, it is not easy to store natural gas or to transport it by vehicle. Natural gas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pipeline_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a> are impractical across oceans, since the gas needs to be cooled down and compressed, as the friction in the pipeline causes the gas to heat up. Many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_pipelines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#North_America" title="List of natural gas pipelines">existing pipelines in the US</a> are close to reaching their capacity, prompting some politicians representing northern states to speak of potential shortages. The large trade cost implies that natural gas markets are globally much less integrated, causing significant price differences across countries. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the gas pipeline network is already dense.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>][<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] New pipelines are planned or under construction between Western Europe and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near East">Near East</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Whenever gas is bought or sold at custody transfer points, rules and agreements are made regarding the gas quality. These may include the maximum allowable concentration of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide">CO 2</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H 2S</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_vapor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water vapor">H 2O</a>. Usually sales quality gas that has been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural-gas_processing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural-gas processing">treated to remove contamination</a> is traded on a "dry gas" basis and is required to be commercially free from objectionable odours, materials, and dust or other solid or liquid matter, waxes, gums and gum forming constituents, which might damage or adversely affect operation of equipment downstream of the custody transfer point. Based on their geographic origin, H-gas (high-calorific gas) and L-gas (low-calorific gas) are to be distinguished.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Both types require separate transport, leading to two separate pipeline networks, e.g. in parts of Germany (with a strengthened focus and transition towards H-gas, as the L-gas reservoirs in Germany and the Netherlands are declining).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LNG_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a> ships transport <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) across oceans, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tank_truck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tank truck">tank trucks</a> can carry LNG or compressed natural gas (CNG) over shorter distances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Sea transport using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNG_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CNG carrier">CNG carrier</a> ships that are now under development may be competitive with LNG transport in specific conditions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Gas is turned into liquid at a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefaction_of_gases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefaction of gases">liquefaction</a> plant, and is returned to gas form at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasification">regasification</a> plant at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas_terminal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied natural gas terminal">terminal</a>. Shipborne regasification equipment is also used. LNG is the preferred form for long distance, high volume transportation of natural gas, whereas pipeline is preferred for transport for distances up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi) over land and approximately half that distance offshore. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> is transported at high pressure, typically above 200 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a> (20,000 kPa; 2,900 psi). Compressors and decompression equipment are less capital intensive and may be economical in smaller unit sizes than liquefaction/regasification plants. Natural gas trucks and carriers may transport natural gas directly to end-users, or to distribution points such as pipelines. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg/220px-Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg/220px-Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg/330px-Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg/440px-Manlove_gas_storage_facility_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peoples_Gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples Gas">Peoples Gas</a> Manlove Field <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_storage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas storage">natural gas storage</a> area in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcomb_Township,_Champaign_County,_Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois">Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois</a>. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). </figcaption> </figure> In the past, the natural gas which was recovered in the course of recovering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroleum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> could not be profitably sold, and was simply burned at the oil field in a process known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_flare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas flare">flaring</a>. Flaring is now illegal in many countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Additionally, higher demand in the last 20–30 years has made production of gas associated with oil economically viable. As a further option, the gas is now sometimes re-<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inject" class="extiw" title="wikt:inject">injected</a> into the formation for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> by pressure maintenance as well as miscible or immiscible flooding. Conservation, re-injection, or flaring of natural gas associated with oil is primarily dependent on proximity to markets (pipelines), and regulatory restrictions. Natural gas can be indirectly exported through the absorption in other physical output. The expansion of shale gas production in the US has caused prices to drop relative to other countries. This has caused a boom in energy intensive manufacturing sector exports, whereby the average dollar unit of US manufacturing exports has almost tripled its energy content between 1996 and 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A "master gas system" was invented in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in the late 1970s, ending any necessity for flaring. Satellite and nearby infra-red camera observations, however, shows that flaring<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and venting<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> are still happening in some countries. Natural gas is used to generate electricity and heat for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desalination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. Similarly, some landfills that also discharge methane gases have been set up to capture the methane and generate electricity. Natural gas is often stored underground [references about geological storage needed]inside depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salt_domes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt domes">salt domes</a>, or in tanks as liquefied natural gas. The gas is injected in a time of low demand and extracted when demand picks up. Storage nearby end users helps to meet volatile demands, but such storage may not always be practicable. With 15 countries accounting for 84% of the worldwide extraction, access to natural gas has become an important issue in international politics, and countries vie for control of pipelines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the first decade of the 21st century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazprom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, the state-owned energy company in Russia, engaged in disputes with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> over the price of natural gas, which have created concerns that gas deliveries to parts of Europe could be cut off for political reasons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The United States is preparing to export natural gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Floating_liquefied_natural_gas">Floating liquefied natural gas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Floating liquefied natural gas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floating_liquefied_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floating liquefied natural gas">Floating liquefied natural gas</a> (FLNG) is an innovative technology designed to enable the development of offshore gas resources that would otherwise remain untapped due to environmental or economic factors which currently make them impractical to develop via a land-based LNG operation. FLNG technology also provides a number of environmental and economic advantages: <ul> <li>Environmental – Because all processing is done at the gas field, there is no requirement for long pipelines to shore, compression units to pump the gas to shore, dredging and jetty construction, and onshore construction of an LNG processing plant, which significantly reduces the environmental footprint.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Avoiding construction also helps preserve marine and coastal environments. In addition, environmental disturbance will be minimised during decommissioning because the facility can easily be disconnected and removed before being refurbished and re-deployed elsewhere.