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id="toc-Problems_(476–717_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wars_in_west" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_in_west"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wars in west</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_in_west-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_in_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_in_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wars in east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_in_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_(717–1025_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_(717–1025_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recovery (717–1025 AD)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recovery_(717–1025_AD)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recovery (717–1025 AD) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recovery_(717–1025_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recovery_in_west" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_in_west"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Recovery in west</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_in_west-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_in_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_in_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Recovery in east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_in_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(1025–1453_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(1025–1453_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline (1025–1453 AD)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_(1025–1453_AD)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline (1025–1453 AD) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_(1025–1453_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_decline_(1025–1071)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_decline_(1025–1071)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Start of decline (1025–1071)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_decline_(1025–1071)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Turks_(1071–1091)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Turks_(1071–1091)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rise of Turks (1071–1091)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Turks_(1071–1091)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_(1091–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_(1091–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Survival (1091–1185)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_(1091–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Another_weakening_(1185-1261)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Another_weakening_(1185-1261)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Another weakening (1185-1261)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Another_weakening_(1185-1261)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_to_Turks_(1261–1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_to_Turks_(1261–1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fall to Turks (1261–1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_to_Turks_(1261–1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">166 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Bizantium" title="Keurajeuën Bizantium – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Bizantium" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Бизантие Империэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бизантие Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bisantynse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysant_v%C3%A4ldikodde" title="Bysant väldikodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bysant väldikodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis_Rice" title="Constantinopolis Rice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperio Bizantín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%C3%A3ria_Roman%C3%A3_ditu_Apirit%C3%A3" title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperiu Bizantín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_visant%C3%ADno" title="Mburuvi visantíno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi visantíno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Византия империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Византия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Візантыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Візантыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subangan_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византийска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinischs_Reich" title="Byzantinischs Reich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Byzantinischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantijsko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizantijsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman_ar_Reter" title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Romà d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Висанти – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Висанти" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlakang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Byzantská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byzantská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Byzantinske_Rige" title="Det Byzantinske Rige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Byzantinske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_bizantino" title="Imperio bizantino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio bizantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_imperio" title="Bizanca imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="امپراتوری بیزانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری بیزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Samrajya" title="Byzantine Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Byzantine Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Byzantinska ríkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Byzantinska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantynske_Ryk" title="Byzantynske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Byzantynske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Bhios%C3%A1ntach" title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Impireachd_Bheasantian" title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng_L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="동로마 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Rumawa" title="Daular Rumawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Rumawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycantinske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizancana_Imperio" title="Bizancana Imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bizancana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Bisantino" title="Imperio a Bisantino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Bisantino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_roman_de_oriente" title="Imperio roman de oriente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio roman de oriente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византияйы импери – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Византияйы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero bizantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Bizantin" title="Kakaisaran Bizantin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9%C9%A9zant%C9%9B_ampiiri" title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шығыс Рим империясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Besontin" title="Emperoureth Besontin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Besontin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Bizanti" title="Ufalme wa Bizanti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Bizanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_byzanten" title="Ampir byzanten – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir byzanten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_B%C3%AEzans%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Византия империясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Византия империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum Orientale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumromas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Austrumromas impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumromas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византий империя – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Византий империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantija" title="Bizantija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bizantija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijns_Riek" title="Byzantijns Riek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Byzantijns Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantian" title="Impero