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<span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rosin_soaps_and_esters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosin_soaps_and_esters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rosin soaps and esters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosin_soaps_and_esters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violin_rosin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violin_rosin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Violin rosin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violin_rosin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Locales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قلفونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلفونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Каніфоль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каніфоль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Колофон (смола) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колофон (смола)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pega_grega" title="Pega grega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pega grega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalafuna" title="Kalafuna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalafuna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonium" title="Kolofonium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kolofonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolophonium" title="Kolophonium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolophonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampol" title="Kampol – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kampol" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κολοφώνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολοφώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colofonia" title="Colofonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colofonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonia" title="Kolofonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolofonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلوفان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلوفان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophane" title="Colophane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colophane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EC%A7%84" title="송진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="송진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="गंधराल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गंधराल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonij" title="Kolofonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolofonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofono" title="Kolofono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolofono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondorukem" title="Gondorukem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gondorukem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colofonia" title="Colofonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colofonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קולופוניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולופוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandarukem" title="Gandarukem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gandarukem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Канифоль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канифоль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Канифоль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канифоль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolof%C3%B3nium" title="Kolofónium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolofónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colofonium" title="Colofonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colofonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F" title="खोँट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खोँट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="ロジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonium" title="Kolofonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kolofonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colof%C3%B2nia" title="Colofònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colofònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalafonia" title="Kalafonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalafonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breu_(burser%C3%A1ceas)" title="Breu (burseráceas) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Breu (burseráceas)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colofoniu" title="Colofoniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colofoniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Канифоль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канифоль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolof%C3%B3nia" title="Kolofónia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolofónia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonija" title="Kolofonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolofonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonij" title="Kolofonij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolofonij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousihartsi" title="Jousihartsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jousihartsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofonium" title="Kolofonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolofonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரோசனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரோசனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolofan" title="Kolofan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolofan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Каніфоль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каніфоль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rosin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E9%A6%99" title="松香 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="松香" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Solid form of resin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rosin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rosin (disambiguation)">Rosin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg/220px-Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg/330px-Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg/440px-Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3423" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>A piece of rosin at Mimizan Heritage House, France</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rosin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also known as <b>colophony</b> or <b>Greek pitch</b> (Latin: <i lang="la">pix graeca</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resinous</a> material obtained from <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees and other <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a>. The primary components of rosin are <a href="/wiki/Diterpene" title="Diterpene">diterpenoids</a>, i.e., C<sub>20</sub> <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>. Rosin consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Resin_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Resin acids">resin acids</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosin often appears as a semi-transparent, brittle substance that ranges in color from yellow to black and melts at stove-top temperatures. </p><p>In addition to industrial applications such as in varnishes, adhesives, and sealing wax, rosin is used with <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow hair</a> to enhance its ability to grip and sound the strings, and it provides grip in various sports and activities. Rosin also serves as an ingredient in medicinal and pharmaceutical formulations and can cause <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">occupational asthma</a> in sensitive individuals. It is an <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> approved food additive.