</li> <li>Economic – Where pumping gas to shore can be prohibitively expensive, FLNG makes development economically viable. As a result, it will open up new business opportunities for countries to develop offshore gas fields that would otherwise remain stranded, such as those offshore East Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> </ul> Many gas and oil companies are considering the economic and environmental benefits of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG). There are currently projects underway to construct five FLNG facilities. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petronas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> is close to completion on their FLNG-1<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daewoo_Shipbuilding_and_Marine_Engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering">Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering</a> and are underway on their FLNG-2 project<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsung_Heavy_Industries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsung Heavy Industries">Samsung Heavy Industries</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shell_Prelude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Prelude">Shell Prelude</a> is due to start production 2017.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Browse_LNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Browse LNG">Browse LNG</a> project will commence <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front-end_loading?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front-end loading">FEED</a> in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Natural gas is primarily used in the northern hemisphere. North America and Europe are major consumers. Often well head gases require removal of various hydrocarbon molecules contained within the gas. Some of these gases include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heptane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heptane">heptane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentane">pentane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propane">propane</a> and other hydrocarbons with molecular weights above <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH 4). The natural gas transmission lines extend to the natural gas processing plant or unit which removes the higher-molecular weight hydrocarbons to produce natural gas with energy content between 35–39 megajoules per cubic metre (950–1,050 British thermal units per cubic foot). The processed natural gas may then be used for residential, commercial and industrial uses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mid-stream_natural_gas">Mid-stream natural gas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mid-stream natural gas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Natural gas flowing in the distribution lines is called mid-stream natural gas and is often used to power engines which rotate compressors. These compressors are required in the transmission line to pressurize and repressurize the mid-stream natural gas as the gas travels. Typically, natural gas powered engines require 35–39 MJ/m3 (950–1,050 BTU/cu ft) natural gas to operate at the rotational name plate specifications.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-american-environmental-79">[79]</a> Several methods are used to remove these higher molecular weighted gases for use by the natural gas engine. A few technologies are as follows: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joule–Thomson effect">Joule–Thomson skid</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryogenic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">Cryogenic</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiller">chiller</a> system</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">Chemical</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enzymology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymology">enzymology</a> system<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-american-environmental-79">[79]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Power generation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas-fired power plant">Gas-fired power plant</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGas-fired_power_plant%26action%3Dedit">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg/220px-Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg/220px-Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg/330px-Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg/440px-Berlin-mitte_heizkraftwerk-mitte_20060605_629.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cogeneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> plant in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Global-electricity-prod-source.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/220px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2765"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/220px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/330px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Global-electricity-prod-source.png/440px-Global-electricity-prod-source.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Gas generates over 20% of world electricity </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Share-electricity-gas.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Share-electricity-gas.svg/220px-Share-electricity-gas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Share-electricity-gas.svg/220px-Share-electricity-gas.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Share-electricity-gas.svg/330px-Share-electricity-gas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Share-electricity-gas.svg/440px-Share-electricity-gas.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Share of electricity production from gas </figcaption> </figure> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-fired power plant</a>, sometimes referred to as gas-fired power station, natural gas power plant, or methane gas power plant, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermal_power_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a> that burns natural gas to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electricity_generation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electricity generation">generate electricity</a>. Gas-fired power plants generate almost a quarter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electric energy consumption">world electricity</a> and are significant sources of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> However, they can provide seasonal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dispatchable_generation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable energy generation</a> to compensate for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable energy</a> deficits, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydropower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electrical_interconnector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical interconnector">interconnectors</a> are not available. In the early 2020s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery storage power station">batteries</a> became competitive with gas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peaking_power_plant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peaking power plant">peaker plants</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Domestic_use">Domestic use</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Domestic use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg/220px-GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg/220px-GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg/330px-GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg/440px-GAS_GAS_manhole_cover_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK </figcaption> </figure> In the US, over one-third of households (>40 million homes) cook with gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kashtan-2023-4">[4]</a> Natural gas dispensed in a residential setting can generate temperatures in excess of 1,100 °C (2,000 °F) making it a powerful domestic cooking and heating fuel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Stanford scientists estimated that gas stoves emit 0.8–1.3% of the gas they use as unburned methane and that total U.S. stove emissions are 28.1 gigagrams of methane.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kashtan-2023-4">[4]</a> In much of the developed world it is supplied through pipes to homes, where it is used for many purposes including ranges and ovens, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HVAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">heating</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_conditioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air conditioning">cooling</a>, outdoor and portable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grilling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grilling">grills</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_heating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central heating">central heating</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AtoZ-83">[83]</a> Heaters in homes and other buildings may include boilers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnaces</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_heating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water heating">water heaters</a>. Both North America and Europe are major consumers of natural gas. Domestic appliances, furnaces, and boilers use low pressure, usually with a standard pressure around 1.7 kilopascals (0.25 psi) over atmospheric pressure. The pressures in the supply lines vary, either the standard utilization pressure (UP) mentioned above or elevated pressure (EP), which may be anywhere from 7 to 800 kilopascals (1 to 120 psi) over atmospheric pressure. Systems using EP have a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pressure_regulator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pressure regulator">regulator</a> at the service entrance to step down to UP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Natural gas piping systems inside buildings are often designed with pressures of 14 to 34 kilopascals (2 to 5 psi), and have downstream pressure regulators to reduce pressure as needed. In the United States the maximum allowable operating pressure for natural gas piping systems within a building is based on NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> except when approved by the Public Safety Authority or when insurance companies have more stringent requirements. Generally, natural gas system pressures are not allowed to exceed 5 psi (34 kPa) unless all of the following conditions are met: <ul> <li>The AHJ will allow a higher pressure.