Bizantian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Bizantian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_Birodalom" title="Bizánci Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Bizantina" title="Empira Bizantina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Bizantina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%BCantini" title="Biżantini – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Biżantini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بیزانس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیزانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Byzantium" title="Empayar Byzantium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Byzantium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Ampério Bizantino – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Byzantijnse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiense_Riek" title="Byzantiense Riek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Byzantiense Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="東ローマ帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantino" title="Impero Bizantino – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византийн импери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Византийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uastr%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Rik" title="Uaströömsk Rik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uaströömsk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østromerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromarriket" title="Austromarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austromarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF" title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantiya_imperiyasi" title="Vizantiya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vizantiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د بیزانس سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بیزانس سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantiin_Empaya" title="Bizantiin Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bizantiin Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ចក្រភពប៊ីហ្សីនទីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពប៊ីហ្សីនទីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Bizantin" title="Impire Bizantin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Roman d'Orient – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiensch_Riek" title="Byzantiensch Riek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Byzantiensch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Bizanty%C5%84skie" title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρωμανίαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρωμανίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans İmperiyası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bizans İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit" title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_bizantin" title="Imperi bizantin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi bizantin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Візантьска ріша – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Візантьска ріша" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Византия Империята – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Византия Империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_bizantinu" title="Impèriu bizantinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu bizantinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Bizantine" title="Perandoria Bizantine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Bizantine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_bizzantinu" title="Mpèriu bizzantinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu bizzantinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطيني سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بازنطيني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Byzantská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byzantská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbiraadooriyada_Biizantiin" title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizantsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantin_valtakunta" title="Bysantin valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysantin valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinska_riket" title="Bysantinska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bysantinska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Bizzandine" title="'Mbere Bizzandine – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Bizzandine" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Византия империясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Византия империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Имперотурии Бизонс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Бизонс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizanti%C3%BDa_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Візантійська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_bizantin" title="Inpero bizantin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero bizantin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantijan_imperii" title="Vizantijan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vizantijan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantyns_Ryk" title="Byzantyns Ryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Byzantyns Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Bizantino" title="Imperyo Bizantino – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拜占庭帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拜占庭帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9_Ap%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%A0o%C3%B2r%C3%B9n" title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="拜占庭帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拜占庭帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Bizansi" title="İmperatoriya Bizansi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Bizansi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Riek" title="Byzantijnse Riek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Byzantijnse Riek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bizantėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bizantėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Roman Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων</span></span>  <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span><br /> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Imperium Romanum</i></span>  <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">330/395–1453<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_lifespan" class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#endnote_lifespan">b</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The empire in 555 under Justinian the Great, at its greatest extent since the fall of the Western Roman Empire (its vassals in pink)"><img alt="The empire in 555 under Justinian the Great, at its greatest extent since the fall of the Western Roman Empire (its vassals in pink)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/250px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/375px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/500px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The empire in 555 under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a>, at its greatest extent since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassal state (not yet started)">vassals</a> in pink)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The territorial evolution of the Eastern Roman Empire under each imperial dynasty until its fall in 1453."><img alt="The territorial evolution of the Eastern Roman Empire under each imperial dynasty until its fall in 1453." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif/250px-Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif/375px-Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif/500px-Territorial_evolution_of_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The territorial evolution of the Eastern Roman Empire under each imperial dynasty until its fall in 1453.