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "colophony" originates from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colophonia resina</i></span>, Latin for "resin from <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κολοφωνία ῥητίνη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kolophōnía rhētínē</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ancient <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionic</a> city.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolophonium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kolophonium.jpg/220px-Kolophonium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kolophonium.jpg/330px-Kolophonium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kolophonium.jpg/440px-Kolophonium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pharmaceutical rosin</figcaption></figure> <p>Rosin is <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friable" class="mw-redirect" title="Friable">friable</a>, with a faint pine odor. It is typically a <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glassy</a> solid, though some rosins will <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystallize</a>, especially when brought into solution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practical melting point is variable, some being semi-fluid at the temperature of boiling water, others melting at 100 to 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). It is flammable, burning with a smoky flame. It is soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>. </p><p>Rosin, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>, combines with caustic <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a> to form salts (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosinate (page does not exist)">rosinates</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinate (page does not exist)">pinates</a>) that are known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin_soap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosin soap (page does not exist)">rosin soaps</a>. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Soap_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap making">soap making</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abietic_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Abietic_acid.svg/220px-Abietic_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Abietic_acid.svg/330px-Abietic_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Abietic_acid.svg/440px-Abietic_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>, a component of rosin</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>It is rubbed on the hair of <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bows</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument" title="Bowed string instrument">bowed string instruments</a> to increase friction.</li></ul> <ul><li>It has been used for centuries for <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a> <a href="/wiki/Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships">ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>It is approved by the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> as a miscellaneous food additive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>It is an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, photocopying and laser printing paper, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> (glues), <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">paper sizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">soldering</a> <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">fluxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">sealing wax</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>It can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">glazing agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>. It is denoted by <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E915. A related <a href="/wiki/Glycerol_esters_of_wood_rosins" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerol esters of wood rosins">glycerol ester (E445)</a> can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, rosin forms an ingredient in several plasters and ointments.</li></ul> <ul><li>In industry, rosin is a <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> commonly used in electronics has 1 to 2% rosin by weight as a flux core, helping the <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">molten</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> flow and making a better connection by <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> the refractory solid <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> layer formed at the surface back to metal. It is frequently seen as a burnt or clear residue around new soldering.</li></ul> <ul><li>Rosin is also sometimes used as internal reinforcement for very thin skinned metal objects - like silver, copper or tin plate candlesticks, or sculptures, where it is simply melted, poured into a hollow thin-skinned object, and left to harden.</li></ul> <ul><li>A mixture of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> and rosin is used to make a surface against which <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> is <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polished</a> when making optical components such as <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lenses</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Rosin is added in small quantities to traditional <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>/sand gap fillers ("mastic"), used in building work.</li></ul> <ul><li>When mixed with waxes and oils, rosin is the main ingredient of <i>mystic smoke</i>, a gum which, when rubbed and suddenly stretched, appears to produce puffs of <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> from the fingertips.</li></ul> <p>Rosin is extensively used for its <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>-increasing capacity in several fields: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dancers</a> are known to rub the tips and heels of their shoes in powdered rosin to reduce slippage on clean wooden dance floors or competition/performance stages. It was at one time used in the same way in <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> and is still used as such by <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasts">Gymnasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">team handball</a> players use it to improve grip. <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock climbers">Rock climbers</a> have used it in some locations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Olympic weightlifters</a> rub the soles of their weightlifting boots in rosin to improve <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> on the platform.</li> <li>It is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Race_track" title="Race track">track</a> surface at the starting line of <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a> courses to improve traction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_riding" title="Bull riding">Bull riders</a> rub rosin on their rope and glove for additional grip.