</li> <li>The distribution pipe is welded. (Note: 2. Some jurisdictions may also require that welded joints be radiographed to verify continuity).</li> <li>The pipes are closed for protection and placed in a ventilated area that does not allow gas accumulation.</li> <li>The pipe is installed in the areas used for industrial processes, research, storage or mechanical equipment rooms.</li> </ul> Generally, a maximum liquefied petroleum gas pressure of 20 psi (140 kPa) is allowed, provided the building is constructed in accordance with NFPA 58: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, Chapter 7.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A seismic earthquake valve operating at a pressure of 55 psig (3.7 bar) can stop the flow of natural gas into the site wide natural gas distribution piping network (that runs (outdoors underground, above building roofs, and or within the upper supports of a canopy roof). Seismic earthquake valves are designed for use at a maximum of 60 psig.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In Australia, natural gas is transported from gas processing facilities to regulator stations via transmission pipelines. Gas is then regulated down to distributed pressures and the gas is distributed around a gas network via gas mains. Small branches from the network, called services, connect individual domestic dwellings, or multi-dwelling buildings to the network. The networks typically range in pressures from 7 kPa (low pressure) to 515 kPa (high pressure). Gas is then regulated down to 1.1 kPa or 2.75 kPa, before being metered and passed to the consumer for domestic use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Natural gas mains are made from a variety of materials: historically cast iron, though more modern mains are made from steel or polyethylene. In some states in the USA natural gas can be supplied by independent natural gas wholesalers/suppliers using existing pipeline owners' infrastructure through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_Gas_Choice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural Gas Choice">Natural Gas Choice</a> programs. LPG (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>) typically fuels outdoor and portable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grill_(cooking)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grill (cooking)">grills</a>. Although, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG) is sparsely available for similar applications in the US in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> areas underserved by the existing pipeline system and distribution network of the less expensive and more abundant LPG (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:WMATA_3006.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WMATA_3006.jpg/220px-WMATA_3006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WMATA_3006.jpg/220px-WMATA_3006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WMATA_3006.jpg/330px-WMATA_3006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WMATA_3006.jpg/440px-WMATA_3006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metrobus_(Washington,_D.C.)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)">Metrobus</a>, which runs on natural gas </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> CNG is a cleaner and also cheaper alternative to other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> fuels such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gasoline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> By the end of 2014, there were over 20 million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas vehicles">natural gas vehicles</a> worldwide, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> (3.5 million), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> (3.3 million), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (2.8 million), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (2.5 million), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a> (1.8 million), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (1.8 million).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efficient_energy_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. Gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compression_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a> of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10–15%). CNG-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuel's higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octane_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Octane number">octane number</a> of 120–130.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Besides use in road vehicles, CNG can also be used in aircraft.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Compressed natural gas has been used in some aircraft like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviat_Aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviat Aircraft">Aviat Aircraft</a> Husky 200 CNG<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and the Chromarat VX-1 KittyHawk<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> LNG is also being used in aircraft. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russian</a> aircraft manufacturer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tupolev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a> for instance is running a development program to produce LNG- and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-powered aircraft.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The program has been running since the mid-1970s, and seeks to develop LNG and hydrogen variants of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tu-204</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-334?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tupolev Tu-334">Tu-334</a> passenger aircraft, and also the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-330?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tupolev Tu-330">Tu-330</a> cargo aircraft. Depending on the current market price for jet fuel and LNG, fuel for an LNG-powered aircraft could cost 5,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_ruble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a> (US$100) less per tonne, roughly 60%, with considerable reductions to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a> emissions.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The advantages of liquid methane as a jet engine fuel are that it has more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specific_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a> than the standard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerosene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> mixes do and that its low temperature can help cool the air which the engine compresses for greater volumetric efficiency, in effect replacing an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intercooler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intercooler">intercooler</a>. Alternatively, it can be used to lower the temperature of the exhaust.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fertilizers">Fertilizers</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fertilizers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a> </div> Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haber_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>, for use in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fertilizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AtoZ-83">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population growth">population growth</a> — it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hydrogen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gas</a> </div> Natural gas can be used to produce <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, with one common method being the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_reformer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen reformer">hydrogen reformer</a>. Hydrogen has many applications: it is a primary feedstock for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>, a hydrogenating agent, an important commodity for oil refineries, and the fuel source in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Animal_and_fish_feed">Animal and fish feed</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Animal and fish feed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Protein rich animal and fish feed is produced by feeding natural gas to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methylococcus capsulatus">Methylococcus capsulatus</a> bacteria on commercial scale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Olefins(alkenes)">Olefins(alkenes)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Olefins(alkenes)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Natural gas components(alkanes) can be converted into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olefins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefins">olefins(alkenes)</a> or other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemical_synthesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a>. Ethane by oxidative dehydrogenation converts to ethylene, which can be further converted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethylene_oxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethylene_glycol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acetaldehyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> or other olefins. Propane by oxidative hydrogenation converts to propylene or can be oxidized to acrylic acid and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acrylonitrile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Natural gas is also used in the manufacture of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Textile">fabrics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synthetic_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synthetic oil">synthetic oil</a>, and other products.