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Eastern division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><span class="reference"><sup id="ref_b" class="plainlinks"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#endnote_b">[1]</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>)<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_capital" class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#endnote_capital">c</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of the Roman Empire (not yet started)">Regional / local languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicene Christianity (not yet started)">Nicene Christianity</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman polytheism</a> (until AD 380)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek religion (not yet started)">Greek polytheism</a> (until AD 380)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Rhōmaîoi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Notable emperors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 306–337 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 408–450 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 474–475, 476–491 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 527–565 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 582–602 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 610–641 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 717–741 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_III_the_Isaurian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo III the Isaurian (not yet started)">Leo III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 797–802 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irene of Athens (not yet started)">Irene</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 867–886 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 976–1025 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1081–1118 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1143–1180 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_I_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel I Komnenos (not yet started)">Manuel I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1261–1282 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael VIII (not yet started)">Michael VIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1449–1453 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Antiquity (not yet started)">Late Antiquity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy#Creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrarchy">First East–West division</a> of the Roman Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 286</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constantinople#History" title="Constantinople">Inauguration of Constantinople</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Final East–West division after the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 January 395</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the West</a>; deposition of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 476</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Assassination of<br /><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 480</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Muslim_conquests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Muslim conquests (not yet started)">Early Muslim conquests</a>; start of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Dark_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine Dark Ages (not yet started)">Dark Ages</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">634–750</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>; loss of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> due to following civil war </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1071</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Constantinople&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sack of Constantinople (not yet started)">Sack of Constantinople</a> by Catholic crusaders </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconquest_of_Constantinople&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconquest of Constantinople (not yet started)">Reconquest of Constantinople</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1261</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1453</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotate_of_the_Morea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotate of the Morea (not yet started)">Fall of Morea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1460</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461) (not yet started)">Fall of Trebizond</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1461</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 457 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000,000<span class="reference"><sup id="ref_population" class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#endnote_population">f</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 565 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 775 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1025 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1320 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyperpyron (not yet started)">hyperpyron</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_name"><b><a href="#ref_name">^</a></b> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων</span></span> may be transliterated in Latin as <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Basileia Rhōmaiōn</i></span></i>, literally meaning "Monarchy of the Romans", but commonly rendered "Empire of the Romans".</span></li><li value="2"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_lifespan"><b><a href="#ref_lifespan">^</a></b> Between 1204 and 1261 there was an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> took control of Constantinople, causing the Byzantine Empire itself to be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotate_of_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotate of Epirus (not yet started)">Despotate of Epirus</a>. The Empire of Nicaea is traditionally considered by historians to be the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li><li value="3"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_capital"><b><a href="#ref_capital">^</a></b> Constantinople became the capital of the (united) empire in 330. In 395, the empire was permanently divided in two halves after the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>.</span></li><li value="4"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_religion1"><b><a href="#ref_religion1">^</a></b> Tolerated after the Edicts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_of_Serdica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edict of Serdica (not yet started)">Serdica</a> (311) and <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Milan</a> (313); <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State church of the Roman Empire (not yet started)">state religion</a> after 380.</span></li><li value="5"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_religion2"><b><a href="#ref_religion2">^</a></b> Following the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> of 1054.</span></li><li value="6"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_population"><b><a href="#ref_population">^</a></b> See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire (not yet started)">Population of the Byzantine Empire</a> for more detailed figures taken provided by McEvedy and Jones (1978) <i>Atlas of World Population History</i>, as well as Angeliki E. Laiou (2002), <i>The Economic History of Byzantium</i>.</span></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Byzantine Empire</b>, also referred to as the <b>Eastern Roman Empire</b>, was the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> primarily in its eastern provinces that survived into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Antiquity (not yet started)">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. It survived the <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century AD and continued to exist until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Mediterranean_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Mediterranean region (not yet started)">Mediterranean world</a>. Its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire and to themselves as Romans, a term which <a href="/wiki/Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Modern historians distinguish the Byzantine Empire from the earlier Roman Empire due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Byzantium</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_as_the_Roman_sate_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity as the Roman sate Religion (not yet started)">Empire's integration of Christianity</a> , and the predominance of <a href="/wiki/Greek" class="mw-disambig" title="Greek">Greek</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </p><p>During the high period of the Roman Empire known as the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>, the western parts of the empire went through <a href="/wiki/Latinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization">Latinization</a>, while the eastern parts of the empire maintained to a large degree their <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> culture. Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West diverged. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> (<abbr>r.</abbr> 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the capital, and legalised <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (<abbr>r.</abbr> 379–395), Christianity became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and other religious practices <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">were proscribed</a>. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<abbr>r.