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball pitcher">Baseball pitchers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten-pin_bowling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-pin bowling">ten-pin bowlers</a> may use a small cloth bag of powdered rosin for better ball control. Baseball players sometimes combine rosin with sunscreen, creating a very sticky substance that allows far more grip on the ball than the rosin alone will; the use of such a substance is a violation of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> rules.</li> <li>Rosin can be applied to the hands in aerial <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aerial_silks" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial silks">aerial silks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pole_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole dancing">pole dancing</a> to increase grip.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_et_resine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Plaque_et_resine.JPG/220px-Plaque_et_resine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Plaque_et_resine.JPG/330px-Plaque_et_resine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Plaque_et_resine.JPG/440px-Plaque_et_resine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> plate covered with powder resin</figcaption></figure> <p>Other uses that are not based on friction: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a> uses rosin for <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> and as painting-medium component for <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil paintings</a>. It is soluble in oil of <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> and turpentine substitute, and needs to be warmed.</li> <li>In a <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> technique, <a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">aquatint</a> rosin is used on the <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> plate in order to create surfaces in gray tones.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, when a new <a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">bowstring</a> is being made or waxed for maintenance purposes, rosin may be present in the wax mixture. This provides an amount of tackiness to the string to hold its constituent strands together and reduce wear and fraying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_grooming" title="Dog grooming">Dog groomers</a> use powdered rosin to aid in removal of excess hair from deep in the ear canal by giving the groomer a better grip to grasp the hairs with.</li> <li>Some brands of <a href="/wiki/Fly_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly paper">fly paper</a> use a solution of rosin and rubber as the adhesive.</li> <li>Rosin is sometimes used as an ingredient in dubbing wax used in <a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">fly tying</a>.</li> <li>Rosin is used hot to de-encapsulate <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rosin can be mixed with beeswax and a small amount of linseed oil to affix reeds to reed blocks in accordions.</li> <li>Rosin potatoes can be cooked by dropping potatoes into boiling rosin and cooking until they float to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit wide-ranging pharmaceutical applications. Rosin derivatives show excellent film forming and coating properties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also used for tablet film and enteric coating purpose. Rosins have also been used to formulate microcapsules and nanoparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">sorbitol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a> esters of rosin are used as <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a> bases for medicinal applications. The degradation and <a href="/wiki/Biocompatibility" title="Biocompatibility">biocompatibility</a> of rosin and rosin-based biomaterials has been examined <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ex_vivo" title="Ex vivo">ex vivo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosin_soaps_and_esters">Rosin soaps and esters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rosin soaps and esters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment of rosin with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate converts the abietic acid into its sodium salt, which is known as a soap. Whereas most domestic soaps are sodium salts of straight-chain fatty acids, the rosin soaps have the branched and cyclic backbone associated with abietic acid. Rosin soaps, also called rosinates, are used to "size" paper, a process that gives paper a desirable hydrophobic texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of abietic acid to esters is also practiced commercially. Ester of glycerol and methanol are both of interest. These materials are colorless syrups. They are compounded with polymers as <a href="/wiki/Tackifier" title="Tackifier">tackifiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violin_rosin">Violin rosin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Violin rosin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rosin.jpg/220px-Rosin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rosin.jpg/330px-Rosin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rosin.jpg/440px-Rosin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>A cake of rosin, made for use by violinists to rub on the violin bow.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosins.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosins.JPG/220px-Rosins.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosins.JPG/330px-Rosins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosins.JPG/440px-Rosins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Various types of rosin for violins, violas and cellos</figcaption></figure> <p>Players of <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bowed string instruments</a> rub cakes or blocks of rosin on their bow hair so it can grip the strings and make them "speak", or vibrate clearly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, substances such as <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are added to the rosin to modify its <a href="/wiki/Stiction" title="Stiction">stiction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> properties and the tone that can be produced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powdered rosin can be applied to new hair, for example with a felt pad or cloth, to reduce the time taken in getting sufficient rosin onto the hair. Rosin is often reapplied immediately before playing the instrument. Lighter rosin is generally preferred for violins and violas, and in high-humidity climates, while darker rosins are preferred for cellos, and for players in cool, dry areas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also specific, distinguishing types for <a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">basses</a>. </p> <ul><li>Violin rosin can be applied to the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridges</a> in other musical instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjolele" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjolele">banjolele</a>, in order to prevent the bridge from moving during vigorous playing.</li></ul> <p>The type of rosin used with bowed string instruments is determined by the diameter of the strings. Generally this means that the larger the instrument is, the softer the rosin should be. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> rosin is generally soft enough to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pliable" class="extiw" title="wikt:pliable">pliable</a> with slow movements. A cake of bass rosin left in a single position for several months will show evidence of flow, especially in warmer weather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three methods are used to collect rosin. Rosin exudates are collected from gashes in the bark of living pine trees. Alternatively (see below) rosin is <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">extracted</a> from stumps. Yet another source is pulp mills that use the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a> rosin is produced during the distillation of crude tall oil, a by-product of the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a> making process. The collection and processing of rosin is called Naval Stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of the oleo-resin into the <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> (spirit of turpentine) and common rosin is accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> in large copper <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">stills</a>. The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between 100 °C (212 °F)° and 160 °C (320 °F), leaving fluid rosin, which is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and purified by passing through straining wadding. Rosin varies in color, according to the age of the tree from which the turpentine is drawn and the degree of heat applied in distillation, from an <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a>, almost pitch-black substance through grades of brown and yellow to an almost perfectly transparent colorless glassy mass. The commercial grades are numerous, ranging by letters from A (the darkest) to N (extra pale), superior to which are W (window glass) and WW (water-white) varieties, the latter having about three times the value of the common qualities. </p><p>When pine trees are harvested "the resinous portions of fallen or felled trees like longleaf and slash pines, when allowed to remain upon the ground, resist decay indefinitely."<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "stump waste", through the use of <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a> or solvent processes, can be used to obtain rosin. This type of rosin is typically called <b>wood rosin</b>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rosin.JPG/220px-Rosin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rosin.JPG/330px-Rosin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rosin.JPG/440px-Rosin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Colophony (rosin) from the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime pine">maritime pine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because the turpentine and pine oil from destructive distillation "become somewhat contaminated with other distillation products",<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solvent processes are commonly used. In this process, stumps and roots are chipped and soaked in the light end of the heavy <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> fraction (boiling between 90 and 115 °C (194 and 239 °F)). Multi-stage counter-current <a href="/wiki/Solid_phase_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid phase extraction">extraction</a> is commonly used. In this process, fresh naphtha first contacts wood leached in intermediate stages, and naphtha laden with rosin from intermediate stages contacts unleached wood before <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> to recover naphtha from the rosin, along with <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, turpentine, and other constituents later separated through <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a>. Leached wood is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the solvent has been recovered, "the terpene oils are separated by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> and recovered mainly as refined turpentine, dipentene, and pine oil. The nonvolatile residue from the extract is wood rosin of rather dark color. Upgrading of the rosin is carried out by clarification methods that generally may include bed-filtering or <a href="/wiki/Furfural" title="Furfural">furfural</a>-treatment of rosin-solvent solution."<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a large scale, rosin is treated by destructive distillation for the production of rosin spirit, pinoline and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosin oil (page does not exist)">rosin oil</a>. The last enters into the composition of some of the solid lubricating <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a>, and is also used as an <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterant</a> of other oils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locales">Locales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief region of <a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">rosin production</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), and the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masson's pine">Masson's pine</a> <i>Pinus massoniana</i> and <a href="/wiki/Slash_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash pine">slash pine</a> <i>P. elliottii</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The latter species is native to the southeastern U.S., but is now widely planted in tree plantations in China. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic States">South Atlantic</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is a second chief region of production. American rosin is obtained from the turpentine of <a href="/wiki/Longleaf_pine" title="Longleaf pine">longleaf pine</a> <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <a href="/wiki/Loblolly_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Loblolly pine">loblolly pine</a> <i>P. taeda</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, most of the rosin is derived from live tapping of several species of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees, but mostly <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_oocarpa" title="Pinus oocarpa">Pinus oocarpa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_leiophylla" title="Pinus leiophylla">Pinus leiophylla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_devoniana" title="Pinus devoniana">Pinus devoniana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_montezumae" title="Pinus montezumae">Pinus montezumae</a></i>. Most production is concentrated in the west-central state of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main source of supply in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Landes_forest" title="Landes forest">Landes</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime pine">maritime pine</a> <i>P. pinaster</i> is extensively cultivated. In the north of Europe, rosin is obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a> <i>P. sylvestris</i>, and throughout European countries local supplies are obtained from other species of pine, with <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a> <i>P. halepensis</i> being particularly important in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolonged exposure to rosin fumes released during soldering can cause <a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">occupational asthma</a> (formerly called <i>colophony disease</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this context) in sensitive individuals, although it is not known which component of the fumes causes the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms also include <a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">desquamation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchial</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prolonged exposure to rosin, by handling rosin-coated products, such as <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printer</a> or photocopying paper, can give rise to a form of industrial <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFiebachGrimm2000" class="citation book cs1">Fiebach, Klemens; Grimm, Dieter (2000). "Resins, Natural". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a23_073">10.1002/14356007.a23_073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resins%2C+Natural&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a23_073&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Fiebach&rft.aufirst=Klemens&rft.au=Grimm%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNutrition2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list">"Food Additive Status List"</a>. <i>FDA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Food+Additive+Status+List&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft.aulast=Nutrition&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Ffood-additives-petitions%2Ffood-additive-status-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=Colophon1">Colophon</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=*kolofw/nios"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κολοφώνιος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-colophony" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=colophony">"colophony"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=colophony&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcolophony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> "<abbr title="adaptation of">ad.</abbr> <abbr title="Latin">L.</abbr> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">colophōnia</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>) for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colophōnia rēsīna</i></span> resin of <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalkinSmith1938" class="citation journal cs1">Palkin, S.; Smith, W. C. (1938). "A new non-crystallizing gum rosin". <i>Oil & Soap</i>. <b>15</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02639482">10.1007/BF02639482</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94421680">94421680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oil+%26+Soap&rft.atitle=A+new+non-crystallizing+gum+rosin&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02639482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94421680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Palkin&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/32">"abietic acid"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=abietic+acid&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNutrition2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (2022-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list">"Food Additive Status List"</a>. <i>FDA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Food+Additive+Status+List&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft.aulast=Nutrition&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Ffood-additives-petitions%2Ffood-additive-status-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Laackmann,_Marcus_Janke2014" class="citation web cs1">Peter Laackmann, Marcus Janke (Dec 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIpxawdUb4I">"Peter Laackmann, Marcus Janke: Uncaging Microchips (from 30:18-32:15)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pIpxawdUb4I">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Feb 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Peter+Laackmann%2C+Marcus+Janke%3A+Uncaging+Microchips+%28from+30%3A18-32%3A15%29&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft.au=Peter+Laackmann%2C+Marcus+Janke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpIpxawdUb4I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecookscook.com/features/the-almost-lost-art-of-rosin-potatoes/">"The Almost Lost Art of Rosin Potatoes"</a>. 6 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115140950/https://thecookscook.com/features/the-almost-lost-art-of-rosin-potatoes/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Almost+Lost+Art+of+Rosin+Potatoes&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecookscook.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-almost-lost-art-of-rosin-potatoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatturwarFulzeleDorle2005" class="citation journal cs1">Satturwar, Prashant M.; Fulzele, Suniket V.; Dorle, Avinash K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750614">"Evaluation of polymerized rosin for the formulation and development of transdermal drug delivery system: A technical note"</a>. <i>AAPS PharmSciTech</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">E649 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E654</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1208%2Fpt060481">10.1208/pt060481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2750614">2750614</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16408867">16408867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPS+PharmSciTech&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+polymerized+rosin+for+the+formulation+and+development+of+transdermal+drug+delivery+system%3A+A+technical+note&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE649+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE654%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2750614%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16408867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1208%2Fpt060481&rft.aulast=Satturwar&rft.aufirst=Prashant+M.&rft.au=Fulzele%2C+Suniket+V.&rft.au=Dorle%2C+Avinash+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2750614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeLimKimKim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Chang-Moon; Lim, Seung; Kim, Gwang-Yun; Kim, Dong-Woon; Rhee, Joon Haeng; Lee, Ki-Young (2005). "Rosin Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Carrier for the Controlled Release of Hydrocortisone". <i>Biotechnology Letters</i>. <b>27</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">1487–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10529-005-1316-x">10.1007/s10529-005-1316-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16231221">16231221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24729281">24729281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+Letters&rft.atitle=Rosin+Nanoparticles+as+a+Drug+Delivery+Carrier+for+the+Controlled+Release+of+Hydrocortisone&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1487-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24729281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16231221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10529-005-1316-x&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chang-Moon&rft.au=Lim%2C+Seung&rft.au=Kim%2C+Gwang-Yun&rft.au=Kim%2C+Dong-Woon&rft.au=Rhee%2C+Joon+Haeng&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ki-Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFulzeleSatturwarKasliwalDorle2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fulzele, S. V.; Satturwar, P. M.; Kasliwal, R. H.; Dorle, A. K. (2004). "Preparation and evaluation of microcapsules using polymerized rosin as a novel wall forming material". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Microencapsulation" title="Journal of Microencapsulation">Journal of Microencapsulation</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02652040410001653768">10.1080/02652040410001653768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14718188">14718188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24929166">24929166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microencapsulation&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+evaluation+of+microcapsules+using+polymerized+rosin+as+a+novel+wall+forming+material&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24929166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14718188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02652040410001653768&rft.aulast=Fulzele&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rft.au=Satturwar%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Kasliwal%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Dorle%2C+A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMantel1995" class="citation book cs1">Mantel, Gerhard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LD9teSPY2Z0C&pg=PA135">"Problems of Sound Production: How to Make a String Speak"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellotechniquepr00mant/page/135"><i>Cello Technique: Principles and Forms of Movement</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellotechniquepr00mant/page/135">135–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21005-0"><bdi>978-0-253-21005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Sound+Production%3A+How+to+Make+a+String+Speak&rft.btitle=Cello+Technique%3A+Principles+and+Forms+of+Movement&rft.pages=135-41&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21005-0&rft.aulast=Mantel&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLD9teSPY2Z0C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larica.ch/en/">"Larica metal rosin"</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627180706/http://www.larica.ch/en/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jun 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larica+metal+rosin&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larica.ch%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501151147/http://www.stringsmagazine.com/issues/strings115/yourinstrument.html">"All Things Strings:Rosin"</a>. 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Things+Strings%3ARosin&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stringsmagazine.com%2Fissues%2Fstrings115%2Fyourinstrument.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeather_K._Scott2004" class="citation web cs1">Heather K. Scott (January 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stringsmagazine.com/the-differences-between-dark-and-amber-rosin/">"The Differences Between Dark and Amber Rosin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126012003/http://stringsmagazine.com/the-differences-between-dark-and-amber-rosin/">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Differences+Between+Dark+and+Amber+Rosin&rft.date=2004-01-05&rft.au=Heather+K.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstringsmagazine.com%2Fthe-differences-between-dark-and-amber-rosin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USFS_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFS_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFS_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeglinger,_E.1958" class="citation web cs1">Beglinger, E. (May 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/910/FPL_496ocr_rev.pdf?sequence=1">"Distillation of Resinous Wood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 496. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107071114/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/910/FPL_496ocr_rev.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distillation+of+Resinous+Wood&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture+Forest+Service&rft.date=1958-05&rft.au=Beglinger%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1957%2F910%2FFPL_496ocr_rev.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent pp.571&572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903212444/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/Occupational.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"colophony disease", <i>Archaic Medical Terms List, Occupational</i>, on <i>Antiquus Morbus</i> website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/Occupational.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22colophony+disease%22%2C+Archaic+Medical+Terms+List%2C+Occupational%2C+on+Antiquus+Morbus+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquusmorbus.com%2FEnglish%2FOccupational.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Controlling health risks from rosin (colophony) based solder fluxes</i>, IND(G)249L, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive, 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg249.pdf">(online PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112030534/http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg249.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7176-1383-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7176-1383-6">0-7176-1383-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeehan-AtrashStrongin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meehan-Atrash, Jiries; Strongin, Robert M. (2020-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426011">"Pine rosin identified as a toxic cannabis extract adulterant"</a>. <i>Forensic Science International</i>. <b>312</b>: 110301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2020.110301">10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0379-0738">0379-0738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426011">7426011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32460222">32460222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Pine+rosin+identified+as+a+toxic+cannabis+extract+adulterant&rft.volume=312&rft.pages=110301&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7426011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0379-0738&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32460222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2020.110301&rft.aulast=Meehan-Atrash&rft.aufirst=Jiries&rft.au=Strongin%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7426011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209124844/http://dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/rosin-allergy.html">"Rosin allergy - DermNet New Zealand"</a>. <i>www.dermnet.org.nz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dermatitis/rosin-allergy.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dermnet.org.nz&rft.atitle=Rosin+allergy+-+DermNet+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dermnet.org.nz%2Fdermatitis%2Frosin-allergy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Kent, James A. <i>Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry</i> (Eighth Edition). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-20164-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-20164-8">0-442-20164-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKotapish2001" class="citation web cs1">Kotapish, Paul (November–December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stringsmagazine.com/sticky-business-how-rosin-is-made/">"Sticky Business: How Rosin Is Made"</a>. <i>Strings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strings&rft.atitle=Sticky+Business%3A+How+Rosin+Is+Made&rft.date=2001-11%2F2001-12&rft.aulast=Kotapish&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstringsmagazine.com%2Fsticky-business-how-rosin-is-made%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>44 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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