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Fuel for industrial heating and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desiccation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> processes. Raw material for large-scale fuel production using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas-to-liquid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-to-liquid">gas-to-liquid</a> (GTL) process (e.g. to produce sulphur-and aromatic-free diesel with low-emission combustion). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Health effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Cooking with natural gas contributes to poor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoor_air_quality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a> and can lead to severe respiratory diseases such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asthma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CLASP-2023-104">[104]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Seals-105">[105]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Environmental effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/300px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/300px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/450px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/600px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wind_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> (rectangles barely visible in chart).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-106">[106]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Environmental impact of the energy industry</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Greenhouse_effect_and_natural_gas_release">Greenhouse effect and natural gas release</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greenhouse effect and natural gas release" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_methane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_venting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas venting">Gas venting</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fugitive gas emissions">Fugitive gas emissions</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/300px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/300px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/450px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/600px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The warming influence (called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiative_forcing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NOAA_AGGI_2023-107">[107]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Natural gas is a growing contributor to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ieaco2-109">[109]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-owidebf-110">[110]</a> Both the NG itself (specifically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane emissions">methane</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide</a>, which is released when natural gas is burned, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AGI-112">[112]</a> Human activity is responsible for about 60% of all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methane_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> and for most of the resulting increase in atmospheric methane.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nationalgeo-113">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IPCC_AR5-115">[115]</a> Natural gas is intentionally released or is otherwise known to leak during the extraction, storage, transportation, and distribution of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. Globally, methane accounts for an estimated 33% of anthropogenic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse gas warming</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Initiative-116">[116]</a> The decomposition of municipal solid waste (a source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landfill_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a>) and wastewater account for an additional 18% of such emissions. These estimates include substantial uncertainties<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a> which should be reduced in the near future with improved <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite</a> measurements, such as those planned for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MethaneSAT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MethaneSAT">MethaneSAT</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AGI-112">[112]</a> After release to the atmosphere, methane is removed by gradual oxidation to carbon dioxide and water by hydroxyl radicals (OH− ) formed in the troposphere or stratosphere, giving the overall chemical reaction CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2O.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manahan-118">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA_GISS-119">[119]</a> While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ny_times-120">[120]</a> with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Half-life?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global-warming_potential?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global-warming potential">global-warming potential</a> of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period. Natural gas is thus a potent greenhouse gas due to the strong <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiative_forcing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> of methane in the short term, and the continuing effects of carbon dioxide in the longer term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IPCC_AR5-115">[115]</a> Targeted efforts to reduce warming quickly by reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> strategy supported by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Methane_Initiative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Methane Initiative">Global Methane Initiative</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Initiative-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When refined and burned, natural gas can produce 25–30% less carbon dioxide per <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joule">joule</a> delivered than oil, and 40–45% less than coal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NGandE-121">[121]</a> It can also produce potentially fewer toxic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollutant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> than other hydrocarbon fuels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NGandE-121">[121]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NGinASIA-122">[122]</a> However, compared to other major fossil fuels, natural gas causes more emissions in relative terms during the production and transportation of the fuel, meaning that the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are about 50% higher than the direct emissions from the site of consumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In terms of the warming effect over 100 years, natural gas production and use comprises about one fifth of human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, and this contribution is growing rapidly. Globally, natural gas use emitted about 7.8 billion tons of CO 2 in 2020 (including flaring), while coal and oil use emitted 14.4 and 12 billion tons, respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The IEA estimates the energy sector (oil, natural gas, coal and bioenergy) to be responsible for about 40% of human methane emissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>, natural gas consumption grew by 15% between 2015 and 2019, compared to a 5% increase in oil and oil product consumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The continued financing and construction of new gas <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pipeline_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a> indicates that huge emissions of fossil greenhouse gases could be locked-in for 40 to 50 years into the future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GEM2019-128">[128]</a> In the U.S. state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas">Texas</a> alone, five new long-distance gas pipelines have been under construction, with the first entering service in 2019,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and the others scheduled to come online during 2020–2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-130">[130]</a>: 23 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Installation_bans">Installation bans</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Installation bans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> To reduce its greenhouse emissions, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> is subsidizing a transition away from natural gas for all homes in the country by 2050. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, no new residential gas accounts have been allowed since 2018, and all homes in the city are expected to be converted by 2040 to use the excess heat from adjacent industrial buildings and operations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a> New gas appliance hookups are banned in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[133]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Additionally, the state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> in Australia has implemented a ban on new natural gas hookups starting from January 1, 2024, as part of its gas substitution roadmap.