</abbr> 610–641), the empire's military and administration were restructured and Greek was gradually adopted for official use in place of Latin. </p><p>The borders of the empire fluctuated through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (<abbr>r.</abbr> 527–565), the empire reached its greatest extent after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western Roman Empire</a>, reconquering much of the historically Roman western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean coast</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which it held for two more centuries. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 (not yet started)">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> exhausted the empire's resources, and during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Muslim_conquests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Muslim conquests (not yet started)">early Muslim conquests</a> of the 7th century, it lost its richest provinces—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Egypt (not yet started)">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>—to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. It then lost Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> in 698, before the empire was stabilized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaurian_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaurian Dynasty (not yet started)">Isaurian</a> dynasty. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a> (9th–11th centuries) expanded the empire again and came to an end with the defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071. Civil wars and the ensuing Seljuk invasion led to the loss of most of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. The empire recovered during the <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Komnenian restoration</a>, and up until the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe. </p><p>The empire was first dissolved during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, when Constantinople was <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">sacked</a> by the Latins and the territories that the empire formerly governed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partitio_terrarum_imperii_Romaniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae (not yet started)">were divided</a> into competing Byzantine Greek and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankokratia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankokratia (not yet started)">Latin realms</a>. Despite the eventual <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">recovery of Constantinople</a> in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained a mere regional power for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine–Ottoman wars (not yet started)">Byzantine–Ottoman wars</a> over the 14th and 15th centuries. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Refugees fleeing the city after its capture would settle in Italy and other parts of Europe, helping to ignite the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> was conquered eight years later when its eponymous capital surrendered to Ottoman forces after it was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Trebizon_(1461)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Trebizon (1461) (not yet started)">besieged in 1461</a>. The fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans is sometimes used to mark the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Name" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Name"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantine Empire did not get that name until a century after its fall. The empire was known at the time as the following: </p> <ul><li>the "Roman Empire" or the "Empire of the Romans" (Latin: <i>Imperium Romanum</i>, <i>Imperium Romanorum</i>; Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων</span></span> <i>Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn</i>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρχὴ τῶν Ῥωμαίων</span></span> <i>Archē tōn Rhōmaiōn</i>),</li> <li>"Romania" (Latin: <i>Romania</i>; Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥωμανία</span></span> <i>Rhōmania</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>" (Latin: <i>Res Publica Romana</i>; Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πολιτεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων</span></span>, <i>Politeia tōn Rhōmaiōn</i>),</li> <li>"Graecia" (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γραικία</span></span> meaning "land of the Greeks"),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Rhōmais" (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥωμαΐς</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_(330–476_AD)"><span id="Beginning_.28330.E2.80.93476_AD.29"></span>Beginning (330–476 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Beginning (330–476 AD)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Beginning (330–476 AD)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/220px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/330px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png/440px-Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Western and Eastern Roman Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>In 324, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> moved the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to the Greek city of <i>Byzantium</i>, which he renamed <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. By the 5th century, the Roman Empire had lost its territories in the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> had been taken over by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" title="Migration period">Migration period</a>. The surviving parts of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire and is now called the Byzantine Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_(476–717_AD)"><span id="Problems_.28476.E2.80.93717_AD.29"></span>Problems (476–717 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Problems (476–717 AD)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Problems (476–717 AD)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_in_west">Wars in west</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Wars in west" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Wars in west"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Roman Empire tried to take back <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the rest of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. Between 530 and 555 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> won many battles and took back Rome. </p><p>The Byzantines controlled Rome for a long time. Eventually, more Germanic peoples came, and Italy was lost again. Later, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Avars" title="Eurasian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> took parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> from the Byzantines. After the 560s, invaders slowly conquered the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> except for parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> north of the Byzantine Empire. At first, both the Avars and the Bulgars were <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. They ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic people</a>, who were called <i>Sklavinai</i>, and slowly absorbed the Slavic language and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_in_east">Wars in east</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Wars in east" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Wars in east"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Rome had been captured by the Germanic peoples, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to control what is now <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. However, another empire, known as the Persian or the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, tried to take the lands for itself. Between 224 and 628, the Greco-Romans and the Persians fought many battles, and many men were killed in the fighting. Eventually, the Persians were defeated in 627 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, near the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, which allowed the Byzantines to keep those lands. </p><p>The centuries-long struggle between the Byzantines and the Persians shaped the political and religious landscape of the Middle East, leaving behind a complex legacy that continues to influence the region today. </p><p>Then, another enemy appeared, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The Byzantines did not have much money to spend on war because of their battles with the Persians and so they could not withstand the Arabs. Palestine, Syria and Egypt were lost between 635 and 645 by Heraclius. However, the Byzantines defended <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (now in Turkey), and the Arab advance stopped there. Heraclius ordered the use of Greek as the only language of the empire, erased forever the name "Eastern Roman Empire" and cut the last links with Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recovery_(717–1025_AD)"><span id="Recovery_.28717.E2.80.931025_AD.29"></span>Recovery (717–1025 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Recovery (717–1025 AD)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Recovery (717–1025 AD)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 718, the Arabs were defeated but left the Byzantines very weak. In the west, the Byzantines <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars (not yet started)">fought</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> many times. Some battles were successful, but others were not. Many emperors died fighting. Over time, the Byzantine Empire weakened as it lost land to outside invaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_in_west">Recovery in west</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Recovery in west" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Recovery in west"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1007 and 1014, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> ambitiously attacked Bulgaria many times and eventually won a great victory. Later, he fully recaptured Greece and recovered it for the empire. He then went on to take over Bulgaria, which was fully conquered in 1018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_in_east">Recovery in east</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Recovery in east" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Recovery in east"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the east, the Arabs once again became a threat to the Byzantines. However, Basil II kept attacking and won many more victories. Much of Syria was restored to the empire, and Turkey and Armenia were secured. After 1025, the Arabs were no longer a threat to the Byzantines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_(1025–1453_AD)"><span id="Decline_.281025.E2.80.931453_AD.29"></span>Decline (1025–1453 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Decline (1025–1453 AD)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Decline (1025–1453 AD)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_decline_(1025–1071)"><span id="Start_of_decline_.281025.E2.80.931071.29"></span>Start of decline (1025–1071)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Start of decline (1025–1071)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Start of decline (1025–1071)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Basil II died, many unskilled emperors came to the throne, wasted the empire's money and reduced its army. This meant that it could not defend itself well against enemies if they attacked. Later, the Byzantines relied on <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, soldiers who fought for money, not for their country. That made them less loyal and reliable and more expensive. The mercenaries allowed military generals to come to power and to grab it from the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, a system of administration in which tasks are divided by departments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Turks_(1071–1091)"><span id="Rise_of_Turks_.281071.E2.80.931091.29"></span>Rise of Turks (1071–1091)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Rise of Turks (1071–1091)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Rise of Turks (1071–1091)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of people, known as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, rode on horseback from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and attacked the Byzantine Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> took most of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from the Byzantines by 1091. However, they received help from people in Western Europe in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a> left to help the Byzantines and to secure <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> for the Christians. The city wad then controlled by the Muslims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_(1091–1185)"><span id="Survival_.281091.E2.80.931185.29"></span>Survival (1091–1185)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Survival (1091–1185)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Survival (1091–1185)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantine Empire survived and, with the help of the European empires, took back half of Anatolia from the Turks, who managed to hold the other half of the region. The Byzantines survived due to three primarily good emperors in a row, that allowed the empire to recover from their recent conflicts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Another_weakening_(1185-1261)"><span id="Another_weakening_.281185-1261.29"></span>Another weakening (1185-1261)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Another weakening (1185-1261)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Another weakening (1185-1261)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next few emperors ruled poorly and spent much of the existing treasury on many mercenary soldiers. </p><p>In the west, the Western Europeans betrayed the Byzantines and attacked their capital, Constantinople in in 1204. The Byzantines did not take it back until 1261. They were then divided into many smaller Greek states, which fought one another for control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_to_Turks_(1261–1453)"><span id="Fall_to_Turks_.281261.E2.80.931453.29"></span>Fall to Turks (1261–1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Fall to Turks (1261–1453)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Fall to Turks (1261–1453)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Byzantines had taken back Constantinople, they were too busy fighting the Europeans who had betrayed them and so they could not find enough soldiers or money to fight the Turks' new <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. All of Asia Minor had been lost by 1331, and in 1369, the Turks crossed over from Turkey and into <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. They took over much of Greece between 1354 and 1450. </p><p>The Byzantines lost so much land, money and soldiers that they became very weak and begged for help from the Western Europeans. Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> sent soldiers and ships to help the Byzantines when the Turks attacked Constantinople in April 1453. The Byzantines were badly outnumbered, however, and the walls of Constantinople were very damaged by cannons used by the Turks. In late May 1453, the Turks captured Constantinople by entering through one of the gates along the walls, and the empire came to an end. </p><p>The city was plundered for three days. In the end, the people who had not been able to escape was deported to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a> and other Ottoman cities. There was nobody in the city except for the Jews of Balat and the Genoese of Pera. Constantinople was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. After the empire fell in the 1900s, the Turkish capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, a city in Asia Minor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Legacy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Legacy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantines had many achievements: </p> <ul><li>They protected Europe from eastern invasions.</li> <li>They blocked the Islamic conquest of Christian Europe by the Arabs.</li> <li>They initially blocked the second Islamic tentative to conquer Christian Europe by the Turks (until 1453).</li> <li>They preserved the Greek language and culture.</li> <li>They preserved many Roman political traditions that had been lost in Western Europe.</li> <li>They kept a lot of knowledge that can be read about today.</li> <li>They produced much fine art with a distinctive style.</li> <li>They were the protectors and sponsors of the Eastern Church, which later becomes the Orthodox Church.</li> <li>They used good architecture that is still used.</li> <li>They had cities with plumbing, which is still in use.</li> <li>They built many beautiful churches, some of which are now mosques, in what are now Turkey and Greece. They are made from or inspired by Byzantine buildings.</li> <li>They made several inventions like the <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a> and "Greek fire", a kind of <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>.</li> <li>They made advances in many fields like political studies, diplomacy and military sciences.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Romania" was a popular name of the empire that was used mainly unofficially; it meant "land of the Romans".