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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg/390px-Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg/520px-Sidereal_day_%28prograde%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Siderische maand (1–2) en synodische maand (1–3).</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>synodische maand</b> of <b>lunatie</b> is de <a href="/wiki/Tijd" title="Tijd">tijd</a> tussen twee <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_maan" title="Nieuwe maan">nieuwe manen</a>. Deze <a href="/wiki/Maanmaand" title="Maanmaand">maanmaand</a> heeft een duur die varieert van 29,18 tot 29,93 dagen, gemiddeld 29,53059 kalenderdagen, dat wil zeggen: 29 dagen, 12 uren, 44 minuten en 3 seconden. Het verschil tussen een synodische en een <a href="/wiki/Siderische_maand" title="Siderische maand">siderische maand</a> is dat de duur van een synodische maand niet wordt berekend aan de hand van steeds terugkerende posities van de maan aan de <a href="/wiki/Hemelbol" title="Hemelbol">hemelbol</a> ten opzichte van de (ogenschijnlijk) <a href="/wiki/Vaste_sterren" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaste sterren">vaste sterren</a>. In plaats daarvan wordt bij het bepalen van de duur van een synodische maand rekening gehouden met het feit dat de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">Aarde</a> eenmaal per jaar om de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">Zon</a> draait. Een synodische maand duurt daarom ongeveer 1/12e langer dan een siderische. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassing">Toepassing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synodische_maand&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synodische_maand&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>zie ook <a href="/wiki/Maankalender" title="Maankalender">Maankalender</a></i></div> <p>Een <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender" title="Islamitische kalender">islamitisch jaar</a> is opgedeeld in 12 maanmaanden. Deze maanden beginnen na een <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_maan" title="Nieuwe maan">nieuwe maan</a> en eindigen er ook mee. Deze maanden duren dus even lang als een synodische maand (de duur wordt afgerond naar 29 of 30 dagen). Ook de <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> duurt zodoende zo lang. Een jaar dat op dergelijke kalenders is gebaseerd telt bijgevolg 354 dagen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verhouding_met_tropisch_jaar">Verhouding met tropisch jaar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synodische_maand&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verhouding met tropisch jaar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synodische_maand&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verhouding met tropisch jaar"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_jaar" title="Tropisch jaar">tropisch jaar</a> is 365,2422 dagen. Een periode van 235 synodische maanden is 1,000013 maal zo lang als 19 tropisch jaren, dus vrijwel even lang, met een afwijking van slechts 13 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (een tropisch jaar is 12,36826 synodische maanden, terwijl 235/19 = 12,36842; 19 tropische jaren zijn 6939,602 dagen, terwijl 235 synodische maanden 6939,689 dagen zijn). Hiervan wordt gebruikgemaakt bij <a href="/wiki/Lunisolaire_kalender" title="Lunisolaire kalender">lunisolaire kalenders</a>: bij een kalendersysteem waarbij 19 opeenvolgende kalenderjaren steeds bestaan uit 235 opeenvolgende kalendermaanden, geldt, ook als het aantal dagen van zo'n periode niet steeds gelijk is, dat de verhouding van een gemiddeld kalenderjaar tot een gemiddelde kalendermaand vrijwel overeenkomt met de verhouding van een tropisch jaar tot een synodische maand. Als men het kalendersysteem dus zo ontwerpt dat een gemiddeld kalenderjaar vrijwel overeenkomt met een tropisch jaar, dan zal ook een gemiddelde kalendermaand vrijwel overeenkomen met een synodische maand. Ook omgekeerd: als men het kalendersysteem zo ontwerpt dat een gemiddelde kalendermaand vrijwel overeenkomt met een synodische maand, dan zal ook een gemiddeld kalenderjaar vrijwel overeenkomen met een tropisch jaar. Daarbij is inderdaad de nauwkeurigheid het grootst als het aantal dagen van zo'n kalenderperiode niet steeds gelijk is, want dat zou dan een geheel getal moeten zijn, op zijn best 6940 dagen, met jaren die gemiddeld 57 ppm te lang zijn en maanden die gemiddeld 45 ppm te lang zijn. Optimaal is een gemiddelde duur van 6939,602 dagen als de juiste gemiddelde lengte van de jaren het belangrijkste is, of 6939,689 dagen als de juiste gemiddelde lengte van de maanden het belangrijkste is, of anders iets ertussenin. Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Cyclus_van_Meton" title="Cyclus van Meton">cyclus van Meton</a>. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Joodse_kalender" title="Joodse kalender">joodse kalender</a> is de gemiddelde duur van een maand gelijk aan de duur van de synodische maand, afgerond op een veelvoud van 1/18 minuut, dit is 29 dagen, 12 uren, 44 1/18 minuut, dit zijn <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {765433}{25920}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>765433</mn> <mn>25920</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {765433}{25920}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4a5098bf995a34d9b719ac8e6ec5da8aa3c873c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.811ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {765433}{25920}}}"></span> = 29,530594 dagen. Dit is een afwijking van afgerond 0 ppm. Het joodse kalenderjaar is daardoor gemiddeld 13 ppm langer dan een tropisch jaar, namelijk 365,2468 dagen. 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