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This followed campaigning which resulted in a prohibition on onshore gas exploration and production in Victoria in 2014. This was partially lifted in 2021 but a constitutional ban remains on fracking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The UK government is also experimenting with alternative home heating technologies to meet its climate goals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> To preserve their businesses, natural gas utilities in the United States have been lobbying for laws preventing local electrification ordinances, and are promoting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable natural gas">renewable natural gas</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">hydrogen fuel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_pollutants">Other pollutants</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although natural gas produces far lower amounts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NOx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides</a> (NOx) than other fossil fuels,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NGinASIA-122">[122]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NOx from burning natural gas in homes can be a health hazard.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Radionuclides">Radionuclides</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Radionuclides" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Natural gas extraction also produces radioactive isotopes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonium">polonium</a> (Po-210), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">lead</a> (Pb-210) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">radon</a> (Rn-220). Radon is a gas with initial activity from 5 to 200,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Becquerels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Becquerels">becquerels</a> per cubic meter of gas. It decays rapidly to Pb-210 which can build up as a thin film in gas extraction equipment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Safety_concerns">Safety concerns</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Safety concerns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG/220px-Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG/220px-Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG/330px-Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG/440px-Gas_pipeline_odourant_injection_facility.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A pipeline odorant injection station </figcaption> </figure> The natural gas extraction workforce face unique health and safety challenges.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Production">Production</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some gas fields yield <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sour_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sour gas">sour gas</a> containing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H 2S), a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toxic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> compound when inhaled. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amine_gas_treating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amine gas treating">Amine gas treating</a>, an industrial scale process which removes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acidic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas">gaseous</a> components, is often used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Processing_Natural_Gas-143">[143]</a> Extraction of natural gas (or oil) leads to decrease in pressure in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oil_reservoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reservoir">reservoir</a>. Such decrease in pressure in turn may result in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subsidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> — sinking of the ground above. Subsidence may affect ecosystems, waterways, sewer and water supply systems, foundations, and so on.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fracking">Fracking</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fracking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_hydraulic_fracturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing">Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing</a> </div> Releasing natural gas from subsurface porous rock formations may be accomplished by a process called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> or "fracking". Since the first commercial hydraulic fracturing operation in 1949, approximately one million wells have been hydraulically fractured in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The production of natural gas from hydraulically fractured wells has used the technological developments of directional and horizontal drilling, which improved access to natural gas in tight rock formations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Strong growth in the production of unconventional gas from hydraulically fractured wells occurred between 2000 and 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In hydraulic fracturing, well operators force water mixed with a variety of chemicals through the wellbore casing into the rock. The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation. Sand and other particles are added to the water as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proppant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proppant">proppant</a> to keep the fractures in the rock open, thus enabling the gas to flow into the casing and then to the surface. Chemicals are added to the fluid to perform such functions as reducing friction and inhibiting corrosion. After the "frack", oil or gas is extracted and 30–70% of the frack fluid, i.e. the mixture of water, chemicals, sand, etc., flows back to the surface. Many gas-bearing formations also contain water, which will flow up the wellbore to the surface along with the gas, in both hydraulically fractured and non-hydraulically fractured wells. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produced_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produced water">produced water</a> often has a high content of salt and other dissolved minerals that occur in the formation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The volume of water used to hydraulically fracture wells varies according to the hydraulic fracturing technique. In the United States, the average volume of water used per hydraulic fracture has been reported as nearly 7,375 gallons for vertical oil and gas wells prior to 1953, nearly 197,000 gallons for vertical oil and gas wells between 2000 and 2010, and nearly 3 million gallons for horizontal gas wells between 2000 and 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Determining which fracking technique is appropriate for well productivity depends largely on the properties of the reservoir rock from which to extract oil or gas. If the rock is characterized by low-permeability – which refers to its ability to let substances, i.e. gas, pass through it, then the rock may be considered a source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tight_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tight gas">tight gas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Fracking for shale gas, which is currently also known as a source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unconventional_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional gas">unconventional gas</a>, involves drilling a borehole vertically until it reaches a lateral shale rock formation, at which point the drill turns to follow the rock for hundreds or thousands of feet horizontally.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In contrast, conventional oil and gas sources are characterized by higher rock permeability, which naturally enables the flow of oil or gas into the wellbore with less intensive hydraulic fracturing techniques than the production of tight gas has required.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The decades in development of drilling technology for conventional and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unconventional_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">unconventional oil</a> and gas production have not only improved access to natural gas in low-permeability reservoir rocks, but also posed significant adverse impacts on environmental and public health.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The US EPA has acknowledged that toxic, carcinogenic chemicals, i.e. benzene and ethylbenzene, have been used as gelling agents in water and chemical mixtures for high volume horizontal fracturing (HVHF).