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term does not refer to modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Byzantine-Greek-language">"Byzantine Greek language"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175804/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Byzantine-Greek-language">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Greek+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FByzantine-Greek-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 734<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTreadgold1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFossierSondheimer1997">Fossier & Sondheimer 1997</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantelos2001–2002">Constantelos 2001–2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCinnamus1976">Cinnamus 1976</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAhrweiler1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahrweiler, Helene (1975). <i>L'Ideologie Politique de l'Empire Byzantine [The Political Ideology of the Byzantine Empire]</i> (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Ideologie+Politique+de+l%27Empire+Byzantine+%5BThe+Political+Ideology+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=Helene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBaynesMoss1948" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Norman Hepburn; Moss, Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPRHQwAACAAJ"><i>Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+An+Introduction+to+East+Roman+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Norman+Hepburn&rft.au=Moss%2C+Henry+St.+Lawrence+Beaufort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPRHQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2018" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Byzantine_Government/">"Byzantine Government"</a>. Ancient History Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Government&rft.pub=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2FByzantine_Government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCinnamus1976" class="citation book cs1">Cinnamus, Ioannes (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deedsofjohnmanue0000kinn"><i>Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus</i></a>. New York and West Sussex: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04080-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04080-6"><bdi>0-231-04080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deeds+of+John+and+Manuel+Comnenus&rft.place=New+York+and+West+Sussex&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-231-04080-6&rft.aulast=Cinnamus&rft.aufirst=Ioannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeedsofjohnmanue0000kinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCloverHumphreys1989" class="citation book cs1">Clover, F. M.; Humphreys, R. S. (1989). <i>Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299120009" title="Special:BookSources/9780299120009"><bdi>9780299120009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Innovation+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780299120009&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConstantelos2001–2002" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantelos, Demetrios I. (2001–2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/greek/constantelos_martiries_ch1.html#3">"Μαρτυρίες για την Ταυτότητα των Βυζαντινών και των Ρωμιών σε Ελληνικές Πηγές"</a>. <i>Πεμπτουσία</i> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.atitle=%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft.aulast=Constantelos&rft.aufirst=Demetrios+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myriobiblos.gr%2Ftexts%2Fgreek%2Fconstantelos_martiries_ch1.html%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFossierSondheimer1997" class="citation book cs1">Fossier, Robert; Sondheimer, Janet (1997). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26644-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26644-0"><bdi>0-521-26644-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-26644-0&rft.aulast=Fossier&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Sondheimer%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLemerle1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lemerle, Paul (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4803604c/"><i>Le Premier Humanisme Byzantin [The First Byzantine Humanism]</i></a> (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Premier+Humanisme+Byzantin+%5BThe+First+Byzantine+Humanism%5D&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lemerle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k4803604c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLinnér1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnér, Sture (1994). <i>Bysantinsk kulturhistoria [History of Byzantine Culture]</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-11-941512-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-11-941512-7"><bdi>978-9-11-941512-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bysantinsk+kulturhistoria+%5BHistory+of+Byzantine+Culture%5D&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedt&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-11-941512-7&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9r&rft.aufirst=Sture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | 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Wiseman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://12byzantinerulers.com/">12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of the Byzantine Empire (Lars Brownworth)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html">18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman</a> (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/">Byzantine & Christian Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html">Dumbarton Oaks: Byzantine Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/">Byzantium: Byzantine Studies on the Internet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/">Archived</a> 2014-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107172532/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html">Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deremilitari.org/">De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html">Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/">Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life (University of Vienna)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp">Constantinople Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816053828/http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality">Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/">Byzanzforschung: Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/542159474181727661476">3</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7308152140001911100006">4</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2170158792840839040006">5</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246502786">6</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcRddCkkYk46G3qDhbGHC">WorldCat Entities</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjF4fFB4cPmbWfypTf3Rcd">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2090940">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451042">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Empire romain d'Orient" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121394475">France</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Empire byzantin" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119505844">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Empire romain d'Orient" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121394475">BnF data</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Empire byzantin" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119505844">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620445706706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009256-2">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552498905171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Byzantine Empire" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80085269">United States</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="ビザンチン帝国" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560706">Japan</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Byzanc" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131496&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record2652">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810612067005606">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/5728">Vatican</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01210417?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029476">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\Y\ByzantineEmpire">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Empire romain d'Orient" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029855381">IdRef</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Empire byzantin" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027472906">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&oldid=9799827">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empire&oldid=9799827</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Places_of_Ancient_Rome" title="Category:Places of Ancient Rome">Places of Ancient Rome</a></li><li><a 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