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Following the hydraulic fracture in HVHF, the water, chemicals, and frack fluid that return to the well's surface, called flowback or produced water, may contain radioactive materials, heavy metals, natural salts, and hydrocarbons which exist naturally in shale rock formations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Fracking chemicals, radioactive materials, heavy metals, and salts that are removed from the HVHF well by well operators are so difficult to remove from the water they are mixed with, and would so heavily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water pollution">pollute</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, that most of the flowback is either recycled into other fracking operations or injected into deep underground wells, eliminating the water that HVHF required from the hydrologic cycle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Historically low gas prices have delayed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear renaissance">nuclear renaissance</a>, as well as the development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Added_odor">Added odor</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Added odor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In its native state, natural gas is colorless and almost <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odor">odorless</a>. In the US, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_London_School_explosion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New London School explosion">New London School explosion</a> that occurred in 1937 in Texas caused a push for legislation requiring the addition of an odorant to assist consumers in detecting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leak">leaks</a>. An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odorizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odorizer">odorizer</a> with an unpleasant smell, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thiophane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiophane">thiophane</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tert-Butylthiol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tert-Butylthiol">tert-Butylthiol</a> (t-butyl mercaptan) may be added. Situations have occurred in which an odorant cannot be properly detected by an observer with a normal sense of smell despite being detectable by analytical instruments. This is caused by odor masking, when one odor overpowers the sensation of another. As of 2011, the industry is conducting research on the causes of odor masking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Risk_of_explosion">Risk of explosion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Risk of explosion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fire_engines_in_Kiev,_Ukraine.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG/220px-Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG/220px-Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG/330px-Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG/440px-Fire_engines_in_Kiev%2C_Ukraine.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </figcaption> </figure> Explosions caused by natural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_leak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas leak">gas leaks</a> occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and other structures are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Leaks often result from excavation work, such as when contractors dig and strike pipelines, sometimes without knowing any damage resulted. Frequently, the blast is powerful enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly explosion, destroying one or more buildings in the process. Many building codes now forbid the installation of gas pipes inside cavity walls or below floor boards to mitigate against this risk. Gas usually dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_pressure_jet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High pressure jet">flow rates are high enough</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> However, considering the tens of millions of structures that use the fuel, the individual risk from using natural gas is low. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Risk_of_carbon_monoxide_inhalation">Risk of carbon monoxide inhalation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Risk of carbon monoxide inhalation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Natural gas heating systems may cause <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> if unvented or poorly vented. Improvements in natural gas furnace designs have greatly reduced CO poisoning concerns. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon monoxide detector">Detectors</a> are also available that warn of carbon monoxide or explosive gases such as methane and propane.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Energy_content,_statistics,_and_pricing">Energy content, statistics, and pricing</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Energy content, statistics, and pricing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_prices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas prices">Natural gas prices</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Billion_cubic_metres_of_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Billion cubic metres of natural gas">Billion cubic metres of natural gas</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2022) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1980-_Natural_gas_production,_by_country.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg/220px-1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg/220px-1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg/330px-1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg/440px-1980-_Natural_gas_production%2C_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EIA_naturalGas_thru2022-165">[165]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Quantities of natural gas are measured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_cubic_meter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cubic meter">standard cubic meters</a> (cubic meter of gas at temperature 15 °C (59 °F) and pressure 101.325 kPa (14.6959 psi)) or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_cubic_foot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard cubic foot">standard cubic feet</a> (cubic foot of gas at temperature 60.0 °F and pressure 14.73 psi (101.6 kPa)), 1 standard cubic meter = 35.301 standard cubic feet. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higher_heating_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">gross heat of combustion</a> of commercial quality natural gas is around 39 MJ/m3 (0.31 kWh/cu ft), but this can vary by several percent. This is about 50 to 54 MJ/kg depending on the density.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a> For comparison, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heat_of_combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> of pure methane is 37.7 MJ per standard cubic metre, or 55.5 MJ/kg. Except in the European Union, the U.S., and Canada, natural gas is sold in gigajoule retail units. LNG (liquefied natural gas) and LPG (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a>) are traded in metric tonnes (1,000 kg) or million BTU as spot deliveries. Long term natural gas distribution contracts are signed in cubic meters, and LNG contracts are in metric tonnes. The LNG and LPG is transported by specialized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LNG_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LNG carrier">transport ships</a>, as the gas is liquified at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryogenic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> temperatures. The specification of each LNG/LPG cargo will usually contain the energy content, but this information is in general not available to the public. The European Union aimed to cut its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia in the European energy sector">gas dependency on Russia</a> by two-thirds in 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In August 2015, possibly the largest natural gas discovery in history was made and notified by an Italian gas company ENI. The energy company indicated that it has unearthed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant_oil_and_gas_fields?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant oil and gas fields">"supergiant" gas field</a> in the Mediterranean Sea covering about 40 square miles (100 km2). This was named the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zohr_Field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zohr Field">Zohr</a> gas field and could hold a potential 30 trillion cubic feet (850 billion cubic meters) of natural gas. ENI said that the energy is about 5.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent [BOE] (3.4×1010 GJ). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zohr_Field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zohr Field">Zohr</a> field was found in the deep waters off the northern coast of Egypt and ENI claims that it will be the largest ever in the Mediterranean and even the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: European Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Gas prices for end users vary greatly across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">EU</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[170]</a> A single European energy market, one of the key objectives of the EU, should level the prices of gas in all EU member states. Moreover, it would help to resolve supply and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_warming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> issues,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> as well as strengthen relations with other Mediterranean countries and foster investments in the region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qatar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> has been asked by the US to supply emergency gas to the EU in case of supply disruptions in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian crisis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_customary_units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States customary units">US units</a>, one standard cubic foot (28 L) of natural gas produces around 1,028 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_thermal_unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British thermal unit">British thermal units</a> (1,085 kJ). The actual heating value when the water formed does not condense is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_heating_value?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">net heat of combustion</a> and can be as much as 10% less.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In the United States, retail sales are often in units of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Therm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Therm">therms</a> (th); 1 therm = 100,000 BTU. Gas sales to domestic consumers are often in units of 100 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_cubic_feet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cubic feet">standard cubic feet</a> (scf). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas_meter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas meter">Gas meters</a> measure the volume of gas used, and this is converted to therms by multiplying the volume by the energy content of the gas used during that period, which varies slightly over time. The typical annual consumption of a single family residence is 1,000 therms or one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Residential_Customer_Equivalent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Residential Customer Equivalent">Residential Customer Equivalent</a> (RCE). Wholesale transactions are generally done in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decatherm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatherm">decatherms</a> (Dth), thousand decatherms (MDth), or million decatherms (MMDth). A million decatherms is a trillion BTU, roughly a billion cubic feet of natural gas. The price of natural gas varies greatly depending on location and type of consumer. The typical caloric value of natural gas is roughly 1,000 BTU per cubic foot, depending on gas composition. Natural gas in the United States is traded as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futures_contract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futures contract">futures contract</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Mercantile Exchange">New York Mercantile Exchange</a>. Each contract is for 10,000 million BTU or 10 billion BTU (10,551 GJ). Thus, if the price of gas is $10/million BTU on the NYMEX, the contract is worth $100,000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Natural gas">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Canada uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metric_units?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric units">metric</a> measure for internal trade of petrochemical products. Consequently, natural gas is sold by the gigajoule (GJ), cubic meter (m3) or thousand cubic meters (E3m3). Distribution infrastructure and meters almost always meter volume (cubic foot or cubic meter). Some jurisdictions, such as Saskatchewan, sell gas by volume only. Other jurisdictions, such as Alberta, sell gas by energy content (GJ). In these areas, almost all meters for residential and small commercial customers measure volume (m3 or ft3), and billing statements include a multiplier to convert the volume to the energy content of the local gas supply. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigajoule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigajoule">gigajoule</a> (GJ) is a measure approximately equal to 80 litres (0.5 barrels) of oil, or 28 m3 or 1,000 cu ft or 1 million BTUs of gas. The energy content of gas supply in Canada can vary from 37 to 43 MJ/m3 (990 to 1,150 BTU/cu ft) depending on gas supply and processing between the wellhead and the customer. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Adsorbed_natural_gas_(ANG)">Adsorbed natural gas (ANG)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Adsorbed natural gas (ANG)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Natural gas may be stored by adsorbing it to the porous solids called sorbents. The optimal condition for methane storage is at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Pressures up to 4 MPa (about 40 times atmospheric pressure) will yield greater storage capacity. The most common sorbent used for ANG is activated carbon (AC), primarily in three forms: Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), and activated carbon monolith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="29" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated petroleum gas">Associated petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_transition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gas/oil_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gas/oil ratio">Gas/oil ratio</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liquefied natural gas">Liquefied natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas by country">Natural gas by country</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak gas">Peak gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Power-to-gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Power-to-gas">Power-to-gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable natural gas">Renewable natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_natural_gas_reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic natural gas reserve">Strategic natural gas reserve</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://group.met.com/en/media/energy-insight/composition-of-natural-gas">"Composition of natural gas: Understanding its key elements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+natural+gas%3A+Understanding+its+key+elements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroup.met.com%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fenergy-insight%2Fcomposition-of-natural-gas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709040340/http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background">"Background"</a>. Naturalgas.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background">the original</a> on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background&rft.pub=Naturalgas.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalgas.org%2Foverview%2Fbackground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+gas" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerLübckeKettnerPillarella2006" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Georg; Lübcke, Torsten; Kettner, Roland; Pillarella, Mark R.; Recknagel, Herta; Commichau, Axel; Neumann, Hans-Joachim; Paczynska-Lahme, Barbara (2006). "Natural Gas". 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Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scopeWe+%E2%80%93+a+Virtual+Engineer&rft.atitle=Adsorbed+Natural+Gas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscopewe.com%2Fcategory%2Fchemical-engineering%2Fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+gas" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul> <li>Blanchard, Charles (2020). The Extraction State: A History of Natural Gas in America. U of Pittsburgh Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id%3D56235">online review</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ggon.org/fossil-tracker/">Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gogel.org/">Global Oil & Gas Exit List (GOGEL)</a> by Urgewald</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://carbonmapper.org/data/">Carbon Mapper Data Portal featuring methane point source data</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DNatural_gas%26oldid%3D1273092747">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&oldid=1273092747</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 January 2025, at 17:23 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardgas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A" title="غاز طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاز طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C9%2599bii_qaz" title="Təbii qaz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii qaz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-ji%25C3%25A2n-kh%25C3%25AC" title="Thian-jiân-khì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-jiân-khì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Прыродны газ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыродны газ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Прыродны газ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прыродны газ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Natural gas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Природен газ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Природен газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_plin" title="Prirodni plin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodni plin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25C3%25A7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25C4%2595" title="Çутçанталăк газĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутçанталăк газĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemn%25C3%25AD_plyn" title="Zemní plyn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemní plyn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwy_naturiol" title="Nwy naturiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nwy naturiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturgas" title="Naturgas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturgas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DD%25A3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A" title="ݣاز طبيعي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ݣاز طبيعي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdgas" title="Erdgas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdgas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagaas" title="Maagaas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maagaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CF%2585%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF" title="Φυσικό αέριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικό αέριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tergaso" title="Tergaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tergaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C" title="گاز طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gass" title="Gass – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gass" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_naturel" title="Gaz naturel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz naturel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierdgas" title="Ierdgas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierdgas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A1s_n%25C3%25A1d%25C3%25BArtha" title="Gás nádúrtha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gás nádúrtha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%25C3%25AAn-y%25C3%25A8n-h%25C3%25AC" title="Thiên-yèn-hì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-yèn-hì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B2%259C%25EC%2597%25B0%25EA%25B0%2580%25EC%258A%25A4" title="천연가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천연가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A6" title="Բնական գազ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնական գազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="प्राकृतिक गैस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_plin" title="Prirodni plin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni plin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturala_gaso" title="Naturala gaso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Naturala gaso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_fosil" title="Gas fosil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas fosil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%25C3%25B0gas" title="Jarðgas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðgas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_naturale" title="Gas naturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas naturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%2596_%25D7%2598%25D7%2591%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599" title="גז טבעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז טבעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_bumi" title="Gas bumi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gas bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B2" title="ನಿಸರ್ಗಾನಿಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಸರ್ಗಾನಿಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="ბუნებრივი აირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი აირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D2%2593%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Табиғи газ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи газ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubucuruzi_bwa_Gaze_mu_Rwanda" title="Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesi_asilia" title="Gesi asilia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesi asilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_natir%25C3%25A8l" title="Gaz natirèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz natirèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_xwezay%25C3%25AE" title="Gaza xwezayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gaza xwezayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasium_naturale" title="Gasium naturale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gasium naturale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabasg%25C4%2581ze" title="Dabasgāze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabasgāze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamtin%25C4%2597s_dujos" title="Gamtinės dujos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamtinės dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdgaas" title="Aerdgaas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdgaas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gass_nat%25C3%25BCral" title="Gass natüral – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gass natüral" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25B6ldg%25C3%25A1z" title="Földgáz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földgáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="Земен гас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земен гас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etona_voajanahary" title="Etona voajanahary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etona voajanahary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2583%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%2582" title="പ്രകൃതിവാതകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകൃതിവാതകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582" title="नैसर्गिक वायू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नैसर्गिक वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_asli" title="Gas asli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Байгалийн хий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгалийн хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BD%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B7" title="သဘာဝဓာတ်ငွေ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝဓာတ်ငွေ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdgas" title="Eerdgas – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerdgas" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="प्राकृतिक ग्याँस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राकृतिक ग्याँस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%2584%25B6%25E3%2582%25AC%25E3%2582%25B9" title="天然ガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天然ガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturgass" title="Naturgass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturgass" title="Naturgass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_naturau" title="Gas naturau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas naturau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabiiy_gazlar" title="Tabiiy gazlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabiiy gazlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%25B8" title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਗੈਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="قدرتی گیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدرتی گیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A_%25DA%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2" title="طبیعي ګاز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبیعي ګاز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_ziemny" title="Gaz ziemny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaz ziemny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A1s_natural" title="Gás natural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gás natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25A1biyiy_g%25C3%25A1z" title="Tábiyiy gáz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tábiyiy gáz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_natural" title="Gaz natural – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz natural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_wapsi" title="Allpa wapsi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D2%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Земный ґаз – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земный ґаз" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Природный газ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Природный газ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D2%2595%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D2%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Айылҕа гааһа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Айылҕа гааһа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_natyror" title="Gazi natyror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazi natyror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemn%25C3%25BD_plyn" title="Zemný plyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zemný plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemeljski_plin" title="Zemeljski plin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemeljski plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C" title="گازی سروشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گازی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemni_gas" title="Zemni gas – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zemni gas" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemni_gas" title="Zemni gas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemni gas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maakaasu" title="Maakaasu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maakaasu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilgas" title="Fossilgas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fossilgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2588_%25E0%25AE%258E%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="இயற்கை எரிவளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை எரிவளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi%25C4%259Fi_gaz" title="Tabiği gaz – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tabiği gaz" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%25B9%25E0%25B0%259C_%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B1%2581" title="సహజ వాయువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహజ వాయువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%258A%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B4" title="แก๊สธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แก๊สธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D3%25A3" title="Гази табиӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гази табиӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%25C4%259Falgaz" title="Doğalgaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğalgaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Природний газ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природний газ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="قدرتی گیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدرتی گیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londuseline_gaz" title="Londuseline gaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Londuseline gaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%25C3%25AD_thi%25C3%25AAn_nhi%25C3%25AAn" title="Khí thiên nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí thiên nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gas natural" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%25B6%25E6%25B0%2594" title="自然气 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然气" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%2584%25B6%25E6%25B0%25A3" title="天然氣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天然氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A9%25E7%2584%25B6%25E6%25B0%2594" title="天然气 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天然气" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 31 January 2025, at 17:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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